Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Austronesian language}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}} {{About|the language on which Standard Indonesian and Malaysian are based|the vernacular varieties and dialects of Malay|Malayic languages}} {{Distinguish|Malayalam|Malaysian language}} {{Infobox language | name = Malay | altname = {{plainlist| *[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] *[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]}} | ethnicity = {{plainlist| *[[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] *[[Indonesians]]}} | nativename = {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}}<br/>{{lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}}<br/>{{Script|Rjng|ꤷꥁꤼ ꤸꥍꤾꤿꥈ}} | states = [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[East Timor]], [[Brunei]], [[Singapore]], [[Christmas Island]], [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] | speakers = [[First language|L1]] – {{sigfig|76.9|2}} million | date = 2007 | ref = ne2007 | speakers2 = Total (L1 and [[Second language|L2]]): 200–250 million (2009)<ref>{{cite web|last=Uli|first=Kozok|title=How many people speak Indonesian|url=http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/2012/03/10/how-many-people-speak-indonesian/|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|access-date=20 October 2012|date=10 March 2012|quote=James T. Collins (''Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu'', Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).}}</ref> | familycolor = Austronesian | fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] | fam3 = [[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]] (?) | fam4 = [[Malayic languages|Malayic]] | fam5 = [[Malayan languages|Malayan]] | fam6 = | ancestor = [[Old Malay|Ancient Malay]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Malay]] | ancestor3 = [[Classical Malay]] | ancestor4 = [[Classical Malay|Pre-Modern Malay]] | stand1 = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | stand2 = [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Malay orthography|Malay alphabet]])<br/>[[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Jawi alphabet]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation|title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards|date=26 August 2008|newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref><br/> [[Thai script|Thai alphabet]] (in Thailand)<br/>[[International uniformity of braille alphabets#Grade 1 braille|Malay Braille]]<br/> Historically [[Pallava alphabet]], [[Kawi alphabet]], [[Rencong alphabet]], [[Rejang script]] | nation = {{startplainlist|class=nowrap}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} <small>(as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])</small> * {{Flag|Malaysia}} <small>(also called [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]])</small> * {{Flag|Brunei}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} ---- *{{Flag|ASEAN}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asean.org/asean/asean-member-states|title=Languages of ASEAN|access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> {{endplainlist}} | minority = {{flag|United Nations}} ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] used at [[UN peacekeeping missions]])<br/>{{flag|Indonesia}}<br/><small>([[Malay Indonesians|Local Malay]] enjoys the status of a regional language in [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo|Kalimantan]] (Borneo) apart from the national standard of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])<br/>{{flag|Thailand}} (as [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Bahasa Jawi]])<br/>{{flag|Philippines}} (as a trade language with Malaysia and in [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] and [[Balabac, Palawan]])<br/>{{Flag|East Timor}} ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] used as a working language and a trade language with [[Indonesia]])<ref name="easttimorgovernment.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|title=East Timor Languages|website=www.easttimorgovernment.com|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/>{{Flag|Christmas Island}}<br/>{{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} (as [[Cocos Malay]])</small> | agency = [[Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan]] ([[Language and Book Development Agency]]) in Indonesia;<br/>[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] (Institute of Language and Literature) in Malaysia;<br/>[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei]] (Language and Literature Bureau) in Brunei<br/>[https://www.languagecouncils.sg/mbms/en Majlis Bahasa Melayu Singapura] (Malay Language Council) in Singapore;<br/>[[Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia]] (Brunei–Indonesia–Malaysia Language Council – MABBIM) <small>(a trilateral joint-venture)</small> | iso1 = ms | iso2b = may | iso2t = msa | iso3 = msa<!--The rest of the codes under the [msa] macrolanguage are at [[Malayan languages]], [[Malay trade and creole languages]], [[Cocos Malay]] and [[Urak Lawoi' language]]--> | lc1 = zlm | ld1 = Malay (individual language) | lc2 = kxd | ld2 = [[Brunei Malay]] | lc3 = ind | ld3 = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | lc4 = zsm | ld4 = [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] | lc5 = jax | ld5 = [[Jambi Malay]] | lc6 = meo | ld6 = [[Kedah Malay]] | lc7 = kvr | ld7 = [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]] | lc8 = xmm | ld8 = [[Manado Malay]] | lc9 = min | ld9 = [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] | lc10 = mui | ld10 = [[Musi language|Musi]] | lc11 = zmi | ld11 = [[Negeri Sembilan Malay|Negeri Sembilan]] | lc12 = max | ld12 = [[North Moluccan Malay]] | lc13 = mfa | ld13 = [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay]] | lc14 = coa | ld14 = [[Cocos Malay]] | lingua = 31-MFA-a | map = Malay language Spoken Area Map v1.png | mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Indonesia}} {{legend|#00bc00|Malaysia}} {{legend|#76f36b|Singapore and Brunei, where Malay is an official language}} {{legend|#88caff|East Timor, where Indonesian is a working language}} {{legend|#f7f36b|Southern Thailand and the Cocos Isl., where other varieties of Malay are spoken}} | notice = IPA | sign = [[Manually Coded Malay]]<br/>Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia | glotto = indo1326 | glottoname = partial match | glottorefname = Indonesian Archipelago Malay | pronunciation = {{IPA-ms|ba.ha.sa mə.la.ju|}} }} [[File:WIKITONGUES- Senful speaking Malay.webm|thumb|A young Malay speaker]] [[File:WIKITONGUES- Nila speaking Indonesian.webm|thumb|An Indonesian speaker]] [[File:WIKITONGUES- Zairul speaking Malay.webm|thumb|A Malay speaker]] '''Malay''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ}};<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Linguistic Student's Handbook|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|date=2007|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> {{lang-ms|bahasa Melayu|links=no}}, [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}}, [[Rejang script|Rejang]]: {{Script|Rjng|ꤷꥁꤼ ꤸꥍꤾꤿꥈ}}) is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] [[official language|officially spoken]] in [[Indonesia]], [[Brunei]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Languages of Singapore|Singapore]] and unofficially spoken in [[East Timor]] and parts of [[Thailand]]. It is spoken by 290 million people<ref>10 million in Malaysia, 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 260 million as "[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]", etc.</ref> (around 260 million as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wardhana|first=Dian Eka Chandra|date=2021|title= Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021|url= http://ejournal.karinosseff.org/index.php/jswse/article/view/114|journal= Journal of Social Work and Science Education|volume= 1|issue= 3|pages= 266–280|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> across the [[Malay world]]. As the {{lang|ms|Bahasa Kebangsaan}} or {{lang|ms|Bahasa Nasional}} ("national language") of several states, Standard Malay has various official names. In Malaysia, it is designated as either {{lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}} ("[[Malaysian language]]") or {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language"). In Singapore and Brunei, it is called {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language") and in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called {{lang|ms|Bahasa Indonesia}} ("[[Indonesian language]]") is designated the {{lang|ms|Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu}} ("unifying language"/[[lingua franca]]). However, in areas of Central to Southern [[Sumatra]] where vernacular varieties of Malay are indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} and consider it one of their regional languages. Standard Malay, also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] and [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]] Sultanates and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other [[Malayan languages]]. According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16, several of the Malayan varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the {{lang|ms|[[Orang Asli]]}} varieties of Peninsular Malay, are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several [[Malay trade and creole languages]] which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as [[Malay trade and creole languages#Macassar Malay|Macassar Malay]], which appears to be a [[mixed language]]. ==Origin== Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in Western [[Borneo]].<ref>{{harvp|Adelaar|2004}}</ref> A form known as Proto-Malay was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent [[Malayan languages]]. Its ancestor, [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]], a descendant of the [[Proto-Austronesian language]], began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of [[Austronesian peoples]] into [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] from the island of [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andaya|first=Leonard Y.|date=2001|title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu|url=http://sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|language=en|volume=32|issue=3|pages=315–330|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169}}</ref> <!-- Doesn't belong here, partly duplicates content found in the following sections and should be merged into them: Through the penetration and proliferation of [[Sanskrit]] vocabulary and the influence of major [[Indian religions]], the Proto-Malay evolved into a form known as the Old Malay language. The oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay, the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]], dating from the end of the 7th century AD, was found on the banks of the River Tatang, a tributary of the River Musi, [[South Sumatra]]. "[[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu]]" was the name of an old kingdom located in [[Jambi|Jambi Province]] in Eastern Sumatra. The use of Malay as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' throughout the [[Malay Archipelago]] is linked to the rise of [[Muslims|Muslim]] kingdoms and the spread of [[Islam]], itself a consequence of growing regional trade. A literary language was established in [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]]. After the defeat of Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511, the literary center shifted to the [[Johor-Riau Sultanate]] and the literary language is therefore often called Johor-Riau Malay, though it is a continuation of Malacca Malay. When Johor was divided between [[British Malaya]] ([[Johor]]) and the [[Dutch East Indies]] ([[Riau]]), its language was accorded official status in both territories. Indonesia pronounced "Riau" (Malacca–Johor) Malay its official language (''Bahasa Indonesia'') when it gained independence. Since 1928, nationalists and young people throughout the Indonesian archipelago had declared Malay to be Indonesia's only official language, as proclaimed in the ''[[Sumpah Pemuda]]'' "Youth Vow." Thus Indonesia was the first country to designate Malay as an official language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages of Indonesia (Sumatra) |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IDS}}</ref> In Malaysia, the 1957 [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the Federation adopted Johor (Malacca) Malay as the official language (''Bahasa Malaysia''). The name "Malaysia", in both language and country, emphasised that the nation consisted of more than just ethnic [[Malay people|Malays]]. In 1986 the official name was changed to ''Bahasa Melayu'', but in 2007 it was changed back.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/bm/news.php?id=294230 Penggunaan Istilah Bahasa Malaysia Dan Bukan Bahasa Melayu Muktamad, Kata Zainuddin]. BERNAMA, 5 November 2007</ref> "Bahasa Melayu" was defined as Brunei's official language in the country's 1959 Constitution. It is also based on the Malaccan standard. The Indonesian and Malaysian [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]]s of Malay are separated by some centuries of different vocabulary development (see [[Differences between Malaysian and Indonesian]]; cf. [[Serbo-Croatian]]). This is, in part, partly due to the influence of different colonial languages; [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in the case of Indonesia (see [[Dutch East Indies]]) and [[English language|English]] in the case of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, which were formerly under [[British Empire|British rule]]. However, Indonesia and Malaysia largely unified their previously divergent orthographies in 1972, and they along with Brunei have set up a joint commission to develop common scientific and technical vocabulary and otherwise co-operate to keep their standards convergent. Some Malay [[dialect]]s, however, show only limited [[mutual intelligibility]] with the standard language; for example, [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese]] or [[Sarawak Malay|Sarawakian]] pronunciation is difficult for many fellow Malaysians to understand, while [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] contains many words unfamiliar to speakers of Malaysian, some because of [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] or other [[Languages of Indonesia|local language]] influence and some because of the independent development of [[Indonesian slang language|Indonesian slang]] and colloquial parlance. The language spoken by the [[Peranakans|Peranakan]] (Straits Chinese, a hybrid of Chinese settlers from the [[Ming dynasty|Ming Dynasty]] and local Malays) is a unique [[patois]] of Malay and the [[Hokkien|Hokkien Chinese]], which is mostly spoken in the former [[Straits Settlements]] of [[Penang]] and [[Malacca]] in Malaysia and the Indonesian Archipelago. --''''''> ==History== [[File:Lawah-Lawah Merah (1875).pdf|thumb|''Lawah-Lawah Merah'' (1875), a Malay-language translation of ''L'araignée rouge'' by {{ill|René de Pont-Jest|fr}} has been identified as the first Malay-language novel. Prior to the era, the Malay literature & storytelling was predominantly written in the form of ''[[Hikayat]]''.]] {{Main|History of the Malay language}} The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Malacca Period (Classical Malay), Late Modern Malay and Modern Malay. Old Malay is believed to be the actual ancestor of Classical Malay.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wurm|first1=Stephen|author-link1=Stephen Wurm|last2=Mühlhäusler|first2=Peter|author-link2=Peter Mühlhäusler|last3=Tryon|first3=Darrell T.|author-link3=Darrell T. Tryon|title=Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR19|year=1996|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081972-4|page=677}}</ref> Old Malay was influenced by [[Sanskrit]], the literary language of Classical India and a liturgical language of [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. [[Sanskrit]] loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in [[Sumatra]], written in the [[Pallava alphabet|Pallava variety]] of the [[Grantha alphabet]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |title=Bahasa Melayu Kuno |publisher=Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com |date=15 September 2007 |access-date=22 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226183127/http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |archive-date=26 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and is dated 1 May 683. Known as the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]], it was discovered by the [[Dutch people|Dutchman]] M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South [[Sumatra]], on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi River]]. It is a small stone of {{convert|45 by 80|cm}}. Other evidence is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/undang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia/|title=Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia|last=Surakhman|first=M. Ali|date=23 October 2017|website=kemdikbud.go.id|language=id}}</ref> This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text was produced in the [[Adityawarman]] era (1345–1377) of [[Dharmasraya]], a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of [[Srivijaya]]n rule in [[Sumatra]]. The laws were for the [[Minangkabau people]], who today still live in the highlands of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. Terengganu Inscription Stone (Malay: Batu Bersurat Terengganu; Jawi: باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو) is a granite stele carrying inscription in Jawi script that was found in Terengganu, Malaysia is the earliest evidence of classical Malay inscription. The inscription, dated possibly to 702 AH (corresponds to 1303 CE), constituted the earliest evidence of Jawi writing in the Malay world of Southeast Asia, and was one of the oldest testimonies to the advent of Islam as a state religion in the region. It contains the proclamation issued by a ruler of Terengganu known as Seri Paduka Tuan, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. The Malay language came into widespread use as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the [[Malacca Sultanate]] (1402–1511). During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of [[Arabic]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] vocabularies, called ''Classical Malay''. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When the court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA70|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-598-8|page=70}}</ref> Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are the letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of [[Ternate]], [[Maluku Islands]] in present-day [[Indonesia]], dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of [[Portugal]], following contact with Portuguese explorer [[Francisco Serrão]].<ref name=sneddon/> The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated [[Ternate language]], a [[West Papuan languages|West Papuan language]], as their [[first language]]. Malay was used solely as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' for inter-ethnic communications.<ref name=sneddon>{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA62|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-598-8|page=62}}</ref> ==Classification== {{See also|Austronesian languages#Comparison charts}} Malay is a member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family of languages, which includes languages from [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]], with a smaller number in continental [[Asia]]. [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], a geographic outlier spoken in [[Madagascar]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, [[Proto-Austronesian language]]. There are many [[cognate]]s found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities. Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related [[variety (linguistics)|forms of speech]] known as the [[Malayic languages]], which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called "Malay" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The [[vernacular]] of Brunei—[[Brunei Malay]]—for example, is not readily intelligible with the [[standard language]], and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as [[Kedah Malay]]. However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close.<ref>''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16 classifies them as distinct languages, ISO3 ''kxd'' and ''meo'', but states that they "are so closely related that they may one day be included as dialects of Malay".</ref> ==Writing system== {{Main|Malay alphabet}} [[File:Kerinci MSS detail.jpg|thumb|The [[Rencong alphabet]], a native writing system found in Malay Peninsula, central and [[South Sumatra]]. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line.]] [[File:KedukanBukit001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.04|[[Kedukan Bukit Inscription]], using [[Pallava alphabet]], is the oldest surviving specimen of the [[Old Malay]] language in [[South Sumatra]], Indonesia.]] Malay is now written using the [[Latin script]], known as ''Rumi'' in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or ''Latin'' in Indonesia, although an [[Arabic script]] called ''Arab Melayu'' or [[Jawi alphabet|''Jawi'']] also exists. Latin script is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]]. ''Rumi'' and ''Jawi'' are co-official in [[Brunei]] only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the Religious School, ''Sekolah Agama'', which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi. The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes. Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the [[Pallava script|Pallava]], [[Kawi script|Kawi]] and [[Rencong script|Rencong]] scripts; these are still in use today, such as the [[Cham alphabet]] used by the [[Chams]] of [[Vietnam]] and [[Cambodia]]. Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, ''Jawi'' gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and British influence, Jawi was gradually replaced by the [[Malay alphabet|Rumi]] script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu) |website=Omniglot |access-date=30 August 2008}}</ref> == Extent of use == {{See also|Malay trade and creole languages}} [[File:Malaysia Traffic-signs Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg|thumb|right|A Malay traffic sign in Malaysia.]] [[File:Sukarno hatta airport - Terminal - Jakarta - Indonesia.jpg|thumb|right|Malay road signs in [[Jakarta]], Indonesia. "''Lajur Khusus Menurunkan Penumpang''" means "Lane for dropping passengers only" in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]]] Malay is spoken in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[East Timor]], [[Singapore]], parts of [[Thailand]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malay Can Be 'Language of ASEAN' |url=http://www.brudirect.com/index.php/2010102331853/Local-News/malay-can-be-language-of-asean.html |date=24 October 2010 |publisher=brudirect.com |access-date=22 December 2010}}</ref> and southern [[Philippines]]. Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use the same standard.<ref name="Introduction">{{Cite book | last = Salleh | first = Haji | author-link = Muhammad Haji Salleh | title = An introduction to modern Malaysian literature | publisher = Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad | year = 2008 | location = Kuala Lumpur | pages = xvi | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QTKtgVCUZ48C | isbn = 978-983-068-307-2}}</ref> Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct [[nonstandard dialect|vernacular dialect]] called [[Brunei Malay]]. In [[East Timor]], Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of two working languages (the other being [[English language|English]]), alongside the official languages of [[Tetum language|Tetum]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref name="easttimorgovernment.com"/> The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the [[Constitution of Malaysia]], and became the sole official language in [[Peninsular Malaysia]] in 1968 and in [[East Malaysia]] gradually from 1974. [[English language|English]] continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In the [[Philippines]], Malay is spoken by a minority of the Muslim population residing in [[Mindanao]] (specifically the [[Zamboanga Peninsula]]) and the [[Sulu Archipelago]]. However, they mostly speak it in a form of [[Malay trade and creole languages|creole]] resembling [[Sabah Malay]]. Historically, it was the primary trading language of the archipelago prior to [[Spanish East Indies|Spanish occupation]]. [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community in [[Davao City]], and functional phrases are taught to members of the Philippine Armed Forces and to students. ==Phonology== {{main|Malay phonology}} Malay, like most Austronesian languages, is not a [[tonal language]]. ===Consonants=== The consonants of Malaysian<ref name="Clynes and Deterding 2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Clynes |first1=Adrian |last2=Deterding |first2=David |date=2011 |title=Standard Malay (Brunei) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=259–268 |doi=10.1017/S002510031100017X |doi-access=free |df=dmy-all}}.</ref> and also Indonesian<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soderberg |first1=Craig D. |last2=Olson |first2=Kenneth S. |year=2008 |title=Indonesian |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/indonesian/AE405481B94A4E0B7234A8BBE9C6F5FD |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=209–213 |doi=10.1017/S0025100308003320 |issn=1475-3502|doi-access=free }}</ref> are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in brackets. {|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |- |+Malay consonant phonemes ! colspan=2| ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! [[Labial consonant|Dental]] ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! [[Post-alveolar consonant|Post{{nbh}}alveolar]]/<br/>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPAlink|m}} | | {{IPAlink|n}} | {{IPAlink|ɲ}} | {{IPAlink|ŋ}} | |- ! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br/>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] ! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> | {{IPAlink|p}} | | {{IPAlink|t}} | {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} | {{IPAlink|k}} | ({{IPAlink|ʔ}}) |- ! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | {{IPAlink|b}} | | {{IPAlink|d}} | {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} | {{IPAlink|ɡ}} | |- ! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] ! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> | ({{IPAlink|f}}) | ({{IPAlink|θ}}) | {{IPAlink|s}} | ({{IPAlink|ʃ}}) | ({{IPAlink|x}}) | {{IPAlink|h}} |- ! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | ({{IPAlink|v}}) | ({{IPAlink|ð}}) | ({{IPAlink|z}}) | | ({{IPAlink|ɣ}}) | |- ! rowspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] ! <small>[[central consonant|central]]</small> | | | | {{IPAlink|j}} | {{IPAlink|w}} | |- ! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small> | | | {{IPAlink|l}} | | | |- ! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]] | | | {{IPAlink|r}} | | | |} '''Orthographic note''': The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except: * {{IPAslink|ð}} is 'z', the same as the {{IPAslink|z}} sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the {{IPAslink|ð}} sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with {{IPAslink|z}} sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). * {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is 'ny'; 'n' before 'c' and 'j' * {{IPAslink|ŋ}} is 'ng' * {{IPAslink|θ}} is represented as 's', the same as the {{IPAslink|s}} sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the {{IPAslink|θ}} sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with {{IPAslink|s}} sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). Previously (before 1972), this sound was written 'th' in Standard Malay (not Indonesian) * the glottal stop {{IPAslink|ʔ}} is final 'k' or an apostrophe ' (although some words have this glottal stop in the middle, such as ''rakyat'') * {{IPAslink|tʃ}} is 'c' * {{IPAslink|dʒ}} is 'j' * {{IPAslink|ʃ}} is 'sy' * {{IPAslink|x}} is 'kh' * {{IPAslink|j}} is 'y' '''Loans from Arabic''': * Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic. Otherwise they tend to be replaced with native sounds. {| class="wikitable" |+Table of borrowed Arabic consonants |- ! Distinct !! Assimilated !! Example |- | {{IPAslink|x}} || {{IPAslink|k}}, {{IPAslink|h}} || ''khabar, kabar'' "news" |- | {{IPAslink|ð}} || {{IPAslink|d}}, {{IPAslink|l}} || ''redha, rela'' "good will" |- | {{IPA|/zˤ/}} || {{IPAslink|l}}, {{IPAslink|z}} || ''lohor, zuhur'' "noon (prayer)" |- | {{IPAslink|ɣ}} || {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, {{IPAslink|r}} || ''ghaib, raib'' "hidden" |- | {{IPAslink|ʕ}} || {{IPAslink|ʔ}} || ''saat, sa'at'' "second (time)" |} ===Vowels=== Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six.<ref name="Clynes and Deterding 2011" /> The vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} are much less common than the other four. {| class="wikitable" |+caption | '''Table of vowel phonemes of Standard Malay''' |- style="text-align:center;" ! ! Front ! Central ! Back |- style="text-align:center;" !Close | {{IPA|i}} | | {{IPA|u}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! Mid | {{IPA|e}} | {{IPA|ə}} | {{IPA|o}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! Open | | {{IPA|a}} | |} '''Orthographic note''': both {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} are written as 'e'. This means that there are some homographs, so ''perang'' can be either /pəraŋ/ ("war") or /peraŋ/ ("blond") (but in Indonesia ''perang'' with /e/ sound is also written as ''pirang''). Some analyses regard {{IPA|/ai, au, oi/}} as diphthongs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Susur galur bahasa Melayu |last=Asmah Haji |first=Omar |date=1985 |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka |location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Zaharani|title=Fonologi generatif: teori dan penerapan|date=1993|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> However, {{IPA|[ai]}} and {{IPA|[au]}} can only occur in open syllables, such as ''cukai'' ("tax") and ''pulau'' ("island"). Words with a phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as ''baik'' ("good") and ''laut'' ("sea"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs {{IPA|[ai]}}, {{IPA|[au]}} and {{IPA|[oi]}} as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: {{IPA|/aj/}}, {{IPA|/aw/}} and {{IPA|/oj/}} respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clynes |first=Adrian |date=1997 |title=On the Proto-Austronesian "Diphthongs" |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.2307/3622989 |jstor=3622989}}</ref> There is a rule of [[vowel harmony]]: the non-open vowels {{IPA|/i, e, u, o/}} in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so ''hidung'' ("nose") is allowed but *''hedung'' is not.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C119.pdf |title=Proto Malayic: the reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology |last=Adelaar |first=K. A. |date=1992 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |isbn=0858834081 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/pl-c119 |oclc=26845189}}</ref> ==Grammar== {{main|Malay grammar}} Malay is an [[agglutinative language]], and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto a root word ([[affixation]]), formation of a [[compound word]] (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words ([[reduplication]]). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are [[derivation (linguistics)|derived]] from other words by means of [[prefix]]es, [[suffix]]es and [[circumfix]]es. Malay does not make use of [[grammatical gender]], and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for "''he”'' and "''she”'' which is ''dia'' or for "''his”'' and "''her”'' which is ''dia punya.'' There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus ''orang'' may mean either "person" or "people". Verbs are not [[inflected language|inflected]] for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators, such as ''sudah'' "already" and ''belum'' "not yet". On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote [[voice (grammar)|voice]] or intentional and accidental [[grammatical mood|moods]]. Malay does not have a [[grammatical subject]] in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an [[agent (grammar)|agent]] and an [[object (grammar)|object]], these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive", is the basic and most common word order.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} ==Borrowed words== {{Main|List of Malay loanwords}} {{expand section|date=July 2019}} {{unreferenced section|date=December 2020}} The Malay language has many words borrowed from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (in particular religious terms), [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], certain [[Sinitic languages]], [[Persian language|Persian]] (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub), and more recently, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[English language|English]] (in particular many scientific and technological terms). That said, although there is an abundance of loan words in the Malay language, just like in English, the most commonly used words are mostly of non-foreign origin. Words used to refer to everyday things such as 'air' (water), 'batu' (stone) and 'panas' (hot), pronouns such as 'aku' (I/me), 'kau' (you) and 'dia' (he/him or she/her) and numbers such as 'satu' (one), 'dua' (two) and 'tiga' (three) are all of non-foreign origin. ==Varieties and related languages== {{main|Malayic languages}} {{unreferenced section|date=May 2019}} [[File:Betawi.jpg|thumb|[[Jakarta]]n [[Creole language|Creole]] Malay ([[Betawi language]])]] There is a group of closely related languages spoken by [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] and related peoples across [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Southern Thailand]], and the far southern parts of the [[Philippines]]. They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayan languages are [[mutually intelligible]] to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases. Para-Malay includes the Malayan languages of [[Sumatra]]. They are: [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Central Malay]] (Bengkulu), [[Pekal language|Pekal]], [[Musi language|Musi]] (Palembang), [[Negeri Sembilan Malay|Negeri Sembilan]] (Malaysia), and [[Duano language|Duano’]].<ref>''Ethnologue'' 16 also lists Col, Haji, Kaur, Kerinci, Kubu, Lubu'.</ref> Aboriginal Malay are the Malayan languages spoken by the [[Orang Asli]] ([[Proto-Malay]]) in [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]. They are [[Jakun language|Jakun]], [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]], [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]], and [[Temuan language|Temuan]]. The other Malayan languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include Malaccan Malay ([[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]), [[Kedah Malay]], [[Brunei Malay|Kedayan/Brunei Malay]], [[Berau Malay]], [[Bangka Malay]], [[Jambi Malay]], [[Kutai Malay]], [[Orang Laut language|Loncong]], [[Pattani Malay]], and [[Banjar language|Banjarese]]. [[Menterap language|Menterap]] may belong here. There are also several [[Malay-based creole languages]], such as [[Betawi language|Betawi]], [[Cocos Malay]], [[Manado Malay]] and [[Sabah Malay]], which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay. Due to the early settlement of a [[Cape Malay]] community in [[Cape Town]], who are now known as [[Coloured]]s, numerous [[History of the Malay language#Classical Malay|Classical Malay]] words were brought into [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]. ===Usages=== {{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}} The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the [[Constitution of Malaysia]], and became the sole official language in [[West Malaysia]] in 1968, and in [[East Malaysia]] gradually from 1974. [[English language|English]] continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In Singapore, Malay was historically the ''[[lingua franca]]'' among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the [[national anthem]], [[Majulah Singapura]], is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay. Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of [[Thailand]]—a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called [[Pattani kingdom|Pattani]] — speak a dialect of Malay called [[Yawi language|Yawi]] (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition. Owing to earlier contact with the [[Philippines]], Malay words—such as ''dalam hati'' (sympathy), ''luwalhati'' (glory), ''tengah hari'' (midday), ''sedap'' (delicious) — have evolved and been integrated into [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and other [[languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages]]. By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the ''lingua franca'' for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In [[East Timor]], which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its [[Constitution]] as a 'working language'.) Besides [[Indonesia language|Indonesian]], which developed from the [[Malacca sultanate|Malaccan]]<!--not Riau: "Riau Malay" is not the Malay native to Riau, but to Malacca--> dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia, they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]], which itself is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay, some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are [[Riau|Riau Malay]], [[Langkat]], [[Musi language|Palembang Malay]] and [[Jambi Malay]]. [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Kerinci people|Kerinci]] and [[Bengkulu]] are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the [[Jakarta]] dialect (known as [[Betawi language|Betawi]]) also belongs to the western Malay group. The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or [[Malay trade and creole languages|creoles]], are spoken in the easternmost part of the Indonesian archipelago and include: [[Manado Malay]], [[Ambonese Malay]], [[North Moluccan Malay]], [[Papuan Malay]]. The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word 'kita' means "we, us" in western, but means "I, me" in Manado, whereas "we, us" in Manado is 'torang' and Ambon 'katong' (originally abbreviated from Malay 'kita orang' (means "we people"). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb 'pe' and Ambon 'pu' (from Malay 'punya', meaning "to have") to mark possession. So "my name" and "our house" are translated in western Malay as 'namaku' and 'rumah kita' but 'kita pe nama' and 'torang pe rumah' in Manado and 'beta pu nama', 'katong pu rumah' in Ambon dialect. The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, in some parts of Malaysia and in Singapore, 'kita' (inclusive we, us, our) is pronounced as {{IPA|/kitə/}}, in Kelantan and Southern Thailand as {{IPA|/kitɔ/}}, in Riau as {{IPA|/kita/}}, in Palembang as {{IPA|/kito/}}, in Betawi and Perak as {{IPA|/kitɛ/}} and in Kedah and Perlis as /kitɑ/. Batavian and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers are not ethnically Malay. ==Examples== All Malay speakers should be able to understand either of the translations below, which differ mostly in their choice of wording. The words for 'article', ''pasal'' and ''perkara'', and for 'declaration', ''pernyataan'' and ''perisytiharan'', are specific to the Indonesian and Malaysian standards, respectively, but otherwise all the words are found in both (and even those words may be found with slightly different meanings). {| class="wikitable" |+ Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] ! rowspan="2" |English ! colspan="2" |Malay<!--classification still correct, refer to Nothofer, Bernd (2009). "Malay". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World p. 678).--> |- ! Indonesian<ref>standard named as stated in: {{Cite web|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2021|website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> !Standard "Malay"<ref>the other language standard aside from "Indonesian" is named simply as "Malay", as stated in: {{Cite web|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Bahasa Melayu (Malay))|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli|website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> |- |'''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''' || '''Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak Asasi Manusia'''<br>(General Declaration about Human Rights) || '''Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia sejagat'''<br>(Universal Declaration of Human Rights) |- |'''Article 1'''||'''Pasal 1'''||'''Perkara 1''' |- |''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | ''Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.'' <br> (All human beings are born free and have the same dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should get along with each other in a spirit of brotherhood.) | ''Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi maruah dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.'' <br> (All human beings are born free and are equal in dignity and rights. They have thoughts and feelings and should get along with a spirit of brotherhood.) |} ==See also== * [[Jawi script|Jawi]], an [[Arabic script|Arabic alphabet]] for Malay * [[Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian|Comparison of standard Malaysian and Indonesian]] * [[Indonesian language]] * [[Languages of Indonesia]] * [[List of English words of Malay origin]] * [[Malajoe Batawi]] * [[Malaysian English]], the English used formally in Malaysia. * [[Malaysian language]] {{-}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{Cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=K. Alexander |date=2004 |title=Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications |journal=[[Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde]] |volume=160 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003733 |doi-access=free |jstor=27868100 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=E. D. |last2=Blagden |first2=C. O. |date=1931 |title=A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?) |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=715–749 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00093204 |jstor=607205 }} * {{Cite journal |last=B. |first=C. O. |date=1939 |title=Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?) |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |volume=10 |issue=1 |jstor=607921 }} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366 |title=Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-84879-7 |editor-last=Braginsky |editor-first=Vladimir |location=Oxford |orig-year=First published 2002 }} * {{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Richard James |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AEG2034.0001.001?rgn=main;view=toc |title=A Malay-English Dictionary |publisher=Kelly & Walsh |year=1901–1903 |location=Singapore }} == External links == {{InterWiki|code=ms}} {{InterWiki|code=id}} {{Commons category}} {{Wikivoyage|Malay phrasebook|Malay|a phrasebook}} * The [[Wiktionary:Category:Malay language|list of Malay words]] and [[Wiktionary:Category:Malay derivations|list of words of Malay origin]] at [[Wiktionary]], the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sibling project * [[Wiktionary:Appendix:Malay Swadesh list|Swadesh list of Malay words]] * [http://www.sealang.net/malay/dictionary.htm Digital version of Wilkinson's 1926 Malay-English Dictionary] * [http://prpm.dbp.gov.my Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu], online Malay language database provided by the [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111224121004/http://bahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/ Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan] (Online Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language published by Pusat Bahasa, in Indonesian only) * [http://www.dbp.gov.my Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka] (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706054017/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php The Malay Spelling Reform], Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp.&nbsp;9–13 later designated J11) * [http://www.ekamus.info Malay Chinese Dictionary] * [https://archive.is/20140816074940/http://hablaa.com/english-malay/ Malay English Dictionary] * [http://www.malaytranslate.com Malay English Translation] {{-}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Languages of Indonesia}} {{Languages of Malaysia}} {{Languages of Singapore}} {{Languages of South Africa}} {{Languages of Sri Lanka}} {{Languages of Brunei}} {{Languages of Thailand}} {{Austronesian languages}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malay Language}} [[Category:Malay language| ]] [[Category:Languages attested from the 7th century]] [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Malayan languages]] [[Category:Languages of Brunei]] [[Category:Languages of Indonesia]] [[Category:Languages of Malaysia]] [[Category:Languages of Thailand]] [[Category:Malay languages in Singapore]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]'