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'@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ | isbn = 978-981-256-083-4 }} -</ref> proposed a radical resolution to this problem by claiming that the information is both reflected at the event horizon ''and'' passes through the event horizon and cannot escape, with the catch being no observer can confirm both stories simultaneously. According to an external observer, the infinite time dilation at the horizon itself makes it appear as if it takes an infinite amount of time to reach the horizon. He also postulated a '''stretched horizon''', which is a [[membrane paradigm|membrane]] hovering about a [[Planck length]] outside the event horizon and which is both physical and hot. According to the external observer, infalling information heats up the stretched horizon, which then reradiates it as Hawking radiation, with the entire evolution being unitary. However, according to an infalling observer, nothing special happens at the event horizon itself, and both the observer and the information will hit the singularity. This isn't to say there are two copies of the information lying about — one at or just outside the horizon, and the other inside the black hole — as that would violate the [[no-cloning theorem]]. Instead, an observer can only detect the information at the horizon itself, or inside, but never both simultaneously. Complementarity is a feature of the [[quantum mechanics]] of noncommuting observables, and Susskind proposed that both stories are complementary in the quantum sense. +</ref> proposed a radical resolution to this problem by claiming that the information is both reflected at the event horizon ''and'' passes through the event horizon and cannot escape, with the catch being no observer can confirm both stories simultaneously. According to an external observer, the infinite time dilation at the horizon itself makes it appear as if it takes an infinite amount of time to reach the horizon. He also postulated a '''stretched horizon''', which is a [[membrane paradigm|membrane]] hovering about a [[Planck length]] outside the event horizon and which is both physical and hot. According to the external observer, infalling information heats up the stretched horizon, which then reradiates it as Hawking radiation, with the entire evolution being unitary. However, according to an infalling observer, nothing special happens at the event horizon itself, and both the observer and the information will hit the singularity. This isn't to say there are two copies of the information lying about — one at or just outside the horizon, and the other inside the black hole — as that would violate the [[no-cloning theorem]]. Instead, an observer can only detect the information at the horizon itself, or inside, but never both simultaneously. Complementarity is a feature of the [[quantum mechanics]] of noncommuting observables, and Susskind proposed that both stories are complementary in the quantum sense, that there is no contradiction which also means no violation of linearity in quantum mechanics. -An infalling observer will see the point of entry of the information as being localized on the event horizon, while an external observer will notice the information being spread out uniformly over the entire stretched horizon before being re-radiated. -To an infalling observer, information and [[entropy]] pass through the horizon with nothing strange happening. To an external observer, the information and entropy is absorbed into the stretched horizon which acts like a dissipative fluid with entropy, viscosity and electrical conductivity. See the [[membrane paradigm]] for more details. The stretched horizon is conducting with surface charges which rapidly spread out over the horizon. +An infalling observer will see the point of entry of the information as being localized on the event horizon, while an external observer will notice the information being spread out uniformly over the entire stretched horizon before being re-radiated, and perceives the event horizon as a dynamical membrane. +To an infalling observer, information and [[entropy]] pass through the horizon with nothing of interest happening. To an external observer, the information and entropy is absorbed into the stretched horizon which acts like a dissipative fluid with entropy, viscosity and electrical conductivity. See the [[membrane paradigm]] for more details. The stretched horizon is conducting with surface charges which rapidly spread out logarithmically over the horizon. -Recently, it appears that black hole complementarity combined with the [[monogamy of entanglement]] suggests the existence of a "[[firewall (physics)|firewall]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Almheiri|first=Ahmed|last2=Marolf|first2=Donald|last3=Polchinski|first3=Joseph|last4=Sully|first4=James|date=February 2013|title=Black holes: complementarity or firewalls?|journal=Journal of High Energy Physics|volume=2013|issue=2|pages=62|doi=10.1007/jhep02(2013)062|issn=1029-8479|bibcode=2013JHEP...02..062A|arxiv=1207.3123}}</ref> +Recently, it appears that black hole complementarity combined with the [[monogamy of entanglement]] suggests the existence of an AMPS "[[firewall (physics)|firewall]]",<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Almheiri|first=Ahmed|last2=Marolf|first2=Donald|last3=Polchinski|first3=Joseph|last4=Sully|first4=James|date=February 2013|title=Black holes: complementarity or firewalls?|journal=Journal of High Energy Physics|volume=2013|issue=2|pages=62|doi=10.1007/jhep02(2013)062|issn=1029-8479|bibcode=2013JHEP...02..062A|arxiv=1207.3123}}</ref> where high energy, short wavelength photons are present in the horizon, although this is still being hypothesised. == References == '