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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|16th-century Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Duke of Burgundy}}
{{redirect|Karl V|the opera|Karl V (opera)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Charles V
| image = Portrait of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, seated (1500–1558), formerly attributed to Titian (Alte Pinakothek, Munich).jpg
| alt = Portrait of Emperor Charles V seated on a chair
| caption = [[Portrait of Charles V (Titian)|Portrait]] by [[Titian]], probably with [[Lambert Sustris]], 1548
| succession = {{ubl|[[Holy Roman Emperor]]|[[King of Germany]]|[[King of Italy]]}}
| reign = 28 June 1519 –<br>27 August 1556{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Some sources claim he abdicated on 27 August,<ref name=Setton>{{Cite book |last=Setton |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUwLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA716|title=The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V |date=1984 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-87169-162-0 |series=Memoirs |volume=162 |location=Philadelphia |page=716|issn=0065-9738 |author-link=Kenneth Setton}}</ref><ref name=Cr>Chillany, F. Wilhelm (1865). [https://books.google.com/books?id=itr0qTRSX3wC&pg=PA16 ''Europaeische Chronik von 1492 bis Ende April 1865'']. pp. 16, 78.</ref> while others give 7 September.<ref>Flathe, Theodor (1886). [https://books.google.com/books?id=odhLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA212 ''Allgemeine Weltgeschichte'']. p. 212.</ref><ref>[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118560093.html Karl V]. ''[[Neue Deutsche Biographie]]''.</ref> Moreover, his abdication wasn't actually recognized until February 1558, on either the 24th<ref name=Setton/><ref name=Cr/> or 28th.<ref>Bruno Gebhardt (1890). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5clDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA92 ''Gebhardts Handbuch der deutschen geschichte'']. p. 92.</ref><ref>[[William H. Prescott]] (1856). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi9pAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA321 ''Historia del reinado de Felipe Segundo, Rey de España.''] p. 321.</ref>}}
| coronation = {{ubl|23 October 1520 ([[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]])|22 February 1530 ([[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]])|24 February 1530 ([[Holy Roman Empire|Empire]])<ref name=NH>[https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/carlos-v-coronacion-emperador_7521/1 Carlos V: La coronación del Emperador]. [[National Geographic]]</ref>}}
| predecessor = [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]
| successor = [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]
| succession1 = [[King of Spain]] ([[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]])
| reign1 = 14 March 1516 – {{nowr|16 January 1556}}
| predecessor1 = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]]
| successor1 = [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]
| regent1 = Joanna <small>(until 1555)</small>
| reg-type1 = Co-monarch
| succession2 = [[Archduke of Austria]]
| reign2 = 12 January 1519 – 21 April 1521
| predecessor2 = Maximilian I
| successor2 = Ferdinand I <small>(in the name of Charles V until 1556)</small>
| succession3 = {{ubl|[[Lord of the Netherlands]]|[[Duke of Burgundy]]}}
| reign3 = 25 September 1506 – 25 October 1555
| predecessor3 = [[Philip I of Castile]]
| successor3 = Philip II of Spain
| birth_date = 24 February 1500
| birth_place = [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof of Ghent]], [[County of Flanders|Flanders]], [[Burgundian Low Countries]]
| death_date = 21 September 1558 (aged 58)
| death_place = [[Monastery of Yuste]], [[Crown of Castile]], [[Spain]]
| burial_date = 22 September 1558
| burial_place = [[El Escorial]], Spain
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Isabella of Portugal]]|1526|1539|end=d}}
| issue = {{ubl|[[Philip II, King of Spain]]|[[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Maria, Holy Roman Empress]]|[[Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal|Joanna, Princess of Portugal]]<br /> ''illegitimate:''<br />[[Margaret of Parma|Margaret, Duchess of Florence and Parma]]|[[John of Austria]]}}
| issue-link = #Issue
| issue-pipe = among others
| house = [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]]
| father = [[Philip I, King of Castile]]
| mother = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna, Queen of Castile and Aragon]]
| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| signature = Firma Emperador Carlos V.svg
}}
'''Charles V'''{{efn|{{hlist|{{lang-fr|Charles Quint}}|{{lang-es|Carlos V}}|{{lang-de|Karl V}}|{{lang-it|Carlo V}}|{{lang-nl|Karel V}}|{{lang-ca|Carles V}}|{{lang-la|Carolus V}}}}}}{{efn|'''Charles V'' as Holy Roman Emperor; ''Charles I'' as King of Spain and Archduke of Austria; ''Charles II'' as Duke of Burgundy.}} (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[Archduke of Austria]] from 1519 to 1556, [[Habsburg Spain|King of Spain]] ([[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]]) from 1516 to 1556, and [[Lord of the Netherlands]] as titular [[Duke of Burgundy]] from 1506 to 1555. As he was head of the rising [[House of Habsburg]] during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe included the [[Holy Roman Empire]], extending from [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] to [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|northern Italy]] with direct rule over the [[Austrian hereditary lands]] and the [[Burgundian Low Countries]], and a unified Spain with its [[southern Italy|southern Italian]] kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], and [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]]. Furthermore, his reign encompassed both the long-lasting [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish]] and the short-lived [[German colonization of the Americas|German]] colonization of the Americas. The [[personal union]] of the European and American territories of Charles V was the first collection of realms labelled "[[the empire on which the Sun never sets]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chesney |first1=Elizabeth A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwjWrTd5la4C&q=Rabelais+charles+v+empire+on+which+sun+never+sets&pg=PA34 |title=The Rabelais Encyclopedia |last2=Zegura |first2=Elizabeth Chesney |date=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313310348 |language=en}}; {{Cite book |title=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-421-6 |editor-last=[[H. Micheal Tarver]] |volume=2 |page=161 }}; {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HM7AQAAIAAJ&q=Empire+from+Vienna+to+Peru+and+sun+never+sets |title=Plain Truth |date=1984 |publisher=Ambassador College. |language=en}}; {{Cite book |last=Ferer |first=Mary Tiffany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lJRToDUeWUC&q=Charles+V+empire+sun+set+Spain+HRE&pg=PA126 |title=Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion |date=2012 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=9781843836995 |language=en}}</ref>
Charles was born in the [[County of Flanders]] to [[Philip I of Castile|Philip of Habsburg]] (son of [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]], and [[Mary of Burgundy]]) and [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna of Trastámara]] (daughter of [[Isabella I of Castile]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]). The ultimate heir of his four grandparents, Charles inherited all of his family dominions at a young age. After the death of Philip in 1506, he inherited the [[Burgundian Netherlands]], originally held by his paternal grandmother Mary.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HX8bAAAAMAAJ&q=Ghislaine+de+Boom%22 |title=Charles Quint, prince des Pays-Bas |date=1943 |publisher=La Renaissance du Livre |language=fr}}</ref> In 1516, he became co-monarch of Castile [[Jure matris|with his mother]], and as such he was the first king of Spain to inherit the country as dynastically unified by Isabella I and Ferdinand II.<ref>MacCulloch, D. (2 September 2004). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490–1700. p. 216. {{ISBN|978-0-14-192660-5}}.</ref> The Spanish possessions at his accession also included the Castilian [[Spanish West Indies|West Indies]] and the Aragonese kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia. At the death of his paternal grandfather Maximilian in 1519, he inherited [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] and was elected to succeed him as Holy Roman Emperor. He adopted the Imperial name of ''Charles V'' as his main title, and styled himself as a new [[Charlemagne]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mapping Ethnography in Early Modern Germany: New Worlds in Print Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERRdAQAAQBAJ&q=gattinara+sire+charlemagne&pg=PT299 |last=Leitch |first=S. |date=27 September 2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn = 9780230112988|via=Google Books}}</ref>
Charles V revitalized [[Res publica Christiana|the medieval concept]] of [[universal monarchy]] and spent most of his life defending the integrity of the Holy Roman Empire from the [[Protestant Reformation]], the expansion of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and [[Italian Wars|a series of wars with France]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Armitage |first=D. |title=The Ideological Origins of the British Empire |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78978-3 |page=32 |author-link=David Armitage (historian)}}</ref> With no fixed capital city, he made 40 journeys, [[itinerant court|travelling from country to country]]; he spent a quarter of his reign on the road.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Ferer |first=Mary Tiffany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lJRToDUeWUC&q=Charles+V+empire+sun+set+Spain+HRE&pg=PA126 |title=Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion |date=2012 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=9781843836995 |language=en}}</ref> The imperial wars were fought by German [[Landsknechte]], Spanish [[tercios]], Burgundian [[Order of the Golden Fleece|knights]], and Italian [[condottieri]]. Charles V borrowed money from German and Italian bankers and, in order to repay such loans, he relied on the proto-capitalist economy of the Low Countries and on the flows of gold and especially silver from South America to Spain, which caused [[price revolution|widespread inflation]]. He ratified the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Spanish conquest of the Aztec]] and [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Inca]] empires by the Spanish [[conquistador]]es [[Hernán Cortés]] and [[Francisco Pizarro]], as well as the establishment of [[Klein-Venedig]] by the German [[Welser]] family in search of the legendary [[El Dorado]]. In order to consolidate power in his early reign, Charles suppressed two Spanish insurrections (the [[Revolt of the Comuneros|Comuneros' Revolt]] and [[Revolt of the Brotherhoods|Brotherhoods' Revolt]]) and two German rebellions (the [[Knights' Revolt]] and [[Great Peasants' Revolt]]).
Crowned [[King of Germany|King in Germany]], Charles sided with [[Pope Leo X]] and declared [[Martin Luther]] an outlaw at the [[Diet of Worms]] (1521).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smedley |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PINEUKYXHd0C&q=Carolus+defensor+ecllesia&pg=PA626 |title=Encyclopædia metropolitana; Volume 17 |year=1845 |location=London |language=en}}</ref> The same year, [[Francis I of France]], surrounded by the Habsburg possessions, started a conflict in [[Lombardy]] that lasted until the [[Battle of Pavia]] (1525), which led to the French king's temporary imprisonment. The Protestant affair re-emerged in 1527 as [[Sack of Rome (1527)|Rome was sacked]] by an army of Charles's mutinous soldiers, largely of Lutheran faith. After his forces left the [[Papal States]], Charles V [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|defended Vienna]] from the Turks and obtained the coronation as [[King of Italy|King in Italy]] by [[Pope Clement VII]]. In 1535, he annexed the vacant [[Duchy of Milan]] and [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|captured Tunis]]. Nevertheless, the [[Siege of Buda (1541)|loss of Buda]] during the struggle for [[Hungary]] and the [[Algiers expedition (1541)|Algiers expedition]] in the early 1540s frustrated his anti-Ottoman policies. Meanwhile, Charles V had come to an agreement with [[Pope Paul III]] for the organisation of the [[Council of Trent]] (1545). The refusal of the Lutheran [[Schmalkaldic League]] to recognize the council's validity led to [[Schmalkaldic War|a war]], won by Charles V with the imprisonment of the Protestant princes. However, [[Henry II of France]] offered [[Treaty of Chambord|new support to the Lutheran cause]] and strengthened [[Franco-Ottoman alliance|a close alliance]] with the sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], the ruler of the Ottoman Empire since 1520.
Ultimately, Charles V conceded the [[Peace of Augsburg]] and abandoned his multi-national project with a series of abdications in 1556 that divided his hereditary and imperial domains between the Spanish Habsburgs headed by his son [[Philip II of Spain]] and the Austrian Habsburgs headed by his brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]], who was archduke of Austria in Charles's name since 1521 and the designated successor as emperor [[1531 Imperial election|since 1531]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Kanski |first=Jack J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwV_DwAAQBAJ&q=Ferdinand+archduke+of+austria+1521&pg=PA50 |title=History of the German speaking nations |date=2019 |isbn=9781789017182 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |title=The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arSYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |last1=Pavlac |first1=Brian A. |last2=Lott |first2=Elizabeth S. |date=30 June 2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn = 9781440848568|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Peter H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wodBQAAQBAJ&q=1556+Austrian+Habsburgs+Soanish+Habsburgs&pg=PR17 |title=The Thirty Years War, a sourcebook |date=2010 |isbn=9781137069771 |language=en}}</ref> The Duchy of Milan and the Habsburg Netherlands were also left in personal union to the king of Spain, although initially also belonging to the Holy Roman Empire. The two Habsburg dynasties remained allied until the extinction of the Spanish line in 1700. In 1557, Charles retired to the [[Monastery of Yuste]] in [[Extremadura]] and died there a year later.
==Heritage and early life==
===Childhood===
{{quote|You, noble prince Charles, are more blessed than [[Alexander the Great]]. He for his part had seized an immense empire, but not without bloodshed nor was it destined to endure ... you were born to a splendid empire ... you owe it to heaven that your empire came to you without the shedding of blood, and no one suffered for it.<ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=4VGSyEAR3hUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Erasmus:+The+Education+of+a+Christian+Prince+with+the+Panegyric+for+Archduke&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimh4vK3bbrAhUQ2KQKHXycCNcQ6AEwAHoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Erasmus%3A%20The%20Education%20of%20a%20Christian%20Prince%20with%20the%20Panegyric%20for%20Archduke&f=false The Education of a christian prince, Erasmus of Rotterdam]</ref>|[[Erasmus of Rotterdam]] in ''[[Education of a Christian Prince]]}}
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|1= 1. '''Charles of Habsburg'''
*Holy Roman Emperor (1519)
*Archduke of Austria (1519)
*King of Castile (1516)
*King of Aragon (1516)
*Duke of Burgundy (1506)
|2= 2. [[Philip I of Castile|Philip of Habsburg]]
*Duke of Burgundy (1482)
*King of Castile (1506)
|3= 3. [[Joanna, Queen of Castile|Joanna of Trastámara]]
*Queen of Castile (1504)
*Queen of Aragon (1516)
|4= 4. [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian of Habsburg]]
*Archduke of Austria (1493)
*Holy Roman Emperor (1508)
|5= 5. [[Mary of Burgundy]]
*Duchess of Burgundy (1477)
|6= 6. [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
*King of Aragon (1479)
|7= 7. [[Isabella I of Castile]]
*Queen of Castile (1474)
}}
[[File:Hoftenwalle.JPG|thumb|The entrance gate to the [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]; literally "Princes' court") in [[Ghent]], where Charles was born.]]
Charles of [[Habsburg]] was born on 24 February 1500 in the [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof]] of [[Ghent]], a [[County of Flanders|Flemish]] city of the [[Burgundian Low Countries]], to [[Philip the Handsome|Philip of Habsburg]] and [[Joanna the Mad|Joanna of Trastámara]].<ref>''Emperor Charles V: The Growth and Destiny of a Man and of a World-empire'', [[Karl Brandi]]</ref> His father Philip, nicknamed ''Philip the Handsome'', was the firstborn son of [[Maximilian I of Habsburg]], [[Archduke of Austria]] as well as [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and [[Mary the Rich]], Burgundian duchess of the [[Low Countries]]. His mother Joanna, known as ''Joanna the Mad'' for the mental disorders afflicting her, was a daughter of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and [[Isabella I of Castile]], the [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain]] from the [[House of Trastámara]]. The political marriage of Philip and Joanna was first conceived in a letter sent by Maximilian to Ferdinand in order to seal an Austro-Spanish alliance, established as part of the ''[[League of Venice]]'' directed against the [[Kingdom of France]] during the [[Italian Wars]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''Emperor, a new life of Charles V'', Geoffrey Parker</ref>
The organization of ambitious political marriages reflected Maximilian's practice to expand the House of Habsburg with dynastic links rather than conquest, as exemplified by his saying "''Let others wage war, you, happy Austria, marry''". The [[marriage contract]] between Philip and Joanna was signed in 1495, and celebrations were held in 1496. Philip was already [[Duke of Burgundy]], given Mary's death in 1482, and also [[heir apparent]] of Austria as honorific [[Archduke]]. Joanna, in contrast, was only third in the Spanish [[line of succession]], preceded by her older brother [[John, Prince of Asturias|John of Castile]] and older sister [[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Isabella of Aragon]]. Although both John and Isabella died in 1498, the Catholic Monarchs desired to keep the Spanish kingdoms in Iberian hands and designated their Portuguese grandson [[Miguel da Paz]] as [[heir presumptive]] of Spain by naming him [[Prince of the Asturias]]. Only a series of dynastic accidents eventually favoured Maximilian's project.<ref>The Habsburgs: The Rise and Fall of a World Power, [[Martyn Rady]]</ref>
Charles was born in a bathroom of the Prinsenhof at 3:00 AM by Joanna not long after she attended a [[Ball (dance)|ball]] despite symptoms of labor pains, and his name was chosen by Philip in honour of [[Charles I of Burgundy]]. According to a poet at the court, the people of Ghent "shouted Austria and Burgundy throughout the whole city for three hours" to celebrate his birth.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Given the dynastic situation, the newborn was originally [[heir apparent]] only of the Burgundian Low Countries as the honorific [[Duke of Luxembourg]] and became known in his early years simply as ''Charles of Ghent''. He was baptized at the [[Saint Bavo's Cathedral|Church of Saint John]] by the [[Bishop of Tournai]]: [[Charles I de Croÿ]] and [[John III of Glymes]] were his godfathers; [[Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy|Margaret of York]] and [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Austria]] his godmothers. Charles's baptism gifts were a sword and a helmet, objects of Burgundian chivalric tradition representing, respectively, the instrument of war and the symbol of peace.<ref>''Charles V and the end of the Respublica Christiana'', José Hernando Sanchez</ref>
[[File:Bernhard Strigel 003b.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|A painting by [[Bernhard Strigel]] representing the extended Habsburg family, with a young Charles in the middle.]]
In 1501, Philip and Joanna left Charles to the custody of his aunt [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy]] and went to Spain. They returned to visit their son very rarely, and thus Charles grew up parentless in [[Mechelen]] together with his sisters Eleanora, Maria and Isabella at the Duchess's court. He received education from [[William de Croÿ|Willem II of Croÿ]] and [[Adrian of Utrecht]]. The main goal of their Spanish mission was the recognition of Joanna as [[Princess of Asturias]], given prince Miguel's death a year earlier. They succeeded despite facing some opposition from the Spanish ''Cortes'', reluctant to create the premises for Habsburg succession. In 1504, as Isabella died, Joanna became [[Queen of Castile]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |title=''Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla''; Manuel Colmeiro (1883) |access-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055350/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |archive-date=10 June 2008 |df=dmy }},{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |title=XXIII |access-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055346/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |archive-date=10 June 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> Philip was recognized King in 1506. He died shortly after, an event that drove the mentally unstable Joanna into complete insanity. She retired in isolation into a tower of [[Tordesillas]]. Ferdinand took control of all the Spanish kingdoms, under the pretext of protecting Charles's rights, which in reality he wanted to elude, but his new marriage with [[Germaine de Foix]] failed to produce a surviving Trastámara heir to the throne. With his father dead and his mother confined, Charles became Duke of Burgundy and was recognized as [[prince of Asturias]] (heir presumptive of Spain) and honorific [[archduke]] (heir apparent of Austria).<ref>Charles was made honorific Archduke by Maximilian in 1508, and was recognized Prince of Asturias by the Spanish cortes in 1504 and 1510. {{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |title=''Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla''; Manuel Colmeiro (1883) |access-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055350/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |archive-date=10 June 2008 |df=dmy }},{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |title=XXIII |access-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055346/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |archive-date=10 June 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>
===Inheritances===
[[File:Barend van Orley - Portrait of Charles V - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|A portrait by [[Bernard van Orley]], 1519. The insignia of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] are prominently displayed.]]
The Burgundian inheritance included the [[Habsburg Netherlands]], which consisted of a large number of the lordships that formed the [[Low Countries]] and covered modern-day [[Belgium]], [[Holland]] and [[Luxembourg]]. It excluded [[Burgundy|Burgundy proper]], annexed by France in 1477, with the exception of [[Franche-Comté]]. At the death of Philip in 1506, Charles was recognized [[Lord of the Netherlands]] with the title of ''Charles II of Burgundy''. During Charles's childhood and teen years, [[William de Croÿ]] (later prime minister) and Adrian of Utrecht (later [[Pope Adrian VI]]) served as his tutors. The culture and courtly life of the Low Countries played an important part in the development of Charles's beliefs. As a member of the Burgundian [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] in his infancy, and later its grandmaster, Charles was educated to the ideals of the medieval knights and the desire for Christian unity to fight the infidel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heath |first=Richard |title=Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558 |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-725-85278-5 |page=23}}</ref> The Low Countries were very rich during his reign, both [[History of capitalism|economically]] and [[Flemish art|culturally]]. Charles was very attached to his homeland and spent much of his life in [[Brussels]].
[[File:Jakob Seisenegger 001.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Portrait of Charles V with a Dog]] by [[Jakob Seisenegger]], 1532]]
The Spanish inheritance, resulting from a [[dynastic union]] of the crowns of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Aragon]], included [[Spain]] as well as the Castilian [[Spanish West Indies|West Indies]] and the Aragonese kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], and [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]]. Joanna inherited these territories in 1516 in a condition of mental illness. Charles, therefore, claimed the crowns for himself ''[[jure matris]]'', thus becoming co-monarch of Joanna with the title of ''Charles I of Castile and Aragon'' or ''Charles I of Spain''. Castile and Aragon together formed the largest of Charles's personal possessions, and they also provided a great number of generals and [[tercios]] (the formidable Spanish infantry of the time). However, at his accession to the throne, Charles was viewed as a foreign prince.<ref name="History of Spain, Joseph Perez">History of Spain, Joseph Perez</ref>
Two rebellions, the [[revolt of the Germanies]] and the [[revolt of the comuneros]], contested Charles's rule in the 1520s. Following these revolts, Charles placed Spanish counselors in a position of power and spent a considerable part of his life in Castile, including his final years in a monastery. Indeed, Charles's motto "Plus Oultre" (''Further Beyond''), rendered as ''[[Plus Ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]'' from the original French, became the national motto of Spain and his heir, later Philip II, was born and raised in Castile. Nonetheless, many Spaniards believed that their resources (largely consisting of flows of silver from the Americas) were being used to sustain Imperial-Habsburg policies that were not in the country's interest.<ref name="History of Spain, Joseph Perez"/>
Charles inherited the [[Austrian hereditary lands]] in 1519, as ''Charles I of Austria'', and obtained the election as Holy Roman Emperor against the candidacy of the French King. Since the Imperial election, he was known as ''Emperor Charles V'' even outside of Germany and the Habsburg motto ''[[A.E.I.O.U.]]'' ("Austria Est Imperare Orbi Universo"; "it is Austria's destiny to rule the world") acquired political significance. Despite the fact that he was elected as a German prince, Charles's staunch Catholicism in contrast to the growth of Lutheranism alienated him from various German princes who finally fought against him. Charles's presence in Germany was often marked by the organization of [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|imperial diet]]s to maintain religious unity.<ref name="Charles V, Pierre Chaunu">''Charles V'', Pierre Chaunu</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Germany in the Holy Roman Empire'', Whaley</ref>
He was frequently in Northern Italy, often taking part in complicated negotiations with the [[Pope]]s to address the rise of Protestantism. It is important to note, though, that the German Catholics supported the Emperor. Charles had a close relationship with important German families, like the [[House of Nassau]], many of which were represented at his court in Brussels. Several German princes or noblemen accompanied him in his military campaigns against France or the Ottomans, and the bulk of his army was generally composed of German troops, especially the Imperial [[Landsknechte]].<ref name="Charles V, Pierre Chaunu"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/>
It is said that Charles spoke several languages. He was fluent in [[French language|French]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]], his native languages. He later added an acceptable [[Spanish language|Castilian Spanish]], which he was required to learn by the [[Old Castile|Castilian]] ''[[Cortes Generales]]''. He could also speak some [[Basque language|Basque]], acquired by the influence of the [[History of the Basques|Basque]] secretaries serving in the royal court.<ref name="Madariaga 712">{{Cite book |last=Madariaga Orbea, Juan |title=Sociedad y lengua vasca en los siglos XVII y XVIII |publisher=Euskaltzaindia |year=2014 |page=712}}</ref> He gained a decent command of [[German language|German]] following the Imperial election, though he never spoke it as well as French.<ref>''Charles V'', Pierre Chaunu and Michèle Escamilla</ref> By 1532, Charles was proficient in [[Portuguese language|Portugese]], the amazement of diplomats.<ref>''Emperor: A New Life of Charles V'', by Geoffrey Parker, p. 377</ref> A witticism sometimes attributed to Charles is: "I speak Spanish/Latin (depending on the source) to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse."<ref name="Wilkens1897">{{Cite book |last=Cornelius August Wilkens |title=Spanish Protestants in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=William Heinemann |year=1897 |page=66 |chapter=VIII. Juan de Valdés |access-date=24 July 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA66}}</ref> A variant of the quote is attributed to him by Swift in his 1726 ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'', but there are no contemporary accounts referencing the quotation (which has many other variants) and it is often attributed instead to [[Frederick the Great]].<ref>Burke, "Languages and communities in early modern Europe" p. 28; Holzberger, "The letters of George Santayana" p. 299</ref><ref>''Emperor: A New Life of Charles V'', by Geoffrey Parker, pp. 8–9.</ref>
==Reign==
{{main article|Empire of Charles V}}
[[File:Dominions House Habsburg abdication Charles V.jpg|thumb|275px|The Dominions of the Habsburgs at the time of the abdication of Charles V in 1556]]
Given the vast dominions of the House of Habsburg, Charles was often on the road and needed [[regent|deputies]] to govern his realms for the times he was absent from his territories. His first [[Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands|Governor of the Netherlands]] was [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Austria]] (succeeded by [[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Mary of Hungary]] and [[Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy]]). His first [[Regent of Spain]] was [[Adrian of Utrecht]] (succeeded by [[Isabella of Portugal]] and [[Philip II of Spain]]). For the regency and governorship of the Austrian hereditary lands, Charles named his brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]] Archduke in the Austrian lands under his authority at the [[Diet of Worms]] (1521). Charles also agreed to favor the election of Ferdinand as [[King of the Romans]] in Germany, which took place [[Imperial election, 1531|in 1531]]. Therefore, it is by virtue of the Worms agreement that Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor and obtained [[hereditary rights]] over Austria at the abdication of Charles in 1556.<ref name="auto2" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Emperor Charles V |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsQeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |last=Rady |first=Martyn |date=30 July 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn = 9781317880820|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Charles de Lannoy, 1st Prince of Sulmona|Charles de Lannoy]], [[Ettore Pignatelli e Caraffa, 1st Duke of Monteleone|Carafa]] and [[Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez]] were the viceroys of the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, respectively.
Charles V travelled ten times to the Low Countries, nine to Germany,<ref>Including Austria</ref> seven to Spain,<ref>including his last voyage after the abdication</ref> seven to Italy,<ref>Including one visit to Sicily and Sardinia</ref> four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |last=Jr |first=Everett Jenkins |date=7 May 2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn = 9781476608891|via=Google Books}}</ref> During all his travels, the Emperor left a documentary trail in almost every place he went, allowing historians to surmise that he spent 10,000 days in the Low Countries, 6,500 days in Spain, 3,000 days in Germany, and 1,000 days in Italy. He further spent 195 days in France, 99 in North Africa and 44 days in England. For only 260 days his exact location is unrecorded, all of them being days spent at sea travelling between his dominions.<ref>Emperor, a new life of Charles V, by Geoffrey Parker, p. 8.</ref> As he put it in his last public speech: "my life has been one long journey".<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |last=Jr |first=Everett Jenkins |date=7 May 2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn = 9781476608891|via=Google Books}}</ref>
===Burgundy and the Low Countries===
[[Image:Paleis op de Koudenberg.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The Palace of [[Coudenberg]] from a 17th-century painting, before it burnt down in 1731. [[Brussels]] served as the main revenue of the Imperial court of Charles V in the Low Countries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Papadopoulos |first=Alex G. |url=https://archive.org/details/urbanregimesstra0000papa |title=Urban Regimes and Strategies: Building Europe's Central Executive District in Brussels |date=15 November 1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/urbanregimesstra0000papa/page/72 72] |isbn=9780226645599 |quote=bruxelles imperial capital of charles v. |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=City Tourism: National Capital Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FktYIGI-jkC&q=bruxelles+imperial+capital+of+charles+v&pg=PA241 |last1=Maitland |first1=Robert |last2=Ritchie |first2=Brent W. |date=10 June 2019 |publisher=CABI |isbn = 9781845935467|via=Google Books}}</ref>]]
In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories that included [[Franche-Comté]] and, most notably, the [[Burgundian Netherlands|Low Countries]]. The latter territories lay within the Holy Roman Empire and its borders, but were formally divided between fiefs of the [[German kingdom]] and French fiefs such as Charles's birthplace of Flanders, a last remnant of what had been a powerful player in the [[Hundred Years' War]]. As he was a minor, his aunt [[Margaret of Austria (1480-1530)|Margaret of Austria]] (born as Archduchess of Austria and in both her marriages as the Dowager Princess of Asturias and Dowager Duchess of Savoy) acted as regent, as appointed by Emperor Maximilian until 1515. She soon found herself at war with France over Charles's requirement to pay homage to the French king for Flanders, as his father had done. The outcome was that France relinquished its ancient claim on Flanders in 1528.
From 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of [[Arumer Zwarte Hoop|Frisian peasants]] (led by [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]] and [[Wijard Jelckama]]). The rebels were initially successful but after a series of defeats, the remaining leaders were captured and decapitated in 1523.
Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of [[Tournaisis|Tournai]], [[County of Artois|Artois]], [[Bishopric of Utrecht|Utrecht]], [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]], and [[Guelders]]. The [[Seventeen Provinces]] had been unified by Charles's Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were [[fief]]s of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. In 1549, Charles issued a [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1549|Pragmatic Sanction]], declaring the Low Countries to be a unified entity of which his family would be the heirs.<ref name="Kamen">{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/spain14691714soc00kame |title=Spain, 1469–1714: a society of conflict |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2005 |isbn=0-582-78464-6 |edition=3rd |location=Harlow, United Kingdom }}</ref>
The Low Countries held an essential place in the Empire. For Charles V, they were his home, the region where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the wealth of the region's cities, the Low Countries also represented a significant income for the Imperial treasury.
The Burgundian territories were generally loyal to Charles throughout his reign. The important city of Ghent [[Revolt of Ghent (1539)|rebelled]] in 1539 due to heavy tax payments demanded by Charles. The rebellion did not last long, however, as Charles's military response, with reinforcement from the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]],<ref name=Kamen /> was swift and humiliating to the rebels of Ghent.<ref name="Gentenaars Stropdragers">{{Cite web |title=Gentenaars Stropdragers |url=http://gilde2.itbull.org/nl/historiek-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205756/http://gilde2.itbull.org/nl/historiek-0 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=7 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GILDE van de STROPPENDRAGERS |url=http://www.gentschefieste.be/2005/Progr/GStroppen/Stroppen.htm |access-date=7 November 2015}}</ref>
===Spanish Kingdoms===
[[File:Toledo Skyline Panorama, Spain - Dec 2006.jpg|thumb|The city of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] served as the main revenue of the Imperial court of Charles V in Castile.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martínez Gil, Fernando |title=La invención de Toledo. Imágenes históricas de una identidad urbana |publisher=Almud, ediciones de Castilla-La Mancha |year=2007 |isbn=978-84-934140-7-8 |pages=113–121 |chapter=Corte renacentista}}</ref><ref name="toledoescorte">{{Cite book |last=Martínez Gil, Fernando |title=Historia de Toledo |publisher=Azacanes |year=1999 |isbn=84-88480-19-9 |pages=259–308 |chapter=Toledo es Corte (1480-1561)}}</ref>]]
[[File:Palacio Carlos V west.jpg|thumb|The exterior of The [[Palace of Charles V]] in [[Granada]] was built upon his wedding to [[Isabel of Portugal]] in 1526.]]
In the Castilian ''Cortes'' of Valladolid in 1506 and of Madrid in 1510, Charles was sworn as the [[Prince of Asturias]], heir-apparent to his mother the Queen [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla''; Manuel Colmeiro (1883) |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055350/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |archive-date=10 June 2008 |access-date=23 August 2012}},{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |title=XXIII |access-date=23 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055346/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |archive-date=10 June 2008 }}</ref> On the other hand, in 1502, the Aragonese ''Corts'' gathered in Saragossa and pledged an oath to Joanna as heiress-presumptive, but the Archbishop of Saragossa expressed firmly that this oath could not establish jurisprudence, that is to say, modify the right of the succession, except by virtue of a formal agreement between the ''Cortes'' and the King.<ref>[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF |date=5 February 2012 }}, ''Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)'', page 137</ref><ref>[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0202220291A.PDF Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506); José María de Francisco Olmos] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114061003/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0202220291A.PDF |date=14 January 2012 }}, ''Revista General de Información y Documentación 2002, vol 12, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)'', page 299</ref> So, upon the death of King Ferdinand II of Aragon, on 23 January 1516, Joanna inherited the [[Crown of Aragon]], which consisted of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]], [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]], [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] and [[Sardinia]], while Charles became governor general.<ref>[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos], page 138 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF |date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the Flemings wished Charles to assume the royal title, and this was supported by [[Emperor Maximilian I]] and [[Pope Leo X]].
Thus, after the celebration of Ferdinand II's obsequies on 14 March 1516, Charles was proclaimed king of the crowns of Castile and Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, when the Castilian [[regent]] Cardinal [[Jiménez de Cisneros]] accepted the ''fait accompli'', he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and imposed his enstatement throughout the kingdom.<ref>[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos], pp. 139–140 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF |date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. Jiménez de Cisneros came to meet him but fell ill along the way, not without a suspicion of poison, and he died before reaching the King.<ref>''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', 1911 edition.</ref>
Due to the irregularity of Charles assuming the royal title while his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian ''Cortes'' in Valladolid (1518) proved difficult.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000018.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130224212203/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000018.htm |archive-date=24 February 2013 |access-date=1 June 2016}}; Manuel Colmeiro (1883), chapter XXIV</ref> In the end Charles was accepted under the following conditions: he would learn to speak [[Spanish language|Castilian]]; he would not appoint foreigners; he was prohibited from taking precious metals from Castile beyond the [[Quinto Real]]; and he would respect the rights of his mother, Queen [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]]. The Cortes paid homage to him in Valladolid in February 1518. After this, Charles departed to the crown of Aragon.<ref>[http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument ''Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón''; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument |date=10 June 2008 }}, [http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg page 64] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg |date=10 June 2008 }}</ref>
He managed to overcome the resistance of the Aragonese ''Cortes'' and Catalan ''Corts'',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o7JJAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA51&lpg=RA3-PA51&dq=carlos+rey&source=web&ots=JRqKvxLffg&sig=RXmNjdv3JhOvbViqyrK0xZVcM3c#PPA43,M1 ''Historia general de España''; Modesto Lafuente (1861)], pp. 51–52.</ref> and he was recognized as king of Aragon and count of Barcelona jointly with his mother.<ref>[http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument ''Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón''; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument |date=10 June 2008 }}, [http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg page 64] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg |date=10 June 2008 }}</ref> The [[Kingdom of Navarre#Spanish conquest|Kingdom of Navarre]] had been [[Spanish conquest of Navarre|invaded by Ferdinand of Aragon]] jointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. On Charles's accession to the Spanish thrones, the Parliament of Navarre (''Cortes'') required him to attend the coronation ceremony (to become Charles IV of Navarre). Still, this demand fell on deaf ears, and the Parliament kept piling up grievances.
Charles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Spanish kingdoms varied in their traditions. Castile had become an authoritarian, highly centralized kingdom, where the monarchs own will easily overrode legislative and justice institutions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Monreal, Gregorio |title=Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla |last2=Jimeno, Roldan |publisher=Pamiela |year=2012 |isbn=978-84-7681-736-0 |location=Pamplona-Iruña |pages=37–43}}</ref> By contrast, in the crown of Aragon, and especially in the Pyrenean kingdom of Navarre, law prevailed, and the monarchy was seen as [[Basque fuero|a contract with the people]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQioAAAAIAAJ&q=navarre%2C+law+prevailed%2C+and+the+monarchy+was+a+contract+with+the+people&pg=RA1-PA104 |title=The Albany Law Journal: A Monthly Record of the Law and the Lawyers |date=1899 |publisher=Weed, Parsons |language=en}}</ref> This became an inconvenience and a matter of dispute for Charles V and later kings since realm-specific traditions limited their absolute power. With Charles, the government became more absolute, even though until his mother died in 1555, Charles did not hold the full kingship of the country.
Soon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the [[Revolt of the Comuneros]], which Charles suppressed. Immediately after crushing the Castilian revolt, Charles was confronted again with the hot issue of Navarre when King [[Henry II of Navarre|Henry II]] attempted to [[Spanish conquest of Navarre#1521 French-Navarrese expedition|reconquer the kingdom]]. Main military operations lasted until 1524, when [[Hondarribia]] surrendered to Charles's forces, but frequent cross-border clashes in the western Pyrenees only stopped in 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai).
After these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century (a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the [[July Revolution]] in 1830). Charles wanted his son and heir [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] to marry the heiress of Navarre, [[Jeanne d'Albret]]. Jeanne was instead forced to marry [[William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg]], but that childless marriage was annulled after four years. She next married [[Antoine de Bourbon]], and both she and their son would oppose [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] in the French Wars of Religion.
After its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. However, the two conflicting strategies of Charles V, enhancing the possessions of his family and protecting Catholicism against Protestants heretics, diverted resources away from building up the Spanish economy. Elite elements in Spain called for more protection for the commercial networks, which were threatened by the Ottoman Empire. Charles instead focused on defeating Protestantism in Germany and the Netherlands, which proved to be lost causes. Each hastened the economic decline of the Spanish Empire in the next generation.<ref>Aurelio Espinosa, "The grand strategy of Charles V (1500-1558): Castile, war, and dynastic priority in the Mediterranean." ''Journal of Early Modern History'' 9.3 (2005): 239-283. [http://www.academia.edu/download/47577260/GrandStrategy.pdf Online]</ref> The enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles's reign, along with the [[Spanish price revolution|inflation that affected the kingdom]], resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]].<ref>Elliot, J.H. ''Imperial Spain 1469–1716.'' Penguin Books (New York: 2002), pg. 208.</ref>
===Italian states===
[[File:Papa Clemente VII e l'imperatore Carlo V a cavallo soto un baldacchino (8 de agosto de 2018, Museo degli affreschi Giovanni Battista Cavalcaselle, Verona).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''[[Pope Clement VII]] and Emperor Charles V on horseback under a canopy'', by [[Jacopo Ligozzi]], {{circa}} 1580. It describes the entry of the Pope and the Emperor into [[Bologna]] in 1530, when Charles was crowned as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by Clement VII.]]
The [[Crown of Aragon]] inherited by Charles included the [[Kingdom of Naples]], the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] and the [[Sardinia#Modern history|Kingdom of Sardinia]]. As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles was sovereign in several states of northern Italy and had a claim to the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]] (obtained in 1530). The [[Duchy of Milan]], however, was under French control. [[Early Modern France|France]] took Milan from the [[House of Sforza]] after victory against Switzerland at the [[Battle of Marignano]] in 1515.
Imperial-Papal troops succeeded in re-installing the Sforza in Milan in 1521, in the context of an alliance between Charles V and Pope Leo X. A Franco-Swiss army was expelled from Lombardy at the [[Battle of Bicocca]] 1522. In 1524, Francis I of France retook the initiative, crossing into Lombardy where Milan, along with several other cities, once again fell to his attack. [[Pavia]] alone held out, and on 24 February 1525 (Charles's twenty-fifth birthday), Charles's forces led by [[Charles de Lannoy]] captured Francis and crushed his army in the [[Battle of Pavia]].
In 1535, [[Francesco II Sforza]] died without heirs and Charles V annexed the territory as a vacant Imperial state with the help of [[Massimiliano Stampa]], one of the most influential courtiers of the late Duke.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Litta|first=Count Pompeo|title=Famous Italian Families, Stampa di Milano}}</ref> Charles successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though they were invaded again on multiple occasions during the [[Italian Wars]].
In addition, Habsburg trade in the Mediterranean was consistently disrupted by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1538 a [[Holy League (1538)|Holy League]] consisting of all the Italian states and the Spanish kingdoms was formed to drive the Ottomans back, but it was defeated at the [[Battle of Preveza (1538)|Battle of Preveza]]. Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until after his death, at the [[Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571.
===The Americas===
During Charles's reign, the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Castilian territories in the Americas]] were considerably extended by [[conquistador]]es like [[Hernán Cortés]] and [[Francisco Pizarro]]. They conquered the large [[Aztec]] and [[Inca]] empires and incorporated them into the Empire as the Viceroyalties of [[New Spain]] and [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Peru]] between 1519 and 1542. Combined with the circumnavigation of the globe by the [[Timeline of Magellan's circumnavigation|Magellan expedition]] in 1522, these successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of [[Christendom]], which still perceived a significant threat from Islam.<ref name="Prescott"/>
The conquests also helped solidify Charles's rule by providing the state treasury with enormous amounts of [[bullion]]. As the conquistador [[Bernal Díaz del Castillo]] observed, "We came to serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those in darkness, and also to acquire that wealth which most men covet."<ref name="Prescott">{{Cite book |last=Prescott |first=William Hickling |url=http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/PreConq.html |title=History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes |publisher=Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library |year=1873 |isbn=1-152-29570-5 |edition=3rd}}</ref> Charles used the Spanish feudal system as a model for labor relations in the new colonies. The local Spaniards strongly objected because it assumed the equality of Indians and Spaniards. The locals wanted complete control over labor and got it under Philip II in the 1570s.<ref>Josefina Cintrón Tiryakian et al. "The Indian Labor Policy of Charles V" ''El Trabajo y Los Trabajadores en la Historia de México'' (1979), pp 9-41.</ref>
On 28 August 1518, Charles issued a charter authorizing the transportation of slaves direct from Africa to the Americas. Up until that point (since at least 1510), African slaves had usually been transported to Castile or Portugal and had then been transhipped to the Caribbean. Charles's decision to create a direct, more economically viable Africa to America slave trade fundamentally changed the nature and scale of the transatlantic slave trade.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news |last=Keys |first=David |date=17 August 2018 |title=Details of horrific first voyages in transatlantic slave trade revealed |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/transatlantic-slave-trade-voyages-ships-log-details-africa-america-atlantic-ocean-deaths-disease-a8494546.html |access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref>
In 1528 Charles assigned a concession in [[Venezuela Province]] to [[Bartholomeus V. Welser]], in compensation for his inability to repay debts owed. The concession, known as [[Klein-Venedig]] (''little Venice''), was revoked in 1546. In 1550, Charles convened a conference at [[Valladolid]] in order to [[Valladolid debate|consider the morality of the force]] used against the indigenous populations of the [[New World]], which included figures such as [[Bartolomé de las Casas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heath |first=Richard |title=Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558 |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-725-85278-5 |pages=269–272}}</ref>
Charles V is credited with the first idea of constructing an American Isthmus canal in Panama as early as 1520.<ref name="Haskin">{{Cite book |last=Haskin |first=Frederic |url=https://archive.org/details/panamacanal00hask_0 |title=The Panama Canal |publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company |year=1913}}</ref>
===Holy Roman Empire===
[[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Augusta vendilicorum.png|thumb|A panorama of [[Augsburg]], perhaps the main revenue of the Imperial court of Charles V in Germany.]]
After the death of his paternal grandfather, [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]], in 1519, Charles inherited the [[Habsburg Monarchy]]. He was also the natural candidate of the [[Prince-elector|electors]] to succeed his grandfather as Holy Roman Emperor. After having paid huge bribes to the electors, he defeated the candidacies of [[Frederick III of Saxony]], [[Francis I of France]], and [[Henry VIII of England]]. Charles was the highest bidder and won the crown on 28 June 1519. On 23 October 1520 he was crowned in Germany and some ten years later, on [[Coronation of Charles V|24 February 1530]], he was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Clement VII]] in [[Bologna]], the last emperor to receive a papal coronation.<ref name=NH/><ref>Brinckmeier, Eduard (1882). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4wBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA311 ''Praktisches Handbuch der historischen Chronologie aller Zeiten und Völker, besonders des Mittelalters'']. p. 311.</ref><ref>Claims that he gained the imperial crown through bribery have been questioned. H.J. Cohn, "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose Charles V as Emperor in 1519?" ''German History'' (2001) 19#1 pp 1–27</ref>
Despite his holding the imperial throne, Charles's real authority was limited by the German princes. They gained a strong foothold in the Empire's territories, and Charles was determined not to let this happen in the Netherlands. An [[inquisition]] was established as early as 1522. In 1550, the death penalty was introduced for all cases of unrepentant heresy. Political dissent was also firmly controlled, most notably in his place of birth, where Charles, assisted by the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]], personally suppressed the [[Revolt of Ghent (1539)|Revolt of Ghent]] in mid-February 1540.<ref name="Kamen" />
Charles abdicated as emperor in 1556 in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 24 February 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of emperor.
====Wars with France====
[[File:Truce of Nice 1538.jpg|thumb|Francis I and Charles V made peace at the [[Truce of Nice]] in 1538. Francis actually refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.]]
Much of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with France, which found itself encircled by Charles's empire while it still maintained ambitions in Italy. In 1520, Charles visited [[England]], where his aunt, [[Catherine of Aragon]], urged her husband, Henry VIII, to ally himself with the emperor. In 1508 Charles was nominated by Henry VII to the [[Order of the Garter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Collection – The Knights of the Garter under Henry VIII |url=http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/knightsofthegarter/MicroObject.asp?row=21&themeid=455&item=22 |website=royalcollection.org.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20111206134156/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/knightsofthegarter/MicroObject.asp?row=21&themeid=455&item=22 |archive-date=6 December 2011 |access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> His [[Garter stall plate]] survives in [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle|Saint George's Chapel]].
The [[Italian War of 1521|first war]] with Charles's great nemesis [[Francis I of France]] began in 1521. Charles allied with England and [[Pope Leo X]] against the French and the Venetians, and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the [[Battle of Pavia]] in 1525.<ref>Angus Konstam, ''Pavia 1525: the climax of the Italian Wars'' (Osprey, 1996).</ref> To gain his freedom, Francis ceded [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]] to Charles in the [[Treaty of Madrid (1526)|Treaty of Madrid]], as well as renouncing his support of Henry II's claim over [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]].
[[File:Elderly Karl V.jpg|thumb|Charles in the 1550s, after [[Titian]]]]
When he was released, however, Francis had the Parliament of Paris denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the [[War of the League of Cognac|League of Cognac]] that [[Pope Clement VII]] had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the Florentines, and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of Italy. In the ensuing war, Charles's [[sack of Rome (1527)]] and virtual imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented the Pope from [[Annulment (Catholic Church)|annulling]] the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles's aunt [[Catherine of Aragon]], so Henry eventually broke with Rome, thus leading to the [[English Reformation]].<ref name="Holmes1993a">Holmes (1993), [https://books.google.com/books?id=BsV-qSRKAnAC&pg=PA192 p. 192]</ref><ref name="Froude1891a">Froude (1891), [https://books.google.com/books?id=n-Ecc8SnlC0C&pg=PA480 p. 35, pp. 90–91, pp. 96–97] Note: the link goes to page 480, then click the View All option</ref> In other respects, the war was inconclusive. In the [[Treaty of Cambrai]] (1529), called the "Ladies' Peace" because it was negotiated between Charles's aunt and Francis' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy.
A [[Italian War of 1536–38|third war]] erupted in 1536. Following the death of [[Francesco II Sforza|the last Sforza Duke of Milan]], Charles installed his son [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]] in the duchy, despite Francis' claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but he succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally, the [[Charles III, Duke of Savoy|Duke of Savoy]], including his capital [[Turin]]. A truce at [[Nice]] in 1538 on the basis of ''[[uti possidetis]]'' ended the war but lasted only a short time. [[Italian War of 1542–46|War resumed in 1542]], with Francis now allied with Ottoman Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]] and Charles once again allied with Henry VIII. Despite the conquest of Nice by a [[Franco-Ottoman alliance|Franco-Ottoman fleet]], the French could not advance toward Milan, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the ''status quo ante bellum'' in 1544.
A [[Italian War of 1551–1559|final war]] erupted with Francis' son and successor, [[Henry II of France|Henry II]], in 1551. Henry won early success in [[Duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]], where he captured [[Metz]], but French offensives in Italy failed. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son, [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], and his brother, [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]].
====Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire====
{{Further|Protestantism and Islam|Habsburg-Persian alliance|Conquest of Tunis (1534)|conquest of Tunis (1535)}}
Charles fought continually with the [[Ottoman Empire]] and its sultan, [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]. The defeat of Hungary at the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526 "sent a wave of terror over Europe."<ref>Quoted from: [[Bryan W. Ball]]. ''A Great Expectation''. Brill Publishers, 1975. {{ISBN|90-04-04315-2}}. Page 142.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Life Span of Suleiman The Magnificent, 1494–1566 |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sarhaus/larimore02/suleiman.html |last=Sandra Arlinghaus |publisher=Personal.umich.edu |access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref> The Muslim advance in Central Europe was halted at the [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|Siege of Vienna]] in 1529, followed by a counter-attack of Charles V across the Danube river. However, by 1541, central and southern Hungary fell under Turkish control.
Suleiman won the contest for mastery of the Mediterranean, in spite of Christian victories such as the [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|conquest of Tunis]] in 1535.<ref>Bruce Ware Allen, "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535." ''MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History'' (Winter 2014) 26#2 pp 58-63.</ref> The regular Ottoman fleet came to dominate the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] after its victories at [[Battle of Preveza|Preveza]] in 1538 and [[Battle of Djerba|Djerba]] in 1560 (shortly after Charles's death), which severely decimated the Spanish marine arm. At the same time, the Muslim [[Barbary corsairs]], acting under the general authority and supervision of the sultan, regularly devastated the Spanish and Italian coasts and crippled Spanish trade. The advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe chipped at the foundations of Habsburg power and diminished Imperial prestige.
In 1536 Francis I allied France with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]]. In 1543 Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the [[Peace of Crépy|Truce of Crépy-en-Laonnois]]. Later, in 1547, Charles signed a humiliating<ref name="treaty">In particular, in this [[Truce of Adrianople (1547)]] Charles was only referred to as "King of Spain" instead of by his extensive titulature. (see Crowley, p. 89)</ref> [[Truce of Adrianople (1547)|treaty]] with the Ottomans to gain himself some respite from the huge expenses of their war.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PT423 |title=Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |year=2002 |isbn=1-57607-733-0 |editor-last=Stanley Sandler}}</ref>
Charles V made overtures to the [[Safavid Empire]] to open a second front against the Ottomans, in an attempt at creating a [[Habsburg-Persian alliance]]. Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances. In effect, however, the Safavids did enter in conflict with the Ottoman Empire in the [[Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)|Ottoman-Safavid War]], forcing it to split its military resources.<ref>"A Habsburg-Persian alliance against the Ottomans finally brought a respite from the Turkish threat in the 1540s. This entanglement kept Suleiman tied down on his eastern border, relieving the pressure on Carlos V" in ''The Indian Ocean in world history?'' Milo Kearney – 2004 – p.112</ref>
====Protestant Reformation====
[[File:Summons for Luther to appear at the Diet of Worms.jpg|thumb|Summons for [[Martin Luther|Luther]] to appear at the [[Diet of Worms]], signed by Charles V. The text on the left was on the reverse side.]]
The issue of the [[Protestant Reformation]] was first brought to the imperial attention under Charles V. As [[Holy Roman Emperor]], Charles called [[Martin Luther]] to the [[Diet of Worms]] in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. After Luther defended the ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' and his writings, the Emperor commented: "that monk will never make me a heretic". Charles V relied on religious unity to govern his various realms, [[Personal union|otherwise unified only in his person]], and perceived Luther's teachings as a disruptive form of [[heresy]]. He outlawed Luther and issued the [[Edict of Worms]], declaring:
{{quote|You know that I am a descendant of the Most Christian Emperors of the great German people, of the Catholic Kings of Spain, of the Archdukes of Austria, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. All of these, their whole life long, were faithful sons of the Roman Church ... After their deaths they left, by natural law and heritage, these holy catholic rites, for us to live and die by, following their example. And so until now I have lived as a true follower of these our ancestors. I am therefore resolved to maintain everything which these my forebears have established to the present.}}
Nonetheless, Charles V kept his word and left Martin Luther free to leave the city. Frederick the Wise, [[elector of Saxony]] and protector of Luther, lamented the outcome of the Diet. On the road back from Worms, Luther was kidnapped by Frederick's men and hidden in a distant castle in [[Wartburg]]. There, he began to work on his German translation of the bible. The spread of Lutheranism led to two major revolts: that of the knights in 1522–1523 and that of the peasants led by [[Thomas Muntzer]] in 1524–1525. While the pro-Imperial [[Swabian League]], in conjunction with Protestant princes afraid of social revolts, restored order, Charles V used the instrument of pardon to maintain peace.
[[File:Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2 DS-263 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|16th-century perception of German soldiers during Charles's reign (1525) portrayed in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by [[Lucas de Heere|Lucas d'Heere]] in the second half of the 16th century. Preserved in the [[Ghent University Library]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=31&xywh=-3472,286,12410,6929|access-date=2020-08-25|website=lib.ugent.be}}</ref>]]
Thereafter, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. At the [[Diet of Augsburg|1530 Imperial Diet of Augsburg]] was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defense of the Empire against the [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars in Hungary (1526–1568)|Ottoman]] threat; second, issues related to policy, currency and public well-being; and, third, disagreements about Christianity, in attempt to reach some compromise and a chance to deal with the German situation.<ref>Gottfried G. Krodel, "Law, Order, and the Almighty Taler: The Empire in Action at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg." ''Sixteenth Century Journal'' (1982): 75-106 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2540054 online].</ref> The Diet was inaugurated by the emperor on June 20. It produced numerous outcomes, most notably the 1530 declaration of the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] estates known as the [[Augsburg Confession]] (''Confessio Augustana''), a central document of Lutheranism that was presented to the emperor. Luther's assistant [[Philip Melanchthon]] went even further and presented to Charles V the Lutheran [[Augsburg confession]]. The emperor strongly rejected it, and in 1531 the [[Schmalkaldic League]] was formed by Protestant princes. In 1532, Charles V recognized the League and effectively suspended the Edict of Worms with the ''standstill of [[Nuremberg]]''. The ''standstill'' required the Protestants to continue to take part in the Imperial wars against the Turks and the French, and postponed religious affairs until an [[ecumenical council]] of the Catholic Church was called by the Pope to solve the issue.
Due to Papal delays in organizing a general council, Charles V decided to organize a German summit and presided over the ''[[Regensburg]] talks'' between Catholics and Lutherans in 1541, but no compromise was achieved. In 1545, the [[Council of Trent]] was finally opened and the [[Counter-Reformation]] began. The Catholic initiative was supported by a number of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Schmalkaldic League refused to recognize the validity of the council and occupied territories of Catholic princes.<ref>Christopher W. Close, "Estate Solidarity and Empire: Charles V's Failed Attempt to Revive the Swabian League." ''Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte'' (2013_ 104#1 pp 134-157, in English.</ref> Therefore, Charles V outlawed the Schmalkaldic League and opened hostilities against it in 1546.<ref>Paula Sutter Fichtner, "When Brothers Agree: Bohemia, The Habsburgs, and the Schmalkaldic Wars, 1546-1547." ''Austrian History Yearbook'' (1975), Vol. 11, pp 67-78.</ref> The next year his forces drove the League's troops out of southern Germany, and defeated [[John Frederick, Elector of Saxony]], and [[Philip I of Hesse|Philip of Hesse]] at the [[Battle of Mühlberg]], capturing both. At the [[Augsburg Interim]] in 1548, he created a solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, members of both sides resented the Interim and some actively opposed it.
The council was re-opened in 1550 with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in [[Innsbruck]], Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. In 1552 Protestant princes, in alliance with [[Henry II of France]], [[Second Schmalkaldic War|rebelled again]] and the second [[Schmalkaldic War]] began. [[Maurice of Saxony]], instrumental for the Imperial victory in the first conflict, switched side to the Protestant cause and bypassed the Imperial army by marching directly into Innsbruck with the goal of capturing the Emperor. Charles V was forced to flee the city during an attack of gout and barely made it alive to [[Villach]] in a state of semi-consciousness carried in a litter. After failing to recapture [[Metz]] from the French, Charles V returned to the Low Countries for the last years of his emperorship. In 1555, he instructed his brother Ferdinand to sign the [[Peace of Augsburg]] in his name. The agreements led to the religious division of Germany between Catholic and Protestant princedoms.<ref>Tracy, 2002, pp 229-248.</ref>
=== Patronage of the arts and architecture ===
Noted Spanish Poet [[Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)|Garcilaso de la Vega]], was a nobleman and ambassador in the [[royal court]] of Charles. He was first appointed "contino" (imperial guard) of the King in 1520. [[Alfonso de Valdés]], twin brother of the humanist [[Juan de Valdés]] and secretary of the emperor, was a Spanish humanist. [[Peter Martyr d'Anghiera]] was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[historian]] at the service of Spain who wrote the first accounts of explorations in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]] in a series of letters and reports, grouped in the original [[Latin]] publications of 1511 to 1530 into sets of ten chapters called "decades." His ''Decades'' are of great value in the history of geography and discovery. His ''De Orbe Novo'' (On the New World, 1530) describes the first contacts of Europeans and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], Native American civilizations in the Caribbean and North America, as well as Mesoamerica, and includes, for example, the first [[Europe]]an reference to [[India rubber]]. Martyr was given the post of chronicler (''cronista'') in the newly formed [[Council of the Indies]], commissioned by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the [[New World]]. In 1523 Charles gave him the title of [[Count Palatine]], and in 1524 called him once more into the Council of the Indies. Martyr was [[investiture|invested]] by [[Pope Clement VII]], as proposed by Charles V, as [[Abbot]] of [[Jamaica]]. [[Juan Boscán Almogáver]] was a poet who participated with [[Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)|Garcilaso de la Vega]] in giving naval assistance to the [[Isle of Rhodes]] during a [[Turkey|Turkish invasion]]. Boscà fought against the Turks again in 1532 with Álvarez de Toledo and [[Charles I of Spain|Charles I]] in [[Vienna]]. During this period, Boscán had made serious progress in his mastery of verse in the Italian style.<ref>
SPAIN THE CENTER OF THE WORLD, 1519-1682 by Robert Goodwin ‧</ref>
The [[Palace of Charles V]] was commanded by Charles, who wished to establish his residence close to the Alhambra palaces. Although the [[Catholic Monarchs]] had already altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest of the city in 1492, Charles V intended to construct a permanent residence befitting an emperor. The project was given to [[Pedro Machuca]], an architect whose life and development are poorly documented. At the time, Spanish architecture was immersed in the [[Plateresque]] style, with traces of [[Gothic architecture]] still visible. Machuca built a palace corresponding stylistically to [[Mannerism]], a mode then in its infancy in [[Italy]]. The exterior of the building uses a typically Renaissance combination of [[Rustication (architecture)|rustication]] on the lower level and [[ashlar]] on the upper. The building has never been a home to a monarch and stood roofless until 1957.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://granadainfo.com/alhambra/carlos.htm|title=The Alhambra in Granada: Carlos V Palace|website=granadainfo.com|language=EN|access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=/alhambra/alhambras_guide/carlos_v_palace|title=La Alhambra de Granada - alhambra.org|last=SL|first=Alhambra Valparaiso Ocio y Cultura|website=La Alhambra de Granada|language=es-es|access-date=2018-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019020400/http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=%2Falhambra%2Falhambras_guide%2Fcarlos_v_palace|archive-date=2016-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Marriage and private life==
[[File:La emperatriz Isabel de Portugal, por Tiziano.jpg|thumb|left|[[Isabella of Portugal]], Charles's wife. Portrait by [[Titian]], 1548]]
During his lifetime, Charles V had several mistresses, his step-grandmother, [[Germaine de Foix]] among them. These liaisons occurred during his bachelorhood and only once during his widowerhood; there are no records of his having any extramarital affairs during his marriage.
On 21 December 1507, Charles was betrothed to 11-year-old [[Mary Tudor, Queen of France|Mary]], the daughter of King [[Henry VII of England]] and younger sister to the future King [[Henry VIII of England]], who was to take the throne in two years. However, the engagement was called off in 1513, on the advice of [[Thomas Wolsey|Cardinal Wolsey]], and Mary was instead married to King [[Louis XII of France]] in 1514.
After his ascension to the Spanish thrones, negotiations for Charles's marriage began shortly after his arrival in Castile, with the Castilian nobles expressing their wishes for him to marry his first cousin [[Isabella of Portugal]], the daughter of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] and Charles's aunt [[Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Maria of Aragon]]. The nobles desired Charles's marriage to a princess of Castilian blood, and a marriage to Isabella would have secured an alliance between Castile and Portugal. However, the 18-year-old King was in no hurry to marry and ignored the nobles' advice, exploring other marriage options.<ref>{{cite web |title=Henry VIII: June 1518, 1–15 Pages 1302–1311 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 2, 1515–1518. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1864. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol2/pp1302-1311 |website=British History Online}}</ref> Instead of marrying Isabella, he sent his sister [[Eleanor of Austria|Eleanor]] to marry Isabella's widowed father, King Manuel, in 1518.
In 1521, on the advice of his Flemish counsellors, especially [[William de Croÿ]], Charles became engaged to his other first cousin, [[Mary I of England|Mary]], daughter of his aunt, [[Catherine of Aragon]], and King Henry VIII, in order to secure an alliance with England. However, this engagement was very problematic because Mary was only 6 years old at the time, sixteen years Charles's junior, which meant that he would have to wait for her to be old enough to marry.
By 1525, Charles was no longer interested in an alliance with England and could not wait any longer to have legitimate children and heirs. Following his victory in the [[Battle of Pavia]], Charles abandoned the idea of an English alliance, cancelled his engagement to Mary and decided to marry Isabella and form an alliance with Portugal. He wrote to Isabella's brother, King [[John III of Portugal]], making a double marriage contract – Charles would marry Isabella and John would marry Charles's youngest sister, [[Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal|Catherine]]. A marriage to Isabella was more beneficial for Charles, as she was closer to him in age, was fluent in Spanish and provided him with a very handsome dowry of 900,000 Portuguese cruzados or Castilian folds that would help to solve the financial problems brought on by the Italian Wars.
[[File:Charles V and Empress Isabella of Portugal, by Peter Paul Rubens.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Emperor Charles V and Empress Isabella. [[Peter Paul Rubens]] after [[Titian]], 17th century]]
On 10 March 1526, Charles and Isabella met at the [[Alcázar of Seville|Alcázar Palace]] in [[Seville]]. The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm. They were married that very same night in a quiet ceremony in the Hall of Ambassadors, just after midnight. Following their wedding, Charles and Isabella spent a long and happy honeymoon at the [[Alhambra]] in [[Granada]]. Charles began the construction of the [[Palace of Charles V]] in 1527, wishing to establish a permanent residence befitting an emperor and empress in the Alhambra palaces. However, the palace was not completed during their lifetimes and remained roofless until the late 20th century.<ref>[http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=/alhambra/history_alhambra/palacio_carlos_v Palace of Charles V] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924081126/http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=%2Falhambra%2Fhistory_alhambra%2Fpalacio_carlos_v |date=24 September 2016 }}, Alhambra.org</ref>
Despite the Emperor's long absences due to political affairs abroad, the marriage was a happy one, as both partners were always devoted and faithful to each other.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=H. |url=https://archive.org/details/philipofspain00kame/page/2 |title=Philip of Spain |date=29 May 1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-07081-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/philipofspain00kame/page/2 2] |author-link=Henry Kamen}}</ref> The Empress acted as regent of Spain during her husband's absences, and she proved herself to be a good politician and ruler, thoroughly impressing the Emperor with many of her political accomplishments and decisions.
The marriage lasted for thirteen years, until Isabella's death in 1539. The Empress contracted a fever during the third month of her seventh pregnancy, which resulted in antenatal complications that caused her to miscarry a stillborn son. Her health further deteriorated due to an infection, and she died two weeks later on 1 May 1539, aged 35. Charles was left so grief-stricken by his wife's death that for two months he shut himself up in a monastery, where he prayed and mourned for her in solitude.{{sfn|Kamen|1997|pp=6–7}} Charles never recovered from Isabella's death, dressing in black for the rest of his life to show his eternal mourning, and, unlike most kings of the time, he never remarried. In memory of his wife, the Emperor commissioned the painter [[Titian]] to paint several posthumous portraits of Isabella; the finished portraits included Titian's ''[[Portrait of Isabella of Portugal|Portrait of Empress Isabel of Portugal]]'' and ''[[La Gloria (Titian)|La Gloria]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Glory – The Collection |url=https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-glory/66149817-6f88-4e5f-a09a-81f63a84d145 |website=Museo Nacional del Prado}}</ref> Charles kept these paintings with him whenever he travelled, and they were among those that he brought with him after his retirement to the Monastery of Yuste in 1557.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Empress Isabella of Portugal – The Collection |url=https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/empress-isabella-of-portugal/d4eddf35-c76c-4c11-8f2b-099f7b71d696 |website=Museo Nacional del Prado}}</ref>
[[File:Cenotafio de Carlos I de España y su familia.jpg|thumb|left|The bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella at the Basilica in [[El Escorial]].]]
[[File:La Gloria (Tiziano).jpg|thumb|right|[[Titian]]'s ''La Gloria'', one of the several paintings commissioned by Charles V in memory of his wife Isabella]]
In 1540, Charles paid tribute to Isabella's memory when he commissioned the Flemish composer [[Thomas Crecquillon]] to compose new music as a memorial to her. Crecquillon composed his ''Missa 'Mort m'a privé'' in memory of the Empress. It expresses the Emperor's grief and great wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Crecquillon: Missa 'Mort m'a privé', motets and chansons |url=https://www.brabantensemble.com/discography/thomas-crecquillon-missa-mort-ma-prive-motets-and-chansons/ |website=The Brabant Ensemble}}</ref>
=== Siblings ===
[[File:Children of Joanna and Philip.JPG|thumb|The children of Phillip and Joanna]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|[[Eleanor of Austria|Eleanor]]||15 November 1498||{{Death date and age|1558|2|25|1498|11|15|df=y}}|| first marriage in 1518, [[Manuel I of Portugal]] and had children; second marriage in 1530, [[Francis I of France]] and had no children.
|-
|[[Isabella of Austria|Isabella]]||18 July 1501||{{Death date and age|1526|1|19|1501|7|18|df=y}}||married in 1515, [[Christian II of Denmark]] and had children.
|-
|[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]]||10 March 1503||{{Death date and age|1564|7|25|1503|3|10|df=y}}||married in 1521, [[Anna of Bohemia and Hungary]] and had children.
|-
|[[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Mary]]||18 September 1505||{{Death date and age|1558|10|18|1505|9|18|df=y}}||married in 1522, [[Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia]] and had no children.
|-
|[[Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal|Catherine]]||14 January 1507||{{Death date and age|1578|2|12|1507|1|14|df=y}}||married in 1525, [[John III of Portugal]] and had children.
|}
=== Issue ===
Charles and Isabella had seven children, though only three survived to adulthood:
{| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:20%;"| Name !! style="width:100px;"| Portrait !! Lifespan !! Notes
|-
| '''[[Philip II of Spain]]'''<br />
|| [[File:Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola - 002b.jpg|120px]]
|| 21 May 1527 –<br/> 13 September 1598
|| Only surviving son, successor of his father in the Spanish crowns.
|-
| '''[[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Maria]]'''<br />
|| [[File:Maria of Spain 1557.jpg|120px]]
|| 21 June 1528 –<br/>26 February 1603
|| Married her first cousin [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor]].
|-
| '''Ferdinand'''<br />
|| [[File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg|120px]]
|| 22 November 1529 –<br/> 13 July 1530
|| Died in infancy.
|-
| '''Son'''<br />
|| [[File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg|120px]]
|| 29 June 1534
|| Stillborn
|-
| '''[[Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal|Joanna]]'''<br />
|| [[File:Alonso Sánchez Coello - Portrait of Juana of Austria, Princess of Portugal - Google Art Project.jpg|120px]]
|| 26 June 1535 –<br/>7 September 1573
|| Married her first cousin [[João Manuel, Prince of Portugal]].
|-
| '''John'''<br />
|| [[File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg|120px]]
|| 19 October 1537 –<br/> 20 March 1538
|| Died in infancy.
|-
| '''Son'''<br />
|| [[File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg|120px]]
|| 21 April 1539
|| Stillborn.
|}
Due to Philip II being a grandson of [[Manuel I of Portugal]] through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death ([[Henry I of Portugal|Henry, the Cardinal-King]], in 1580), thus establishing the [[Iberian Union|personal union between Spain and Portugal]].
Charles also had four illegitimate children:
* [[Margaret of Parma|Margaret of Austria]] (1522–1586), daughter of [[Johanna Maria van der Gheynst]],{{sfn|Fletcher|2016|p=50}} a servant of [[Charles I de Lalaing]], Seigneur de Montigny, daughter of Gilles Johann van der Gheynst and wife Johanna van der Caye van Cocamby. Married firstly with [[Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence]], and secondly with [[Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma]].
* Joanna of Austria (1522–1530), daughter of Catalina de Rebolledo (or de Xériga), lady-in-waiting of Queen Joanna I of Castile and Aragon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hoy.es/extremadura/hija-secreta-carlos-20200112003531-ntvo.html|title=La hija secreta de Carlos V|language=es|work=hoy.es|access-date=May 31, 2021}}</ref>
* Tadea of Austria (1523? – ca. 1562), daughter of Orsolina della Penna. Married with Sinibaldo di Copeschi.
* [[John of Austria]] (1547–1578), son of [[Barbara Blomberg]], victor of the [[Battle of Lepanto]]
<gallery>
File:MargarethevonParma02.jpg|{{Center|Margaret of Parma}}
File:John of Austria portrait.jpg|{{Center|John of Austria}}
</gallery>
==Health==
Charles suffered from an enlarged [[Human lower jaw|lower jaw]] ([[Prognathism#Mandibular prognathism (progenism)|mandibular prognathism]]), a congenital deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term [[Habsburg jaw]]. This deformity may have been caused by the family's long history of inbreeding, the consequence of repeated marriages between close family members, as commonly practiced in royal families of that era to maintain dynastic control of territory.<ref>Francisco C. Ceballos, and G. Álvarez, "Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs." ''Heredity'' 111.2 (2013): 114-121 [https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy201325 online].</ref> He suffered from [[epilepsy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=German Epilepsy Museum Kork |url=http://www.epilepsiemuseum.de/english/prominente.html |last=H. Schneble |publisher=Epilepsiemuseum.de |access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref> and was seriously afflicted with [[gout]], presumably caused by a diet consisting mainly of red meat.<ref>"Tests confirm old emperor's gout diagnosis." His The Record. 4 August 2006, Nation.</ref> As he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. In his retirement, he was carried around the monastery of [[Yuste|St. Yuste]] in a [[Litter (vehicle)|sedan chair]]. A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy access to his rooms.<ref name="Rady">Dr. [[Martyn Rady]], University of London, lecture 2000.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}</ref>
==Abdications and death==
Between 1554 and 1556, Charles V gradually divided the Habsburg empire between a Spanish line and a German-Austrian branch. His abdications occurred at the [[Palace of Coudenberg]] and are therefore known as "Abdications of Brussels" (''Abdankung von Brüssel'' in German and ''Abdicación de Bruselas'' in Spanish). First he abdicated the thrones of Sicily and Naples, both fiefs of the Papacy, and the Imperial [[Duchy of Milan]], in favour of his son [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]] on 25 July 1554. Philip was secretly invested with Milan already in 1540 and again in 1546, but only in 1554 did the emperor make it public. Upon the abdications of Naples and Sicily, Philip was invested by [[Pope Julius III]] with the [[Kingdom of Naples]] on 2 October and with the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] on 18 November.<ref name="Braudel">{{Cite book |last=Fernand Braudel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPp63EKb9moC&pg=PA935 |title=The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-520-20330-3 |pages=935–936 |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Allegorie op de troonsafstand van keizer Karel V te Brussel Rijksmuseum SK-A-112.jpeg|300px|thumb|right|In ''Allegory on the abdication of Emperor Charles V in Brussels'', [[Frans Francken the Younger]] depicts Charles V in the allegorical act of dividing the entire world between [[Philip II of Spain]] and [[Emperor Ferdinand I]].]]
The most famous—and only public—abdication took place a year later, on 25 October 1555, when Charles announced to the [[States General of the Netherlands]] (reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated exactly forty years earlier by his grandfather Emperor Maximilian) his abdication in favour of his son of those territories as well as his intention to step down from all of his positions and retire to a monastery.<ref name=Braudel/> During the ceremony, the gout-afflicted Emperor Charles V leaned on the shoulder of his advisor [[William the Silent]] and, crying, pronounced his [[resignation speech]]:
{{Quote|When I was nineteen ... I undertook to be a candidate for the Imperial crown, not to increase my possessions but rather to engage myself more vigorously in working for the welfare of Germany and my other realms ... and in the hopes of thereby bringing peace among the Christian peoples and uniting their fighting forces for the defense of the Catholic faith against the Ottomans...I had almost reached my goal, when the attack by the French king and some German princes called me once more to arms. Against my enemies I accomplished what I could, but success in war lies in the hands of God, Who gives victory or takes it away, as He pleases ... I must for my part confess that I have often misled myself, either from youthful inexperience, from the pride of mature years, or from some other weakness of human nature. I nonetheless declare to you that I never knowingly or willingly acted unjustly ... If actions of this kind are nevertheless justly laid to my account, I formally assure you now that I did them unknowingly and against my own intention. I therefore beg those present today, whom I have offended in this respect, together with those who are absent, to forgive me.''"<ref>Alfred Kohler, ed., Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V. Darmstadt: WBG, 1990, pp. 466–68, 480–82</ref>}}
[[File: Habsburg dominions 1700.png|thumb|left|Habsburg dominions in the centuries following their partition by Charles V.]]
He concluded the speech by mentioning his voyages: ten to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. His last public words were, "My life has been one long journey." With no fanfare, in 1556 he finalised his abdications. On 16 January 1556, he gave Spain and the [[Spanish Empire]] in the Americas to Philip. On 27 August 1556, he abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand, elected King of the Romans in 1531. The succession was recognized by the [[prince-electors]] assembled at Frankfurt only in 1558, and by the Pope only in 1559.<ref name=Setton/><ref>{{Cite book |url={{google books|nPwQAAAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |title=Zurich Letters |date=1846 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=H. |page=[{{google books|nPwQAAAAIAAJ|pg=182|plainurl=yes}} 182] }}</ref><ref name="Whaley2012">{{Cite book |last=Joachim Whaley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXdPzWXCphkC&pg=PA343 |title=Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648 |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-873101-6 |page=343 |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> The Imperial abdication also marked the beginning of Ferdinand's legal and [[suo jure]] rule in the Austrian possessions, that he governed in Charles's name since 1521–1522 and were attached to Hungary and Bohemia since 1526.<ref name="auto2" />
According to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in 1555; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with attacks from Henri II of France; the never-ending advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe; and his declining health, in particular attacks of [[gout]] such as the one that forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz where he was later defeated.
[[File:Dormitorio del emperador Carlos V en el palacio de Yuste, Cáceres.jpg|thumb|Deathbed of the emperor at the [[Monastery of Yuste]], Cáceres]]
In September 1556, Charles left the Low Countries and sailed to Spain accompanied by Mary of Hungary and Eleanor of Austria. He arrived at the [[Monastery of Yuste]] of [[Extremadura]] in 1557. He continued to correspond widely and kept an interest in the situation of the empire, while suffering from severe gout. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, surrounded by paintings by [[Titian]] and with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe were symbols of his reign and his lack of time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alonso |first1=Jordi |last2=J. de Zulueta |display-authors=etal |date=August 2006 |title=The severe gout of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=5 |pages=516–20 |doi=10.1056/NEJMon060780 |pmid=16885558}}</ref> In an act designed to "merit the favour of heaven", about six months before his death Charles staged his own funeral, complete with shroud and coffin, after which he "rose out of the coffin, and withdrew to his apartment, full of those awful sentiments, which such a singular solemnity was calculated to inspire."<ref name="Robertson1828">{{Cite book |last=William Robertson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdM9AAAAcAAJ&q=robertson+charles+V |title=History of Charles V |publisher=Paris : Baudry, at the foreign library |year=1828 |page=580 |access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> In August 1558, Charles was taken seriously ill with what was later revealed to be [[malaria]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Zulueta |first=J. |date=June 2007 |title=The cause of death of Emperor Charles V |journal=Parassitologia |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=107–109 |pmid=18412053}}</ref> He died in the early hours of the morning on 21 September 1558, at the age of 58, holding in his hand the cross that his wife Isabella had been holding when she died.{{sfn|Kamen|1997|p=65}}
Charles was originally buried in the chapel of the Monastery of Yuste, but he left a [[codicil (will)|codicil]] in his last will and testament asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he would be reburied with Isabella.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Escorial History – El Escorial |url=http://el-escorial.com/el-escorial-history/ |publisher=el-escorial.com |access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref> Following his return to Spain in 1559, their son Philip undertook the task of fulfilling his father's wish when he founded the [[El Escorial|Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial]]. After the Monastery's Royal Crypt was completed in 1574, the bodies of Charles and Isabella were relocated and re-interred into a small vault in directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel, in accordance with Charles's wishes to be buried "half-body under the altar and half-body under the priest's feet" side by side with Isabella. They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal tombs were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal tombs were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]], the remains of Charles and Isabella were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-Panteo.Pdf |url=https://www.delacuadra.net/escorial/textos/1997c-a-panteo.pdf |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter [[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Maria of Austria]] and Charles's sisters [[Eleanor of Austria]] and [[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Maria of Hungary]] behind them. Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson [[Carlos, Prince of Asturias]].
==Titles==
Charles V styled himself as Holy Roman Emperor after his election, according to a Papal dispensation conferred to the Habsburg family by [[Pope Julius II]] in 1508 and confirmed in 1519 to the prince-electors by the legates of [[Pope Leo X]]. Although Papal coronation was not necessary to confirm the Imperial title, Charles V [[Coronation of Charles V|was crowned]] in the city of Bologna by [[Pope Clement VII]] in the medieval fashion.
Charles V accumulated a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of Burgundian, Spanish, and Austrian realms. Following the Pacts of Worms (21 April 1521) and Brussels (7 February 1522), he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger brother [[Emperor Ferdinand I|Ferdinand]] and elevated him to the status of Archduke. Nevertheless, according to the agreements, Charles continued to style himself as Archduke of Austria and maintained that Ferdinand acted as his vassal and vicar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OcgAwAAQBAJ&q=Ferdinand+younger+brother+vassal+of+Charles&pg=PA210|title=German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650|isbn=9781139481151|author1=Thomas A Brady JR|date=13 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5T6uAAAAMAAJ&q=Ferdinand+lieutenant+1521|title = A Treatise on International Law: With an Introductory Essay on the Definition and Nature of the Laws of Human Conduct|last1 = Foulke|first1 = Roland Roberts|year = 1920}}</ref> Furthermore, the pacts of 1521–1522 imposed restrictions on the governorship and regency of Ferdinand. For example, all of Ferdinand's letters to Charles V were signed "your obedient brother and servant".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZVHAAAAIAAJ&q=Ferdinand+Charles+v+muy+poderoso&pg=PA487|title=Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy, and Diplomacy of Austria|last1=Vehse|first1=Carl Eduard|year=1856}}</ref> Nonetheless, the same agreements promised Ferdinand the designation as future emperor and the transfer of hereditary rights over Austria at the imperial succession.
Following the death of [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia]], at the [[Battle of Mohacs]] in 1526, Charles V favoured the election of Ferdinand as King of Hungary (and Croatia and Dalmatia) and Bohemia. Despite this, Charles also styled himself as King of Hungary and Bohemia and retained this titular use in official acts (such as his testament) as in the case of the Austrian lands. As a consequence, cartographers and historians have described those kingdoms both as realms of Charles V and as possessions of Ferdinand, not without confusion. Others, such as the Venetian envoys, reported that the states of Ferdinand were "all held in common with the Emperor".<ref>''Relazione di Germania 1526'' in ''Relazioni degli ambasciatori Veneti al Senato: Germania''</ref>
Therefore, although he had agreed on the future division of the dynasty between Ferdinand and [[Philip II of Spain]], during his own reign Charles V conceived the existence of a single "House of Austria" of which he was the sole head.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsQeBAAAQBAJ&q=House+of+Austria&pg=PA53|title = The Emperor Charles V|isbn = 9781317880820|last1 = Rady|first1 = Martyn|date = 30 July 2014}}</ref> In the abdications of 1554–1556, Charles left his personal possessions to Philip II and the Imperial title to Ferdinand. The titles of King of Hungary, of Dalmatia, Croatia, etc., were also nominally left to the Spanish line (in particular to [[Don Carlos, Prince of Asturias]] and son of Philip II). However, Charles's Imperial abdication marked the beginning of Ferdinand's ''[[suo jure]]'' rule in Austria and his other lands: despite the claims of Philip and his descendants, Hungary and Bohemia were left under the nominal and substantial rule of Ferdinand and his successors. Formal disputes between the two lines over Hungary and Bohemia were to be solved with the [[Onate treaty]] of 1617.
Charles's full titulature went as follows:
''Charles, [[by the grace of God]], Emperor of the Romans, forever [[Augustus (honorific)|August]], King of [[Germany]], King of [[Italy]], King of all Spains, of [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]], [[Aragon]], [[Province of León|León]], of [[Hungary]], of [[Dalmatia]], of [[Croatia]], [[Navarre|Navarra]], [[Granada|Grenada]], [[Province of Toledo|Toledo]], [[Valencia]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Majorca]], [[Seville|Sevilla]], [[Province of Córdoba (Spain)|Cordova]], [[Murcia]], [[Province of Jaén (Spain)|Jaén]], [[Algarves]], [[Algeciras]], [[Gibraltar]], the [[Canary Islands]], King of both [[Kingdom of Naples|Hither]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Ultra Sicily]], of [[Sardinia]], [[Corsica]], [[King of Jerusalem]], King of the Indies, of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea, Archduke of [[Austria]], Duke of [[Burgundy]], [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]], [[Lorraine]], [[Styria]], [[Carinthia]], [[Carniola]], [[Duchy of Limburg|Limburg]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Gelderland]], [[Neopatria]], [[Württemberg]], Landgrave of [[Alsace]], Prince of [[Swabia]], [[Asturia]] and [[Catalonia]], Count of [[Flanders]], [[Habsburg]], [[Tyrol]], [[Gorizia]], [[Barcelona]], [[Artois]], [[Burgundy]] [[Palatine]], [[County of Hainaut|Hainaut]], [[Holland]], [[County of Zeeland|Seeland]], [[Ferrette]], [[County of Kyburg|Kyburg]], [[Namur]], [[Roussillon]], [[Cerdagne]], [[Drenthe]], [[Zutphen]], Margrave of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Burgau]], [[Oristano]] and [[Gociano]], Lord of [[Frisia]], [[Windic March|the Wendish March]], [[Pordenone]], [[Biscay]], Molin, Salins, [[Tripoli]] and [[Mechelen]].''
[[File:Charles V enthroned over his defeated enemies Giulio Clovio mid 16th century.jpg|thumb|A miniature representing Charles V enthroned over his enemies (from left): [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman]], [[Pope Clement VII]], [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], the [[William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Duke of Cleves]], the [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony|Duke of Saxony]] and the [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse|Landgrave of Hesse]]. In reality, Charles was never able to completely defeat them.]]
[[File:Armadura de Carlos V a caballo.jpg|thumb|Equestrian armour of Emperor Charles V. Piece drawn from the collection of the [[Royal Armoury of Madrid]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%;"
|-
!colspan=2|Title!!From!!To!!Regnal name
|-
|[[File:Blason fr Bourgogne.svg|40px]] || Titular [[Duke of Burgundy]] || 25 September 1506 || 16 January 1556 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Coat of arms of Brabant.svg|40px]] || [[Dukes of Brabant|Duke of Brabant]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Arms of the Duke of Limburg.svg|40px]] || [[Dukes of Limburg|Duke of Limburg]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Austria coat of arms simple.svg|40px]] || [[Dukes of Lothier|Duke of Lothier]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Arms of the Count of Luxembourg.svg|40px]] || [[Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Luxembourg|Duke of Luxemburg]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles III
|-
|[[File:Namur Arms.svg|40px]] || [[Marquis of Namur|Margrave of Namur]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Arms of County of Burgundy.svg|40px]] || [[List of counts of Burgundy|Count Palatine of Burgundy]] || 25 September 1506 || 5 February 1556 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Arms of Robert dArtois.svg|40px]] || [[Counts of Artois|Count of Artois]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Blason Charolais.svg|40px]] || [[Charolais (county)|Count of Charolais]] || 25 September 1506 || 21 September 1558 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Arms of Flanders.svg|40px]] || [[Counts of Flanders|Count of Flanders]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles III
|-
|[[File:Hainaut Modern Arms.svg|40px]] || [[Counts of Hainaut|Count of Hainault]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Counts of Holland Arms.svg|40px]] || [[Count of Holland]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Coatofarmszeeland.PNG|40px]] || [[County of Zeeland|Count of Zeeland]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Arms of the Crown of Castile (15th Century).svg|40px]] || [[List of Castilian monarchs|King of Castile and León]] || 14 March 1516 || 16 January 1556 || Charles I
|-
|[[File:Arms Aragon-Sicily (Template).svg|40px]] || [[List of Aragonese monarchs|King of Aragon]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] || 14 March 1516 || 16 January 1556 || Charles I
|-
|[[File:Coat of Arms of Catalonia.svg|30px]] || [[Count of Barcelona]] || 14 March 1516 || 16 January 1556 || Charles I
|-
|[[File:Arms of Ferdinand I of Naples.svg|40px]] || [[Kingdom of Naples|King of Naples]] || 14 March 1516 || 25 July 1554 || Charles IV
|-
|[[File:Austria coat of arms simple.svg|40px]] || [[List of rulers of Austria|Archduke of Austria]] || 12 January 1519 || 12 January 1521 || Charles I
|-
|[[File:Holy Roman Empire Arms-double head.svg|40px]] || [[Holy Roman Emperor]] || 28 June 1519 || 27 August 1556 || Charles V
|-
|[[File:Blason DE saint empire (une tête).svg|40px]] || [[King of the Romans]] || 26 October 1520 || 24 February 1530 || Charles V
|-
|[[File:Guelders-Jülich Arms.svg|40px]] || [[Dukes of Guelders|Duke of Guelders]] || 12 September 1543 || 25 October 1555 || Charles III
|-
|[[File:Escudo de Zutphen 1581.png|40px]] || [[Count of Zutphen]] || 12 September 1543 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|}
=== Coat of arms of Charles V ===
{{Further|Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor}}
Coat of arms of Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire according to the description: Arms of Charles I added to those of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], [[Kingdom of Leon|Leon]], [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Two Sicilies]] and [[Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)|Granada]] present in the previous coat, those of [[List of rulers of Austria|Austria]], [[Duchy of Burgundy|ancient Burgundy]], modern Burgundy, [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]], [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] and [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]]. Charles I also incorporates the [[pillars of Hercules]] with the inscription "[[Plus ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]", representing the overseas empire and surrounding coat with the [[Order of the Golden Fleece|collar of the Golden Fleece]], as sovereign of the Order ringing the shield with the imperial crown and Acola double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire and behind it the Spanish Cross of Burgundy. From 1520 added to the corresponding quarter to Aragon and Sicily, one in which the arms of Jerusalem, Naples and [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] are incorporated.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:CoA Carlos I de España.svg|Coat of arms of King Charles I of Spain before becoming emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg|Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor.
File:Coat of arms of Charles, Infant of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy.png|Arms of Charles, [[Infante]] of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG at the time of his installation as a knight of the [[Order of the Garter|Most Noble Order of the Garter]].
File:Royal Bend of Charles V.svg|Variant of the [[Royal Bend of Castile]] used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
</gallery>
==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor'''
|2= 2. [[Philip I of Castile]]
|3= 3. [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna I of Castile]]
|4= 4. [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="BLKO-Philip">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich |volume=7 |year=1861 |page=112}}</ref>
|5= 5. [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary, Duchess of Burgundy]]<ref name="BLKO-Philip" />
|6= 6. [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]<ref name="1911-Joanna">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Joanna |volume=15}}</ref>
|7= 7. [[Isabella I of Castile]]<ref name="1911-Joanna" />
|8= 8. [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="1911-Maximilian I">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Maximilian I. (emperor) |volume=17 |first=Arthur William |last=Holland}}</ref>
|9= 9. [[Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress|Eleanor of Portugal]]<ref name="1911-Maximilian I" />
|10= 10. [[Charles the Bold|Charles I, Duke of Burgundy]]<ref name="1911-Charles the Bold">{{cite EB1911 |last=Poupardin |first=René |wstitle=Charles (Duke of Burgundy)|display=Charles, called The Bold, duke of Burgundy |volume=5 |author-link=René Poupardin}}</ref>
|11= 11. [[Isabella of Bourbon]]<ref name="1911-Charles the Bold" />
|12= 12. [[John II of Aragon and Navarre|John II of Aragon]]<ref name="1911-Ferdinand V">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon |volume=10}}</ref>
|13= 13. [[Juana Enriquez]]<ref name="1911-Ferdinand V" />
|14= 14. [[John II of Castile]]<ref name="1911-Isabella">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Isabella of Castile |volume=14}}</ref>
|15= 15. [[Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile|Isabella of Portugal]]<ref name="1911-Isabella" /> (≠ 21, niece of 21)
|16= 16. [[Ernest, Duke of Austria]]<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Frederick III., Roman Emperor |volume=11}}</ref>
|17= 17. [[Cymburgis of Masovia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Urban |first=William |title=Tannenberg and After |publisher=Lithuanian Research and Studies Center |year=2003 |isbn=0-929700-25-2 |location=Chicago |page=191}}</ref>
|18= 18. [[Edward, King of Portugal|Edward I of Portugal]]<ref name="Stephens1903">{{Cite book |last=Stephens |first=Henry Morse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139 |title=The story of Portugal |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |year=1903 |page=139 |isbn=9780722224731 |access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref>
|19= 19. [[Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Eleanor of Aragon]]<ref name="Stephens1903" />
|20= 20. [[Philip the Good|Philip III, Duke of Burgundy]]<ref name="1911-Charles the Bold" />
|21= 21. [[Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy|Isabella of Portugal]]<ref name="1911-Charles the Bold" /> (≠ 15, aunt of 15)
|22= 22. [[Charles I, Duke of Bourbon]]<ref name="kiening">{{Cite journal |last=Kiening |first=Christian |title=Rhétorique de la perte. L'exemple de la mort d'Isabelle de Bourbon (1465) |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/medi_0751-2708_1994_num_13_27_1307 |journal=Médiévales |year=1994 |language=fr-FR |volume=13 |issue=27 |pages=15–24 |doi=10.3406/medi.1994.1307}}</ref>
|23= 23. [[Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Bourbon|Agnes of Burgundy]]<ref name="kiening" />
|24= 24. [[Ferdinand I of Aragon]]<ref name="1911-John II of Aragon">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=John II of Aragon |volume=15}}</ref>
|25= 25. [[Eleanor of Alburquerque]]<ref name="1911-John II of Aragon" />
|26= 26. [[Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza]]<ref name="Ortega1999">{{Cite journal |last=Ortega Gato |first=Esteban |year=1999 |title=Los Enríquez, Almirantes de Castilla |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1098484.pdf |journal=Publicaciones de la Institución "Tello Téllez de Meneses" |language=es |volume=70 |page=42 |issn=0210-7317}}</ref>
|27= 27. [[Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala|Mariana Fernández de Córdoba]]<ref name="Ortega1999" />
|28= 28. [[Henry III of Castile]]<ref name="1911-John II of Castile">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=John II. of Castile |volume=15}}</ref>
|29= 29. [[Catherine of Lancaster]]<ref name="1911-John II of Castile" />
|30= 30. [[John, Constable of Portugal]]<ref name="Downey2015">{{Cite book |last=Downey |first=Kirstin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-_YCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Isabella: The Warrior Queen |date=November 2015 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=9780307742162 |page=28 |access-date=2018-07-17}}</ref>
|31= 31. [[Isabel of Barcelos]]<ref name="Downey2015" />
}}
==Commemoration and popular culture==
References to Charles V include a large number of legends and folk tales; literary renderings of historical events connected to Charles's life and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his abdication; and products marketed in his name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keizer Karel in de literatuur |url=http://www.literair.gent.be/html/overzichtdetail.asp?AID=724 |last=Heymans, Frans |date=4 June 2007 |website=Overzichten |publisher=Literair Gent, an initiative by the Municipal Public Library of Ghent and 'Gent Cultuurstad' |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200908/http://www.literair.gent.be/html/overzichtdetail.asp?AID=724 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=20 July 2007}}</ref>
<!--2007-07-20 CHAPTER TO BE FURTHER HANDLED, GIVE ME A FEW DAYS PLEASE - e.g. GHENT 'Stroppendragers'; Boon, Louis Paul // De bestraffing van Gent – Uit: Louis Paul Boon: Het Geuzenboek (1979), p. 140-143 -->
The 400th anniversary of his death, celebrated in 1958 in [[Francoist Spain]], brought together the local [[National Catholicism|national catholic]] intelligentsia and a number of European (Catholic) conservative figures, underpinning an imperial nostalgia for Charles V's Europe and the ''Universitas Christiana'', also propelling a peculiar brand of [[europeanism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Gustavo|last=Alares|title=Nostalgias de Europa. La conmemoración del IV Centenario de la muerte de Carlos V en 1958|url=https://journals.openedition.org/mcv/13837|year=2020|journal=Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez|volume=50|issue=2|pages=117–140|publisher=[[Casa de Velázquez]]|location=Madrid}}</ref>
===Public monuments===
Unusually among major European monarchs, Charles V discouraged monumental depictions of himself during his lifetime.
* The [[Charles V Monument (Palermo)|Charles V Monument in Palermo]] was erected in 1631 and depicts him triumphant following the [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|Conquest of Tunis]].
* Among other posthumous depictions, there are statues of Charles on the facade of the City Hall in [[Ghent]] and the [[Royal Palace of Caserta]].
* A statue of Charles, donated by the city of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], was erected in 1966 in the [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof in Ghent]] where he was born.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prinsenhof: Medieval gem in the city centre |url=https://visit.gent.be/en/see-do/prinsenhof |website=VisitGent}}</ref>
*An imperial resolution of [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]], dated February 28, 1863, included Charles V in the list of the "''most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of everlasting emulation''" and honored him with a life-size statue, made by the Bohemian sculptor Emanuel Max Ritter von Wachstein, located at the [[Museum of Military History, Vienna]].<ref>Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Museum of Military History in Vienna. The museum and its representative rooms . Kiesel Verlag, Salzburg 1981, {{ISBN|3-7023-0113-5}} , p. 30.</ref>
===Literature===
* In {{lang|nl|De heerelycke ende vrolycke daeden van Keyser Carel den V}}, published by Joan de Grieck in 1674, the short stories, anecdotes, citations attributed to the emperor, and legends about his encounters with famous and ordinary people, depict a noble Christian monarch with a perfect cosmopolitan personality and a strong sense of humour. Conversely, in [[Charles De Coster]]'s masterpiece ''[[The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak|Thyl Ulenspiegel]]'' (1867), after his death Charles V is consigned to Hell as punishment for the acts of the [[Inquisition]] under his rule, his punishment being that he would feel the pain of anyone tortured by the Inquisition. De Coster's book also mentions the story on the spectacles in the coat of arms of [[Oudenaarde]], the one about a paysant of [[Berchem]] in ''Het geuzenboek'' (1979) by [[Louis Paul Boon]], while {{Interlanguage link multi|Abraham Hans|nl}} (1882–1939) included both tales in ''De liefdesavonturen van keizer Karel in Vlaanderen''.
* [[Lord Byron]]'s ''Ode to [[Napoleon Buonaparte]]'' refers to Charles as "The Spaniard".
[[File:Escutcheon of Charles V of Spain MET DT287185.jpg|thumb|right|''Escutcheon of Charles V'', watercolour, [[John Singer Sargent]], 1912. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]]]
* Charles V is a notable character in [[Simone de Beauvoir]]'s ''[[All Men Are Mortal]]''.
* In ''[[The Maltese Falcon (novel)|The Maltese Falcon]]'', the title object is said to have been an intended gift to Charles V.
===Plays===
* Charles V appears as a character in the play ''[[Doctor Faustus (play)|Doctor Faustus]]'' by the Elizabethan playwright [[Christopher Marlowe]]. In Act 4 Scene 1 of the A Text, Faustus attends Court by the Emperor's request and with the assistance of [[Mephistopheles]] conjures up spirits representing [[Alexander the Great]] and his paramour as a demonstration of his magical powers.
===Opera===
* [[Ernst Krenek]]'s opera ''[[Karl V (opera)|Karl V]]'' (opus 73, 1930) examines the title character's career via flashbacks.
* In the third act of [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s opera ''[[Ernani]]'', the election of Charles as Holy Roman Emperor is presented. Charles (Don Carlo in the opera) prays before the tomb of [[Charlemagne]]. With the announcement that he is elected as Carlo Quinto he declares an amnesty including the eponymous bandit Ernani who had followed him there to murder him as a rival for the love of Elvira. The opera, based on the [[Victor Hugo]] play ''[[Hernani (drama)|Hernani]]'', portrays Charles as a callous and cynical adventurer whose character is transformed by the election into a responsible and clement ruler.
* In another Verdi opera, ''[[Don Carlo]]'', the final scene implies that it is Charles V, now living the last years of his life as a hermit, who rescues his grandson, Don Carlo, from his father [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] and the Inquisition, by taking Carlo with him to his hermitage at the monastery in Yuste.
===Food===
* A Flemish legend about Charles being served a beer at the village of [[Olen, Belgium|Olen]], as well as the emperor's lifelong preference of beer above wine, led to the naming of several beer varieties in his honor. The ''Haacht'' Brewery of [[Boortmeerbeek]] produces Charles Quint, while [[Het Anker Brewery]] in [[Mechelen]] produces Gouden Carolus, including a Grand Cru of the Emperor, brewed once a year on Charles V's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles V |url=http://www.pilaarbijter.com/body_pages/Texts/History&Beer/CharlesV.html |publisher=Global Beer Network, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080724/http://www.pilaarbijter.com/body_pages/Texts/History%26Beer/CharlesV.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=18 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Quint Golden Blond |url=http://www.haacht.com/en/Merken/Beers/Keizer%20Karel%20Goud%20Blond |publisher=Haacht Brewery |access-date=19 July 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105023022/http://www.haacht.com/en/Merken/Beers/Keizer%20Karel%20Goud%20Blond |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Quint Ruby Red |url=http://www.haacht.com/en/Merken/Beers/Keizer%20Karel%20Robijn%20Rood |publisher=Haacht Brewery |access-date=19 July 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105023019/http://www.haacht.com/en/Merken/Beers/Keizer%20Karel%20Robijn%20Rood |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beers by Het Anker |url=http://www.hetanker.be/pag_en/index_nl.html |publisher=Brewery Het Anker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702132119/http://www.hetanker.be/pag_en/index_nl.html |archive-date=2 July 2007 |access-date=18 July 2007}}</ref> Grupo Cruzcampo brews Legado De Yuste in honor of Charles and attributes the inspiration to his Flemish origin and his last days at the monastery of Yuste.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
* [[Carlos V (candy bar)|Carlos V]] is the name of a popular chocolate bar in Mexico. Its tagline is "El Rey de los Chocolates" or "The King of Chocolates" and "Carlos V, El Emperador del Chocolate" or "Charles V, the Emperor of Chocolates."
===Television and film===
* Charles V is portrayed by Hans Lefebre and is figured prominently in the 1953 film ''[[Martin Luther (1953 film)|Martin Luther]]'', covering Luther's years from 1505 to 1530.
* Charles V is portrayed by Torben Liebrecht and is figured prominently in the 2003 film ''[[Luther (2003 film)|Luther]]'' covering the life of [[Martin Luther]] up until the [[Diet of Augsburg]].
* Charles V is portrayed in one episode of the Showtime series ''[[The Tudors]]'' by [[Sebastian Armesto]].
* Charles V is the main subject of the [[Televisión Española|TVE]] series ''[[Carlos, Rey Emperador]]'' and is portrayed by [[Álvaro Cervantes]].
==See also==
*[[Royal Armoury of Madrid]]
*[[Museum of Military History, Vienna]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}
== Sources ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
=== English ===
* Atkins, Sinclair. "Charles V and the Turks", ''[[History Today]]'' (Dec 1980) 30#12 pp 13–18
* Blockmans, W. P., and Nicolette Mout. ''The World of Emperor Charles V'' (2005)
* [[Wim Blockmans|Blockmans, Wim]]. ''Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558.'' (Oxford University Press, 2002). [https://archive.org/details/emperorcharlesv10000bloc online]
* Brandi, Karl. '' The emperor Charles V: The growth and destiny of a man and of a world-empire'' (1939) [https://archive.org/details/emperorcharlesvg0000bran online]
* Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Grand Strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, War, and Dynastic Priority in the Mediterranean", ''Journal of Early Modern History'' (2005) 9#3 pp 239–283. [http://www.academia.edu/download/47577260/GrandStrategy.pdf online].
* Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Spanish Reformation: Institutional Reform, Taxation, and the Secularization of Ecclesiastical Properties under Charles V", ''[[Sixteenth Century Journal]]'' (2006) 37#1 pp 3–24. {{jstor|20477694}}.
* Espinosa, Aurelio. ''The Empire of the Cities: Emperor Charles V, the Comunero Revolt, and the Transformation of the Spanish System'' (2008)
* Ferer, Mary Tiffany. ''Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion'' (Boydell & Brewer, 2012). {{ISBN|9781843836995}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fletcher |first=Catherine |title=The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Froude |first=James Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-Ecc8SnlC0C |title=The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon |publisher=Kessinger, reprint 2005 |year=1891 |isbn=1417971096 |author-link=James Anthony Froude }}
* Headley, John M. ''Emperor & His Chancellor: A Study of the Imperial Chancellery under Gattinara'' (1983) covers 1518 to 1530.
* Heath, Richard. ''Charles V: Duty and Dynasty. The Emperor and his Changing World 1500-1558.'' (2018) {{ISBN|9781725852785}}
* {{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=David L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsV-qSRKAnAC |title=A Brief History of the Episcopal Church |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=1993 |isbn=1563380609 |author-link=David L. Holmes |access-date=23 February 2016 }}
* Kleinschmidt, Harald. ''Charles V: The World Emperor'' {{ISBN|9780750924047}}
* [[Merriman, Roger Bigelow]]. ''The rise of the Spanish empire in the Old world and the New: Volume 3 The Emperor'' (1925) [https://archive.org/details/risesofspanishem0003unse online]
* Norwich, John Julius. ''Four Princes: Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent and the Obsessions that Forged Modern Europe'' (2017), popular history; [https://www.amazon.com/Four-Princes-Suleiman-Magnificent-Obsessions/dp/0802126634/ excerpt]
* Parker, Geoffrey. ''Emperor: A New Life of Charles V'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-New-Life-Charles-V/dp/0300196520/ excerpt]
* Reston Jr, James. ''Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520-1536'' (2009), popular history.
* Richardson, Glenn. ''Renaissance Monarchy: The Reigns of Henry VIII, Francis I & Charles V'' (2002) 246pp. covers 1497 to 1558.
* Rodriguez-Salgado, Mia. ''Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II & Habsburg Authority, 1551-1559'' (1988), 375pp.
* Rosenthal, Earl E. ''Palace of Charles V in Granada'' (1986) 383pp.
* Saint-Saëns, Alain, ed. ''Young Charles V''. (New Orleans: University Press of the South, 2000).
* Tracy, James D. ''Emperor Charles V, impresario of war: campaign strategy, international finance, and domestic politics'' (Cambridge UP, 2002). [https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Charles-Impresario-War-International/dp/0521814316/ excerpt]
===Other languages===
* Salvatore Agati (2009). ''Carlo V e la Sicilia. Tra guerre, rivolte, fede e ragion di Stato'', Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 2009, {{ISBN|978-88-7751-287-1}} {{in lang|it}}
* D'Amico, Juan Carlos. ''Charles Quint, Maître du Monde: Entre Mythe et Realite'' 2004, 290p. {{in lang|fr}}
* Norbert Conrads: ''Die Abdankung Kaiser Karls V.'' Abschiedsvorlesung, Universität Stuttgart, 2003 ([http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2004/1935/ text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717000041/http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2004/1935/ |date=17 July 2011 }}) {{in lang|de}}
* Stephan Diller, Joachim Andraschke, Martin Brecht: ''Kaiser Karl V. und seine Zeit''. Ausstellungskatalog. Universitäts-Verlag, Bamberg 2000, {{ISBN|3-933463-06-8}} {{in lang|de}}
* Alfred Kohler: ''Karl V. 1500–1558. Eine Biographie''. C. H. Beck, München 2001, {{ISBN|3-406-45359-7}} {{in lang|de}}
* Alfred Kohler: ''Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V.'' Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990, {{ISBN|3-534-04820-2}} {{in lang|de}}
* Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider. Christine Ortner (Hrsg): ''Karl V. 1500–1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee''. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2002, {{ISBN|3-7001-3054-6}} {{in lang|de}}
* Ernst Schulin: ''Kaiser Karl V. Geschichte eines übergroßen Wirkungsbereichs''. [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], Stuttgart 1999, {{ISBN|3-17-015695-0}} {{in lang|de}}
* Ferdinant Seibt: ''Karl V.'' Goldmann, München 1999, {{ISBN|3-442-75511-5}} {{in lang|de}}
* [[Manuel Fernández Álvarez]]: ''Imperator mundi: Karl V. – Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation.''. Stuttgart 1977, {{ISBN|3-7630-1178-1}} {{in lang|de}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor}}
{{Commons category|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor}}
* {{ws|{{Citation |last=Armstrong |first=E. |title=Charles V (1500–1558) |year=1911 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica 11th ed.]] |volume=5 |editor-last=[[Hugh Chisholm]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link=Edward Armstrong (historian) |title-link=s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles V. (Roman Emperor) |mode=cs1}}|ps=no}}
* {{Cite NSRW |wstitle=Charles V |volume=1 |editor-link=Chandler Beach }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110907140352/http://www.habsburg.webs.com/ Genealogy history of Charles V and his ancestors]
* [https://www.emperorcharlesv.com The Life and Times of Emperor Charles V 1500–1558]
* [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/collection/a1080 The Library of Charles V preserved in the National Library of France]
* [http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/charles5.htm ''Luminarium Encyclopedia'' biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03625a.htm ''New Advent'' biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]
* {{in lang|it}} [https://www.academia.edu/9774956/Recensione_di_Roberto_Borgia_2014_al_volume_Nel_segno_della_Sibilla_Tiburtina_di_Erminio_Morenghi Charles V and the Tiburtine Sibyl]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150501175509/http://www.mozalearn.com/Extra-Videos-Charles_V_the_Habsburg_emperor-210494 Charles V the Habsburg emperor, video]
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou | [[Habsburg|House of Habsburg]] |24 February|1500|21 September|1558| }}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef
| rows = 1
| before = [[Philip I of Castile|Philip the Handsome]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| rows = 1
| title = [[Duke of Brabant]], [[Duke of Limburg|Limburg]], [[Duke of Lothier|Lothier]] and [[Duke of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]];<br>[[Margrave of Namur]];<br>[[Count of Artois]], [[Count of Flanders|Flanders]], [[Count of Hainaut|Hainaut]], [[Count of Holland|Holland]], and [[Count of Zeeland|Zeeland]];<br />[[Count Palatine of Burgundy]]
| years = 1506–1555
}}
{{S-aft
| rows = 4
| after = [[Philip II of Spain|Philip the Prudent]]
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef
| rows = 2
| before = [[Joanna the Mad]]
| as = sole ruler
}}
{{S-ttl
| rows = 1
| title = [[King of Naples]]
| years = 1516–1554
| regent1 = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna III]]
| years1 = 1516–1554
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[King of Castile]], [[King of León|León]], [[King of Aragon|Aragon]], [[King of Majorca|Majorca]], [[King of Valencia|Valencia]], [[King of Sardinia|Sardinia]] and [[King of Sicily|Sicily]];<br>[[Count of Barcelona]], [[Count of Roussillon|Roussillon]] and [[Count of Cerdagne|Cerdagne]]
| years = 1516–1556
| regent1 = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]]
| years1 = 1516–1555
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef
| rows = 1
| before = [[Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|William the Rich]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| rows = 1
| title = [[Duke of Guelders]]<br>[[Count of Zutphen]]
| years = 1543–1555
}}
{{S-bef
| rows = 3
| before = [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| rows = 1
| title = [[Archduke of Austria]]<br>[[Duke of Styria]], [[Duke of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and [[Duke of Carniola|Carniola]]<br>[[Count of Tyrol]]
| years = 1519–1521
}}
{{S-aft
| rows = 3
| after = [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| rows = 1
| title = [[King of Germany]]
| years = 1519–1556
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl
| rows = 1
| title = [[Holy Roman Emperor]]<br>[[King of Italy]]
| years = 1530–1556
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-roy|es}}
|-
{{S-bef
| rows = 2
| before = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Prince of Asturias]]
| years = 1504–1516
}}
{{S-vac|rows=2|next=[[Philip II of Spain|Philip (II)]]}}
|-
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Prince of Girona]]
| years = 1516
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Holy Roman Emperors}}
{{Monarchs of Spain}}
{{Spanish Empire}}
{{German monarchs}}
{{Monarchs of Luxembourg}}
{{Princes of Asturias}}
{{Austrian archdukes}}
{{Infantes of Aragon}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Charles 05, Holy Roman Emperor}}
[[Category:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor| ]]
[[Category:1500 births]]
[[Category:1558 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Holy Roman Emperors]]
[[Category:16th-century Aragonese monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Castilian monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Kings of Sicily]]
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:16th-century rulers of Austria]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs of Naples]]
[[Category:16th-century Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:Aragonese infantes]]
[[Category:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial]]
[[Category:Castilian infantes]]
[[Category:Counts of Barcelona]]
[[Category:Counts of Burgundy]]
[[Category:Counts of Charolais]]
[[Category:Deaths from malaria]]
[[Category:Dukes of Burgundy]]
[[Category:Dukes of Milan]]
[[Category:Dukes of Montblanc]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Spain]]
[[Category:Knights of Santiago]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Margraves of Namur|Charles 05]]
[[Category:Modern child rulers]]
[[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]
[[Category:Nobility from Ghent]]
[[Category:Princes of Asturias]]
[[Category:Rulers of the Habsburg Netherlands]]
[[Category:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery]]
[[Category:Spanish infantes]]
[[Category:Counts of Malta]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'jhehehehehehehehehehhehehehe
After these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century (a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the [[July Revolution]] in 1830). Charles wanted his son and heir [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] to marry the heiress of Navarre, [[Jeanne d'Albret]]. Jeanne was instead forced to marry [[William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg]], but that childless marriage was annulled after four years. She next married [[Antoine de Bourbon]], and both she and their son would oppose [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] in the French Wars of Religion.
After its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. However, the two conflicting strategies of Charles V, enhancing the possessions of his family and protecting Catholicism against Protestants heretics, diverted resources away from building up the Spanish economy. Elite elements in Spain called for more protection for the commercial networks, which were threatened by the Ottoman Empire. Charles instead focused on defeating Protestantism in Germany and the Netherlands, which proved to be lost causes. Each hastened the economic decline of the Spanish Empire in the next generation.<ref>Aurelio Espinosa, "The grand strategy of Charles V (1500-1558): Castile, war, and dynastic priority in the Mediterranean." ''Journal of Early Modern History'' 9.3 (2005): 239-283. [http://www.academia.edu/download/47577260/GrandStrategy.pdf Online]</ref> The enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles's reign, along with the [[Spanish price revolution|inflation that affected the kingdom]], resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]].<ref>Elliot, J.H. ''Imperial Spain 1469–1716.'' Penguin Books (New York: 2002), pg. 208.</ref>
===Italian states===
[[File:Papa Clemente VII e l'imperatore Carlo V a cavallo soto un baldacchino (8 de agosto de 2018, Museo degli affreschi Giovanni Battista Cavalcaselle, Verona).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''[[Pope Clement VII]] and Emperor Charles V on horseback under a canopy'', by [[Jacopo Ligozzi]], {{circa}} 1580. It describes the entry of the Pope and the Emperor into [[Bologna]] in 1530, when Charles was crowned as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by Clement VII.]]
The [[Crown of Aragon]] inherited by Charles included the [[Kingdom of Naples]], the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] and the [[Sardinia#Modern history|Kingdom of Sardinia]]. As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles was sovereign in several states of northern Italy and had a claim to the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]] (obtained in 1530). The [[Duchy of Milan]], however, was under French control. [[Early Modern France|France]] took Milan from the [[House of Sforza]] after victory against Switzerland at the [[Battle of Marignano]] in 1515.
Imperial-Papal troops succeeded in re-installing the Sforza in Milan in 1521, in the context of an alliance between Charles V and Pope Leo X. A Franco-Swiss army was expelled from Lombardy at the [[Battle of Bicocca]] 1522. In 1524, Francis I of France retook the initiative, crossing into Lombardy where Milan, along with several other cities, once again fell to his attack. [[Pavia]] alone held out, and on 24 February 1525 (Charles's twenty-fifth birthday), Charles's forces led by [[Charles de Lannoy]] captured Francis and crushed his army in the [[Battle of Pavia]].
In 1535, [[Francesco II Sforza]] died without heirs and Charles V annexed the territory as a vacant Imperial state with the help of [[Massimiliano Stampa]], one of the most influential courtiers of the late Duke.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Litta|first=Count Pompeo|title=Famous Italian Families, Stampa di Milano}}</ref> Charles successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though they were invaded again on multiple occasions during the [[Italian Wars]].
In addition, Habsburg trade in the Mediterranean was consistently disrupted by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1538 a [[Holy League (1538)|Holy League]] consisting of all the Italian states and the Spanish kingdoms was formed to drive the Ottomans back, but it was defeated at the [[Battle of Preveza (1538)|Battle of Preveza]]. Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until after his death, at the [[Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571.
===The Americas===
During Charles's reign, the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Castilian territories in the Americas]] were considerably extended by [[conquistador]]es like [[Hernán Cortés]] and [[Francisco Pizarro]]. They conquered the large [[Aztec]] and [[Inca]] empires and incorporated them into the Empire as the Viceroyalties of [[New Spain]] and [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Peru]] between 1519 and 1542. Combined with the circumnavigation of the globe by the [[Timeline of Magellan's circumnavigation|Magellan expedition]] in 1522, these successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of [[Christendom]], which still perceived a significant threat from Islam.<ref name="Prescott"/>
The conquests also helped solidify Charles's rule by providing the state treasury with enormous amounts of [[bullion]]. As the conquistador [[Bernal Díaz del Castillo]] observed, "We came to serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those in darkness, and also to acquire that wealth which most men covet."<ref name="Prescott">{{Cite book |last=Prescott |first=William Hickling |url=http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/PreConq.html |title=History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes |publisher=Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library |year=1873 |isbn=1-152-29570-5 |edition=3rd}}</ref> Charles used the Spanish feudal system as a model for labor relations in the new colonies. The local Spaniards strongly objected because it assumed the equality of Indians and Spaniards. The locals wanted complete control over labor and got it under Philip II in the 1570s.<ref>Josefina Cintrón Tiryakian et al. "The Indian Labor Policy of Charles V" ''El Trabajo y Los Trabajadores en la Historia de México'' (1979), pp 9-41.</ref>
On 28 August 1518, Charles issued a charter authorizing the transportation of slaves direct from Africa to the Americas. Up until that point (since at least 1510), African slaves had usually been transported to Castile or Portugal and had then been transhipped to the Caribbean. Charles's decision to create a direct, more economically viable Africa to America slave trade fundamentally changed the nature and scale of the transatlantic slave trade.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite news |last=Keys |first=David |date=17 August 2018 |title=Details of horrific first voyages in transatlantic slave trade revealed |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/transatlantic-slave-trade-voyages-ships-log-details-africa-america-atlantic-ocean-deaths-disease-a8494546.html |access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref>
In 1528 Charles assigned a concession in [[Venezuela Province]] to [[Bartholomeus V. Welser]], in compensation for his inability to repay debts owed. The concession, known as [[Klein-Venedig]] (''little Venice''), was revoked in 1546. In 1550, Charles convened a conference at [[Valladolid]] in order to [[Valladolid debate|consider the morality of the force]] used against the indigenous populations of the [[New World]], which included figures such as [[Bartolomé de las Casas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heath |first=Richard |title=Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558 |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-725-85278-5 |pages=269–272}}</ref>
Charles V is credited with the first idea of constructing an American Isthmus canal in Panama as early as 1520.<ref name="Haskin">{{Cite book |last=Haskin |first=Frederic |url=https://archive.org/details/panamacanal00hask_0 |title=The Panama Canal |publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company |year=1913}}</ref>
===Holy Roman Empire===
[[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Augusta vendilicorum.png|thumb|A panorama of [[Augsburg]], perhaps the main revenue of the Imperial court of Charles V in Germany.]]
After the death of his paternal grandfather, [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]], in 1519, Charles inherited the [[Habsburg Monarchy]]. He was also the natural candidate of the [[Prince-elector|electors]] to succeed his grandfather as Holy Roman Emperor. After having paid huge bribes to the electors, he defeated the candidacies of [[Frederick III of Saxony]], [[Francis I of France]], and [[Henry VIII of England]]. Charles was the highest bidder and won the crown on 28 June 1519. On 23 October 1520 he was crowned in Germany and some ten years later, on [[Coronation of Charles V|24 February 1530]], he was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Clement VII]] in [[Bologna]], the last emperor to receive a papal coronation.<ref name=NH/><ref>Brinckmeier, Eduard (1882). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4wBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA311 ''Praktisches Handbuch der historischen Chronologie aller Zeiten und Völker, besonders des Mittelalters'']. p. 311.</ref><ref>Claims that he gained the imperial crown through bribery have been questioned. H.J. Cohn, "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose Charles V as Emperor in 1519?" ''German History'' (2001) 19#1 pp 1–27</ref>
Despite his holding the imperial throne, Charles's real authority was limited by the German princes. They gained a strong foothold in the Empire's territories, and Charles was determined not to let this happen in the Netherlands. An [[inquisition]] was established as early as 1522. In 1550, the death penalty was introduced for all cases of unrepentant heresy. Political dissent was also firmly controlled, most notably in his place of birth, where Charles, assisted by the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]], personally suppressed the [[Revolt of Ghent (1539)|Revolt of Ghent]] in mid-February 1540.<ref name="Kamen" />
Charles abdicated as emperor in 1556 in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 24 February 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of emperor.
====Wars with France====
[[File:Truce of Nice 1538.jpg|thumb|Francis I and Charles V made peace at the [[Truce of Nice]] in 1538. Francis actually refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.]]
Much of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with France, which found itself encircled by Charles's empire while it still maintained ambitions in Italy. In 1520, Charles visited [[England]], where his aunt, [[Catherine of Aragon]], urged her husband, Henry VIII, to ally himself with the emperor. In 1508 Charles was nominated by Henry VII to the [[Order of the Garter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Collection – The Knights of the Garter under Henry VIII |url=http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/knightsofthegarter/MicroObject.asp?row=21&themeid=455&item=22 |website=royalcollection.org.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20111206134156/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/knightsofthegarter/MicroObject.asp?row=21&themeid=455&item=22 |archive-date=6 December 2011 |access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> His [[Garter stall plate]] survives in [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle|Saint George's Chapel]].
The [[Italian War of 1521|first war]] with Charles's great nemesis [[Francis I of France]] began in 1521. Charles allied with England and [[Pope Leo X]] against the French and the Venetians, and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the [[Battle of Pavia]] in 1525.<ref>Angus Konstam, ''Pavia 1525: the climax of the Italian Wars'' (Osprey, 1996).</ref> To gain his freedom, Francis ceded [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]] to Charles in the [[Treaty of Madrid (1526)|Treaty of Madrid]], as well as renouncing his support of Henry II's claim over [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]].
[[File:Elderly Karl V.jpg|thumb|Charles in the 1550s, after [[Titian]]]]
When he was released, however, Francis had the Parliament of Paris denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the [[War of the League of Cognac|League of Cognac]] that [[Pope Clement VII]] had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the Florentines, and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of Italy. In the ensuing war, Charles's [[sack of Rome (1527)]] and virtual imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented the Pope from [[Annulment (Catholic Church)|annulling]] the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles's aunt [[Catherine of Aragon]], so Henry eventually broke with Rome, thus leading to the [[English Reformation]].<ref name="Holmes1993a">Holmes (1993), [https://books.google.com/books?id=BsV-qSRKAnAC&pg=PA192 p. 192]</ref><ref name="Froude1891a">Froude (1891), [https://books.google.com/books?id=n-Ecc8SnlC0C&pg=PA480 p. 35, pp. 90–91, pp. 96–97] Note: the link goes to page 480, then click the View All option</ref> In other respects, the war was inconclusive. In the [[Treaty of Cambrai]] (1529), called the "Ladies' Peace" because it was negotiated between Charles's aunt and Francis' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy.
A [[Italian War of 1536–38|third war]] erupted in 1536. Following the death of [[Francesco II Sforza|the last Sforza Duke of Milan]], Charles installed his son [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]] in the duchy, despite Francis' claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but he succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally, the [[Charles III, Duke of Savoy|Duke of Savoy]], including his capital [[Turin]]. A truce at [[Nice]] in 1538 on the basis of ''[[uti possidetis]]'' ended the war but lasted only a short time. [[Italian War of 1542–46|War resumed in 1542]], with Francis now allied with Ottoman Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]] and Charles once again allied with Henry VIII. Despite the conquest of Nice by a [[Franco-Ottoman alliance|Franco-Ottoman fleet]], the French could not advance toward Milan, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the ''status quo ante bellum'' in 1544.
A [[Italian War of 1551–1559|final war]] erupted with Francis' son and successor, [[Henry II of France|Henry II]], in 1551. Henry won early success in [[Duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]], where he captured [[Metz]], but French offensives in Italy failed. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son, [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], and his brother, [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]].
====Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire====
{{Further|Protestantism and Islam|Habsburg-Persian alliance|Conquest of Tunis (1534)|conquest of Tunis (1535)}}
Charles fought continually with the [[Ottoman Empire]] and its sultan, [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]. The defeat of Hungary at the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526 "sent a wave of terror over Europe."<ref>Quoted from: [[Bryan W. Ball]]. ''A Great Expectation''. Brill Publishers, 1975. {{ISBN|90-04-04315-2}}. Page 142.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Life Span of Suleiman The Magnificent, 1494–1566 |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sarhaus/larimore02/suleiman.html |last=Sandra Arlinghaus |publisher=Personal.umich.edu |access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref> The Muslim advance in Central Europe was halted at the [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|Siege of Vienna]] in 1529, followed by a counter-attack of Charles V across the Danube river. However, by 1541, central and southern Hungary fell under Turkish control.
Suleiman won the contest for mastery of the Mediterranean, in spite of Christian victories such as the [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|conquest of Tunis]] in 1535.<ref>Bruce Ware Allen, "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535." ''MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History'' (Winter 2014) 26#2 pp 58-63.</ref> The regular Ottoman fleet came to dominate the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] after its victories at [[Battle of Preveza|Preveza]] in 1538 and [[Battle of Djerba|Djerba]] in 1560 (shortly after Charles's death), which severely decimated the Spanish marine arm. At the same time, the Muslim [[Barbary corsairs]], acting under the general authority and supervision of the sultan, regularly devastated the Spanish and Italian coasts and crippled Spanish trade. The advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe chipped at the foundations of Habsburg power and diminished Imperial prestige.
In 1536 Francis I allied France with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]]. In 1543 Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the [[Peace of Crépy|Truce of Crépy-en-Laonnois]]. Later, in 1547, Charles signed a humiliating<ref name="treaty">In particular, in this [[Truce of Adrianople (1547)]] Charles was only referred to as "King of Spain" instead of by his extensive titulature. (see Crowley, p. 89)</ref> [[Truce of Adrianople (1547)|treaty]] with the Ottomans to gain himself some respite from the huge expenses of their war.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PT423 |title=Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |year=2002 |isbn=1-57607-733-0 |editor-last=Stanley Sandler}}</ref>
Charles V made overtures to the [[Safavid Empire]] to open a second front against the Ottomans, in an attempt at creating a [[Habsburg-Persian alliance]]. Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances. In effect, however, the Safavids did enter in conflict with the Ottoman Empire in the [[Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)|Ottoman-Safavid War]], forcing it to split its military resources.<ref>"A Habsburg-Persian alliance against the Ottomans finally brought a respite from the Turkish threat in the 1540s. This entanglement kept Suleiman tied down on his eastern border, relieving the pressure on Carlos V" in ''The Indian Ocean in world history?'' Milo Kearney – 2004 – p.112</ref>
====Protestant Reformation====
[[File:Summons for Luther to appear at the Diet of Worms.jpg|thumb|Summons for [[Martin Luther|Luther]] to appear at the [[Diet of Worms]], signed by Charles V. The text on the left was on the reverse side.]]
The issue of the [[Protestant Reformation]] was first brought to the imperial attention under Charles V. As [[Holy Roman Emperor]], Charles called [[Martin Luther]] to the [[Diet of Worms]] in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. After Luther defended the ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' and his writings, the Emperor commented: "that monk will never make me a heretic". Charles V relied on religious unity to govern his various realms, [[Personal union|otherwise unified only in his person]], and perceived Luther's teachings as a disruptive form of [[heresy]]. He outlawed Luther and issued the [[Edict of Worms]], declaring:
{{quote|You know that I am a descendant of the Most Christian Emperors of the great German people, of the Catholic Kings of Spain, of the Archdukes of Austria, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. All of these, their whole life long, were faithful sons of the Roman Church ... After their deaths they left, by natural law and heritage, these holy catholic rites, for us to live and die by, following their example. And so until now I have lived as a true follower of these our ancestors. I am therefore resolved to maintain everything which these my forebears have established to the present.}}
Nonetheless, Charles V kept his word and left Martin Luther free to leave the city. Frederick the Wise, [[elector of Saxony]] and protector of Luther, lamented the outcome of the Diet. On the road back from Worms, Luther was kidnapped by Frederick's men and hidden in a distant castle in [[Wartburg]]. There, he began to work on his German translation of the bible. The spread of Lutheranism led to two major revolts: that of the knights in 1522–1523 and that of the peasants led by [[Thomas Muntzer]] in 1524–1525. While the pro-Imperial [[Swabian League]], in conjunction with Protestant princes afraid of social revolts, restored order, Charles V used the instrument of pardon to maintain peace.
[[File:Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2 DS-263 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|16th-century perception of German soldiers during Charles's reign (1525) portrayed in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by [[Lucas de Heere|Lucas d'Heere]] in the second half of the 16th century. Preserved in the [[Ghent University Library]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=31&xywh=-3472,286,12410,6929|access-date=2020-08-25|website=lib.ugent.be}}</ref>]]
Thereafter, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. At the [[Diet of Augsburg|1530 Imperial Diet of Augsburg]] was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defense of the Empire against the [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars in Hungary (1526–1568)|Ottoman]] threat; second, issues related to policy, currency and public well-being; and, third, disagreements about Christianity, in attempt to reach some compromise and a chance to deal with the German situation.<ref>Gottfried G. Krodel, "Law, Order, and the Almighty Taler: The Empire in Action at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg." ''Sixteenth Century Journal'' (1982): 75-106 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2540054 online].</ref> The Diet was inaugurated by the emperor on June 20. It produced numerous outcomes, most notably the 1530 declaration of the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] estates known as the [[Augsburg Confession]] (''Confessio Augustana''), a central document of Lutheranism that was presented to the emperor. Luther's assistant [[Philip Melanchthon]] went even further and presented to Charles V the Lutheran [[Augsburg confession]]. The emperor strongly rejected it, and in 1531 the [[Schmalkaldic League]] was formed by Protestant princes. In 1532, Charles V recognized the League and effectively suspended the Edict of Worms with the ''standstill of [[Nuremberg]]''. The ''standstill'' required the Protestants to continue to take part in the Imperial wars against the Turks and the French, and postponed religious affairs until an [[ecumenical council]] of the Catholic Church was called by the Pope to solve the issue.
Due to Papal delays in organizing a general council, Charles V decided to organize a German summit and presided over the ''[[Regensburg]] talks'' between Catholics and Lutherans in 1541, but no compromise was achieved. In 1545, the [[Council of Trent]] was finally opened and the [[Counter-Reformation]] began. The Catholic initiative was supported by a number of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Schmalkaldic League refused to recognize the validity of the council and occupied territories of Catholic princes.<ref>Christopher W. Close, "Estate Solidarity and Empire: Charles V's Failed Attempt to Revive the Swabian League." ''Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte'' (2013_ 104#1 pp 134-157, in English.</ref> Therefore, Charles V outlawed the Schmalkaldic League and opened hostilities against it in 1546.<ref>Paula Sutter Fichtner, "When Brothers Agree: Bohemia, The Habsburgs, and the Schmalkaldic Wars, 1546-1547." ''Austrian History Yearbook'' (1975), Vol. 11, pp 67-78.</ref> The next year his forces drove the League's troops out of southern Germany, and defeated [[John Frederick, Elector of Saxony]], and [[Philip I of Hesse|Philip of Hesse]] at the [[Battle of Mühlberg]], capturing both. At the [[Augsburg Interim]] in 1548, he created a solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, members of both sides resented the Interim and some actively opposed it.
The council was re-opened in 1550 with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in [[Innsbruck]], Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. In 1552 Protestant princes, in alliance with [[Henry II of France]], [[Second Schmalkaldic War|rebelled again]] and the second [[Schmalkaldic War]] began. [[Maurice of Saxony]], instrumental for the Imperial victory in the first conflict, switched side to the Protestant cause and bypassed the Imperial army by marching directly into Innsbruck with the goal of capturing the Emperor. Charles V was forced to flee the city during an attack of gout and barely made it alive to [[Villach]] in a state of semi-consciousness carried in a litter. After failing to recapture [[Metz]] from the French, Charles V returned to the Low Countries for the last years of his emperorship. In 1555, he instructed his brother Ferdinand to sign the [[Peace of Augsburg]] in his name. The agreements led to the religious division of Germany between Catholic and Protestant princedoms.<ref>Tracy, 2002, pp 229-248.</ref>
=== Patronage of the arts and architecture ===
Noted Spanish Poet [[Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)|Garcilaso de la Vega]], was a nobleman and ambassador in the [[royal court]] of Charles. He was first appointed "contino" (imperial guard) of the King in 1520. [[Alfonso de Valdés]], twin brother of the humanist [[Juan de Valdés]] and secretary of the emperor, was a Spanish humanist. [[Peter Martyr d'Anghiera]] was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[historian]] at the service of Spain who wrote the first accounts of explorations in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]] in a series of letters and reports, grouped in the original [[Latin]] publications of 1511 to 1530 into sets of ten chapters called "decades." His ''Decades'' are of great value in the history of geography and discovery. His ''De Orbe Novo'' (On the New World, 1530) describes the first contacts of Europeans and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], Native American civilizations in the Caribbean and North America, as well as Mesoamerica, and includes, for example, the first [[Europe]]an reference to [[India rubber]]. Martyr was given the post of chronicler (''cronista'') in the newly formed [[Council of the Indies]], commissioned by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the [[New World]]. In 1523 Charles gave him the title of [[Count Palatine]], and in 1524 called him once more into the Council of the Indies. Martyr was [[investiture|invested]] by [[Pope Clement VII]], as proposed by Charles V, as [[Abbot]] of [[Jamaica]]. [[Juan Boscán Almogáver]] was a poet who participated with [[Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)|Garcilaso de la Vega]] in giving naval assistance to the [[Isle of Rhodes]] during a [[Turkey|Turkish invasion]]. Boscà fought against the Turks again in 1532 with Álvarez de Toledo and [[Charles I of Spain|Charles I]] in [[Vienna]]. During this period, Boscán had made serious progress in his mastery of verse in the Italian style.<ref>
SPAIN THE CENTER OF THE WORLD, 1519-1682 by Robert Goodwin ‧</ref>
The [[Palace of Charles V]] was commanded by Charles, who wished to establish his residence close to the Alhambra palaces. Although the [[Catholic Monarchs]] had already altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest of the city in 1492, Charles V intended to construct a permanent residence befitting an emperor. The project was given to [[Pedro Machuca]], an architect whose life and development are poorly documented. At the time, Spanish architecture was immersed in the [[Plateresque]] style, with traces of [[Gothic architecture]] still visible. Machuca built a palace corresponding stylistically to [[Mannerism]], a mode then in its infancy in [[Italy]]. The exterior of the building uses a typically Renaissance combination of [[Rustication (architecture)|rustication]] on the lower level and [[ashlar]] on the upper. The building has never been a home to a monarch and stood roofless until 1957.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://granadainfo.com/alhambra/carlos.htm|title=The Alhambra in Granada: Carlos V Palace|website=granadainfo.com|language=EN|access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=/alhambra/alhambras_guide/carlos_v_palace|title=La Alhambra de Granada - alhambra.org|last=SL|first=Alhambra Valparaiso Ocio y Cultura|website=La Alhambra de Granada|language=es-es|access-date=2018-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019020400/http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=%2Falhambra%2Falhambras_guide%2Fcarlos_v_palace|archive-date=2016-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Marriage and private life==
[[File:La emperatriz Isabel de Portugal, por Tiziano.jpg|thumb|left|[[Isabella of Portugal]], Charles's wife. Portrait by [[Titian]], 1548]]
During his lifetime, Charles V had several mistresses, his step-grandmother, [[Germaine de Foix]] among them. These liaisons occurred during his bachelorhood and only once during his widowerhood; there are no records of his having any extramarital affairs during his marriage.
On 21 December 1507, Charles was betrothed to 11-year-old [[Mary Tudor, Queen of France|Mary]], the daughter of King [[Henry VII of England]] and younger sister to the future King [[Henry VIII of England]], who was to take the throne in two years. However, the engagement was called off in 1513, on the advice of [[Thomas Wolsey|Cardinal Wolsey]], and Mary was instead married to King [[Louis XII of France]] in 1514.
After his ascension to the Spanish thrones, negotiations for Charles's marriage began shortly after his arrival in Castile, with the Castilian nobles expressing their wishes for him to marry his first cousin [[Isabella of Portugal]], the daughter of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] and Charles's aunt [[Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Maria of Aragon]]. The nobles desired Charles's marriage to a princess of Castilian blood, and a marriage to Isabella would have secured an alliance between Castile and Portugal. However, the 18-year-old King was in no hurry to marry and ignored the nobles' advice, exploring other marriage options.<ref>{{cite web |title=Henry VIII: June 1518, 1–15 Pages 1302–1311 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 2, 1515–1518. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1864. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol2/pp1302-1311 |website=British History Online}}</ref> Instead of marrying Isabella, he sent his sister [[Eleanor of Austria|Eleanor]] to marry Isabella's widowed father, King Manuel, in 1518.
In 1521, on the advice of his Flemish counsellors, especially [[William de Croÿ]], Charles became engaged to his other first cousin, [[Mary I of England|Mary]], daughter of his aunt, [[Catherine of Aragon]], and King Henry VIII, in order to secure an alliance with England. However, this engagement was very problematic because Mary was only 6 years old at the time, sixteen years Charles's junior, which meant that he would have to wait for her to be old enough to marry.
By 1525, Charles was no longer interested in an alliance with England and could not wait any longer to have legitimate children and heirs. Following his victory in the [[Battle of Pavia]], Charles abandoned the idea of an English alliance, cancelled his engagement to Mary and decided to marry Isabella and form an alliance with Portugal. He wrote to Isabella's brother, King [[John III of Portugal]], making a double marriage contract – Charles would marry Isabella and John would marry Charles's youngest sister, [[Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal|Catherine]]. A marriage to Isabella was more beneficial for Charles, as she was closer to him in age, was fluent in Spanish and provided him with a very handsome dowry of 900,000 Portuguese cruzados or Castilian folds that would help to solve the financial problems brought on by the Italian Wars.
[[File:Charles V and Empress Isabella of Portugal, by Peter Paul Rubens.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Emperor Charles V and Empress Isabella. [[Peter Paul Rubens]] after [[Titian]], 17th century]]
On 10 March 1526, Charles and Isabella met at the [[Alcázar of Seville|Alcázar Palace]] in [[Seville]]. The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm. They were married that very same night in a quiet ceremony in the Hall of Ambassadors, just after midnight. Following their wedding, Charles and Isabella spent a long and happy honeymoon at the [[Alhambra]] in [[Granada]]. Charles began the construction of the [[Palace of Charles V]] in 1527, wishing to establish a permanent residence befitting an emperor and empress in the Alhambra palaces. However, the palace was not completed during their lifetimes and remained roofless until the late 20th century.<ref>[http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=/alhambra/history_alhambra/palacio_carlos_v Palace of Charles V] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924081126/http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=%2Falhambra%2Fhistory_alhambra%2Fpalacio_carlos_v |date=24 September 2016 }}, Alhambra.org</ref>
Despite the Emperor's long absences due to political affairs abroad, the marriage was a happy one, as both partners were always devoted and faithful to each other.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=H. |url=https://archive.org/details/philipofspain00kame/page/2 |title=Philip of Spain |date=29 May 1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-07081-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/philipofspain00kame/page/2 2] |author-link=Henry Kamen}}</ref> The Empress acted as regent of Spain during her husband's absences, and she proved herself to be a good politician and ruler, thoroughly impressing the Emperor with many of her political accomplishments and decisions.
The marriage lasted for thirteen years, until Isabella's death in 1539. The Empress contracted a fever during the third month of her seventh pregnancy, which resulted in antenatal complications that caused her to miscarry a stillborn son. Her health further deteriorated due to an infection, and she died two weeks later on 1 May 1539, aged 35. Charles was left so grief-stricken by his wife's death that for two months he shut himself up in a monastery, where he prayed and mourned for her in solitude.{{sfn|Kamen|1997|pp=6–7}} Charles never recovered from Isabella's death, dressing in black for the rest of his life to show his eternal mourning, and, unlike most kings of the time, he never remarried. In memory of his wife, the Emperor commissioned the painter [[Titian]] to paint several posthumous portraits of Isabella; the finished portraits included Titian's ''[[Portrait of Isabella of Portugal|Portrait of Empress Isabel of Portugal]]'' and ''[[La Gloria (Titian)|La Gloria]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Glory – The Collection |url=https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-glory/66149817-6f88-4e5f-a09a-81f63a84d145 |website=Museo Nacional del Prado}}</ref> Charles kept these paintings with him whenever he travelled, and they were among those that he brought with him after his retirement to the Monastery of Yuste in 1557.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Empress Isabella of Portugal – The Collection |url=https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/empress-isabella-of-portugal/d4eddf35-c76c-4c11-8f2b-099f7b71d696 |website=Museo Nacional del Prado}}</ref>
[[File:Cenotafio de Carlos I de España y su familia.jpg|thumb|left|The bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella at the Basilica in [[El Escorial]].]]
[[File:La Gloria (Tiziano).jpg|thumb|right|[[Titian]]'s ''La Gloria'', one of the several paintings commissioned by Charles V in memory of his wife Isabella]]
In 1540, Charles paid tribute to Isabella's memory when he commissioned the Flemish composer [[Thomas Crecquillon]] to compose new music as a memorial to her. Crecquillon composed his ''Missa 'Mort m'a privé'' in memory of the Empress. It expresses the Emperor's grief and great wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Crecquillon: Missa 'Mort m'a privé', motets and chansons |url=https://www.brabantensemble.com/discography/thomas-crecquillon-missa-mort-ma-prive-motets-and-chansons/ |website=The Brabant Ensemble}}</ref>
=== Siblings ===
[[File:Children of Joanna and Philip.JPG|thumb|The children of Phillip and Joanna]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|[[Eleanor of Austria|Eleanor]]||15 November 1498||{{Death date and age|1558|2|25|1498|11|15|df=y}}|| first marriage in 1518, [[Manuel I of Portugal]] and had children; second marriage in 1530, [[Francis I of France]] and had no children.
|-
|[[Isabella of Austria|Isabella]]||18 July 1501||{{Death date and age|1526|1|19|1501|7|18|df=y}}||married in 1515, [[Christian II of Denmark]] and had children.
|-
|[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]]||10 March 1503||{{Death date and age|1564|7|25|1503|3|10|df=y}}||married in 1521, [[Anna of Bohemia and Hungary]] and had children.
|-
|[[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Mary]]||18 September 1505||{{Death date and age|1558|10|18|1505|9|18|df=y}}||married in 1522, [[Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia]] and had no children.
|-
|[[Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal|Catherine]]||14 January 1507||{{Death date and age|1578|2|12|1507|1|14|df=y}}||married in 1525, [[John III of Portugal]] and had children.
|}
=== Issue ===
Charles and Isabella had seven children, though only three survived to adulthood:
{| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:20%;"| Name !! style="width:100px;"| Portrait !! Lifespan !! Notes
|-
| '''[[Philip II of Spain]]'''<br />
|| [[File:Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola - 002b.jpg|120px]]
|| 21 May 1527 –<br/> 13 September 1598
|| Only surviving son, successor of his father in the Spanish crowns.
|-
| '''[[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Maria]]'''<br />
|| [[File:Maria of Spain 1557.jpg|120px]]
|| 21 June 1528 –<br/>26 February 1603
|| Married her first cousin [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor]].
|-
| '''Ferdinand'''<br />
|| [[File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg|120px]]
|| 22 November 1529 –<br/> 13 July 1530
|| Died in infancy.
|-
| '''Son'''<br />
|| [[File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg|120px]]
|| 29 June 1534
|| Stillborn
|-
| '''[[Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal|Joanna]]'''<br />
|| [[File:Alonso Sánchez Coello - Portrait of Juana of Austria, Princess of Portugal - Google Art Project.jpg|120px]]
|| 26 June 1535 –<br/>7 September 1573
|| Married her first cousin [[João Manuel, Prince of Portugal]].
|-
| '''John'''<br />
|| [[File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg|120px]]
|| 19 October 1537 –<br/> 20 March 1538
|| Died in infancy.
|-
| '''Son'''<br />
|| [[File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg|120px]]
|| 21 April 1539
|| Stillborn.
|}
Due to Philip II being a grandson of [[Manuel I of Portugal]] through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death ([[Henry I of Portugal|Henry, the Cardinal-King]], in 1580), thus establishing the [[Iberian Union|personal union between Spain and Portugal]].
Charles also had four illegitimate children:
* [[Margaret of Parma|Margaret of Austria]] (1522–1586), daughter of [[Johanna Maria van der Gheynst]],{{sfn|Fletcher|2016|p=50}} a servant of [[Charles I de Lalaing]], Seigneur de Montigny, daughter of Gilles Johann van der Gheynst and wife Johanna van der Caye van Cocamby. Married firstly with [[Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence]], and secondly with [[Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma]].
* Joanna of Austria (1522–1530), daughter of Catalina de Rebolledo (or de Xériga), lady-in-waiting of Queen Joanna I of Castile and Aragon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hoy.es/extremadura/hija-secreta-carlos-20200112003531-ntvo.html|title=La hija secreta de Carlos V|language=es|work=hoy.es|access-date=May 31, 2021}}</ref>
* Tadea of Austria (1523? – ca. 1562), daughter of Orsolina della Penna. Married with Sinibaldo di Copeschi.
* [[John of Austria]] (1547–1578), son of [[Barbara Blomberg]], victor of the [[Battle of Lepanto]]
<gallery>
File:MargarethevonParma02.jpg|{{Center|Margaret of Parma}}
File:John of Austria portrait.jpg|{{Center|John of Austria}}
</gallery>
==Health==
Charles suffered from an enlarged [[Human lower jaw|lower jaw]] ([[Prognathism#Mandibular prognathism (progenism)|mandibular prognathism]]), a congenital deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term [[Habsburg jaw]]. This deformity may have been caused by the family's long history of inbreeding, the consequence of repeated marriages between close family members, as commonly practiced in royal families of that era to maintain dynastic control of territory.<ref>Francisco C. Ceballos, and G. Álvarez, "Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs." ''Heredity'' 111.2 (2013): 114-121 [https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy201325 online].</ref> He suffered from [[epilepsy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=German Epilepsy Museum Kork |url=http://www.epilepsiemuseum.de/english/prominente.html |last=H. Schneble |publisher=Epilepsiemuseum.de |access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref> and was seriously afflicted with [[gout]], presumably caused by a diet consisting mainly of red meat.<ref>"Tests confirm old emperor's gout diagnosis." His The Record. 4 August 2006, Nation.</ref> As he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. In his retirement, he was carried around the monastery of [[Yuste|St. Yuste]] in a [[Litter (vehicle)|sedan chair]]. A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy access to his rooms.<ref name="Rady">Dr. [[Martyn Rady]], University of London, lecture 2000.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}</ref>
==Abdications and death==
Between 1554 and 1556, Charles V gradually divided the Habsburg empire between a Spanish line and a German-Austrian branch. His abdications occurred at the [[Palace of Coudenberg]] and are therefore known as "Abdications of Brussels" (''Abdankung von Brüssel'' in German and ''Abdicación de Bruselas'' in Spanish). First he abdicated the thrones of Sicily and Naples, both fiefs of the Papacy, and the Imperial [[Duchy of Milan]], in favour of his son [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]] on 25 July 1554. Philip was secretly invested with Milan already in 1540 and again in 1546, but only in 1554 did the emperor make it public. Upon the abdications of Naples and Sicily, Philip was invested by [[Pope Julius III]] with the [[Kingdom of Naples]] on 2 October and with the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] on 18 November.<ref name="Braudel">{{Cite book |last=Fernand Braudel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPp63EKb9moC&pg=PA935 |title=The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-520-20330-3 |pages=935–936 |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Allegorie op de troonsafstand van keizer Karel V te Brussel Rijksmuseum SK-A-112.jpeg|300px|thumb|right|In ''Allegory on the abdication of Emperor Charles V in Brussels'', [[Frans Francken the Younger]] depicts Charles V in the allegorical act of dividing the entire world between [[Philip II of Spain]] and [[Emperor Ferdinand I]].]]
The most famous—and only public—abdication took place a year later, on 25 October 1555, when Charles announced to the [[States General of the Netherlands]] (reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated exactly forty years earlier by his grandfather Emperor Maximilian) his abdication in favour of his son of those territories as well as his intention to step down from all of his positions and retire to a monastery.<ref name=Braudel/> During the ceremony, the gout-afflicted Emperor Charles V leaned on the shoulder of his advisor [[William the Silent]] and, crying, pronounced his [[resignation speech]]:
{{Quote|When I was nineteen ... I undertook to be a candidate for the Imperial crown, not to increase my possessions but rather to engage myself more vigorously in working for the welfare of Germany and my other realms ... and in the hopes of thereby bringing peace among the Christian peoples and uniting their fighting forces for the defense of the Catholic faith against the Ottomans...I had almost reached my goal, when the attack by the French king and some German princes called me once more to arms. Against my enemies I accomplished what I could, but success in war lies in the hands of God, Who gives victory or takes it away, as He pleases ... I must for my part confess that I have often misled myself, either from youthful inexperience, from the pride of mature years, or from some other weakness of human nature. I nonetheless declare to you that I never knowingly or willingly acted unjustly ... If actions of this kind are nevertheless justly laid to my account, I formally assure you now that I did them unknowingly and against my own intention. I therefore beg those present today, whom I have offended in this respect, together with those who are absent, to forgive me.''"<ref>Alfred Kohler, ed., Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V. Darmstadt: WBG, 1990, pp. 466–68, 480–82</ref>}}
[[File: Habsburg dominions 1700.png|thumb|left|Habsburg dominions in the centuries following their partition by Charles V.]]
He concluded the speech by mentioning his voyages: ten to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. His last public words were, "My life has been one long journey." With no fanfare, in 1556 he finalised his abdications. On 16 January 1556, he gave Spain and the [[Spanish Empire]] in the Americas to Philip. On 27 August 1556, he abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand, elected King of the Romans in 1531. The succession was recognized by the [[prince-electors]] assembled at Frankfurt only in 1558, and by the Pope only in 1559.<ref name=Setton/><ref>{{Cite book |url={{google books|nPwQAAAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |title=Zurich Letters |date=1846 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=H. |page=[{{google books|nPwQAAAAIAAJ|pg=182|plainurl=yes}} 182] }}</ref><ref name="Whaley2012">{{Cite book |last=Joachim Whaley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXdPzWXCphkC&pg=PA343 |title=Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648 |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-873101-6 |page=343 |access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> The Imperial abdication also marked the beginning of Ferdinand's legal and [[suo jure]] rule in the Austrian possessions, that he governed in Charles's name since 1521–1522 and were attached to Hungary and Bohemia since 1526.<ref name="auto2" />
According to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in 1555; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with attacks from Henri II of France; the never-ending advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe; and his declining health, in particular attacks of [[gout]] such as the one that forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz where he was later defeated.
[[File:Dormitorio del emperador Carlos V en el palacio de Yuste, Cáceres.jpg|thumb|Deathbed of the emperor at the [[Monastery of Yuste]], Cáceres]]
In September 1556, Charles left the Low Countries and sailed to Spain accompanied by Mary of Hungary and Eleanor of Austria. He arrived at the [[Monastery of Yuste]] of [[Extremadura]] in 1557. He continued to correspond widely and kept an interest in the situation of the empire, while suffering from severe gout. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, surrounded by paintings by [[Titian]] and with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe were symbols of his reign and his lack of time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alonso |first1=Jordi |last2=J. de Zulueta |display-authors=etal |date=August 2006 |title=The severe gout of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=5 |pages=516–20 |doi=10.1056/NEJMon060780 |pmid=16885558}}</ref> In an act designed to "merit the favour of heaven", about six months before his death Charles staged his own funeral, complete with shroud and coffin, after which he "rose out of the coffin, and withdrew to his apartment, full of those awful sentiments, which such a singular solemnity was calculated to inspire."<ref name="Robertson1828">{{Cite book |last=William Robertson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdM9AAAAcAAJ&q=robertson+charles+V |title=History of Charles V |publisher=Paris : Baudry, at the foreign library |year=1828 |page=580 |access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> In August 1558, Charles was taken seriously ill with what was later revealed to be [[malaria]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Zulueta |first=J. |date=June 2007 |title=The cause of death of Emperor Charles V |journal=Parassitologia |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=107–109 |pmid=18412053}}</ref> He died in the early hours of the morning on 21 September 1558, at the age of 58, holding in his hand the cross that his wife Isabella had been holding when she died.{{sfn|Kamen|1997|p=65}}
Charles was originally buried in the chapel of the Monastery of Yuste, but he left a [[codicil (will)|codicil]] in his last will and testament asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he would be reburied with Isabella.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Escorial History – El Escorial |url=http://el-escorial.com/el-escorial-history/ |publisher=el-escorial.com |access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref> Following his return to Spain in 1559, their son Philip undertook the task of fulfilling his father's wish when he founded the [[El Escorial|Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial]]. After the Monastery's Royal Crypt was completed in 1574, the bodies of Charles and Isabella were relocated and re-interred into a small vault in directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel, in accordance with Charles's wishes to be buried "half-body under the altar and half-body under the priest's feet" side by side with Isabella. They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal tombs were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal tombs were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]], the remains of Charles and Isabella were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-Panteo.Pdf |url=https://www.delacuadra.net/escorial/textos/1997c-a-panteo.pdf |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter [[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Maria of Austria]] and Charles's sisters [[Eleanor of Austria]] and [[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Maria of Hungary]] behind them. Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson [[Carlos, Prince of Asturias]].
==Titles==
Charles V styled himself as Holy Roman Emperor after his election, according to a Papal dispensation conferred to the Habsburg family by [[Pope Julius II]] in 1508 and confirmed in 1519 to the prince-electors by the legates of [[Pope Leo X]]. Although Papal coronation was not necessary to confirm the Imperial title, Charles V [[Coronation of Charles V|was crowned]] in the city of Bologna by [[Pope Clement VII]] in the medieval fashion.
Charles V accumulated a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of Burgundian, Spanish, and Austrian realms. Following the Pacts of Worms (21 April 1521) and Brussels (7 February 1522), he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger brother [[Emperor Ferdinand I|Ferdinand]] and elevated him to the status of Archduke. Nevertheless, according to the agreements, Charles continued to style himself as Archduke of Austria and maintained that Ferdinand acted as his vassal and vicar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OcgAwAAQBAJ&q=Ferdinand+younger+brother+vassal+of+Charles&pg=PA210|title=German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650|isbn=9781139481151|author1=Thomas A Brady JR|date=13 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5T6uAAAAMAAJ&q=Ferdinand+lieutenant+1521|title = A Treatise on International Law: With an Introductory Essay on the Definition and Nature of the Laws of Human Conduct|last1 = Foulke|first1 = Roland Roberts|year = 1920}}</ref> Furthermore, the pacts of 1521–1522 imposed restrictions on the governorship and regency of Ferdinand. For example, all of Ferdinand's letters to Charles V were signed "your obedient brother and servant".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZVHAAAAIAAJ&q=Ferdinand+Charles+v+muy+poderoso&pg=PA487|title=Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy, and Diplomacy of Austria|last1=Vehse|first1=Carl Eduard|year=1856}}</ref> Nonetheless, the same agreements promised Ferdinand the designation as future emperor and the transfer of hereditary rights over Austria at the imperial succession.
Following the death of [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia]], at the [[Battle of Mohacs]] in 1526, Charles V favoured the election of Ferdinand as King of Hungary (and Croatia and Dalmatia) and Bohemia. Despite this, Charles also styled himself as King of Hungary and Bohemia and retained this titular use in official acts (such as his testament) as in the case of the Austrian lands. As a consequence, cartographers and historians have described those kingdoms both as realms of Charles V and as possessions of Ferdinand, not without confusion. Others, such as the Venetian envoys, reported that the states of Ferdinand were "all held in common with the Emperor".<ref>''Relazione di Germania 1526'' in ''Relazioni degli ambasciatori Veneti al Senato: Germania''</ref>
Therefore, although he had agreed on the future division of the dynasty between Ferdinand and [[Philip II of Spain]], during his own reign Charles V conceived the existence of a single "House of Austria" of which he was the sole head.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsQeBAAAQBAJ&q=House+of+Austria&pg=PA53|title = The Emperor Charles V|isbn = 9781317880820|last1 = Rady|first1 = Martyn|date = 30 July 2014}}</ref> In the abdications of 1554–1556, Charles left his personal possessions to Philip II and the Imperial title to Ferdinand. The titles of King of Hungary, of Dalmatia, Croatia, etc., were also nominally left to the Spanish line (in particular to [[Don Carlos, Prince of Asturias]] and son of Philip II). However, Charles's Imperial abdication marked the beginning of Ferdinand's ''[[suo jure]]'' rule in Austria and his other lands: despite the claims of Philip and his descendants, Hungary and Bohemia were left under the nominal and substantial rule of Ferdinand and his successors. Formal disputes between the two lines over Hungary and Bohemia were to be solved with the [[Onate treaty]] of 1617.
Charles's full titulature went as follows:
''Charles, [[by the grace of God]], Emperor of the Romans, forever [[Augustus (honorific)|August]], King of [[Germany]], King of [[Italy]], King of all Spains, of [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]], [[Aragon]], [[Province of León|León]], of [[Hungary]], of [[Dalmatia]], of [[Croatia]], [[Navarre|Navarra]], [[Granada|Grenada]], [[Province of Toledo|Toledo]], [[Valencia]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Majorca]], [[Seville|Sevilla]], [[Province of Córdoba (Spain)|Cordova]], [[Murcia]], [[Province of Jaén (Spain)|Jaén]], [[Algarves]], [[Algeciras]], [[Gibraltar]], the [[Canary Islands]], King of both [[Kingdom of Naples|Hither]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Ultra Sicily]], of [[Sardinia]], [[Corsica]], [[King of Jerusalem]], King of the Indies, of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea, Archduke of [[Austria]], Duke of [[Burgundy]], [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]], [[Lorraine]], [[Styria]], [[Carinthia]], [[Carniola]], [[Duchy of Limburg|Limburg]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Gelderland]], [[Neopatria]], [[Württemberg]], Landgrave of [[Alsace]], Prince of [[Swabia]], [[Asturia]] and [[Catalonia]], Count of [[Flanders]], [[Habsburg]], [[Tyrol]], [[Gorizia]], [[Barcelona]], [[Artois]], [[Burgundy]] [[Palatine]], [[County of Hainaut|Hainaut]], [[Holland]], [[County of Zeeland|Seeland]], [[Ferrette]], [[County of Kyburg|Kyburg]], [[Namur]], [[Roussillon]], [[Cerdagne]], [[Drenthe]], [[Zutphen]], Margrave of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[Burgau]], [[Oristano]] and [[Gociano]], Lord of [[Frisia]], [[Windic March|the Wendish March]], [[Pordenone]], [[Biscay]], Molin, Salins, [[Tripoli]] and [[Mechelen]].''
[[File:Charles V enthroned over his defeated enemies Giulio Clovio mid 16th century.jpg|thumb|A miniature representing Charles V enthroned over his enemies (from left): [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman]], [[Pope Clement VII]], [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], the [[William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Duke of Cleves]], the [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony|Duke of Saxony]] and the [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse|Landgrave of Hesse]]. In reality, Charles was never able to completely defeat them.]]
[[File:Armadura de Carlos V a caballo.jpg|thumb|Equestrian armour of Emperor Charles V. Piece drawn from the collection of the [[Royal Armoury of Madrid]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%;"
|-
!colspan=2|Title!!From!!To!!Regnal name
|-
|[[File:Blason fr Bourgogne.svg|40px]] || Titular [[Duke of Burgundy]] || 25 September 1506 || 16 January 1556 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Coat of arms of Brabant.svg|40px]] || [[Dukes of Brabant|Duke of Brabant]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Arms of the Duke of Limburg.svg|40px]] || [[Dukes of Limburg|Duke of Limburg]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Austria coat of arms simple.svg|40px]] || [[Dukes of Lothier|Duke of Lothier]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Arms of the Count of Luxembourg.svg|40px]] || [[Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Luxembourg|Duke of Luxemburg]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles III
|-
|[[File:Namur Arms.svg|40px]] || [[Marquis of Namur|Margrave of Namur]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Arms of County of Burgundy.svg|40px]] || [[List of counts of Burgundy|Count Palatine of Burgundy]] || 25 September 1506 || 5 February 1556 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Arms of Robert dArtois.svg|40px]] || [[Counts of Artois|Count of Artois]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Blason Charolais.svg|40px]] || [[Charolais (county)|Count of Charolais]] || 25 September 1506 || 21 September 1558 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Arms of Flanders.svg|40px]] || [[Counts of Flanders|Count of Flanders]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles III
|-
|[[File:Hainaut Modern Arms.svg|40px]] || [[Counts of Hainaut|Count of Hainault]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Counts of Holland Arms.svg|40px]] || [[Count of Holland]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Coatofarmszeeland.PNG|40px]] || [[County of Zeeland|Count of Zeeland]] || 25 September 1506 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|-
|[[File:Arms of the Crown of Castile (15th Century).svg|40px]] || [[List of Castilian monarchs|King of Castile and León]] || 14 March 1516 || 16 January 1556 || Charles I
|-
|[[File:Arms Aragon-Sicily (Template).svg|40px]] || [[List of Aragonese monarchs|King of Aragon]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] || 14 March 1516 || 16 January 1556 || Charles I
|-
|[[File:Coat of Arms of Catalonia.svg|30px]] || [[Count of Barcelona]] || 14 March 1516 || 16 January 1556 || Charles I
|-
|[[File:Arms of Ferdinand I of Naples.svg|40px]] || [[Kingdom of Naples|King of Naples]] || 14 March 1516 || 25 July 1554 || Charles IV
|-
|[[File:Austria coat of arms simple.svg|40px]] || [[List of rulers of Austria|Archduke of Austria]] || 12 January 1519 || 12 January 1521 || Charles I
|-
|[[File:Holy Roman Empire Arms-double head.svg|40px]] || [[Holy Roman Emperor]] || 28 June 1519 || 27 August 1556 || Charles V
|-
|[[File:Blason DE saint empire (une tête).svg|40px]] || [[King of the Romans]] || 26 October 1520 || 24 February 1530 || Charles V
|-
|[[File:Guelders-Jülich Arms.svg|40px]] || [[Dukes of Guelders|Duke of Guelders]] || 12 September 1543 || 25 October 1555 || Charles III
|-
|[[File:Escudo de Zutphen 1581.png|40px]] || [[Count of Zutphen]] || 12 September 1543 || 25 October 1555 || Charles II
|}
=== Coat of arms of Charles V ===
{{Further|Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor}}
Coat of arms of Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire according to the description: Arms of Charles I added to those of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], [[Kingdom of Leon|Leon]], [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Two Sicilies]] and [[Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)|Granada]] present in the previous coat, those of [[List of rulers of Austria|Austria]], [[Duchy of Burgundy|ancient Burgundy]], modern Burgundy, [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]], [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] and [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]]. Charles I also incorporates the [[pillars of Hercules]] with the inscription "[[Plus ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]", representing the overseas empire and surrounding coat with the [[Order of the Golden Fleece|collar of the Golden Fleece]], as sovereign of the Order ringing the shield with the imperial crown and Acola double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire and behind it the Spanish Cross of Burgundy. From 1520 added to the corresponding quarter to Aragon and Sicily, one in which the arms of Jerusalem, Naples and [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] are incorporated.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:CoA Carlos I de España.svg|Coat of arms of King Charles I of Spain before becoming emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
File:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg|Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor.
File:Coat of arms of Charles, Infant of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy.png|Arms of Charles, [[Infante]] of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG at the time of his installation as a knight of the [[Order of the Garter|Most Noble Order of the Garter]].
File:Royal Bend of Charles V.svg|Variant of the [[Royal Bend of Castile]] used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
</gallery>
==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor'''
|2= 2. [[Philip I of Castile]]
|3= 3. [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna I of Castile]]
|4= 4. [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="BLKO-Philip">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich |volume=7 |year=1861 |page=112}}</ref>
|5= 5. [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary, Duchess of Burgundy]]<ref name="BLKO-Philip" />
|6= 6. [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]<ref name="1911-Joanna">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Joanna |volume=15}}</ref>
|7= 7. [[Isabella I of Castile]]<ref name="1911-Joanna" />
|8= 8. [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="1911-Maximilian I">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Maximilian I. (emperor) |volume=17 |first=Arthur William |last=Holland}}</ref>
|9= 9. [[Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress|Eleanor of Portugal]]<ref name="1911-Maximilian I" />
|10= 10. [[Charles the Bold|Charles I, Duke of Burgundy]]<ref name="1911-Charles the Bold">{{cite EB1911 |last=Poupardin |first=René |wstitle=Charles (Duke of Burgundy)|display=Charles, called The Bold, duke of Burgundy |volume=5 |author-link=René Poupardin}}</ref>
|11= 11. [[Isabella of Bourbon]]<ref name="1911-Charles the Bold" />
|12= 12. [[John II of Aragon and Navarre|John II of Aragon]]<ref name="1911-Ferdinand V">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon |volume=10}}</ref>
|13= 13. [[Juana Enriquez]]<ref name="1911-Ferdinand V" />
|14= 14. [[John II of Castile]]<ref name="1911-Isabella">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Isabella of Castile |volume=14}}</ref>
|15= 15. [[Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile|Isabella of Portugal]]<ref name="1911-Isabella" /> (≠ 21, niece of 21)
|16= 16. [[Ernest, Duke of Austria]]<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Frederick III., Roman Emperor |volume=11}}</ref>
|17= 17. [[Cymburgis of Masovia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Urban |first=William |title=Tannenberg and After |publisher=Lithuanian Research and Studies Center |year=2003 |isbn=0-929700-25-2 |location=Chicago |page=191}}</ref>
|18= 18. [[Edward, King of Portugal|Edward I of Portugal]]<ref name="Stephens1903">{{Cite book |last=Stephens |first=Henry Morse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139 |title=The story of Portugal |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |year=1903 |page=139 |isbn=9780722224731 |access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref>
|19= 19. [[Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Eleanor of Aragon]]<ref name="Stephens1903" />
|20= 20. [[Philip the Good|Philip III, Duke of Burgundy]]<ref name="1911-Charles the Bold" />
|21= 21. [[Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy|Isabella of Portugal]]<ref name="1911-Charles the Bold" /> (≠ 15, aunt of 15)
|22= 22. [[Charles I, Duke of Bourbon]]<ref name="kiening">{{Cite journal |last=Kiening |first=Christian |title=Rhétorique de la perte. L'exemple de la mort d'Isabelle de Bourbon (1465) |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/medi_0751-2708_1994_num_13_27_1307 |journal=Médiévales |year=1994 |language=fr-FR |volume=13 |issue=27 |pages=15–24 |doi=10.3406/medi.1994.1307}}</ref>
|23= 23. [[Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Bourbon|Agnes of Burgundy]]<ref name="kiening" />
|24= 24. [[Ferdinand I of Aragon]]<ref name="1911-John II of Aragon">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=John II of Aragon |volume=15}}</ref>
|25= 25. [[Eleanor of Alburquerque]]<ref name="1911-John II of Aragon" />
|26= 26. [[Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza]]<ref name="Ortega1999">{{Cite journal |last=Ortega Gato |first=Esteban |year=1999 |title=Los Enríquez, Almirantes de Castilla |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1098484.pdf |journal=Publicaciones de la Institución "Tello Téllez de Meneses" |language=es |volume=70 |page=42 |issn=0210-7317}}</ref>
|27= 27. [[Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala|Mariana Fernández de Córdoba]]<ref name="Ortega1999" />
|28= 28. [[Henry III of Castile]]<ref name="1911-John II of Castile">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=John II. of Castile |volume=15}}</ref>
|29= 29. [[Catherine of Lancaster]]<ref name="1911-John II of Castile" />
|30= 30. [[John, Constable of Portugal]]<ref name="Downey2015">{{Cite book |last=Downey |first=Kirstin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-_YCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Isabella: The Warrior Queen |date=November 2015 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=9780307742162 |page=28 |access-date=2018-07-17}}</ref>
|31= 31. [[Isabel of Barcelos]]<ref name="Downey2015" />
}}
==Commemoration and popular culture==
References to Charles V include a large number of legends and folk tales; literary renderings of historical events connected to Charles's life and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his abdication; and products marketed in his name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keizer Karel in de literatuur |url=http://www.literair.gent.be/html/overzichtdetail.asp?AID=724 |last=Heymans, Frans |date=4 June 2007 |website=Overzichten |publisher=Literair Gent, an initiative by the Municipal Public Library of Ghent and 'Gent Cultuurstad' |language=nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200908/http://www.literair.gent.be/html/overzichtdetail.asp?AID=724 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=20 July 2007}}</ref>
<!--2007-07-20 CHAPTER TO BE FURTHER HANDLED, GIVE ME A FEW DAYS PLEASE - e.g. GHENT 'Stroppendragers'; Boon, Louis Paul // De bestraffing van Gent – Uit: Louis Paul Boon: Het Geuzenboek (1979), p. 140-143 -->
The 400th anniversary of his death, celebrated in 1958 in [[Francoist Spain]], brought together the local [[National Catholicism|national catholic]] intelligentsia and a number of European (Catholic) conservative figures, underpinning an imperial nostalgia for Charles V's Europe and the ''Universitas Christiana'', also propelling a peculiar brand of [[europeanism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Gustavo|last=Alares|title=Nostalgias de Europa. La conmemoración del IV Centenario de la muerte de Carlos V en 1958|url=https://journals.openedition.org/mcv/13837|year=2020|journal=Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez|volume=50|issue=2|pages=117–140|publisher=[[Casa de Velázquez]]|location=Madrid}}</ref>
===Public monuments===
Unusually among major European monarchs, Charles V discouraged monumental depictions of himself during his lifetime.
* The [[Charles V Monument (Palermo)|Charles V Monument in Palermo]] was erected in 1631 and depicts him triumphant following the [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|Conquest of Tunis]].
* Among other posthumous depictions, there are statues of Charles on the facade of the City Hall in [[Ghent]] and the [[Royal Palace of Caserta]].
* A statue of Charles, donated by the city of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], was erected in 1966 in the [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof in Ghent]] where he was born.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prinsenhof: Medieval gem in the city centre |url=https://visit.gent.be/en/see-do/prinsenhof |website=VisitGent}}</ref>
*An imperial resolution of [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]], dated February 28, 1863, included Charles V in the list of the "''most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of everlasting emulation''" and honored him with a life-size statue, made by the Bohemian sculptor Emanuel Max Ritter von Wachstein, located at the [[Museum of Military History, Vienna]].<ref>Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Museum of Military History in Vienna. The museum and its representative rooms . Kiesel Verlag, Salzburg 1981, {{ISBN|3-7023-0113-5}} , p. 30.</ref>
===Literature===
* In {{lang|nl|De heerelycke ende vrolycke daeden van Keyser Carel den V}}, published by Joan de Grieck in 1674, the short stories, anecdotes, citations attributed to the emperor, and legends about his encounters with famous and ordinary people, depict a noble Christian monarch with a perfect cosmopolitan personality and a strong sense of humour. Conversely, in [[Charles De Coster]]'s masterpiece ''[[The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak|Thyl Ulenspiegel]]'' (1867), after his death Charles V is consigned to Hell as punishment for the acts of the [[Inquisition]] under his rule, his punishment being that he would feel the pain of anyone tortured by the Inquisition. De Coster's book also mentions the story on the spectacles in the coat of arms of [[Oudenaarde]], the one about a paysant of [[Berchem]] in ''Het geuzenboek'' (1979) by [[Louis Paul Boon]], while {{Interlanguage link multi|Abraham Hans|nl}} (1882–1939) included both tales in ''De liefdesavonturen van keizer Karel in Vlaanderen''.
* [[Lord Byron]]'s ''Ode to [[Napoleon Buonaparte]]'' refers to Charles as "The Spaniard".
[[File:Escutcheon of Charles V of Spain MET DT287185.jpg|thumb|right|''Escutcheon of Charles V'', watercolour, [[John Singer Sargent]], 1912. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]]]
* Charles V is a notable character in [[Simone de Beauvoir]]'s ''[[All Men Are Mortal]]''.
* In ''[[The Maltese Falcon (novel)|The Maltese Falcon]]'', the title object is said to have been an intended gift to Charles V.
===Plays===
* Charles V appears as a character in the play ''[[Doctor Faustus (play)|Doctor Faustus]]'' by the Elizabethan playwright [[Christopher Marlowe]]. In Act 4 Scene 1 of the A Text, Faustus attends Court by the Emperor's request and with the assistance of [[Mephistopheles]] conjures up spirits representing [[Alexander the Great]] and his paramour as a demonstration of his magical powers.
===Opera===
* [[Ernst Krenek]]'s opera ''[[Karl V (opera)|Karl V]]'' (opus 73, 1930) examines the title character's career via flashbacks.
* In the third act of [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s opera ''[[Ernani]]'', the election of Charles as Holy Roman Emperor is presented. Charles (Don Carlo in the opera) prays before the tomb of [[Charlemagne]]. With the announcement that he is elected as Carlo Quinto he declares an amnesty including the eponymous bandit Ernani who had followed him there to murder him as a rival for the love of Elvira. The opera, based on the [[Victor Hugo]] play ''[[Hernani (drama)|Hernani]]'', portrays Charles as a callous and cynical adventurer whose character is transformed by the election into a responsible and clement ruler.
* In another Verdi opera, ''[[Don Carlo]]'', the final scene implies that it is Charles V, now living the last years of his life as a hermit, who rescues his grandson, Don Carlo, from his father [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] and the Inquisition, by taking Carlo with him to his hermitage at the monastery in Yuste.
===Food===
* A Flemish legend about Charles being served a beer at the village of [[Olen, Belgium|Olen]], as well as the emperor's lifelong preference of beer above wine, led to the naming of several beer varieties in his honor. The ''Haacht'' Brewery of [[Boortmeerbeek]] produces Charles Quint, while [[Het Anker Brewery]] in [[Mechelen]] produces Gouden Carolus, including a Grand Cru of the Emperor, brewed once a year on Charles V's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles V |url=http://www.pilaarbijter.com/body_pages/Texts/History&Beer/CharlesV.html |publisher=Global Beer Network, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080724/http://www.pilaarbijter.com/body_pages/Texts/History%26Beer/CharlesV.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=18 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Quint Golden Blond |url=http://www.haacht.com/en/Merken/Beers/Keizer%20Karel%20Goud%20Blond |publisher=Haacht Brewery |access-date=19 July 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105023022/http://www.haacht.com/en/Merken/Beers/Keizer%20Karel%20Goud%20Blond |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Quint Ruby Red |url=http://www.haacht.com/en/Merken/Beers/Keizer%20Karel%20Robijn%20Rood |publisher=Haacht Brewery |access-date=19 July 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105023019/http://www.haacht.com/en/Merken/Beers/Keizer%20Karel%20Robijn%20Rood |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beers by Het Anker |url=http://www.hetanker.be/pag_en/index_nl.html |publisher=Brewery Het Anker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702132119/http://www.hetanker.be/pag_en/index_nl.html |archive-date=2 July 2007 |access-date=18 July 2007}}</ref> Grupo Cruzcampo brews Legado De Yuste in honor of Charles and attributes the inspiration to his Flemish origin and his last days at the monastery of Yuste.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
* [[Carlos V (candy bar)|Carlos V]] is the name of a popular chocolate bar in Mexico. Its tagline is "El Rey de los Chocolates" or "The King of Chocolates" and "Carlos V, El Emperador del Chocolate" or "Charles V, the Emperor of Chocolates."
===Television and film===
* Charles V is portrayed by Hans Lefebre and is figured prominently in the 1953 film ''[[Martin Luther (1953 film)|Martin Luther]]'', covering Luther's years from 1505 to 1530.
* Charles V is portrayed by Torben Liebrecht and is figured prominently in the 2003 film ''[[Luther (2003 film)|Luther]]'' covering the life of [[Martin Luther]] up until the [[Diet of Augsburg]].
* Charles V is portrayed in one episode of the Showtime series ''[[The Tudors]]'' by [[Sebastian Armesto]].
* Charles V is the main subject of the [[Televisión Española|TVE]] series ''[[Carlos, Rey Emperador]]'' and is portrayed by [[Álvaro Cervantes]].
==See also==
*[[Royal Armoury of Madrid]]
*[[Museum of Military History, Vienna]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}
== Sources ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
=== English ===
* Atkins, Sinclair. "Charles V and the Turks", ''[[History Today]]'' (Dec 1980) 30#12 pp 13–18
* Blockmans, W. P., and Nicolette Mout. ''The World of Emperor Charles V'' (2005)
* [[Wim Blockmans|Blockmans, Wim]]. ''Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558.'' (Oxford University Press, 2002). [https://archive.org/details/emperorcharlesv10000bloc online]
* Brandi, Karl. '' The emperor Charles V: The growth and destiny of a man and of a world-empire'' (1939) [https://archive.org/details/emperorcharlesvg0000bran online]
* Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Grand Strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, War, and Dynastic Priority in the Mediterranean", ''Journal of Early Modern History'' (2005) 9#3 pp 239–283. [http://www.academia.edu/download/47577260/GrandStrategy.pdf online].
* Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Spanish Reformation: Institutional Reform, Taxation, and the Secularization of Ecclesiastical Properties under Charles V", ''[[Sixteenth Century Journal]]'' (2006) 37#1 pp 3–24. {{jstor|20477694}}.
* Espinosa, Aurelio. ''The Empire of the Cities: Emperor Charles V, the Comunero Revolt, and the Transformation of the Spanish System'' (2008)
* Ferer, Mary Tiffany. ''Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion'' (Boydell & Brewer, 2012). {{ISBN|9781843836995}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fletcher |first=Catherine |title=The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Froude |first=James Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-Ecc8SnlC0C |title=The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon |publisher=Kessinger, reprint 2005 |year=1891 |isbn=1417971096 |author-link=James Anthony Froude }}
* Headley, John M. ''Emperor & His Chancellor: A Study of the Imperial Chancellery under Gattinara'' (1983) covers 1518 to 1530.
* Heath, Richard. ''Charles V: Duty and Dynasty. The Emperor and his Changing World 1500-1558.'' (2018) {{ISBN|9781725852785}}
* {{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=David L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsV-qSRKAnAC |title=A Brief History of the Episcopal Church |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=1993 |isbn=1563380609 |author-link=David L. Holmes |access-date=23 February 2016 }}
* Kleinschmidt, Harald. ''Charles V: The World Emperor'' {{ISBN|9780750924047}}
* [[Merriman, Roger Bigelow]]. ''The rise of the Spanish empire in the Old world and the New: Volume 3 The Emperor'' (1925) [https://archive.org/details/risesofspanishem0003unse online]
* Norwich, John Julius. ''Four Princes: Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent and the Obsessions that Forged Modern Europe'' (2017), popular history; [https://www.amazon.com/Four-Princes-Suleiman-Magnificent-Obsessions/dp/0802126634/ excerpt]
* Parker, Geoffrey. ''Emperor: A New Life of Charles V'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-New-Life-Charles-V/dp/0300196520/ excerpt]
* Reston Jr, James. ''Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520-1536'' (2009), popular history.
* Richardson, Glenn. ''Renaissance Monarchy: The Reigns of Henry VIII, Francis I & Charles V'' (2002) 246pp. covers 1497 to 1558.
* Rodriguez-Salgado, Mia. ''Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II & Habsburg Authority, 1551-1559'' (1988), 375pp.
* Rosenthal, Earl E. ''Palace of Charles V in Granada'' (1986) 383pp.
* Saint-Saëns, Alain, ed. ''Young Charles V''. (New Orleans: University Press of the South, 2000).
* Tracy, James D. ''Emperor Charles V, impresario of war: campaign strategy, international finance, and domestic politics'' (Cambridge UP, 2002). [https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Charles-Impresario-War-International/dp/0521814316/ excerpt]
===Other languages===
* Salvatore Agati (2009). ''Carlo V e la Sicilia. Tra guerre, rivolte, fede e ragion di Stato'', Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 2009, {{ISBN|978-88-7751-287-1}} {{in lang|it}}
* D'Amico, Juan Carlos. ''Charles Quint, Maître du Monde: Entre Mythe et Realite'' 2004, 290p. {{in lang|fr}}
* Norbert Conrads: ''Die Abdankung Kaiser Karls V.'' Abschiedsvorlesung, Universität Stuttgart, 2003 ([http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2004/1935/ text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717000041/http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2004/1935/ |date=17 July 2011 }}) {{in lang|de}}
* Stephan Diller, Joachim Andraschke, Martin Brecht: ''Kaiser Karl V. und seine Zeit''. Ausstellungskatalog. Universitäts-Verlag, Bamberg 2000, {{ISBN|3-933463-06-8}} {{in lang|de}}
* Alfred Kohler: ''Karl V. 1500–1558. Eine Biographie''. C. H. Beck, München 2001, {{ISBN|3-406-45359-7}} {{in lang|de}}
* Alfred Kohler: ''Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V.'' Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990, {{ISBN|3-534-04820-2}} {{in lang|de}}
* Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider. Christine Ortner (Hrsg): ''Karl V. 1500–1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee''. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2002, {{ISBN|3-7001-3054-6}} {{in lang|de}}
* Ernst Schulin: ''Kaiser Karl V. Geschichte eines übergroßen Wirkungsbereichs''. [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], Stuttgart 1999, {{ISBN|3-17-015695-0}} {{in lang|de}}
* Ferdinant Seibt: ''Karl V.'' Goldmann, München 1999, {{ISBN|3-442-75511-5}} {{in lang|de}}
* [[Manuel Fernández Álvarez]]: ''Imperator mundi: Karl V. – Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation.''. Stuttgart 1977, {{ISBN|3-7630-1178-1}} {{in lang|de}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor}}
{{Commons category|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor}}
* {{ws|{{Citation |last=Armstrong |first=E. |title=Charles V (1500–1558) |year=1911 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica 11th ed.]] |volume=5 |editor-last=[[Hugh Chisholm]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link=Edward Armstrong (historian) |title-link=s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles V. (Roman Emperor) |mode=cs1}}|ps=no}}
* {{Cite NSRW |wstitle=Charles V |volume=1 |editor-link=Chandler Beach }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110907140352/http://www.habsburg.webs.com/ Genealogy history of Charles V and his ancestors]
* [https://www.emperorcharlesv.com The Life and Times of Emperor Charles V 1500–1558]
* [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/collection/a1080 The Library of Charles V preserved in the National Library of France]
* [http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/charles5.htm ''Luminarium Encyclopedia'' biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03625a.htm ''New Advent'' biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]
* {{in lang|it}} [https://www.academia.edu/9774956/Recensione_di_Roberto_Borgia_2014_al_volume_Nel_segno_della_Sibilla_Tiburtina_di_Erminio_Morenghi Charles V and the Tiburtine Sibyl]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150501175509/http://www.mozalearn.com/Extra-Videos-Charles_V_the_Habsburg_emperor-210494 Charles V the Habsburg emperor, video]
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou | [[Habsburg|House of Habsburg]] |24 February|1500|21 September|1558| }}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef
| rows = 1
| before = [[Philip I of Castile|Philip the Handsome]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| rows = 1
| title = [[Duke of Brabant]], [[Duke of Limburg|Limburg]], [[Duke of Lothier|Lothier]] and [[Duke of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]];<br>[[Margrave of Namur]];<br>[[Count of Artois]], [[Count of Flanders|Flanders]], [[Count of Hainaut|Hainaut]], [[Count of Holland|Holland]], and [[Count of Zeeland|Zeeland]];<br />[[Count Palatine of Burgundy]]
| years = 1506–1555
}}
{{S-aft
| rows = 4
| after = [[Philip II of Spain|Philip the Prudent]]
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef
| rows = 2
| before = [[Joanna the Mad]]
| as = sole ruler
}}
{{S-ttl
| rows = 1
| title = [[King of Naples]]
| years = 1516–1554
| regent1 = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna III]]
| years1 = 1516–1554
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[King of Castile]], [[King of León|León]], [[King of Aragon|Aragon]], [[King of Majorca|Majorca]], [[King of Valencia|Valencia]], [[King of Sardinia|Sardinia]] and [[King of Sicily|Sicily]];<br>[[Count of Barcelona]], [[Count of Roussillon|Roussillon]] and [[Count of Cerdagne|Cerdagne]]
| years = 1516–1556
| regent1 = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]]
| years1 = 1516–1555
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef
| rows = 1
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{{S-ttl
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| title = [[Duke of Guelders]]<br>[[Count of Zutphen]]
| years = 1543–1555
}}
{{S-bef
| rows = 3
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}}
{{S-ttl
| rows = 1
| title = [[Archduke of Austria]]<br>[[Duke of Styria]], [[Duke of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and [[Duke of Carniola|Carniola]]<br>[[Count of Tyrol]]
| years = 1519–1521
}}
{{S-aft
| rows = 3
| after = [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| rows = 1
| title = [[King of Germany]]
| years = 1519–1556
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl
| rows = 1
| title = [[Holy Roman Emperor]]<br>[[King of Italy]]
| years = 1530–1556
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-roy|es}}
|-
{{S-bef
| rows = 2
| before = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Prince of Asturias]]
| years = 1504–1516
}}
{{S-vac|rows=2|next=[[Philip II of Spain|Philip (II)]]}}
|-
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Prince of Girona]]
| years = 1516
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Holy Roman Emperors}}
{{Monarchs of Spain}}
{{Spanish Empire}}
{{German monarchs}}
{{Monarchs of Luxembourg}}
{{Princes of Asturias}}
{{Austrian archdukes}}
{{Infantes of Aragon}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Charles 05, Holy Roman Emperor}}
[[Category:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor| ]]
[[Category:1500 births]]
[[Category:1558 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Holy Roman Emperors]]
[[Category:16th-century Aragonese monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Castilian monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Kings of Sicily]]
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:16th-century rulers of Austria]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs of Naples]]
[[Category:16th-century Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:Aragonese infantes]]
[[Category:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial]]
[[Category:Castilian infantes]]
[[Category:Counts of Barcelona]]
[[Category:Counts of Burgundy]]
[[Category:Counts of Charolais]]
[[Category:Deaths from malaria]]
[[Category:Dukes of Burgundy]]
[[Category:Dukes of Milan]]
[[Category:Dukes of Montblanc]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Spain]]
[[Category:Knights of Santiago]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Margraves of Namur|Charles 05]]
[[Category:Modern child rulers]]
[[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]
[[Category:Nobility from Ghent]]
[[Category:Princes of Asturias]]
[[Category:Rulers of the Habsburg Netherlands]]
[[Category:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery]]
[[Category:Spanish infantes]]
[[Category:Counts of Malta]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,148 +1,3 @@
-{{short description|16th-century Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Duke of Burgundy}}
-{{redirect|Karl V|the opera|Karl V (opera)}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
-{{Infobox royalty
-| name = Charles V
-| image = Portrait of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, seated (1500–1558), formerly attributed to Titian (Alte Pinakothek, Munich).jpg
-| alt = Portrait of Emperor Charles V seated on a chair
-| caption = [[Portrait of Charles V (Titian)|Portrait]] by [[Titian]], probably with [[Lambert Sustris]], 1548
-| succession = {{ubl|[[Holy Roman Emperor]]|[[King of Germany]]|[[King of Italy]]}}
-| reign = 28 June 1519 –<br>27 August 1556{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Some sources claim he abdicated on 27 August,<ref name=Setton>{{Cite book |last=Setton |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUwLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA716|title=The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V |date=1984 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-87169-162-0 |series=Memoirs |volume=162 |location=Philadelphia |page=716|issn=0065-9738 |author-link=Kenneth Setton}}</ref><ref name=Cr>Chillany, F. Wilhelm (1865). [https://books.google.com/books?id=itr0qTRSX3wC&pg=PA16 ''Europaeische Chronik von 1492 bis Ende April 1865'']. pp. 16, 78.</ref> while others give 7 September.<ref>Flathe, Theodor (1886). [https://books.google.com/books?id=odhLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA212 ''Allgemeine Weltgeschichte'']. p. 212.</ref><ref>[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118560093.html Karl V]. ''[[Neue Deutsche Biographie]]''.</ref> Moreover, his abdication wasn't actually recognized until February 1558, on either the 24th<ref name=Setton/><ref name=Cr/> or 28th.<ref>Bruno Gebhardt (1890). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5clDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA92 ''Gebhardts Handbuch der deutschen geschichte'']. p. 92.</ref><ref>[[William H. Prescott]] (1856). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi9pAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA321 ''Historia del reinado de Felipe Segundo, Rey de España.''] p. 321.</ref>}}
-| coronation = {{ubl|23 October 1520 ([[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]])|22 February 1530 ([[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]])|24 February 1530 ([[Holy Roman Empire|Empire]])<ref name=NH>[https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/carlos-v-coronacion-emperador_7521/1 Carlos V: La coronación del Emperador]. [[National Geographic]]</ref>}}
-| predecessor = [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]
-| successor = [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]
-| succession1 = [[King of Spain]] ([[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]])
-| reign1 = 14 March 1516 – {{nowr|16 January 1556}}
-| predecessor1 = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]]
-| successor1 = [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]
-| regent1 = Joanna <small>(until 1555)</small>
-| reg-type1 = Co-monarch
-| succession2 = [[Archduke of Austria]]
-| reign2 = 12 January 1519 – 21 April 1521
-| predecessor2 = Maximilian I
-| successor2 = Ferdinand I <small>(in the name of Charles V until 1556)</small>
-| succession3 = {{ubl|[[Lord of the Netherlands]]|[[Duke of Burgundy]]}}
-| reign3 = 25 September 1506 – 25 October 1555
-| predecessor3 = [[Philip I of Castile]]
-| successor3 = Philip II of Spain
-| birth_date = 24 February 1500
-| birth_place = [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof of Ghent]], [[County of Flanders|Flanders]], [[Burgundian Low Countries]]
-| death_date = 21 September 1558 (aged 58)
-| death_place = [[Monastery of Yuste]], [[Crown of Castile]], [[Spain]]
-| burial_date = 22 September 1558
-| burial_place = [[El Escorial]], Spain
-| spouse = {{marriage|[[Isabella of Portugal]]|1526|1539|end=d}}
-| issue = {{ubl|[[Philip II, King of Spain]]|[[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Maria, Holy Roman Empress]]|[[Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal|Joanna, Princess of Portugal]]<br /> ''illegitimate:''<br />[[Margaret of Parma|Margaret, Duchess of Florence and Parma]]|[[John of Austria]]}}
-| issue-link = #Issue
-| issue-pipe = among others
-| house = [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]]
-| father = [[Philip I, King of Castile]]
-| mother = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna, Queen of Castile and Aragon]]
-| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
-| signature = Firma Emperador Carlos V.svg
-}}
-'''Charles V'''{{efn|{{hlist|{{lang-fr|Charles Quint}}|{{lang-es|Carlos V}}|{{lang-de|Karl V}}|{{lang-it|Carlo V}}|{{lang-nl|Karel V}}|{{lang-ca|Carles V}}|{{lang-la|Carolus V}}}}}}{{efn|'''Charles V'' as Holy Roman Emperor; ''Charles I'' as King of Spain and Archduke of Austria; ''Charles II'' as Duke of Burgundy.}} (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[Archduke of Austria]] from 1519 to 1556, [[Habsburg Spain|King of Spain]] ([[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]]) from 1516 to 1556, and [[Lord of the Netherlands]] as titular [[Duke of Burgundy]] from 1506 to 1555. As he was head of the rising [[House of Habsburg]] during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe included the [[Holy Roman Empire]], extending from [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] to [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|northern Italy]] with direct rule over the [[Austrian hereditary lands]] and the [[Burgundian Low Countries]], and a unified Spain with its [[southern Italy|southern Italian]] kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], and [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]]. Furthermore, his reign encompassed both the long-lasting [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish]] and the short-lived [[German colonization of the Americas|German]] colonization of the Americas. The [[personal union]] of the European and American territories of Charles V was the first collection of realms labelled "[[the empire on which the Sun never sets]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chesney |first1=Elizabeth A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwjWrTd5la4C&q=Rabelais+charles+v+empire+on+which+sun+never+sets&pg=PA34 |title=The Rabelais Encyclopedia |last2=Zegura |first2=Elizabeth Chesney |date=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313310348 |language=en}}; {{Cite book |title=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-421-6 |editor-last=[[H. Micheal Tarver]] |volume=2 |page=161 }}; {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HM7AQAAIAAJ&q=Empire+from+Vienna+to+Peru+and+sun+never+sets |title=Plain Truth |date=1984 |publisher=Ambassador College. |language=en}}; {{Cite book |last=Ferer |first=Mary Tiffany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lJRToDUeWUC&q=Charles+V+empire+sun+set+Spain+HRE&pg=PA126 |title=Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion |date=2012 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=9781843836995 |language=en}}</ref>
-
-Charles was born in the [[County of Flanders]] to [[Philip I of Castile|Philip of Habsburg]] (son of [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]], and [[Mary of Burgundy]]) and [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna of Trastámara]] (daughter of [[Isabella I of Castile]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]). The ultimate heir of his four grandparents, Charles inherited all of his family dominions at a young age. After the death of Philip in 1506, he inherited the [[Burgundian Netherlands]], originally held by his paternal grandmother Mary.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HX8bAAAAMAAJ&q=Ghislaine+de+Boom%22 |title=Charles Quint, prince des Pays-Bas |date=1943 |publisher=La Renaissance du Livre |language=fr}}</ref> In 1516, he became co-monarch of Castile [[Jure matris|with his mother]], and as such he was the first king of Spain to inherit the country as dynastically unified by Isabella I and Ferdinand II.<ref>MacCulloch, D. (2 September 2004). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490–1700. p. 216. {{ISBN|978-0-14-192660-5}}.</ref> The Spanish possessions at his accession also included the Castilian [[Spanish West Indies|West Indies]] and the Aragonese kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia. At the death of his paternal grandfather Maximilian in 1519, he inherited [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] and was elected to succeed him as Holy Roman Emperor. He adopted the Imperial name of ''Charles V'' as his main title, and styled himself as a new [[Charlemagne]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mapping Ethnography in Early Modern Germany: New Worlds in Print Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERRdAQAAQBAJ&q=gattinara+sire+charlemagne&pg=PT299 |last=Leitch |first=S. |date=27 September 2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn = 9780230112988|via=Google Books}}</ref>
-
-Charles V revitalized [[Res publica Christiana|the medieval concept]] of [[universal monarchy]] and spent most of his life defending the integrity of the Holy Roman Empire from the [[Protestant Reformation]], the expansion of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and [[Italian Wars|a series of wars with France]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Armitage |first=D. |title=The Ideological Origins of the British Empire |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78978-3 |page=32 |author-link=David Armitage (historian)}}</ref> With no fixed capital city, he made 40 journeys, [[itinerant court|travelling from country to country]]; he spent a quarter of his reign on the road.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Ferer |first=Mary Tiffany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lJRToDUeWUC&q=Charles+V+empire+sun+set+Spain+HRE&pg=PA126 |title=Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion |date=2012 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=9781843836995 |language=en}}</ref> The imperial wars were fought by German [[Landsknechte]], Spanish [[tercios]], Burgundian [[Order of the Golden Fleece|knights]], and Italian [[condottieri]]. Charles V borrowed money from German and Italian bankers and, in order to repay such loans, he relied on the proto-capitalist economy of the Low Countries and on the flows of gold and especially silver from South America to Spain, which caused [[price revolution|widespread inflation]]. He ratified the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Spanish conquest of the Aztec]] and [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Inca]] empires by the Spanish [[conquistador]]es [[Hernán Cortés]] and [[Francisco Pizarro]], as well as the establishment of [[Klein-Venedig]] by the German [[Welser]] family in search of the legendary [[El Dorado]]. In order to consolidate power in his early reign, Charles suppressed two Spanish insurrections (the [[Revolt of the Comuneros|Comuneros' Revolt]] and [[Revolt of the Brotherhoods|Brotherhoods' Revolt]]) and two German rebellions (the [[Knights' Revolt]] and [[Great Peasants' Revolt]]).
-
-Crowned [[King of Germany|King in Germany]], Charles sided with [[Pope Leo X]] and declared [[Martin Luther]] an outlaw at the [[Diet of Worms]] (1521).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smedley |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PINEUKYXHd0C&q=Carolus+defensor+ecllesia&pg=PA626 |title=Encyclopædia metropolitana; Volume 17 |year=1845 |location=London |language=en}}</ref> The same year, [[Francis I of France]], surrounded by the Habsburg possessions, started a conflict in [[Lombardy]] that lasted until the [[Battle of Pavia]] (1525), which led to the French king's temporary imprisonment. The Protestant affair re-emerged in 1527 as [[Sack of Rome (1527)|Rome was sacked]] by an army of Charles's mutinous soldiers, largely of Lutheran faith. After his forces left the [[Papal States]], Charles V [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|defended Vienna]] from the Turks and obtained the coronation as [[King of Italy|King in Italy]] by [[Pope Clement VII]]. In 1535, he annexed the vacant [[Duchy of Milan]] and [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|captured Tunis]]. Nevertheless, the [[Siege of Buda (1541)|loss of Buda]] during the struggle for [[Hungary]] and the [[Algiers expedition (1541)|Algiers expedition]] in the early 1540s frustrated his anti-Ottoman policies. Meanwhile, Charles V had come to an agreement with [[Pope Paul III]] for the organisation of the [[Council of Trent]] (1545). The refusal of the Lutheran [[Schmalkaldic League]] to recognize the council's validity led to [[Schmalkaldic War|a war]], won by Charles V with the imprisonment of the Protestant princes. However, [[Henry II of France]] offered [[Treaty of Chambord|new support to the Lutheran cause]] and strengthened [[Franco-Ottoman alliance|a close alliance]] with the sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], the ruler of the Ottoman Empire since 1520.
-
-Ultimately, Charles V conceded the [[Peace of Augsburg]] and abandoned his multi-national project with a series of abdications in 1556 that divided his hereditary and imperial domains between the Spanish Habsburgs headed by his son [[Philip II of Spain]] and the Austrian Habsburgs headed by his brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]], who was archduke of Austria in Charles's name since 1521 and the designated successor as emperor [[1531 Imperial election|since 1531]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Kanski |first=Jack J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwV_DwAAQBAJ&q=Ferdinand+archduke+of+austria+1521&pg=PA50 |title=History of the German speaking nations |date=2019 |isbn=9781789017182 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |title=The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arSYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |last1=Pavlac |first1=Brian A. |last2=Lott |first2=Elizabeth S. |date=30 June 2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn = 9781440848568|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Peter H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wodBQAAQBAJ&q=1556+Austrian+Habsburgs+Soanish+Habsburgs&pg=PR17 |title=The Thirty Years War, a sourcebook |date=2010 |isbn=9781137069771 |language=en}}</ref> The Duchy of Milan and the Habsburg Netherlands were also left in personal union to the king of Spain, although initially also belonging to the Holy Roman Empire. The two Habsburg dynasties remained allied until the extinction of the Spanish line in 1700. In 1557, Charles retired to the [[Monastery of Yuste]] in [[Extremadura]] and died there a year later.
-
-==Heritage and early life==
-===Childhood===
-{{quote|You, noble prince Charles, are more blessed than [[Alexander the Great]]. He for his part had seized an immense empire, but not without bloodshed nor was it destined to endure ... you were born to a splendid empire ... you owe it to heaven that your empire came to you without the shedding of blood, and no one suffered for it.<ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=4VGSyEAR3hUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Erasmus:+The+Education+of+a+Christian+Prince+with+the+Panegyric+for+Archduke&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimh4vK3bbrAhUQ2KQKHXycCNcQ6AEwAHoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Erasmus%3A%20The%20Education%20of%20a%20Christian%20Prince%20with%20the%20Panegyric%20for%20Archduke&f=false The Education of a christian prince, Erasmus of Rotterdam]</ref>|[[Erasmus of Rotterdam]] in ''[[Education of a Christian Prince]]}}
-{{ahnentafel
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-|1= 1. '''Charles of Habsburg'''
-*Holy Roman Emperor (1519)
-*Archduke of Austria (1519)
-*King of Castile (1516)
-*King of Aragon (1516)
-*Duke of Burgundy (1506)
-|2= 2. [[Philip I of Castile|Philip of Habsburg]]
-*Duke of Burgundy (1482)
-*King of Castile (1506)
-|3= 3. [[Joanna, Queen of Castile|Joanna of Trastámara]]
-*Queen of Castile (1504)
-*Queen of Aragon (1516)
-|4= 4. [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian of Habsburg]]
-*Archduke of Austria (1493)
-*Holy Roman Emperor (1508)
-|5= 5. [[Mary of Burgundy]]
-*Duchess of Burgundy (1477)
-|6= 6. [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
-*King of Aragon (1479)
-|7= 7. [[Isabella I of Castile]]
-*Queen of Castile (1474)
-}}
-[[File:Hoftenwalle.JPG|thumb|The entrance gate to the [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]; literally "Princes' court") in [[Ghent]], where Charles was born.]]
-Charles of [[Habsburg]] was born on 24 February 1500 in the [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof]] of [[Ghent]], a [[County of Flanders|Flemish]] city of the [[Burgundian Low Countries]], to [[Philip the Handsome|Philip of Habsburg]] and [[Joanna the Mad|Joanna of Trastámara]].<ref>''Emperor Charles V: The Growth and Destiny of a Man and of a World-empire'', [[Karl Brandi]]</ref> His father Philip, nicknamed ''Philip the Handsome'', was the firstborn son of [[Maximilian I of Habsburg]], [[Archduke of Austria]] as well as [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and [[Mary the Rich]], Burgundian duchess of the [[Low Countries]]. His mother Joanna, known as ''Joanna the Mad'' for the mental disorders afflicting her, was a daughter of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and [[Isabella I of Castile]], the [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain]] from the [[House of Trastámara]]. The political marriage of Philip and Joanna was first conceived in a letter sent by Maximilian to Ferdinand in order to seal an Austro-Spanish alliance, established as part of the ''[[League of Venice]]'' directed against the [[Kingdom of France]] during the [[Italian Wars]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''Emperor, a new life of Charles V'', Geoffrey Parker</ref>
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-The organization of ambitious political marriages reflected Maximilian's practice to expand the House of Habsburg with dynastic links rather than conquest, as exemplified by his saying "''Let others wage war, you, happy Austria, marry''". The [[marriage contract]] between Philip and Joanna was signed in 1495, and celebrations were held in 1496. Philip was already [[Duke of Burgundy]], given Mary's death in 1482, and also [[heir apparent]] of Austria as honorific [[Archduke]]. Joanna, in contrast, was only third in the Spanish [[line of succession]], preceded by her older brother [[John, Prince of Asturias|John of Castile]] and older sister [[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Isabella of Aragon]]. Although both John and Isabella died in 1498, the Catholic Monarchs desired to keep the Spanish kingdoms in Iberian hands and designated their Portuguese grandson [[Miguel da Paz]] as [[heir presumptive]] of Spain by naming him [[Prince of the Asturias]]. Only a series of dynastic accidents eventually favoured Maximilian's project.<ref>The Habsburgs: The Rise and Fall of a World Power, [[Martyn Rady]]</ref>
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-Charles was born in a bathroom of the Prinsenhof at 3:00 AM by Joanna not long after she attended a [[Ball (dance)|ball]] despite symptoms of labor pains, and his name was chosen by Philip in honour of [[Charles I of Burgundy]]. According to a poet at the court, the people of Ghent "shouted Austria and Burgundy throughout the whole city for three hours" to celebrate his birth.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Given the dynastic situation, the newborn was originally [[heir apparent]] only of the Burgundian Low Countries as the honorific [[Duke of Luxembourg]] and became known in his early years simply as ''Charles of Ghent''. He was baptized at the [[Saint Bavo's Cathedral|Church of Saint John]] by the [[Bishop of Tournai]]: [[Charles I de Croÿ]] and [[John III of Glymes]] were his godfathers; [[Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy|Margaret of York]] and [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Austria]] his godmothers. Charles's baptism gifts were a sword and a helmet, objects of Burgundian chivalric tradition representing, respectively, the instrument of war and the symbol of peace.<ref>''Charles V and the end of the Respublica Christiana'', José Hernando Sanchez</ref>
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-[[File:Bernhard Strigel 003b.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|A painting by [[Bernhard Strigel]] representing the extended Habsburg family, with a young Charles in the middle.]]
-In 1501, Philip and Joanna left Charles to the custody of his aunt [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy]] and went to Spain. They returned to visit their son very rarely, and thus Charles grew up parentless in [[Mechelen]] together with his sisters Eleanora, Maria and Isabella at the Duchess's court. He received education from [[William de Croÿ|Willem II of Croÿ]] and [[Adrian of Utrecht]]. The main goal of their Spanish mission was the recognition of Joanna as [[Princess of Asturias]], given prince Miguel's death a year earlier. They succeeded despite facing some opposition from the Spanish ''Cortes'', reluctant to create the premises for Habsburg succession. In 1504, as Isabella died, Joanna became [[Queen of Castile]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |title=''Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla''; Manuel Colmeiro (1883) |access-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055350/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |archive-date=10 June 2008 |df=dmy }},{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |title=XXIII |access-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055346/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |archive-date=10 June 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> Philip was recognized King in 1506. He died shortly after, an event that drove the mentally unstable Joanna into complete insanity. She retired in isolation into a tower of [[Tordesillas]]. Ferdinand took control of all the Spanish kingdoms, under the pretext of protecting Charles's rights, which in reality he wanted to elude, but his new marriage with [[Germaine de Foix]] failed to produce a surviving Trastámara heir to the throne. With his father dead and his mother confined, Charles became Duke of Burgundy and was recognized as [[prince of Asturias]] (heir presumptive of Spain) and honorific [[archduke]] (heir apparent of Austria).<ref>Charles was made honorific Archduke by Maximilian in 1508, and was recognized Prince of Asturias by the Spanish cortes in 1504 and 1510. {{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |title=''Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla''; Manuel Colmeiro (1883) |access-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055350/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |archive-date=10 June 2008 |df=dmy }},{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |title=XXIII |access-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055346/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |archive-date=10 June 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>
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-===Inheritances===
-[[File:Barend van Orley - Portrait of Charles V - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|A portrait by [[Bernard van Orley]], 1519. The insignia of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] are prominently displayed.]]
-The Burgundian inheritance included the [[Habsburg Netherlands]], which consisted of a large number of the lordships that formed the [[Low Countries]] and covered modern-day [[Belgium]], [[Holland]] and [[Luxembourg]]. It excluded [[Burgundy|Burgundy proper]], annexed by France in 1477, with the exception of [[Franche-Comté]]. At the death of Philip in 1506, Charles was recognized [[Lord of the Netherlands]] with the title of ''Charles II of Burgundy''. During Charles's childhood and teen years, [[William de Croÿ]] (later prime minister) and Adrian of Utrecht (later [[Pope Adrian VI]]) served as his tutors. The culture and courtly life of the Low Countries played an important part in the development of Charles's beliefs. As a member of the Burgundian [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] in his infancy, and later its grandmaster, Charles was educated to the ideals of the medieval knights and the desire for Christian unity to fight the infidel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heath |first=Richard |title=Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558 |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-725-85278-5 |page=23}}</ref> The Low Countries were very rich during his reign, both [[History of capitalism|economically]] and [[Flemish art|culturally]]. Charles was very attached to his homeland and spent much of his life in [[Brussels]].
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-[[File:Jakob Seisenegger 001.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Portrait of Charles V with a Dog]] by [[Jakob Seisenegger]], 1532]]
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-The Spanish inheritance, resulting from a [[dynastic union]] of the crowns of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Aragon]], included [[Spain]] as well as the Castilian [[Spanish West Indies|West Indies]] and the Aragonese kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], and [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]]. Joanna inherited these territories in 1516 in a condition of mental illness. Charles, therefore, claimed the crowns for himself ''[[jure matris]]'', thus becoming co-monarch of Joanna with the title of ''Charles I of Castile and Aragon'' or ''Charles I of Spain''. Castile and Aragon together formed the largest of Charles's personal possessions, and they also provided a great number of generals and [[tercios]] (the formidable Spanish infantry of the time). However, at his accession to the throne, Charles was viewed as a foreign prince.<ref name="History of Spain, Joseph Perez">History of Spain, Joseph Perez</ref>
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-Two rebellions, the [[revolt of the Germanies]] and the [[revolt of the comuneros]], contested Charles's rule in the 1520s. Following these revolts, Charles placed Spanish counselors in a position of power and spent a considerable part of his life in Castile, including his final years in a monastery. Indeed, Charles's motto "Plus Oultre" (''Further Beyond''), rendered as ''[[Plus Ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]'' from the original French, became the national motto of Spain and his heir, later Philip II, was born and raised in Castile. Nonetheless, many Spaniards believed that their resources (largely consisting of flows of silver from the Americas) were being used to sustain Imperial-Habsburg policies that were not in the country's interest.<ref name="History of Spain, Joseph Perez"/>
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-Charles inherited the [[Austrian hereditary lands]] in 1519, as ''Charles I of Austria'', and obtained the election as Holy Roman Emperor against the candidacy of the French King. Since the Imperial election, he was known as ''Emperor Charles V'' even outside of Germany and the Habsburg motto ''[[A.E.I.O.U.]]'' ("Austria Est Imperare Orbi Universo"; "it is Austria's destiny to rule the world") acquired political significance. Despite the fact that he was elected as a German prince, Charles's staunch Catholicism in contrast to the growth of Lutheranism alienated him from various German princes who finally fought against him. Charles's presence in Germany was often marked by the organization of [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|imperial diet]]s to maintain religious unity.<ref name="Charles V, Pierre Chaunu">''Charles V'', Pierre Chaunu</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Germany in the Holy Roman Empire'', Whaley</ref>
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-He was frequently in Northern Italy, often taking part in complicated negotiations with the [[Pope]]s to address the rise of Protestantism. It is important to note, though, that the German Catholics supported the Emperor. Charles had a close relationship with important German families, like the [[House of Nassau]], many of which were represented at his court in Brussels. Several German princes or noblemen accompanied him in his military campaigns against France or the Ottomans, and the bulk of his army was generally composed of German troops, especially the Imperial [[Landsknechte]].<ref name="Charles V, Pierre Chaunu"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/>
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-It is said that Charles spoke several languages. He was fluent in [[French language|French]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]], his native languages. He later added an acceptable [[Spanish language|Castilian Spanish]], which he was required to learn by the [[Old Castile|Castilian]] ''[[Cortes Generales]]''. He could also speak some [[Basque language|Basque]], acquired by the influence of the [[History of the Basques|Basque]] secretaries serving in the royal court.<ref name="Madariaga 712">{{Cite book |last=Madariaga Orbea, Juan |title=Sociedad y lengua vasca en los siglos XVII y XVIII |publisher=Euskaltzaindia |year=2014 |page=712}}</ref> He gained a decent command of [[German language|German]] following the Imperial election, though he never spoke it as well as French.<ref>''Charles V'', Pierre Chaunu and Michèle Escamilla</ref> By 1532, Charles was proficient in [[Portuguese language|Portugese]], the amazement of diplomats.<ref>''Emperor: A New Life of Charles V'', by Geoffrey Parker, p. 377</ref> A witticism sometimes attributed to Charles is: "I speak Spanish/Latin (depending on the source) to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse."<ref name="Wilkens1897">{{Cite book |last=Cornelius August Wilkens |title=Spanish Protestants in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=William Heinemann |year=1897 |page=66 |chapter=VIII. Juan de Valdés |access-date=24 July 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA66}}</ref> A variant of the quote is attributed to him by Swift in his 1726 ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'', but there are no contemporary accounts referencing the quotation (which has many other variants) and it is often attributed instead to [[Frederick the Great]].<ref>Burke, "Languages and communities in early modern Europe" p. 28; Holzberger, "The letters of George Santayana" p. 299</ref><ref>''Emperor: A New Life of Charles V'', by Geoffrey Parker, pp. 8–9.</ref>
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-==Reign==
-{{main article|Empire of Charles V}}
-[[File:Dominions House Habsburg abdication Charles V.jpg|thumb|275px|The Dominions of the Habsburgs at the time of the abdication of Charles V in 1556]]
-Given the vast dominions of the House of Habsburg, Charles was often on the road and needed [[regent|deputies]] to govern his realms for the times he was absent from his territories. His first [[Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands|Governor of the Netherlands]] was [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Austria]] (succeeded by [[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Mary of Hungary]] and [[Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy]]). His first [[Regent of Spain]] was [[Adrian of Utrecht]] (succeeded by [[Isabella of Portugal]] and [[Philip II of Spain]]). For the regency and governorship of the Austrian hereditary lands, Charles named his brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]] Archduke in the Austrian lands under his authority at the [[Diet of Worms]] (1521). Charles also agreed to favor the election of Ferdinand as [[King of the Romans]] in Germany, which took place [[Imperial election, 1531|in 1531]]. Therefore, it is by virtue of the Worms agreement that Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor and obtained [[hereditary rights]] over Austria at the abdication of Charles in 1556.<ref name="auto2" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Emperor Charles V |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsQeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |last=Rady |first=Martyn |date=30 July 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn = 9781317880820|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Charles de Lannoy, 1st Prince of Sulmona|Charles de Lannoy]], [[Ettore Pignatelli e Caraffa, 1st Duke of Monteleone|Carafa]] and [[Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez]] were the viceroys of the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, respectively.
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-Charles V travelled ten times to the Low Countries, nine to Germany,<ref>Including Austria</ref> seven to Spain,<ref>including his last voyage after the abdication</ref> seven to Italy,<ref>Including one visit to Sicily and Sardinia</ref> four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |last=Jr |first=Everett Jenkins |date=7 May 2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn = 9781476608891|via=Google Books}}</ref> During all his travels, the Emperor left a documentary trail in almost every place he went, allowing historians to surmise that he spent 10,000 days in the Low Countries, 6,500 days in Spain, 3,000 days in Germany, and 1,000 days in Italy. He further spent 195 days in France, 99 in North Africa and 44 days in England. For only 260 days his exact location is unrecorded, all of them being days spent at sea travelling between his dominions.<ref>Emperor, a new life of Charles V, by Geoffrey Parker, p. 8.</ref> As he put it in his last public speech: "my life has been one long journey".<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |last=Jr |first=Everett Jenkins |date=7 May 2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn = 9781476608891|via=Google Books}}</ref>
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-===Burgundy and the Low Countries===
-[[Image:Paleis op de Koudenberg.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The Palace of [[Coudenberg]] from a 17th-century painting, before it burnt down in 1731. [[Brussels]] served as the main revenue of the Imperial court of Charles V in the Low Countries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Papadopoulos |first=Alex G. |url=https://archive.org/details/urbanregimesstra0000papa |title=Urban Regimes and Strategies: Building Europe's Central Executive District in Brussels |date=15 November 1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/urbanregimesstra0000papa/page/72 72] |isbn=9780226645599 |quote=bruxelles imperial capital of charles v. |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=City Tourism: National Capital Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FktYIGI-jkC&q=bruxelles+imperial+capital+of+charles+v&pg=PA241 |last1=Maitland |first1=Robert |last2=Ritchie |first2=Brent W. |date=10 June 2019 |publisher=CABI |isbn = 9781845935467|via=Google Books}}</ref>]]
-In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories that included [[Franche-Comté]] and, most notably, the [[Burgundian Netherlands|Low Countries]]. The latter territories lay within the Holy Roman Empire and its borders, but were formally divided between fiefs of the [[German kingdom]] and French fiefs such as Charles's birthplace of Flanders, a last remnant of what had been a powerful player in the [[Hundred Years' War]]. As he was a minor, his aunt [[Margaret of Austria (1480-1530)|Margaret of Austria]] (born as Archduchess of Austria and in both her marriages as the Dowager Princess of Asturias and Dowager Duchess of Savoy) acted as regent, as appointed by Emperor Maximilian until 1515. She soon found herself at war with France over Charles's requirement to pay homage to the French king for Flanders, as his father had done. The outcome was that France relinquished its ancient claim on Flanders in 1528.
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-From 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of [[Arumer Zwarte Hoop|Frisian peasants]] (led by [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]] and [[Wijard Jelckama]]). The rebels were initially successful but after a series of defeats, the remaining leaders were captured and decapitated in 1523.
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-Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of [[Tournaisis|Tournai]], [[County of Artois|Artois]], [[Bishopric of Utrecht|Utrecht]], [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]], and [[Guelders]]. The [[Seventeen Provinces]] had been unified by Charles's Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were [[fief]]s of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. In 1549, Charles issued a [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1549|Pragmatic Sanction]], declaring the Low Countries to be a unified entity of which his family would be the heirs.<ref name="Kamen">{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/spain14691714soc00kame |title=Spain, 1469–1714: a society of conflict |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2005 |isbn=0-582-78464-6 |edition=3rd |location=Harlow, United Kingdom }}</ref>
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-The Low Countries held an essential place in the Empire. For Charles V, they were his home, the region where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the wealth of the region's cities, the Low Countries also represented a significant income for the Imperial treasury.
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-The Burgundian territories were generally loyal to Charles throughout his reign. The important city of Ghent [[Revolt of Ghent (1539)|rebelled]] in 1539 due to heavy tax payments demanded by Charles. The rebellion did not last long, however, as Charles's military response, with reinforcement from the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]],<ref name=Kamen /> was swift and humiliating to the rebels of Ghent.<ref name="Gentenaars Stropdragers">{{Cite web |title=Gentenaars Stropdragers |url=http://gilde2.itbull.org/nl/historiek-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205756/http://gilde2.itbull.org/nl/historiek-0 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=7 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GILDE van de STROPPENDRAGERS |url=http://www.gentschefieste.be/2005/Progr/GStroppen/Stroppen.htm |access-date=7 November 2015}}</ref>
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-===Spanish Kingdoms===
-[[File:Toledo Skyline Panorama, Spain - Dec 2006.jpg|thumb|The city of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] served as the main revenue of the Imperial court of Charles V in Castile.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martínez Gil, Fernando |title=La invención de Toledo. Imágenes históricas de una identidad urbana |publisher=Almud, ediciones de Castilla-La Mancha |year=2007 |isbn=978-84-934140-7-8 |pages=113–121 |chapter=Corte renacentista}}</ref><ref name="toledoescorte">{{Cite book |last=Martínez Gil, Fernando |title=Historia de Toledo |publisher=Azacanes |year=1999 |isbn=84-88480-19-9 |pages=259–308 |chapter=Toledo es Corte (1480-1561)}}</ref>]]
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-[[File:Palacio Carlos V west.jpg|thumb|The exterior of The [[Palace of Charles V]] in [[Granada]] was built upon his wedding to [[Isabel of Portugal]] in 1526.]]
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-In the Castilian ''Cortes'' of Valladolid in 1506 and of Madrid in 1510, Charles was sworn as the [[Prince of Asturias]], heir-apparent to his mother the Queen [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla''; Manuel Colmeiro (1883) |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055350/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |archive-date=10 June 2008 |access-date=23 August 2012}},{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |title=XXIII |access-date=23 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055346/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |archive-date=10 June 2008 }}</ref> On the other hand, in 1502, the Aragonese ''Corts'' gathered in Saragossa and pledged an oath to Joanna as heiress-presumptive, but the Archbishop of Saragossa expressed firmly that this oath could not establish jurisprudence, that is to say, modify the right of the succession, except by virtue of a formal agreement between the ''Cortes'' and the King.<ref>[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF |date=5 February 2012 }}, ''Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)'', page 137</ref><ref>[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0202220291A.PDF Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506); José María de Francisco Olmos] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114061003/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0202220291A.PDF |date=14 January 2012 }}, ''Revista General de Información y Documentación 2002, vol 12, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)'', page 299</ref> So, upon the death of King Ferdinand II of Aragon, on 23 January 1516, Joanna inherited the [[Crown of Aragon]], which consisted of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]], [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]], [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] and [[Sardinia]], while Charles became governor general.<ref>[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos], page 138 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF |date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the Flemings wished Charles to assume the royal title, and this was supported by [[Emperor Maximilian I]] and [[Pope Leo X]].
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-Thus, after the celebration of Ferdinand II's obsequies on 14 March 1516, Charles was proclaimed king of the crowns of Castile and Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, when the Castilian [[regent]] Cardinal [[Jiménez de Cisneros]] accepted the ''fait accompli'', he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and imposed his enstatement throughout the kingdom.<ref>[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos], pp. 139–140 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF |date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. Jiménez de Cisneros came to meet him but fell ill along the way, not without a suspicion of poison, and he died before reaching the King.<ref>''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', 1911 edition.</ref>
-
-Due to the irregularity of Charles assuming the royal title while his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian ''Cortes'' in Valladolid (1518) proved difficult.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000018.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130224212203/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000018.htm |archive-date=24 February 2013 |access-date=1 June 2016}}; Manuel Colmeiro (1883), chapter XXIV</ref> In the end Charles was accepted under the following conditions: he would learn to speak [[Spanish language|Castilian]]; he would not appoint foreigners; he was prohibited from taking precious metals from Castile beyond the [[Quinto Real]]; and he would respect the rights of his mother, Queen [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]]. The Cortes paid homage to him in Valladolid in February 1518. After this, Charles departed to the crown of Aragon.<ref>[http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument ''Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón''; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument |date=10 June 2008 }}, [http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg page 64] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg |date=10 June 2008 }}</ref>
-
-He managed to overcome the resistance of the Aragonese ''Cortes'' and Catalan ''Corts'',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o7JJAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA51&lpg=RA3-PA51&dq=carlos+rey&source=web&ots=JRqKvxLffg&sig=RXmNjdv3JhOvbViqyrK0xZVcM3c#PPA43,M1 ''Historia general de España''; Modesto Lafuente (1861)], pp. 51–52.</ref> and he was recognized as king of Aragon and count of Barcelona jointly with his mother.<ref>[http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument ''Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón''; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument |date=10 June 2008 }}, [http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg page 64] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg |date=10 June 2008 }}</ref> The [[Kingdom of Navarre#Spanish conquest|Kingdom of Navarre]] had been [[Spanish conquest of Navarre|invaded by Ferdinand of Aragon]] jointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. On Charles's accession to the Spanish thrones, the Parliament of Navarre (''Cortes'') required him to attend the coronation ceremony (to become Charles IV of Navarre). Still, this demand fell on deaf ears, and the Parliament kept piling up grievances.
-
-Charles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Spanish kingdoms varied in their traditions. Castile had become an authoritarian, highly centralized kingdom, where the monarchs own will easily overrode legislative and justice institutions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Monreal, Gregorio |title=Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla |last2=Jimeno, Roldan |publisher=Pamiela |year=2012 |isbn=978-84-7681-736-0 |location=Pamplona-Iruña |pages=37–43}}</ref> By contrast, in the crown of Aragon, and especially in the Pyrenean kingdom of Navarre, law prevailed, and the monarchy was seen as [[Basque fuero|a contract with the people]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQioAAAAIAAJ&q=navarre%2C+law+prevailed%2C+and+the+monarchy+was+a+contract+with+the+people&pg=RA1-PA104 |title=The Albany Law Journal: A Monthly Record of the Law and the Lawyers |date=1899 |publisher=Weed, Parsons |language=en}}</ref> This became an inconvenience and a matter of dispute for Charles V and later kings since realm-specific traditions limited their absolute power. With Charles, the government became more absolute, even though until his mother died in 1555, Charles did not hold the full kingship of the country.
-
-Soon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the [[Revolt of the Comuneros]], which Charles suppressed. Immediately after crushing the Castilian revolt, Charles was confronted again with the hot issue of Navarre when King [[Henry II of Navarre|Henry II]] attempted to [[Spanish conquest of Navarre#1521 French-Navarrese expedition|reconquer the kingdom]]. Main military operations lasted until 1524, when [[Hondarribia]] surrendered to Charles's forces, but frequent cross-border clashes in the western Pyrenees only stopped in 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai).
+jhehehehehehehehehehhehehehe
After these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century (a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the [[July Revolution]] in 1830). Charles wanted his son and heir [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] to marry the heiress of Navarre, [[Jeanne d'Albret]]. Jeanne was instead forced to marry [[William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg]], but that childless marriage was annulled after four years. She next married [[Antoine de Bourbon]], and both she and their son would oppose [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] in the French Wars of Religion.
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0 => '{{short description|16th-century Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Duke of Burgundy}}',
1 => '{{redirect|Karl V|the opera|Karl V (opera)}}',
2 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}',
3 => '{{Infobox royalty',
4 => '| name = Charles V',
5 => '| image = Portrait of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, seated (1500–1558), formerly attributed to Titian (Alte Pinakothek, Munich).jpg',
6 => '| alt = Portrait of Emperor Charles V seated on a chair',
7 => '| caption = [[Portrait of Charles V (Titian)|Portrait]] by [[Titian]], probably with [[Lambert Sustris]], 1548',
8 => '| succession = {{ubl|[[Holy Roman Emperor]]|[[King of Germany]]|[[King of Italy]]}}',
9 => '| reign = 28 June 1519 –<br>27 August 1556{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Some sources claim he abdicated on 27 August,<ref name=Setton>{{Cite book |last=Setton |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUwLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA716|title=The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V |date=1984 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-87169-162-0 |series=Memoirs |volume=162 |location=Philadelphia |page=716|issn=0065-9738 |author-link=Kenneth Setton}}</ref><ref name=Cr>Chillany, F. Wilhelm (1865). [https://books.google.com/books?id=itr0qTRSX3wC&pg=PA16 ''Europaeische Chronik von 1492 bis Ende April 1865'']. pp. 16, 78.</ref> while others give 7 September.<ref>Flathe, Theodor (1886). [https://books.google.com/books?id=odhLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA212 ''Allgemeine Weltgeschichte'']. p. 212.</ref><ref>[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118560093.html Karl V]. ''[[Neue Deutsche Biographie]]''.</ref> Moreover, his abdication wasn't actually recognized until February 1558, on either the 24th<ref name=Setton/><ref name=Cr/> or 28th.<ref>Bruno Gebhardt (1890). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5clDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA92 ''Gebhardts Handbuch der deutschen geschichte'']. p. 92.</ref><ref>[[William H. Prescott]] (1856). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi9pAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA321 ''Historia del reinado de Felipe Segundo, Rey de España.''] p. 321.</ref>}}',
10 => '| coronation = {{ubl|23 October 1520 ([[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]])|22 February 1530 ([[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]])|24 February 1530 ([[Holy Roman Empire|Empire]])<ref name=NH>[https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/carlos-v-coronacion-emperador_7521/1 Carlos V: La coronación del Emperador]. [[National Geographic]]</ref>}}',
11 => '| predecessor = [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]',
12 => '| successor = [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]',
13 => '| succession1 = [[King of Spain]] ([[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]])',
14 => '| reign1 = 14 March 1516 – {{nowr|16 January 1556}}',
15 => '| predecessor1 = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]]',
16 => '| successor1 = [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]',
17 => '| regent1 = Joanna <small>(until 1555)</small>',
18 => '| reg-type1 = Co-monarch',
19 => '| succession2 = [[Archduke of Austria]]',
20 => '| reign2 = 12 January 1519 – 21 April 1521',
21 => '| predecessor2 = Maximilian I',
22 => '| successor2 = Ferdinand I <small>(in the name of Charles V until 1556)</small>',
23 => '| succession3 = {{ubl|[[Lord of the Netherlands]]|[[Duke of Burgundy]]}}',
24 => '| reign3 = 25 September 1506 – 25 October 1555',
25 => '| predecessor3 = [[Philip I of Castile]]',
26 => '| successor3 = Philip II of Spain',
27 => '| birth_date = 24 February 1500',
28 => '| birth_place = [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof of Ghent]], [[County of Flanders|Flanders]], [[Burgundian Low Countries]]',
29 => '| death_date = 21 September 1558 (aged 58)',
30 => '| death_place = [[Monastery of Yuste]], [[Crown of Castile]], [[Spain]]',
31 => '| burial_date = 22 September 1558',
32 => '| burial_place = [[El Escorial]], Spain',
33 => '| spouse = {{marriage|[[Isabella of Portugal]]|1526|1539|end=d}}',
34 => '| issue = {{ubl|[[Philip II, King of Spain]]|[[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Maria, Holy Roman Empress]]|[[Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal|Joanna, Princess of Portugal]]<br /> ''illegitimate:''<br />[[Margaret of Parma|Margaret, Duchess of Florence and Parma]]|[[John of Austria]]}}',
35 => '| issue-link = #Issue',
36 => '| issue-pipe = among others',
37 => '| house = [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]]',
38 => '| father = [[Philip I, King of Castile]]',
39 => '| mother = [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna, Queen of Castile and Aragon]]',
40 => '| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]',
41 => '| signature = Firma Emperador Carlos V.svg',
42 => '}}',
43 => ''''Charles V'''{{efn|{{hlist|{{lang-fr|Charles Quint}}|{{lang-es|Carlos V}}|{{lang-de|Karl V}}|{{lang-it|Carlo V}}|{{lang-nl|Karel V}}|{{lang-ca|Carles V}}|{{lang-la|Carolus V}}}}}}{{efn|'''Charles V'' as Holy Roman Emperor; ''Charles I'' as King of Spain and Archduke of Austria; ''Charles II'' as Duke of Burgundy.}} (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[Archduke of Austria]] from 1519 to 1556, [[Habsburg Spain|King of Spain]] ([[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]]) from 1516 to 1556, and [[Lord of the Netherlands]] as titular [[Duke of Burgundy]] from 1506 to 1555. As he was head of the rising [[House of Habsburg]] during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe included the [[Holy Roman Empire]], extending from [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] to [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|northern Italy]] with direct rule over the [[Austrian hereditary lands]] and the [[Burgundian Low Countries]], and a unified Spain with its [[southern Italy|southern Italian]] kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], and [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]]. Furthermore, his reign encompassed both the long-lasting [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish]] and the short-lived [[German colonization of the Americas|German]] colonization of the Americas. The [[personal union]] of the European and American territories of Charles V was the first collection of realms labelled "[[the empire on which the Sun never sets]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chesney |first1=Elizabeth A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwjWrTd5la4C&q=Rabelais+charles+v+empire+on+which+sun+never+sets&pg=PA34 |title=The Rabelais Encyclopedia |last2=Zegura |first2=Elizabeth Chesney |date=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313310348 |language=en}}; {{Cite book |title=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-421-6 |editor-last=[[H. Micheal Tarver]] |volume=2 |page=161 }}; {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HM7AQAAIAAJ&q=Empire+from+Vienna+to+Peru+and+sun+never+sets |title=Plain Truth |date=1984 |publisher=Ambassador College. |language=en}}; {{Cite book |last=Ferer |first=Mary Tiffany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lJRToDUeWUC&q=Charles+V+empire+sun+set+Spain+HRE&pg=PA126 |title=Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion |date=2012 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=9781843836995 |language=en}}</ref>',
44 => '',
45 => 'Charles was born in the [[County of Flanders]] to [[Philip I of Castile|Philip of Habsburg]] (son of [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]], and [[Mary of Burgundy]]) and [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna of Trastámara]] (daughter of [[Isabella I of Castile]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]). The ultimate heir of his four grandparents, Charles inherited all of his family dominions at a young age. After the death of Philip in 1506, he inherited the [[Burgundian Netherlands]], originally held by his paternal grandmother Mary.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HX8bAAAAMAAJ&q=Ghislaine+de+Boom%22 |title=Charles Quint, prince des Pays-Bas |date=1943 |publisher=La Renaissance du Livre |language=fr}}</ref> In 1516, he became co-monarch of Castile [[Jure matris|with his mother]], and as such he was the first king of Spain to inherit the country as dynastically unified by Isabella I and Ferdinand II.<ref>MacCulloch, D. (2 September 2004). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490–1700. p. 216. {{ISBN|978-0-14-192660-5}}.</ref> The Spanish possessions at his accession also included the Castilian [[Spanish West Indies|West Indies]] and the Aragonese kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia. At the death of his paternal grandfather Maximilian in 1519, he inherited [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] and was elected to succeed him as Holy Roman Emperor. He adopted the Imperial name of ''Charles V'' as his main title, and styled himself as a new [[Charlemagne]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mapping Ethnography in Early Modern Germany: New Worlds in Print Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERRdAQAAQBAJ&q=gattinara+sire+charlemagne&pg=PT299 |last=Leitch |first=S. |date=27 September 2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn = 9780230112988|via=Google Books}}</ref>',
46 => '',
47 => 'Charles V revitalized [[Res publica Christiana|the medieval concept]] of [[universal monarchy]] and spent most of his life defending the integrity of the Holy Roman Empire from the [[Protestant Reformation]], the expansion of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and [[Italian Wars|a series of wars with France]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Armitage |first=D. |title=The Ideological Origins of the British Empire |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78978-3 |page=32 |author-link=David Armitage (historian)}}</ref> With no fixed capital city, he made 40 journeys, [[itinerant court|travelling from country to country]]; he spent a quarter of his reign on the road.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Ferer |first=Mary Tiffany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lJRToDUeWUC&q=Charles+V+empire+sun+set+Spain+HRE&pg=PA126 |title=Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion |date=2012 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=9781843836995 |language=en}}</ref> The imperial wars were fought by German [[Landsknechte]], Spanish [[tercios]], Burgundian [[Order of the Golden Fleece|knights]], and Italian [[condottieri]]. Charles V borrowed money from German and Italian bankers and, in order to repay such loans, he relied on the proto-capitalist economy of the Low Countries and on the flows of gold and especially silver from South America to Spain, which caused [[price revolution|widespread inflation]]. He ratified the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Spanish conquest of the Aztec]] and [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Inca]] empires by the Spanish [[conquistador]]es [[Hernán Cortés]] and [[Francisco Pizarro]], as well as the establishment of [[Klein-Venedig]] by the German [[Welser]] family in search of the legendary [[El Dorado]]. In order to consolidate power in his early reign, Charles suppressed two Spanish insurrections (the [[Revolt of the Comuneros|Comuneros' Revolt]] and [[Revolt of the Brotherhoods|Brotherhoods' Revolt]]) and two German rebellions (the [[Knights' Revolt]] and [[Great Peasants' Revolt]]).',
48 => '',
49 => 'Crowned [[King of Germany|King in Germany]], Charles sided with [[Pope Leo X]] and declared [[Martin Luther]] an outlaw at the [[Diet of Worms]] (1521).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smedley |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PINEUKYXHd0C&q=Carolus+defensor+ecllesia&pg=PA626 |title=Encyclopædia metropolitana; Volume 17 |year=1845 |location=London |language=en}}</ref> The same year, [[Francis I of France]], surrounded by the Habsburg possessions, started a conflict in [[Lombardy]] that lasted until the [[Battle of Pavia]] (1525), which led to the French king's temporary imprisonment. The Protestant affair re-emerged in 1527 as [[Sack of Rome (1527)|Rome was sacked]] by an army of Charles's mutinous soldiers, largely of Lutheran faith. After his forces left the [[Papal States]], Charles V [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|defended Vienna]] from the Turks and obtained the coronation as [[King of Italy|King in Italy]] by [[Pope Clement VII]]. In 1535, he annexed the vacant [[Duchy of Milan]] and [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|captured Tunis]]. Nevertheless, the [[Siege of Buda (1541)|loss of Buda]] during the struggle for [[Hungary]] and the [[Algiers expedition (1541)|Algiers expedition]] in the early 1540s frustrated his anti-Ottoman policies. Meanwhile, Charles V had come to an agreement with [[Pope Paul III]] for the organisation of the [[Council of Trent]] (1545). The refusal of the Lutheran [[Schmalkaldic League]] to recognize the council's validity led to [[Schmalkaldic War|a war]], won by Charles V with the imprisonment of the Protestant princes. However, [[Henry II of France]] offered [[Treaty of Chambord|new support to the Lutheran cause]] and strengthened [[Franco-Ottoman alliance|a close alliance]] with the sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], the ruler of the Ottoman Empire since 1520.',
50 => '',
51 => 'Ultimately, Charles V conceded the [[Peace of Augsburg]] and abandoned his multi-national project with a series of abdications in 1556 that divided his hereditary and imperial domains between the Spanish Habsburgs headed by his son [[Philip II of Spain]] and the Austrian Habsburgs headed by his brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]], who was archduke of Austria in Charles's name since 1521 and the designated successor as emperor [[1531 Imperial election|since 1531]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Kanski |first=Jack J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwV_DwAAQBAJ&q=Ferdinand+archduke+of+austria+1521&pg=PA50 |title=History of the German speaking nations |date=2019 |isbn=9781789017182 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |title=The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arSYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |last1=Pavlac |first1=Brian A. |last2=Lott |first2=Elizabeth S. |date=30 June 2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn = 9781440848568|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Peter H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wodBQAAQBAJ&q=1556+Austrian+Habsburgs+Soanish+Habsburgs&pg=PR17 |title=The Thirty Years War, a sourcebook |date=2010 |isbn=9781137069771 |language=en}}</ref> The Duchy of Milan and the Habsburg Netherlands were also left in personal union to the king of Spain, although initially also belonging to the Holy Roman Empire. The two Habsburg dynasties remained allied until the extinction of the Spanish line in 1700. In 1557, Charles retired to the [[Monastery of Yuste]] in [[Extremadura]] and died there a year later.',
52 => '',
53 => '==Heritage and early life==',
54 => '===Childhood===',
55 => '{{quote|You, noble prince Charles, are more blessed than [[Alexander the Great]]. He for his part had seized an immense empire, but not without bloodshed nor was it destined to endure ... you were born to a splendid empire ... you owe it to heaven that your empire came to you without the shedding of blood, and no one suffered for it.<ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=4VGSyEAR3hUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Erasmus:+The+Education+of+a+Christian+Prince+with+the+Panegyric+for+Archduke&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimh4vK3bbrAhUQ2KQKHXycCNcQ6AEwAHoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Erasmus%3A%20The%20Education%20of%20a%20Christian%20Prince%20with%20the%20Panegyric%20for%20Archduke&f=false The Education of a christian prince, Erasmus of Rotterdam]</ref>|[[Erasmus of Rotterdam]] in ''[[Education of a Christian Prince]]}}',
56 => '{{ahnentafel',
57 => '|collapsed=yes |align=center',
58 => '|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;',
59 => '|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;',
60 => '|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;',
61 => '|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;',
62 => '|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;',
63 => '|1= 1. '''Charles of Habsburg'''',
64 => '*Holy Roman Emperor (1519)',
65 => '*Archduke of Austria (1519)',
66 => '*King of Castile (1516)',
67 => '*King of Aragon (1516)',
68 => '*Duke of Burgundy (1506)',
69 => '|2= 2. [[Philip I of Castile|Philip of Habsburg]]',
70 => '*Duke of Burgundy (1482)',
71 => '*King of Castile (1506)',
72 => '|3= 3. [[Joanna, Queen of Castile|Joanna of Trastámara]]',
73 => '*Queen of Castile (1504)',
74 => '*Queen of Aragon (1516)',
75 => '|4= 4. [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian of Habsburg]]',
76 => '*Archduke of Austria (1493)',
77 => '*Holy Roman Emperor (1508)',
78 => '|5= 5. [[Mary of Burgundy]]',
79 => '*Duchess of Burgundy (1477)',
80 => '|6= 6. [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]',
81 => '*King of Aragon (1479)',
82 => '|7= 7. [[Isabella I of Castile]]',
83 => '*Queen of Castile (1474)',
84 => '}}',
85 => '[[File:Hoftenwalle.JPG|thumb|The entrance gate to the [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]; literally "Princes' court") in [[Ghent]], where Charles was born.]]',
86 => 'Charles of [[Habsburg]] was born on 24 February 1500 in the [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof]] of [[Ghent]], a [[County of Flanders|Flemish]] city of the [[Burgundian Low Countries]], to [[Philip the Handsome|Philip of Habsburg]] and [[Joanna the Mad|Joanna of Trastámara]].<ref>''Emperor Charles V: The Growth and Destiny of a Man and of a World-empire'', [[Karl Brandi]]</ref> His father Philip, nicknamed ''Philip the Handsome'', was the firstborn son of [[Maximilian I of Habsburg]], [[Archduke of Austria]] as well as [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and [[Mary the Rich]], Burgundian duchess of the [[Low Countries]]. His mother Joanna, known as ''Joanna the Mad'' for the mental disorders afflicting her, was a daughter of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and [[Isabella I of Castile]], the [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain]] from the [[House of Trastámara]]. The political marriage of Philip and Joanna was first conceived in a letter sent by Maximilian to Ferdinand in order to seal an Austro-Spanish alliance, established as part of the ''[[League of Venice]]'' directed against the [[Kingdom of France]] during the [[Italian Wars]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''Emperor, a new life of Charles V'', Geoffrey Parker</ref>',
87 => '',
88 => 'The organization of ambitious political marriages reflected Maximilian's practice to expand the House of Habsburg with dynastic links rather than conquest, as exemplified by his saying "''Let others wage war, you, happy Austria, marry''". The [[marriage contract]] between Philip and Joanna was signed in 1495, and celebrations were held in 1496. Philip was already [[Duke of Burgundy]], given Mary's death in 1482, and also [[heir apparent]] of Austria as honorific [[Archduke]]. Joanna, in contrast, was only third in the Spanish [[line of succession]], preceded by her older brother [[John, Prince of Asturias|John of Castile]] and older sister [[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Isabella of Aragon]]. Although both John and Isabella died in 1498, the Catholic Monarchs desired to keep the Spanish kingdoms in Iberian hands and designated their Portuguese grandson [[Miguel da Paz]] as [[heir presumptive]] of Spain by naming him [[Prince of the Asturias]]. Only a series of dynastic accidents eventually favoured Maximilian's project.<ref>The Habsburgs: The Rise and Fall of a World Power, [[Martyn Rady]]</ref>',
89 => '',
90 => 'Charles was born in a bathroom of the Prinsenhof at 3:00 AM by Joanna not long after she attended a [[Ball (dance)|ball]] despite symptoms of labor pains, and his name was chosen by Philip in honour of [[Charles I of Burgundy]]. According to a poet at the court, the people of Ghent "shouted Austria and Burgundy throughout the whole city for three hours" to celebrate his birth.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Given the dynastic situation, the newborn was originally [[heir apparent]] only of the Burgundian Low Countries as the honorific [[Duke of Luxembourg]] and became known in his early years simply as ''Charles of Ghent''. He was baptized at the [[Saint Bavo's Cathedral|Church of Saint John]] by the [[Bishop of Tournai]]: [[Charles I de Croÿ]] and [[John III of Glymes]] were his godfathers; [[Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy|Margaret of York]] and [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Austria]] his godmothers. Charles's baptism gifts were a sword and a helmet, objects of Burgundian chivalric tradition representing, respectively, the instrument of war and the symbol of peace.<ref>''Charles V and the end of the Respublica Christiana'', José Hernando Sanchez</ref>',
91 => '',
92 => '[[File:Bernhard Strigel 003b.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|A painting by [[Bernhard Strigel]] representing the extended Habsburg family, with a young Charles in the middle.]]',
93 => 'In 1501, Philip and Joanna left Charles to the custody of his aunt [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy]] and went to Spain. They returned to visit their son very rarely, and thus Charles grew up parentless in [[Mechelen]] together with his sisters Eleanora, Maria and Isabella at the Duchess's court. He received education from [[William de Croÿ|Willem II of Croÿ]] and [[Adrian of Utrecht]]. The main goal of their Spanish mission was the recognition of Joanna as [[Princess of Asturias]], given prince Miguel's death a year earlier. They succeeded despite facing some opposition from the Spanish ''Cortes'', reluctant to create the premises for Habsburg succession. In 1504, as Isabella died, Joanna became [[Queen of Castile]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |title=''Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla''; Manuel Colmeiro (1883) |access-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055350/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |archive-date=10 June 2008 |df=dmy }},{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |title=XXIII |access-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055346/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |archive-date=10 June 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> Philip was recognized King in 1506. He died shortly after, an event that drove the mentally unstable Joanna into complete insanity. She retired in isolation into a tower of [[Tordesillas]]. Ferdinand took control of all the Spanish kingdoms, under the pretext of protecting Charles's rights, which in reality he wanted to elude, but his new marriage with [[Germaine de Foix]] failed to produce a surviving Trastámara heir to the throne. With his father dead and his mother confined, Charles became Duke of Burgundy and was recognized as [[prince of Asturias]] (heir presumptive of Spain) and honorific [[archduke]] (heir apparent of Austria).<ref>Charles was made honorific Archduke by Maximilian in 1508, and was recognized Prince of Asturias by the Spanish cortes in 1504 and 1510. {{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |title=''Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla''; Manuel Colmeiro (1883) |access-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055350/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |archive-date=10 June 2008 |df=dmy }},{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |title=XXIII |access-date=2012-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055346/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |archive-date=10 June 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>',
94 => '',
95 => '===Inheritances===',
96 => '[[File:Barend van Orley - Portrait of Charles V - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|A portrait by [[Bernard van Orley]], 1519. The insignia of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] are prominently displayed.]]',
97 => 'The Burgundian inheritance included the [[Habsburg Netherlands]], which consisted of a large number of the lordships that formed the [[Low Countries]] and covered modern-day [[Belgium]], [[Holland]] and [[Luxembourg]]. It excluded [[Burgundy|Burgundy proper]], annexed by France in 1477, with the exception of [[Franche-Comté]]. At the death of Philip in 1506, Charles was recognized [[Lord of the Netherlands]] with the title of ''Charles II of Burgundy''. During Charles's childhood and teen years, [[William de Croÿ]] (later prime minister) and Adrian of Utrecht (later [[Pope Adrian VI]]) served as his tutors. The culture and courtly life of the Low Countries played an important part in the development of Charles's beliefs. As a member of the Burgundian [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] in his infancy, and later its grandmaster, Charles was educated to the ideals of the medieval knights and the desire for Christian unity to fight the infidel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heath |first=Richard |title=Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558 |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-725-85278-5 |page=23}}</ref> The Low Countries were very rich during his reign, both [[History of capitalism|economically]] and [[Flemish art|culturally]]. Charles was very attached to his homeland and spent much of his life in [[Brussels]].',
98 => '',
99 => '[[File:Jakob Seisenegger 001.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Portrait of Charles V with a Dog]] by [[Jakob Seisenegger]], 1532]]',
100 => '',
101 => 'The Spanish inheritance, resulting from a [[dynastic union]] of the crowns of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Aragon]], included [[Spain]] as well as the Castilian [[Spanish West Indies|West Indies]] and the Aragonese kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], and [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]]. Joanna inherited these territories in 1516 in a condition of mental illness. Charles, therefore, claimed the crowns for himself ''[[jure matris]]'', thus becoming co-monarch of Joanna with the title of ''Charles I of Castile and Aragon'' or ''Charles I of Spain''. Castile and Aragon together formed the largest of Charles's personal possessions, and they also provided a great number of generals and [[tercios]] (the formidable Spanish infantry of the time). However, at his accession to the throne, Charles was viewed as a foreign prince.<ref name="History of Spain, Joseph Perez">History of Spain, Joseph Perez</ref>',
102 => '',
103 => 'Two rebellions, the [[revolt of the Germanies]] and the [[revolt of the comuneros]], contested Charles's rule in the 1520s. Following these revolts, Charles placed Spanish counselors in a position of power and spent a considerable part of his life in Castile, including his final years in a monastery. Indeed, Charles's motto "Plus Oultre" (''Further Beyond''), rendered as ''[[Plus Ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]'' from the original French, became the national motto of Spain and his heir, later Philip II, was born and raised in Castile. Nonetheless, many Spaniards believed that their resources (largely consisting of flows of silver from the Americas) were being used to sustain Imperial-Habsburg policies that were not in the country's interest.<ref name="History of Spain, Joseph Perez"/>',
104 => '',
105 => 'Charles inherited the [[Austrian hereditary lands]] in 1519, as ''Charles I of Austria'', and obtained the election as Holy Roman Emperor against the candidacy of the French King. Since the Imperial election, he was known as ''Emperor Charles V'' even outside of Germany and the Habsburg motto ''[[A.E.I.O.U.]]'' ("Austria Est Imperare Orbi Universo"; "it is Austria's destiny to rule the world") acquired political significance. Despite the fact that he was elected as a German prince, Charles's staunch Catholicism in contrast to the growth of Lutheranism alienated him from various German princes who finally fought against him. Charles's presence in Germany was often marked by the organization of [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|imperial diet]]s to maintain religious unity.<ref name="Charles V, Pierre Chaunu">''Charles V'', Pierre Chaunu</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Germany in the Holy Roman Empire'', Whaley</ref>',
106 => '',
107 => 'He was frequently in Northern Italy, often taking part in complicated negotiations with the [[Pope]]s to address the rise of Protestantism. It is important to note, though, that the German Catholics supported the Emperor. Charles had a close relationship with important German families, like the [[House of Nassau]], many of which were represented at his court in Brussels. Several German princes or noblemen accompanied him in his military campaigns against France or the Ottomans, and the bulk of his army was generally composed of German troops, especially the Imperial [[Landsknechte]].<ref name="Charles V, Pierre Chaunu"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/>',
108 => '',
109 => 'It is said that Charles spoke several languages. He was fluent in [[French language|French]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]], his native languages. He later added an acceptable [[Spanish language|Castilian Spanish]], which he was required to learn by the [[Old Castile|Castilian]] ''[[Cortes Generales]]''. He could also speak some [[Basque language|Basque]], acquired by the influence of the [[History of the Basques|Basque]] secretaries serving in the royal court.<ref name="Madariaga 712">{{Cite book |last=Madariaga Orbea, Juan |title=Sociedad y lengua vasca en los siglos XVII y XVIII |publisher=Euskaltzaindia |year=2014 |page=712}}</ref> He gained a decent command of [[German language|German]] following the Imperial election, though he never spoke it as well as French.<ref>''Charles V'', Pierre Chaunu and Michèle Escamilla</ref> By 1532, Charles was proficient in [[Portuguese language|Portugese]], the amazement of diplomats.<ref>''Emperor: A New Life of Charles V'', by Geoffrey Parker, p. 377</ref> A witticism sometimes attributed to Charles is: "I speak Spanish/Latin (depending on the source) to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse."<ref name="Wilkens1897">{{Cite book |last=Cornelius August Wilkens |title=Spanish Protestants in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=William Heinemann |year=1897 |page=66 |chapter=VIII. Juan de Valdés |access-date=24 July 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBg1AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA66}}</ref> A variant of the quote is attributed to him by Swift in his 1726 ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'', but there are no contemporary accounts referencing the quotation (which has many other variants) and it is often attributed instead to [[Frederick the Great]].<ref>Burke, "Languages and communities in early modern Europe" p. 28; Holzberger, "The letters of George Santayana" p. 299</ref><ref>''Emperor: A New Life of Charles V'', by Geoffrey Parker, pp. 8–9.</ref>',
110 => '',
111 => '==Reign==',
112 => '{{main article|Empire of Charles V}}',
113 => '[[File:Dominions House Habsburg abdication Charles V.jpg|thumb|275px|The Dominions of the Habsburgs at the time of the abdication of Charles V in 1556]]',
114 => 'Given the vast dominions of the House of Habsburg, Charles was often on the road and needed [[regent|deputies]] to govern his realms for the times he was absent from his territories. His first [[Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands|Governor of the Netherlands]] was [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Austria]] (succeeded by [[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Mary of Hungary]] and [[Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy]]). His first [[Regent of Spain]] was [[Adrian of Utrecht]] (succeeded by [[Isabella of Portugal]] and [[Philip II of Spain]]). For the regency and governorship of the Austrian hereditary lands, Charles named his brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]] Archduke in the Austrian lands under his authority at the [[Diet of Worms]] (1521). Charles also agreed to favor the election of Ferdinand as [[King of the Romans]] in Germany, which took place [[Imperial election, 1531|in 1531]]. Therefore, it is by virtue of the Worms agreement that Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor and obtained [[hereditary rights]] over Austria at the abdication of Charles in 1556.<ref name="auto2" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Emperor Charles V |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsQeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |last=Rady |first=Martyn |date=30 July 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn = 9781317880820|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Charles de Lannoy, 1st Prince of Sulmona|Charles de Lannoy]], [[Ettore Pignatelli e Caraffa, 1st Duke of Monteleone|Carafa]] and [[Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez]] were the viceroys of the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, respectively.',
115 => '',
116 => 'Charles V travelled ten times to the Low Countries, nine to Germany,<ref>Including Austria</ref> seven to Spain,<ref>including his last voyage after the abdication</ref> seven to Italy,<ref>Including one visit to Sicily and Sardinia</ref> four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |last=Jr |first=Everett Jenkins |date=7 May 2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn = 9781476608891|via=Google Books}}</ref> During all his travels, the Emperor left a documentary trail in almost every place he went, allowing historians to surmise that he spent 10,000 days in the Low Countries, 6,500 days in Spain, 3,000 days in Germany, and 1,000 days in Italy. He further spent 195 days in France, 99 in North Africa and 44 days in England. For only 260 days his exact location is unrecorded, all of them being days spent at sea travelling between his dominions.<ref>Emperor, a new life of Charles V, by Geoffrey Parker, p. 8.</ref> As he put it in his last public speech: "my life has been one long journey".<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |last=Jr |first=Everett Jenkins |date=7 May 2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn = 9781476608891|via=Google Books}}</ref>',
117 => '',
118 => '===Burgundy and the Low Countries===',
119 => '[[Image:Paleis op de Koudenberg.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The Palace of [[Coudenberg]] from a 17th-century painting, before it burnt down in 1731. [[Brussels]] served as the main revenue of the Imperial court of Charles V in the Low Countries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Papadopoulos |first=Alex G. |url=https://archive.org/details/urbanregimesstra0000papa |title=Urban Regimes and Strategies: Building Europe's Central Executive District in Brussels |date=15 November 1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/urbanregimesstra0000papa/page/72 72] |isbn=9780226645599 |quote=bruxelles imperial capital of charles v. |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=City Tourism: National Capital Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FktYIGI-jkC&q=bruxelles+imperial+capital+of+charles+v&pg=PA241 |last1=Maitland |first1=Robert |last2=Ritchie |first2=Brent W. |date=10 June 2019 |publisher=CABI |isbn = 9781845935467|via=Google Books}}</ref>]]',
120 => 'In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories that included [[Franche-Comté]] and, most notably, the [[Burgundian Netherlands|Low Countries]]. The latter territories lay within the Holy Roman Empire and its borders, but were formally divided between fiefs of the [[German kingdom]] and French fiefs such as Charles's birthplace of Flanders, a last remnant of what had been a powerful player in the [[Hundred Years' War]]. As he was a minor, his aunt [[Margaret of Austria (1480-1530)|Margaret of Austria]] (born as Archduchess of Austria and in both her marriages as the Dowager Princess of Asturias and Dowager Duchess of Savoy) acted as regent, as appointed by Emperor Maximilian until 1515. She soon found herself at war with France over Charles's requirement to pay homage to the French king for Flanders, as his father had done. The outcome was that France relinquished its ancient claim on Flanders in 1528.',
121 => '',
122 => 'From 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of [[Arumer Zwarte Hoop|Frisian peasants]] (led by [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]] and [[Wijard Jelckama]]). The rebels were initially successful but after a series of defeats, the remaining leaders were captured and decapitated in 1523.',
123 => '',
124 => 'Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of [[Tournaisis|Tournai]], [[County of Artois|Artois]], [[Bishopric of Utrecht|Utrecht]], [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]], and [[Guelders]]. The [[Seventeen Provinces]] had been unified by Charles's Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were [[fief]]s of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. In 1549, Charles issued a [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1549|Pragmatic Sanction]], declaring the Low Countries to be a unified entity of which his family would be the heirs.<ref name="Kamen">{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/spain14691714soc00kame |title=Spain, 1469–1714: a society of conflict |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2005 |isbn=0-582-78464-6 |edition=3rd |location=Harlow, United Kingdom }}</ref>',
125 => '',
126 => 'The Low Countries held an essential place in the Empire. For Charles V, they were his home, the region where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the wealth of the region's cities, the Low Countries also represented a significant income for the Imperial treasury.',
127 => '',
128 => 'The Burgundian territories were generally loyal to Charles throughout his reign. The important city of Ghent [[Revolt of Ghent (1539)|rebelled]] in 1539 due to heavy tax payments demanded by Charles. The rebellion did not last long, however, as Charles's military response, with reinforcement from the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]],<ref name=Kamen /> was swift and humiliating to the rebels of Ghent.<ref name="Gentenaars Stropdragers">{{Cite web |title=Gentenaars Stropdragers |url=http://gilde2.itbull.org/nl/historiek-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205756/http://gilde2.itbull.org/nl/historiek-0 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=7 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GILDE van de STROPPENDRAGERS |url=http://www.gentschefieste.be/2005/Progr/GStroppen/Stroppen.htm |access-date=7 November 2015}}</ref>',
129 => '',
130 => '===Spanish Kingdoms===',
131 => '[[File:Toledo Skyline Panorama, Spain - Dec 2006.jpg|thumb|The city of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] served as the main revenue of the Imperial court of Charles V in Castile.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martínez Gil, Fernando |title=La invención de Toledo. Imágenes históricas de una identidad urbana |publisher=Almud, ediciones de Castilla-La Mancha |year=2007 |isbn=978-84-934140-7-8 |pages=113–121 |chapter=Corte renacentista}}</ref><ref name="toledoescorte">{{Cite book |last=Martínez Gil, Fernando |title=Historia de Toledo |publisher=Azacanes |year=1999 |isbn=84-88480-19-9 |pages=259–308 |chapter=Toledo es Corte (1480-1561)}}</ref>]]',
132 => '',
133 => '[[File:Palacio Carlos V west.jpg|thumb|The exterior of The [[Palace of Charles V]] in [[Granada]] was built upon his wedding to [[Isabel of Portugal]] in 1526.]]',
134 => '',
135 => 'In the Castilian ''Cortes'' of Valladolid in 1506 and of Madrid in 1510, Charles was sworn as the [[Prince of Asturias]], heir-apparent to his mother the Queen [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla''; Manuel Colmeiro (1883) |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055350/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000017.htm |archive-date=10 June 2008 |access-date=23 August 2012}},{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |title=XXIII |access-date=23 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610055346/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000016.htm#I_38_ |archive-date=10 June 2008 }}</ref> On the other hand, in 1502, the Aragonese ''Corts'' gathered in Saragossa and pledged an oath to Joanna as heiress-presumptive, but the Archbishop of Saragossa expressed firmly that this oath could not establish jurisprudence, that is to say, modify the right of the succession, except by virtue of a formal agreement between the ''Cortes'' and the King.<ref>[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF |date=5 February 2012 }}, ''Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)'', page 137</ref><ref>[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0202220291A.PDF Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506); José María de Francisco Olmos] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114061003/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0202220291A.PDF |date=14 January 2012 }}, ''Revista General de Información y Documentación 2002, vol 12, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)'', page 299</ref> So, upon the death of King Ferdinand II of Aragon, on 23 January 1516, Joanna inherited the [[Crown of Aragon]], which consisted of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]], [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]], [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] and [[Sardinia]], while Charles became governor general.<ref>[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos], page 138 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF |date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the Flemings wished Charles to assume the royal title, and this was supported by [[Emperor Maximilian I]] and [[Pope Leo X]].',
136 => '',
137 => 'Thus, after the celebration of Ferdinand II's obsequies on 14 March 1516, Charles was proclaimed king of the crowns of Castile and Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, when the Castilian [[regent]] Cardinal [[Jiménez de Cisneros]] accepted the ''fait accompli'', he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and imposed his enstatement throughout the kingdom.<ref>[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos], pp. 139–140 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100701/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF |date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. Jiménez de Cisneros came to meet him but fell ill along the way, not without a suspicion of poison, and he died before reaching the King.<ref>''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', 1911 edition.</ref>',
138 => '',
139 => 'Due to the irregularity of Charles assuming the royal title while his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian ''Cortes'' in Valladolid (1518) proved difficult.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000018.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130224212203/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/95791734217821695203346/p0000018.htm |archive-date=24 February 2013 |access-date=1 June 2016}}; Manuel Colmeiro (1883), chapter XXIV</ref> In the end Charles was accepted under the following conditions: he would learn to speak [[Spanish language|Castilian]]; he would not appoint foreigners; he was prohibited from taking precious metals from Castile beyond the [[Quinto Real]]; and he would respect the rights of his mother, Queen [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]]. The Cortes paid homage to him in Valladolid in February 1518. After this, Charles departed to the crown of Aragon.<ref>[http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument ''Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón''; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument |date=10 June 2008 }}, [http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg page 64] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg |date=10 June 2008 }}</ref>',
140 => '',
141 => 'He managed to overcome the resistance of the Aragonese ''Cortes'' and Catalan ''Corts'',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o7JJAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA51&lpg=RA3-PA51&dq=carlos+rey&source=web&ots=JRqKvxLffg&sig=RXmNjdv3JhOvbViqyrK0xZVcM3c#PPA43,M1 ''Historia general de España''; Modesto Lafuente (1861)], pp. 51–52.</ref> and he was recognized as king of Aragon and count of Barcelona jointly with his mother.<ref>[http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument ''Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón''; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/buscarLect/96E2C129300D5FB0C1256E43003ECF79?OpenDocument |date=10 June 2008 }}, [http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg page 64] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610081505/http://saavedrafajardo.um.es/biblioteca/biblio.nsf/pw/A94C1361FB8E6926C1256E43003F1FAF/%24file/00000242.jpg |date=10 June 2008 }}</ref> The [[Kingdom of Navarre#Spanish conquest|Kingdom of Navarre]] had been [[Spanish conquest of Navarre|invaded by Ferdinand of Aragon]] jointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. On Charles's accession to the Spanish thrones, the Parliament of Navarre (''Cortes'') required him to attend the coronation ceremony (to become Charles IV of Navarre). Still, this demand fell on deaf ears, and the Parliament kept piling up grievances.',
142 => '',
143 => 'Charles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Spanish kingdoms varied in their traditions. Castile had become an authoritarian, highly centralized kingdom, where the monarchs own will easily overrode legislative and justice institutions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Monreal, Gregorio |title=Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla |last2=Jimeno, Roldan |publisher=Pamiela |year=2012 |isbn=978-84-7681-736-0 |location=Pamplona-Iruña |pages=37–43}}</ref> By contrast, in the crown of Aragon, and especially in the Pyrenean kingdom of Navarre, law prevailed, and the monarchy was seen as [[Basque fuero|a contract with the people]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQioAAAAIAAJ&q=navarre%2C+law+prevailed%2C+and+the+monarchy+was+a+contract+with+the+people&pg=RA1-PA104 |title=The Albany Law Journal: A Monthly Record of the Law and the Lawyers |date=1899 |publisher=Weed, Parsons |language=en}}</ref> This became an inconvenience and a matter of dispute for Charles V and later kings since realm-specific traditions limited their absolute power. With Charles, the government became more absolute, even though until his mother died in 1555, Charles did not hold the full kingship of the country.',
144 => '',
145 => 'Soon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the [[Revolt of the Comuneros]], which Charles suppressed. Immediately after crushing the Castilian revolt, Charles was confronted again with the hot issue of Navarre when King [[Henry II of Navarre|Henry II]] attempted to [[Spanish conquest of Navarre#1521 French-Navarrese expedition|reconquer the kingdom]]. Main military operations lasted until 1524, when [[Hondarribia]] surrendered to Charles's forces, but frequent cross-border clashes in the western Pyrenees only stopped in 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai).'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>jhehehehehehehehehehhehehehe
</p><p>After these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century (a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> in 1830). Charles wanted his son and heir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> to marry the heiress of Navarre, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a>. Jeanne was instead forced to marry <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Julich-Cleves-Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg">William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg</a>, but that childless marriage was annulled after four years. She next married <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antoine_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine de Bourbon">Antoine de Bourbon</a>, and both she and their son would oppose <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> in the French Wars of Religion.
</p><p>After its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. However, the two conflicting strategies of Charles V, enhancing the possessions of his family and protecting Catholicism against Protestants heretics, diverted resources away from building up the Spanish economy. Elite elements in Spain called for more protection for the commercial networks, which were threatened by the Ottoman Empire. Charles instead focused on defeating Protestantism in Germany and the Netherlands, which proved to be lost causes. Each hastened the economic decline of the Spanish Empire in the next generation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> The enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles's reign, along with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_price_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish price revolution">inflation that affected the kingdom</a>, resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Italian_states"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Italian states</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_Americas"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The Americas</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Holy_Roman_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Holy Roman Empire</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Wars_with_France"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wars with France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Conflicts_with_the_Ottoman_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Protestant_Reformation"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Protestant Reformation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Patronage_of_the_arts_and_architecture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Patronage of the arts and architecture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Marriage_and_private_life"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Marriage and private life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Siblings"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Siblings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Issue"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Issue</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Health"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Abdications_and_death"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Abdications and death</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Titles"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Titles</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Coat_of_arms_of_Charles_V"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Coat of arms of Charles V</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ancestors"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Ancestors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Commemoration_and_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Commemoration and popular culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Public_monuments"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Public monuments</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Plays"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Plays</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Opera"><span class="tocnumber">10.4</span> <span class="toctext">Opera</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Food"><span class="tocnumber">10.5</span> <span class="toctext">Food</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Television_and_film"><span class="tocnumber">10.6</span> <span class="toctext">Television and film</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#English"><span class="tocnumber">14.1</span> <span class="toctext">English</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Other_languages"><span class="tocnumber">14.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other languages</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Italian_states">Italian states</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Italian states">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:282px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_(8_de_agosto_de_2018,_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle,_Verona).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_%288_de_agosto_de_2018%2C_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle%2C_Verona%29.jpg/280px-Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_%288_de_agosto_de_2018%2C_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle%2C_Verona%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="174" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_%288_de_agosto_de_2018%2C_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle%2C_Verona%29.jpg/420px-Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_%288_de_agosto_de_2018%2C_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle%2C_Verona%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_%288_de_agosto_de_2018%2C_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle%2C_Verona%29.jpg/560px-Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_sotto_un_baldacchino_%288_de_agosto_de_2018%2C_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle%2C_Verona%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3134" data-file-height="1942" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Papa_Clemente_VII_e_l%27imperatore_Carlo_V_a_cavallo_soto_un_baldacchino_(8_de_agosto_de_2018,_Museo_degli_affreschi_Giovanni_Battista_Cavalcaselle,_Verona).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> and Emperor Charles V on horseback under a canopy</i>, by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacopo_Ligozzi" title="Jacopo Ligozzi">Jacopo Ligozzi</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1580. It describes the entry of the Pope and the Emperor into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> in 1530, when Charles was crowned as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> by Clement VII.</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> inherited by Charles included the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardinia#Modern_history" title="Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>. As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles was sovereign in several states of northern Italy and had a claim to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a> (obtained in 1530). The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, however, was under French control. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern France">France</a> took Milan from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">House of Sforza</a> after victory against Switzerland at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano" title="Battle of Marignano">Battle of Marignano</a> in 1515.
</p><p>Imperial-Papal troops succeeded in re-installing the Sforza in Milan in 1521, in the context of an alliance between Charles V and Pope Leo X. A Franco-Swiss army was expelled from Lombardy at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Battle of Bicocca</a> 1522. In 1524, Francis I of France retook the initiative, crossing into Lombardy where Milan, along with several other cities, once again fell to his attack. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> alone held out, and on 24 February 1525 (Charles's twenty-fifth birthday), Charles's forces led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_de_Lannoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Lannoy">Charles de Lannoy</a> captured Francis and crushed his army in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a>.
</p><p>In 1535, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">Francesco II Sforza</a> died without heirs and Charles V annexed the territory as a vacant Imperial state with the help of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massimiliano_Stampa" title="Massimiliano Stampa">Massimiliano Stampa</a>, one of the most influential courtiers of the late Duke.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Charles successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though they were invaded again on multiple occasions during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>.
</p><p>In addition, Habsburg trade in the Mediterranean was consistently disrupted by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In 1538 a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_League_(1538)" title="Holy League (1538)">Holy League</a> consisting of all the Italian states and the Spanish kingdoms was formed to drive the Ottomans back, but it was defeated at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1538)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Preveza (1538)">Battle of Preveza</a>. Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until after his death, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Americas">The Americas</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Americas">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>During Charles's reign, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Castilian territories in the Americas</a> were considerably extended by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadores</a> like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>. They conquered the large <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> empires and incorporated them into the Empire as the Viceroyalties of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> between 1519 and 1542. Combined with the circumnavigation of the globe by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Magellan%27s_circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Magellan's circumnavigation">Magellan expedition</a> in 1522, these successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, which still perceived a significant threat from Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>The conquests also helped solidify Charles's rule by providing the state treasury with enormous amounts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a>. As the conquistador <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a> observed, "We came to serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those in darkness, and also to acquire that wealth which most men covet."<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-4">[4]</a></sup> Charles used the Spanish feudal system as a model for labor relations in the new colonies. The local Spaniards strongly objected because it assumed the equality of Indians and Spaniards. The locals wanted complete control over labor and got it under Philip II in the 1570s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 28 August 1518, Charles issued a charter authorizing the transportation of slaves direct from Africa to the Americas. Up until that point (since at least 1510), African slaves had usually been transported to Castile or Portugal and had then been transhipped to the Caribbean. Charles's decision to create a direct, more economically viable Africa to America slave trade fundamentally changed the nature and scale of the transatlantic slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1528 Charles assigned a concession in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venezuela_Province" title="Venezuela Province">Venezuela Province</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bartholomeus_V._Welser" title="Bartholomeus V. Welser">Bartholomeus V. Welser</a>, in compensation for his inability to repay debts owed. The concession, known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klein-Venedig" title="Klein-Venedig">Klein-Venedig</a> (<i>little Venice</i>), was revoked in 1546. In 1550, Charles convened a conference at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> in order to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valladolid_debate" title="Valladolid debate">consider the morality of the force</a> used against the indigenous populations of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, which included figures such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Charles V is credited with the first idea of constructing an American Isthmus canal in Panama as early as 1520.<sup id="cite_ref-Haskin_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haskin-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Holy_Roman_Empire">Holy Roman Empire</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Holy Roman Empire">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="815" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augusta_vendilicorum.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A panorama of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, perhaps the main revenue of the Imperial court of Charles V in Germany.</div></div></div>
<p>After the death of his paternal grandfather, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian</a>, in 1519, Charles inherited the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy" title="Habsburg Monarchy">Habsburg Monarchy</a>. He was also the natural candidate of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">electors</a> to succeed his grandfather as Holy Roman Emperor. After having paid huge bribes to the electors, he defeated the candidacies of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick III of Saxony">Frederick III of Saxony</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>. Charles was the highest bidder and won the crown on 28 June 1519. On 23 October 1520 he was crowned in Germany and some ten years later, on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_V" title="Coronation of Charles V">24 February 1530</a>, he was crowned <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, the last emperor to receive a papal coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-NH_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NH-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite his holding the imperial throne, Charles's real authority was limited by the German princes. They gained a strong foothold in the Empire's territories, and Charles was determined not to let this happen in the Netherlands. An <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">inquisition</a> was established as early as 1522. In 1550, the death penalty was introduced for all cases of unrepentant heresy. Political dissent was also firmly controlled, most notably in his place of birth, where Charles, assisted by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a>, personally suppressed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolt_of_Ghent_(1539)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ghent (1539)">Revolt of Ghent</a> in mid-February 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamen-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Charles abdicated as emperor in 1556 in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 24 February 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of emperor.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Wars_with_France">Wars with France</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wars with France">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg/220px-Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg/330px-Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg/440px-Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1543" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Truce_of_Nice_1538.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Francis I and Charles V made peace at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truce_of_Nice" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Nice">Truce of Nice</a> in 1538. Francis actually refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.</div></div></div>
<p>Much of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with France, which found itself encircled by Charles's empire while it still maintained ambitions in Italy. In 1520, Charles visited <a href="/enwiki/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, where his aunt, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, urged her husband, Henry VIII, to ally himself with the emperor. In 1508 Charles was nominated by Henry VII to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> His <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garter_stall_plate" title="Garter stall plate">Garter stall plate</a> survives in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">Saint George's Chapel</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1521">first war</a> with Charles's great nemesis <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> began in 1521. Charles allied with England and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> against the French and the Venetians, and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a> in 1525.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> To gain his freedom, Francis ceded <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> to Charles in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Madrid (1526)">Treaty of Madrid</a>, as well as renouncing his support of Henry II's claim over <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a>.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Elderly_Karl_V.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elderly_Karl_V.jpg/220px-Elderly_Karl_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elderly_Karl_V.jpg/330px-Elderly_Karl_V.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elderly_Karl_V.jpg/440px-Elderly_Karl_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="3514" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Elderly_Karl_V.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Charles in the 1550s, after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></div></div></div>
<p>When he was released, however, Francis had the Parliament of Paris denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">League of Cognac</a> that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the Florentines, and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of Italy. In the ensuing war, Charles's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">sack of Rome (1527)</a> and virtual imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented the Pope from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annulment_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulment (Catholic Church)">annulling</a> the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles's aunt <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, so Henry eventually broke with Rome, thus leading to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes1993a_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes1993a-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Froude1891a_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Froude1891a-16">[16]</a></sup> In other respects, the war was inconclusive. In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Cambrai" title="Treaty of Cambrai">Treaty of Cambrai</a> (1529), called the "Ladies' Peace" because it was negotiated between Charles's aunt and Francis' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy.
</p><p>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%9338" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1536–38">third war</a> erupted in 1536. Following the death of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francesco_II_Sforza" title="Francesco II Sforza">the last Sforza Duke of Milan</a>, Charles installed his son <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> in the duchy, despite Francis' claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but he succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles III, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a>, including his capital <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>. A truce at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> in 1538 on the basis of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uti_possidetis" title="Uti possidetis">uti possidetis</a></i> ended the war but lasted only a short time. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1542–46">War resumed in 1542</a>, with Francis now allied with Ottoman Sultan <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a> and Charles once again allied with Henry VIII. Despite the conquest of Nice by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman fleet</a>, the French could not advance toward Milan, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the <i>status quo ante bellum</i> in 1544.
</p><p>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">final war</a> erupted with Francis' son and successor, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a>, in 1551. Henry won early success in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, where he captured <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, but French offensives in Italy failed. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>, and his brother, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Conflicts_with_the_Ottoman_Empire">Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habsburg-Persian_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg-Persian alliance">Habsburg-Persian alliance</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Conquest of Tunis (1534)</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">conquest of Tunis (1535)</a></div>
<p>Charles fought continually with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and its sultan, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>. The defeat of Hungary at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> in 1526 "sent a wave of terror over Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> The Muslim advance in Central Europe was halted at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Siege of Vienna</a> in 1529, followed by a counter-attack of Charles V across the Danube river. However, by 1541, central and southern Hungary fell under Turkish control.
</p><p>Suleiman won the contest for mastery of the Mediterranean, in spite of Christian victories such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">conquest of Tunis</a> in 1535.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> The regular Ottoman fleet came to dominate the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> after its victories at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a> in 1538 and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a> in 1560 (shortly after Charles's death), which severely decimated the Spanish marine arm. At the same time, the Muslim <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbary_corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary corsairs">Barbary corsairs</a>, acting under the general authority and supervision of the sultan, regularly devastated the Spanish and Italian coasts and crippled Spanish trade. The advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe chipped at the foundations of Habsburg power and diminished Imperial prestige.
</p><p>In 1536 Francis I allied France with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>. In 1543 Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_of_Cr%C3%A9py" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Crépy">Truce of Crépy-en-Laonnois</a>. Later, in 1547, Charles signed a humiliating<sup id="cite_ref-treaty_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty-20">[20]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)" title="Truce of Adrianople (1547)">treaty</a> with the Ottomans to gain himself some respite from the huge expenses of their war.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Charles V made overtures to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a> to open a second front against the Ottomans, in an attempt at creating a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habsburg-Persian_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg-Persian alliance">Habsburg-Persian alliance</a>. Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances. In effect, however, the Safavids did enter in conflict with the Ottoman Empire in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman-Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%931555)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)">Ottoman-Safavid War</a>, forcing it to split its military resources.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Protestant_Reformation">Protestant Reformation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Protestant Reformation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg/220px-Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg/330px-Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg/440px-Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="688" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Summons_for_Luther_to_appear_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Summons for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> to appear at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a>, signed by Charles V. The text on the left was on the reverse side.</div></div></div>
<p>The issue of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> was first brought to the imperial attention under Charles V. As <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, Charles called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a> in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. After Luther defended the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> and his writings, the Emperor commented: "that monk will never make me a heretic". Charles V relied on religious unity to govern his various realms, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">otherwise unified only in his person</a>, and perceived Luther's teachings as a disruptive form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>. He outlawed Luther and issued the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edict_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Worms">Edict of Worms</a>, declaring:
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You know that I am a descendant of the Most Christian Emperors of the great German people, of the Catholic Kings of Spain, of the Archdukes of Austria, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. All of these, their whole life long, were faithful sons of the Roman Church ... After their deaths they left, by natural law and heritage, these holy catholic rites, for us to live and die by, following their example. And so until now I have lived as a true follower of these our ancestors. I am therefore resolved to maintain everything which these my forebears have established to the present.</p></blockquote>
<p>Nonetheless, Charles V kept his word and left Martin Luther free to leave the city. Frederick the Wise, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elector_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Saxony">elector of Saxony</a> and protector of Luther, lamented the outcome of the Diet. On the road back from Worms, Luther was kidnapped by Frederick's men and hidden in a distant castle in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg</a>. There, he began to work on his German translation of the bible. The spread of Lutheranism led to two major revolts: that of the knights in 1522–1523 and that of the peasants led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Muntzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Muntzer">Thomas Muntzer</a> in 1524–1525. While the pro-Imperial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swabian_League" title="Swabian League">Swabian League</a>, in conjunction with Protestant princes afraid of social revolts, restored order, Charles V used the instrument of pardon to maintain peace.
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<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1169" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2_DS-263_(cropped).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>16th-century perception of German soldiers during Charles's reign (1525) portrayed in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucas_de_Heere" title="Lucas de Heere">Lucas d'Heere</a> in the second half of the 16th century. Preserved in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghent_University_Library" title="Ghent University Library">Ghent University Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>Thereafter, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. At the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg" title="Diet of Augsburg">1530 Imperial Diet of Augsburg</a> was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defense of the Empire against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars_in_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931568)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars in Hungary (1526–1568)">Ottoman</a> threat; second, issues related to policy, currency and public well-being; and, third, disagreements about Christianity, in attempt to reach some compromise and a chance to deal with the German situation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> The Diet was inaugurated by the emperor on June 20. It produced numerous outcomes, most notably the 1530 declaration of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> estates known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> (<i>Confessio Augustana</i>), a central document of Lutheranism that was presented to the emperor. Luther's assistant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a> went even further and presented to Charles V the Lutheran <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augsburg_confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Augsburg confession">Augsburg confession</a>. The emperor strongly rejected it, and in 1531 the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a> was formed by Protestant princes. In 1532, Charles V recognized the League and effectively suspended the Edict of Worms with the <i>standstill of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></i>. The <i>standstill</i> required the Protestants to continue to take part in the Imperial wars against the Turks and the French, and postponed religious affairs until an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> of the Catholic Church was called by the Pope to solve the issue.
</p><p>Due to Papal delays in organizing a general council, Charles V decided to organize a German summit and presided over the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> talks</i> between Catholics and Lutherans in 1541, but no compromise was achieved. In 1545, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> was finally opened and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> began. The Catholic initiative was supported by a number of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Schmalkaldic League refused to recognize the validity of the council and occupied territories of Catholic princes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> Therefore, Charles V outlawed the Schmalkaldic League and opened hostilities against it in 1546.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> The next year his forces drove the League's troops out of southern Germany, and defeated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Frederick,_Elector_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick, Elector of Saxony</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_I_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Hesse">Philip of Hesse</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Battle of Mühlberg</a>, capturing both. At the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a> in 1548, he created a solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, members of both sides resented the Interim and some actively opposed it.
</p><p>The council was re-opened in 1550 with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. In 1552 Protestant princes, in alliance with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Schmalkaldic_War" title="Second Schmalkaldic War">rebelled again</a> and the second <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a> began. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maurice_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice of Saxony">Maurice of Saxony</a>, instrumental for the Imperial victory in the first conflict, switched side to the Protestant cause and bypassed the Imperial army by marching directly into Innsbruck with the goal of capturing the Emperor. Charles V was forced to flee the city during an attack of gout and barely made it alive to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Villach" title="Villach">Villach</a> in a state of semi-consciousness carried in a litter. After failing to recapture <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> from the French, Charles V returned to the Low Countries for the last years of his emperorship. In 1555, he instructed his brother Ferdinand to sign the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> in his name. The agreements led to the religious division of Germany between Catholic and Protestant princedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Patronage_of_the_arts_and_architecture">Patronage of the arts and architecture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Patronage of the arts and architecture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Noted Spanish Poet <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(poet)" title="Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)">Garcilaso de la Vega</a>, was a nobleman and ambassador in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">royal court</a> of Charles. He was first appointed "contino" (imperial guard) of the King in 1520. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_de_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Alfonso de Valdés">Alfonso de Valdés</a>, twin brother of the humanist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_de_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Juan de Valdés">Juan de Valdés</a> and secretary of the emperor, was a Spanish humanist. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Martyr_d%27Anghiera" title="Peter Martyr d'Anghiera">Peter Martyr d'Anghiera</a> was an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> at the service of Spain who wrote the first accounts of explorations in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> in a series of letters and reports, grouped in the original <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> publications of 1511 to 1530 into sets of ten chapters called "decades." His <i>Decades</i> are of great value in the history of geography and discovery. His <i>De Orbe Novo</i> (On the New World, 1530) describes the first contacts of Europeans and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, Native American civilizations in the Caribbean and North America, as well as Mesoamerica, and includes, for example, the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> reference to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="India rubber">India rubber</a>. Martyr was given the post of chronicler (<i>cronista</i>) in the newly formed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a>, commissioned by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. In 1523 Charles gave him the title of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Palatine">Count Palatine</a>, and in 1524 called him once more into the Council of the Indies. Martyr was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">invested</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>, as proposed by Charles V, as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Bosc%C3%A1n_Almog%C3%A1ver" title="Juan Boscán Almogáver">Juan Boscán Almogáver</a> was a poet who participated with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(poet)" title="Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)">Garcilaso de la Vega</a> in giving naval assistance to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isle_of_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Rhodes">Isle of Rhodes</a> during a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish invasion</a>. Boscà fought against the Turks again in 1532 with Álvarez de Toledo and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. During this period, Boscán had made serious progress in his mastery of verse in the Italian style.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palace_of_Charles_V" title="Palace of Charles V">Palace of Charles V</a> was commanded by Charles, who wished to establish his residence close to the Alhambra palaces. Although the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> had already altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest of the city in 1492, Charles V intended to construct a permanent residence befitting an emperor. The project was given to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Machuca" title="Pedro Machuca">Pedro Machuca</a>, an architect whose life and development are poorly documented. At the time, Spanish architecture was immersed in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a> style, with traces of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> still visible. Machuca built a palace corresponding stylistically to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>, a mode then in its infancy in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The exterior of the building uses a typically Renaissance combination of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">rustication</a> on the lower level and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> on the upper. The building has never been a home to a monarch and stood roofless until 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Marriage_and_private_life">Marriage and private life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriage and private life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal,_por_Tiziano.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal%2C_por_Tiziano.jpg/220px-La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal%2C_por_Tiziano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal%2C_por_Tiziano.jpg/330px-La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal%2C_por_Tiziano.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal%2C_por_Tiziano.jpg/440px-La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal%2C_por_Tiziano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1868" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:La_emperatriz_Isabel_de_Portugal,_por_Tiziano.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a>, Charles's wife. Portrait by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, 1548</div></div></div>
<p>During his lifetime, Charles V had several mistresses, his step-grandmother, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germaine_de_Foix" class="mw-redirect" title="Germaine de Foix">Germaine de Foix</a> among them. These liaisons occurred during his bachelorhood and only once during his widowerhood; there are no records of his having any extramarital affairs during his marriage.
</p><p>On 21 December 1507, Charles was betrothed to 11-year-old <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary</a>, the daughter of King <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> and younger sister to the future King <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>, who was to take the throne in two years. However, the engagement was called off in 1513, on the advice of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Cardinal Wolsey</a>, and Mary was instead married to King <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a> in 1514.
</p><p>After his ascension to the Spanish thrones, negotiations for Charles's marriage began shortly after his arrival in Castile, with the Castilian nobles expressing their wishes for him to marry his first cousin <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a>, the daughter of King <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> and Charles's aunt <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Maria of Aragon</a>. The nobles desired Charles's marriage to a princess of Castilian blood, and a marriage to Isabella would have secured an alliance between Castile and Portugal. However, the 18-year-old King was in no hurry to marry and ignored the nobles' advice, exploring other marriage options.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Instead of marrying Isabella, he sent his sister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor</a> to marry Isabella's widowed father, King Manuel, in 1518.
</p><p>In 1521, on the advice of his Flemish counsellors, especially <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="William de Croÿ">William de Croÿ</a>, Charles became engaged to his other first cousin, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary</a>, daughter of his aunt, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, and King Henry VIII, in order to secure an alliance with England. However, this engagement was very problematic because Mary was only 6 years old at the time, sixteen years Charles's junior, which meant that he would have to wait for her to be old enough to marry.
</p><p>By 1525, Charles was no longer interested in an alliance with England and could not wait any longer to have legitimate children and heirs. Following his victory in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a>, Charles abandoned the idea of an English alliance, cancelled his engagement to Mary and decided to marry Isabella and form an alliance with Portugal. He wrote to Isabella's brother, King <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>, making a double marriage contract – Charles would marry Isabella and John would marry Charles's youngest sister, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine</a>. A marriage to Isabella was more beneficial for Charles, as she was closer to him in age, was fluent in Spanish and provided him with a very handsome dowry of 900,000 Portuguese cruzados or Castilian folds that would help to solve the financial problems brought on by the Italian Wars.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal,_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/290px-Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/435px-Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/580px-Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2395" data-file-height="1697" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Charles_V_and_Empress_Isabella_of_Portugal,_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Emperor Charles V and Empress Isabella. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, 17th century</div></div></div>
<p>On 10 March 1526, Charles and Isabella met at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar Palace</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm. They were married that very same night in a quiet ceremony in the Hall of Ambassadors, just after midnight. Following their wedding, Charles and Isabella spent a long and happy honeymoon at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. Charles began the construction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palace_of_Charles_V" title="Palace of Charles V">Palace of Charles V</a> in 1527, wishing to establish a permanent residence befitting an emperor and empress in the Alhambra palaces. However, the palace was not completed during their lifetimes and remained roofless until the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite the Emperor's long absences due to political affairs abroad, the marriage was a happy one, as both partners were always devoted and faithful to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> The Empress acted as regent of Spain during her husband's absences, and she proved herself to be a good politician and ruler, thoroughly impressing the Emperor with many of her political accomplishments and decisions.
</p><p>The marriage lasted for thirteen years, until Isabella's death in 1539. The Empress contracted a fever during the third month of her seventh pregnancy, which resulted in antenatal complications that caused her to miscarry a stillborn son. Her health further deteriorated due to an infection, and she died two weeks later on 1 May 1539, aged 35. Charles was left so grief-stricken by his wife's death that for two months he shut himself up in a monastery, where he prayed and mourned for her in solitude.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen19976–7_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen19976–7-34">[34]</a></sup> Charles never recovered from Isabella's death, dressing in black for the rest of his life to show his eternal mourning, and, unlike most kings of the time, he never remarried. In memory of his wife, the Emperor commissioned the painter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> to paint several posthumous portraits of Isabella; the finished portraits included Titian's <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portrait_of_Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Portrait of Isabella of Portugal">Portrait of Empress Isabel of Portugal</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Gloria_(Titian)" title="La Gloria (Titian)">La Gloria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Charles kept these paintings with him whenever he travelled, and they were among those that he brought with him after his retirement to the Monastery of Yuste in 1557.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg/220px-Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg/330px-Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg/440px-Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="853" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cenotafio_de_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a_y_su_familia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella at the Basilica in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:La_Gloria_(Tiziano).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/La_Gloria_%28Tiziano%29.jpg/220px-La_Gloria_%28Tiziano%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/La_Gloria_%28Tiziano%29.jpg/330px-La_Gloria_%28Tiziano%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/La_Gloria_%28Tiziano%29.jpg/440px-La_Gloria_%28Tiziano%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="1920" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:La_Gloria_(Tiziano).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>'s <i>La Gloria</i>, one of the several paintings commissioned by Charles V in memory of his wife Isabella</div></div></div>
<p>In 1540, Charles paid tribute to Isabella's memory when he commissioned the Flemish composer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a> to compose new music as a memorial to her. Crecquillon composed his <i>Missa 'Mort m'a privé</i> in memory of the Empress. It expresses the Emperor's grief and great wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Siblings">Siblings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Siblings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG/220px-Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG/330px-Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG/440px-Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="829" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Children_of_Joanna_and_Philip.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The children of Phillip and Joanna</div></div></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Birth</th>
<th>Death</th>
<th>Notes
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor</a></td>
<td>15 November 1498</td>
<td>25 February 1558<span style="display:none">(1558-02-25)</span> (aged 59)</td>
<td>first marriage in 1518, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> and had children; second marriage in 1530, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> and had no children.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_of_Austria" title="Isabella of Austria">Isabella</a></td>
<td>18 July 1501</td>
<td>19 January 1526<span style="display:none">(1526-01-19)</span> (aged 24)</td>
<td>married in 1515, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II of Denmark</a> and had children.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand</a></td>
<td>10 March 1503</td>
<td>25 July 1564<span style="display:none">(1564-07-25)</span> (aged 61)</td>
<td>married in 1521, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anna_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna of Bohemia and Hungary">Anna of Bohemia and Hungary</a> and had children.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Mary</a></td>
<td>18 September 1505</td>
<td>18 October 1558<span style="display:none">(1558-10-18)</span> (aged 53)</td>
<td>married in 1522, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary_and_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia">Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia</a> and had no children.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine</a></td>
<td>14 January 1507</td>
<td>12 February 1578<span style="display:none">(1578-02-12)</span> (aged 71)</td>
<td>married in 1525, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> and had children.
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Issue">Issue</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Issue">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Charles and Isabella had seven children, though only three survived to adulthood:
</p>
<table style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th style="width:20%;">Name</th>
<th style="width:100px;">Portrait</th>
<th>Lifespan</th>
<th>Notes
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a></b><br />
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola - 002b.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/120px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="148" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/240px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3051" /></a>
</td>
<td>21 May 1527 –<br /> 13 September 1598
</td>
<td>Only surviving son, successor of his father in the Spanish crowns.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress">Maria</a></b><br />
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Maria of Spain 1557.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg/120px-Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="168" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg/180px-Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg/240px-Maria_of_Spain_1557.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1504" /></a>
</td>
<td>21 June 1528 –<br />26 February 1603
</td>
<td>Married her first cousin <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Ferdinand</b><br />
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain,_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(1530-1556).svg" class="image"><img alt="Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/120px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="125" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/180px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/240px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1289" /></a>
</td>
<td>22 November 1529 –<br /> 13 July 1530
</td>
<td>Died in infancy.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Son</b><br />
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain,_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(1530-1556).svg" class="image"><img alt="Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/120px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="125" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/180px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/240px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1289" /></a>
</td>
<td>29 June 1534
</td>
<td>Stillborn
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Joanna</a></b><br />
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Alonso Sánchez Coello - Portrait of Juana of Austria, Princess of Portugal - Google Art Project.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/120px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_-_Portrait_of_Juana_of_Austria%2C_Princess_of_Portugal_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="4804" /></a>
</td>
<td>26 June 1535 –<br />7 September 1573
</td>
<td>Married her first cousin <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="João Manuel, Prince of Portugal">João Manuel, Prince of Portugal</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>John</b><br />
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain,_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(1530-1556).svg" class="image"><img alt="Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/120px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="125" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/180px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/240px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1289" /></a>
</td>
<td>19 October 1537 –<br /> 20 March 1538
</td>
<td>Died in infancy.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Son</b><br />
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain,_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(1530-1556).svg" class="image"><img alt="Greater Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/120px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="125" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/180px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/240px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1289" /></a>
</td>
<td>21 April 1539
</td>
<td>Stillborn.
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Due to Philip II being a grandson of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_I_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I of Portugal">Henry, the Cardinal-King</a>, in 1580), thus establishing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">personal union between Spain and Portugal</a>.
</p><p>Charles also had four illegitimate children:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma" title="Margaret of Parma">Margaret of Austria</a> (1522–1586), daughter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johanna_Maria_van_der_Gheynst" title="Johanna Maria van der Gheynst">Johanna Maria van der Gheynst</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher201650_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher201650-38">[38]</a></sup> a servant of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_I_de_Lalaing" title="Charles I de Lalaing">Charles I de Lalaing</a>, Seigneur de Montigny, daughter of Gilles Johann van der Gheynst and wife Johanna van der Caye van Cocamby. Married firstly with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence" title="Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence">Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence</a>, and secondly with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottavio_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma</a>.</li>
<li>Joanna of Austria (1522–1530), daughter of Catalina de Rebolledo (or de Xériga), lady-in-waiting of Queen Joanna I of Castile and Aragon.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup></li>
<li>Tadea of Austria (1523? – ca. 1562), daughter of Orsolina della Penna. Married with Sinibaldo di Copeschi.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a> (1547–1578), son of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbara_Blomberg" title="Barbara Blomberg">Barbara Blomberg</a>, victor of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a></li></ul>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:MargarethevonParma02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/MargarethevonParma02.jpg/88px-MargarethevonParma02.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/MargarethevonParma02.jpg/132px-MargarethevonParma02.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/MargarethevonParma02.jpg/177px-MargarethevonParma02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="963" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Margaret of Parma</div>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg/102px-John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg/153px-John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg/203px-John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1415" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">John of Austria</div>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Charles suffered from an enlarged <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_lower_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lower jaw">lower jaw</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prognathism#Mandibular_prognathism_(progenism)" title="Prognathism">mandibular prognathism</a>), a congenital deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habsburg_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg jaw">Habsburg jaw</a>. This deformity may have been caused by the family's long history of inbreeding, the consequence of repeated marriages between close family members, as commonly practiced in royal families of that era to maintain dynastic control of territory.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> He suffered from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> and was seriously afflicted with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, presumably caused by a diet consisting mainly of red meat.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> As he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. In his retirement, he was carried around the monastery of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuste" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuste">St. Yuste</a> in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">sedan chair</a>. A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy access to his rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-Rady_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rady-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Abdications_and_death">Abdications and death</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Abdications and death">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Between 1554 and 1556, Charles V gradually divided the Habsburg empire between a Spanish line and a German-Austrian branch. His abdications occurred at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palace_of_Coudenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Coudenberg">Palace of Coudenberg</a> and are therefore known as "Abdications of Brussels" (<i>Abdankung von Brüssel</i> in German and <i>Abdicación de Bruselas</i> in Spanish). First he abdicated the thrones of Sicily and Naples, both fiefs of the Papacy, and the Imperial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, in favour of his son <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> on 25 July 1554. Philip was secretly invested with Milan already in 1540 and again in 1546, but only in 1554 did the emperor make it public. Upon the abdications of Naples and Sicily, Philip was invested by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> on 2 October and with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> on 18 November.<sup id="cite_ref-Braudel_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braudel-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg/300px-Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg/450px-Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg/600px-Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="7218" data-file-height="5606" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Allegorie_op_de_troonsafstand_van_keizer_Karel_V_te_Brussel_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-112.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>In <i>Allegory on the abdication of Emperor Charles V in Brussels</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frans_Francken_the_Younger" title="Frans Francken the Younger">Frans Francken the Younger</a> depicts Charles V in the allegorical act of dividing the entire world between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emperor_Ferdinand_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ferdinand I">Emperor Ferdinand I</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>The most famous—and only public—abdication took place a year later, on 25 October 1555, when Charles announced to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> (reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated exactly forty years earlier by his grandfather Emperor Maximilian) his abdication in favour of his son of those territories as well as his intention to step down from all of his positions and retire to a monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-Braudel_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braudel-44">[44]</a></sup> During the ceremony, the gout-afflicted Emperor Charles V leaned on the shoulder of his advisor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a> and, crying, pronounced his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Resignation_speech" title="Resignation speech">resignation speech</a>:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When I was nineteen ... I undertook to be a candidate for the Imperial crown, not to increase my possessions but rather to engage myself more vigorously in working for the welfare of Germany and my other realms ... and in the hopes of thereby bringing peace among the Christian peoples and uniting their fighting forces for the defense of the Catholic faith against the Ottomans...I had almost reached my goal, when the attack by the French king and some German princes called me once more to arms. Against my enemies I accomplished what I could, but success in war lies in the hands of God, Who gives victory or takes it away, as He pleases ... I must for my part confess that I have often misled myself, either from youthful inexperience, from the pride of mature years, or from some other weakness of human nature. I nonetheless declare to you that I never knowingly or willingly acted unjustly ... If actions of this kind are nevertheless justly laid to my account, I formally assure you now that I did them unknowingly and against my own intention. I therefore beg those present today, whom I have offended in this respect, together with those who are absent, to forgive me.<i>"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></i></p></blockquote>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Habsburg_dominions_1700.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/220px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/330px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/440px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="812" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Habsburg_dominions_1700.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Habsburg dominions in the centuries following their partition by Charles V.</div></div></div>
<p>He concluded the speech by mentioning his voyages: ten to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. His last public words were, "My life has been one long journey." With no fanfare, in 1556 he finalised his abdications. On 16 January 1556, he gave Spain and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in the Americas to Philip. On 27 August 1556, he abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand, elected King of the Romans in 1531. The succession was recognized by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince-electors" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-electors">prince-electors</a> assembled at Frankfurt only in 1558, and by the Pope only in 1559.<sup id="cite_ref-Setton_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Setton-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whaley2012_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whaley2012-48">[48]</a></sup> The Imperial abdication also marked the beginning of Ferdinand's legal and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a> rule in the Austrian possessions, that he governed in Charles's name since 1521–1522 and were attached to Hungary and Bohemia since 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in 1555; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with attacks from Henri II of France; the never-ending advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe; and his declining health, in particular attacks of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> such as the one that forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz where he was later defeated.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste,_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste%2C_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg/220px-Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste%2C_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste%2C_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg/330px-Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste%2C_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste%2C_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg/440px-Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste%2C_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dormitorio_del_emperador_Carlos_V_en_el_palacio_de_Yuste,_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Deathbed of the emperor at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monastery_of_Yuste" title="Monastery of Yuste">Monastery of Yuste</a>, Cáceres</div></div></div>
<p>In September 1556, Charles left the Low Countries and sailed to Spain accompanied by Mary of Hungary and Eleanor of Austria. He arrived at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monastery_of_Yuste" title="Monastery of Yuste">Monastery of Yuste</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> in 1557. He continued to correspond widely and kept an interest in the situation of the empire, while suffering from severe gout. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, surrounded by paintings by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> and with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe were symbols of his reign and his lack of time.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> In an act designed to "merit the favour of heaven", about six months before his death Charles staged his own funeral, complete with shroud and coffin, after which he "rose out of the coffin, and withdrew to his apartment, full of those awful sentiments, which such a singular solemnity was calculated to inspire."<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson1828_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson1828-51">[51]</a></sup> In August 1558, Charles was taken seriously ill with what was later revealed to be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> He died in the early hours of the morning on 21 September 1558, at the age of 58, holding in his hand the cross that his wife Isabella had been holding when she died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen199765_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen199765-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>Charles was originally buried in the chapel of the Monastery of Yuste, but he left a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Codicil_(will)" title="Codicil (will)">codicil</a> in his last will and testament asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he would be reburied with Isabella.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> Following his return to Spain in 1559, their son Philip undertook the task of fulfilling his father's wish when he founded the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial</a>. After the Monastery's Royal Crypt was completed in 1574, the bodies of Charles and Isabella were relocated and re-interred into a small vault in directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel, in accordance with Charles's wishes to be buried "half-body under the altar and half-body under the priest's feet" side by side with Isabella. They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal tombs were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal tombs were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a>, the remains of Charles and Isabella were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress">Maria of Austria</a> and Charles's sisters <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Maria of Hungary</a> behind them. Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Titles">Titles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Titles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Charles V styled himself as Holy Roman Emperor after his election, according to a Papal dispensation conferred to the Habsburg family by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> in 1508 and confirmed in 1519 to the prince-electors by the legates of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>. Although Papal coronation was not necessary to confirm the Imperial title, Charles V <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_V" title="Coronation of Charles V">was crowned</a> in the city of Bologna by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> in the medieval fashion.
</p><p>Charles V accumulated a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of Burgundian, Spanish, and Austrian realms. Following the Pacts of Worms (21 April 1521) and Brussels (7 February 1522), he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger brother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emperor_Ferdinand_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ferdinand I">Ferdinand</a> and elevated him to the status of Archduke. Nevertheless, according to the agreements, Charles continued to style himself as Archduke of Austria and maintained that Ferdinand acted as his vassal and vicar.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> Furthermore, the pacts of 1521–1522 imposed restrictions on the governorship and regency of Ferdinand. For example, all of Ferdinand's letters to Charles V were signed "your obedient brother and servant".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> Nonetheless, the same agreements promised Ferdinand the designation as future emperor and the transfer of hereditary rights over Austria at the imperial succession.
</p><p>Following the death of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia</a>, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mohacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mohacs">Battle of Mohacs</a> in 1526, Charles V favoured the election of Ferdinand as King of Hungary (and Croatia and Dalmatia) and Bohemia. Despite this, Charles also styled himself as King of Hungary and Bohemia and retained this titular use in official acts (such as his testament) as in the case of the Austrian lands. As a consequence, cartographers and historians have described those kingdoms both as realms of Charles V and as possessions of Ferdinand, not without confusion. Others, such as the Venetian envoys, reported that the states of Ferdinand were "all held in common with the Emperor".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
</p><p>Therefore, although he had agreed on the future division of the dynasty between Ferdinand and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, during his own reign Charles V conceived the existence of a single "House of Austria" of which he was the sole head.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> In the abdications of 1554–1556, Charles left his personal possessions to Philip II and the Imperial title to Ferdinand. The titles of King of Hungary, of Dalmatia, Croatia, etc., were also nominally left to the Spanish line (in particular to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don_Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Don Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a> and son of Philip II). However, Charles's Imperial abdication marked the beginning of Ferdinand's <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a></i> rule in Austria and his other lands: despite the claims of Philip and his descendants, Hungary and Bohemia were left under the nominal and substantial rule of Ferdinand and his successors. Formal disputes between the two lines over Hungary and Bohemia were to be solved with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onate_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Onate treaty">Onate treaty</a> of 1617.
</p><p>Charles's full titulature went as follows:
</p><p><i>Charles, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/By_the_grace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="By the grace of God">by the grace of God</a>, Emperor of the Romans, forever <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">August</a>, King of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, King of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, King of all Spains, of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Province of León">León</a>, of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarra</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Province_of_Toledo" title="Province of Toledo">Toledo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Sevilla</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)" title="Province of Córdoba (Spain)">Cordova</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Province_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(Spain)" title="Province of Jaén (Spain)">Jaén</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algarves" class="mw-redirect" title="Algarves">Algarves</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, King of both <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Hither</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Ultra Sicily</a>, of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">King of Jerusalem</a>, King of the Indies, of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea, Archduke of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, Duke of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniola</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Limburg</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neopatria" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopatria">Neopatria</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, Landgrave of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, Prince of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asturia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturia">Asturia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, Count of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palatine" title="Palatine">Palatine</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">Seeland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferrette" title="Ferrette">Ferrette</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/County_of_Kyburg" title="County of Kyburg">Kyburg</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cerdagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerdagne">Cerdagne</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a>, Margrave of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burgau" title="Burgau">Burgau</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gociano" class="mw-redirect" title="Gociano">Gociano</a>, Lord of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windic_March" title="Windic March">the Wendish March</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pordenone" title="Pordenone">Pordenone</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>, Molin, Salins, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tripoli" title="Tripoli">Tripoli</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>.</i>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Charles_V_enthroned_over_his_defeated_enemies_Giulio_Clovio_mid_16th_century.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Charles_V_enthroned_over_his_defeated_enemies_Giulio_Clovio_mid_16th_century.jpg/220px-Charles_V_enthroned_over_his_defeated_enemies_Giulio_Clovio_mid_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Charles_V_enthroned_over_his_defeated_enemies_Giulio_Clovio_mid_16th_century.jpg/330px-Charles_V_enthroned_over_his_defeated_enemies_Giulio_Clovio_mid_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Charles_V_enthroned_over_his_defeated_enemies_Giulio_Clovio_mid_16th_century.jpg/440px-Charles_V_enthroned_over_his_defeated_enemies_Giulio_Clovio_mid_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1700" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Charles_V_enthroned_over_his_defeated_enemies_Giulio_Clovio_mid_16th_century.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A miniature representing Charles V enthroned over his enemies (from left): <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Duke of Cleves</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Landgrave of Hesse</a>. In reality, Charles was never able to completely defeat them.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg/220px-Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg/330px-Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg/440px-Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1153" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Armadura_de_Carlos_V_a_caballo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Equestrian armour of Emperor Charles V. Piece drawn from the collection of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Armoury_of_Madrid" title="Royal Armoury of Madrid">Royal Armoury of Madrid</a></div></div></div>
<table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2">Title</th>
<th>From</th>
<th>To</th>
<th>Regnal name
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg" class="image"><img alt="Blason fr Bourgogne.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg/40px-Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg/60px-Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg/80px-Blason_fr_Bourgogne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></td>
<td>Titular <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>16 January 1556</td>
<td>Charles II
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg" class="image"><img alt="Coat of arms of Brabant.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="45" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brabant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="462" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dukes_of_Brabant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Brabant">Duke of Brabant</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>25 October 1555</td>
<td>Charles II
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg" class="image"><img alt="Arms of the Duke of Limburg.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Duke_of_Limburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="308" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dukes_of_Limburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Limburg">Duke of Limburg</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>25 October 1555</td>
<td>Charles II
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg" class="image"><img alt="Austria coat of arms simple.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dukes_of_Lothier" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Lothier">Duke of Lothier</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>25 October 1555</td>
<td>Charles II
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="image"><img alt="Arms of the Count of Luxembourg.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="308" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counts,_Dukes_and_Grand_Dukes_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Luxembourg">Duke of Luxemburg</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>25 October 1555</td>
<td>Charles III
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Namur_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Namur Arms.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Namur_Arms.svg/40px-Namur_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Namur_Arms.svg/60px-Namur_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Namur_Arms.svg/80px-Namur_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marquis_of_Namur" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Namur">Margrave of Namur</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>25 October 1555</td>
<td>Charles II
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg" class="image"><img alt="Arms of County of Burgundy.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg/60px-Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg/80px-Arms_of_County_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_counts_of_Burgundy" title="List of counts of Burgundy">Count Palatine of Burgundy</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>5 February 1556</td>
<td>Charles II
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg" class="image"><img alt="Arms of Robert dArtois.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg/40px-Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg/60px-Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg/80px-Arms_of_Robert_dArtois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counts_of_Artois" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Artois">Count of Artois</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>25 October 1555</td>
<td>Charles II
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Blason_Charolais.svg" class="image"><img alt="Blason Charolais.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Blason_Charolais.svg/40px-Blason_Charolais.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Blason_Charolais.svg/60px-Blason_Charolais.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Blason_Charolais.svg/80px-Blason_Charolais.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charolais_(county)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charolais (county)">Count of Charolais</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>21 September 1558</td>
<td>Charles II
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arms_of_Flanders.svg" class="image"><img alt="Arms of Flanders.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/40px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/60px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/80px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="472" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counts_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Flanders">Count of Flanders</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>25 October 1555</td>
<td>Charles III
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Hainaut Modern Arms.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/40px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/60px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/80px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counts_of_Hainaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Hainaut">Count of Hainault</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>25 October 1555</td>
<td>Charles II
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Counts of Holland Arms.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg/40px-Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg/60px-Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg/80px-Counts_of_Holland_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Holland" title="Count of Holland">Count of Holland</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>25 October 1555</td>
<td>Charles II
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coatofarmszeeland.PNG" class="image"><img alt="Coatofarmszeeland.PNG" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coatofarmszeeland.PNG/40px-Coatofarmszeeland.PNG" decoding="async" width="40" height="53" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coatofarmszeeland.PNG/60px-Coatofarmszeeland.PNG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coatofarmszeeland.PNG/80px-Coatofarmszeeland.PNG 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="132" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">Count of Zeeland</a></td>
<td>25 September 1506</td>
<td>25 October 1555</td>
<td>Charles II
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_(15th_Century).svg" class="image"><img alt="Arms of the Crown of Castile (15th Century).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="923" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">King of Castile and León</a></td>
<td>14 March 1516</td>
<td>16 January 1556</td>
<td>Charles I
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arms_Aragon-Sicily_(Template).svg" class="image"><img alt="Arms Aragon-Sicily (Template).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_Aragon-Sicily_%28Template%29.svg/40px-Arms_Aragon-Sicily_%28Template%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_Aragon-Sicily_%28Template%29.svg/60px-Arms_Aragon-Sicily_%28Template%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_Aragon-Sicily_%28Template%29.svg/80px-Arms_Aragon-Sicily_%28Template%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1060" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">King of Aragon</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></td>
<td>14 March 1516</td>
<td>16 January 1556</td>
<td>Charles I
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg" class="image"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Catalonia.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="54" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="950" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">Count of Barcelona</a></td>
<td>14 March 1516</td>
<td>16 January 1556</td>
<td>Charles I
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg" class="image"><img alt="Arms of Ferdinand I of Naples.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg/40px-Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg/60px-Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg/80px-Arms_of_Ferdinand_I_of_Naples.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1062" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">King of Naples</a></td>
<td>14 March 1516</td>
<td>25 July 1554</td>
<td>Charles IV
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg" class="image"><img alt="Austria coat of arms simple.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_archduchy_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Austria" title="List of rulers of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a></td>
<td>12 January 1519</td>
<td>12 January 1521</td>
<td>Charles I
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg" class="image"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire Arms-double head.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg/40px-Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="48" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg/60px-Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg/80px-Holy_Roman_Empire_Arms-double_head.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="659" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a></td>
<td>28 June 1519</td>
<td>27 August 1556</td>
<td>Charles V
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Blason_DE_saint_empire_(une_t%C3%AAte).svg" class="image"><img alt="Blason DE saint empire (une tête).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Blason_DE_saint_empire_%28une_t%C3%AAte%29.svg/40px-Blason_DE_saint_empire_%28une_t%C3%AAte%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Blason_DE_saint_empire_%28une_t%C3%AAte%29.svg/60px-Blason_DE_saint_empire_%28une_t%C3%AAte%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Blason_DE_saint_empire_%28une_t%C3%AAte%29.svg/80px-Blason_DE_saint_empire_%28une_t%C3%AAte%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a></td>
<td>26 October 1520</td>
<td>24 February 1530</td>
<td>Charles V
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="image"><img alt="Guelders-Jülich Arms.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/40px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/60px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/80px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dukes_of_Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Guelders">Duke of Guelders</a></td>
<td>12 September 1543</td>
<td>25 October 1555</td>
<td>Charles III
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png" class="image"><img alt="Escudo de Zutphen 1581.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png/40px-Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png/60px-Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png/80px-Escudo_de_Zutphen_1581.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="160" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Zutphen" title="Count of Zutphen">Count of Zutphen</a></td>
<td>12 September 1543</td>
<td>25 October 1555</td>
<td>Charles II
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><br />
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Coat_of_arms_of_Charles_V">Coat of arms of Charles V</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Coat of arms of Charles V">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></div>
<p>Coat of arms of Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire according to the description: Arms of Charles I added to those of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Leon">Leon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Two Sicilies</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)">Granada</a> present in the previous coat, those of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Austria" title="List of rulers of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">ancient Burgundy</a>, modern Burgundy, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>. Charles I also incorporates the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">pillars of Hercules</a> with the inscription "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plus_ultra_(motto)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus ultra (motto)">Plus Ultra</a>", representing the overseas empire and surrounding coat with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">collar of the Golden Fleece</a>, as sovereign of the Order ringing the shield with the imperial crown and Acola double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire and behind it the Spanish Cross of Burgundy. From 1520 added to the corresponding quarter to Aragon and Sicily, one in which the arms of Jerusalem, Naples and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> are incorporated.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1215px;">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:CoA_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/CoA_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/156px-CoA_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/CoA_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/235px-CoA_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/CoA_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/313px-CoA_Carlos_I_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="898" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Coat of arms of King Charles I of Spain before becoming emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain,_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(1530-1556).svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/193px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="193" height="200" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/289px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg/385px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_I_of_Spain%2C_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%281530-1556%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1289" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Coat of Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor.
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Charles,_Infant_of_Spain,_Archduke_of_Austria,_Duke_of_Burgundy.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_arms_of_Charles%2C_Infant_of_Spain%2C_Archduke_of_Austria%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.png/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Charles%2C_Infant_of_Spain%2C_Archduke_of_Austria%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_arms_of_Charles%2C_Infant_of_Spain%2C_Archduke_of_Austria%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.png/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Charles%2C_Infant_of_Spain%2C_Archduke_of_Austria%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_arms_of_Charles%2C_Infant_of_Spain%2C_Archduke_of_Austria%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.png/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_Charles%2C_Infant_of_Spain%2C_Archduke_of_Austria%2C_Duke_of_Burgundy.png 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1158" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Arms of Charles, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante</a> of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG at the time of his installation as a knight of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Most Noble Order of the Garter</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg/198px-Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg.png" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg/297px-Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg/396px-Royal_Bend_of_Charles_V.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="759" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Variant of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Bend_of_Castile" title="Royal Bend of Castile">Royal Bend of Castile</a> used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancestors">Ancestors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancestors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;width:auto">Ancestors of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="60" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="29"> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">16. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernest,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Ernest, Duke of Austria">Ernest, Duke of Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Maximilian_I_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Maximilian_I-63">[63]</a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">17. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cymburgis_of_Masovia" title="Cymburgis of Masovia">Cymburgis of Masovia</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Philip-61">[61]</a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">18. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward,_King_of_Portugal" title="Edward, King of Portugal">Edward I of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stephens1903_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens1903-69">[69]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress">Eleanor of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Maximilian_I_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Maximilian_I-63">[63]</a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">19. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Eleanor of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stephens1903_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens1903-69">[69]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I of Castile</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">20. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip III, Duke of Burgundy</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Charles_the_Bold_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Charles_the_Bold-64">[64]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles I, Duke of Burgundy</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Charles_the_Bold_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Charles_the_Bold-64">[64]</a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">21. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" title="Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy">Isabella of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Charles_the_Bold_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Charles_the_Bold-64">[64]</a></sup> (≠ 15, aunt of 15)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary, Duchess of Burgundy</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Philip-61">[61]</a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">22. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Charles I, Duke of Bourbon">Charles I, Duke of Bourbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-kiening_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiening-70">[70]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_of_Bourbon" title="Isabella of Bourbon">Isabella of Bourbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Charles_the_Bold_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Charles_the_Bold-64">[64]</a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">23. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agnes_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Bourbon" title="Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Bourbon">Agnes of Burgundy</a><sup id="cite_ref-kiening_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiening-70">[70]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="60" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">24. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand I of Aragon">Ferdinand I of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-John_II_of_Aragon_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-John_II_of_Aragon-71">[71]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon_and_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="John II of Aragon and Navarre">John II of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Ferdinand_V_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Ferdinand_V-65">[65]</a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">25. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleanor_of_Alburquerque" title="Eleanor of Alburquerque">Eleanor of Alburquerque</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-John_II_of_Aragon_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-John_II_of_Aragon-71">[71]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Joanna_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Joanna-62">[62]</a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">26. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fadrique_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Mendoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza">Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ortega1999_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortega1999-72">[72]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juana_Enriquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Juana Enriquez">Juana Enriquez</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Ferdinand_V_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Ferdinand_V-65">[65]</a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">27. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariana_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_y_Ayala" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariana Fernández de Córdoba y Ayala">Mariana Fernández de Córdoba</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ortega1999_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortega1999-72">[72]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna I of Castile</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="29"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">28. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III of Castile</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-John_II_of_Castile_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-John_II_of_Castile-73">[73]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II of Castile</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Isabella_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Isabella-66">[66]</a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">29. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_of_Lancaster" title="Catherine of Lancaster">Catherine of Lancaster</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-John_II_of_Castile_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-John_II_of_Castile-73">[73]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Joanna_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Joanna-62">[62]</a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">30. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John,_Constable_of_Portugal" title="John, Constable of Portugal">John, Constable of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Downey2015_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downey2015-74">[74]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile">Isabella of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-1911-Isabella_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911-Isabella-66">[66]</a></sup> (≠ 21, niece of 21)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">31. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabel_of_Barcelos" title="Isabel of Barcelos">Isabel of Barcelos</a><sup id="cite_ref-Downey2015_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downey2015-74">[74]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Commemoration_and_popular_culture">Commemoration and popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Commemoration and popular culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>References to Charles V include a large number of legends and folk tales; literary renderings of historical events connected to Charles's life and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his abdication; and products marketed in his name.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup>
The 400th anniversary of his death, celebrated in 1958 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, brought together the local <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">national catholic</a> intelligentsia and a number of European (Catholic) conservative figures, underpinning an imperial nostalgia for Charles V's Europe and the <i>Universitas Christiana</i>, also propelling a peculiar brand of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europeanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeanism">europeanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_monuments">Public monuments</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Public monuments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Unusually among major European monarchs, Charles V discouraged monumental depictions of himself during his lifetime.
</p>
<ul><li>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_V_Monument_(Palermo)" title="Charles V Monument (Palermo)">Charles V Monument in Palermo</a> was erected in 1631 and depicts him triumphant following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis</a>.</li>
<li>Among other posthumous depictions, there are statues of Charles on the facade of the City Hall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a>.</li>
<li>A statue of Charles, donated by the city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, was erected in 1966 in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prinsenhof_(Ghent)" title="Prinsenhof (Ghent)">Prinsenhof in Ghent</a> where he was born.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup></li>
<li>An imperial resolution of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a>, dated February 28, 1863, included Charles V in the list of the "<i>most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of everlasting emulation</i>" and honored him with a life-size statue, made by the Bohemian sculptor Emanuel Max Ritter von Wachstein, located at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Museum_of_Military_History,_Vienna" title="Museum of Military History, Vienna">Museum of Military History, Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>In <i lang="nl" title="Dutch-language text">De heerelycke ende vrolycke daeden van Keyser Carel den V</i>, published by Joan de Grieck in 1674, the short stories, anecdotes, citations attributed to the emperor, and legends about his encounters with famous and ordinary people, depict a noble Christian monarch with a perfect cosmopolitan personality and a strong sense of humour. Conversely, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_De_Coster" title="Charles De Coster">Charles De Coster</a>'s masterpiece <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Legend_of_Thyl_Ulenspiegel_and_Lamme_Goedzak" title="The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak">Thyl Ulenspiegel</a></i> (1867), after his death Charles V is consigned to Hell as punishment for the acts of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> under his rule, his punishment being that he would feel the pain of anyone tortured by the Inquisition. De Coster's book also mentions the story on the spectacles in the coat of arms of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oudenaarde" title="Oudenaarde">Oudenaarde</a>, the one about a paysant of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berchem" title="Berchem">Berchem</a> in <i>Het geuzenboek</i> (1979) by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Paul_Boon" title="Louis Paul Boon">Louis Paul Boon</a>, while <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Hans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Hans (page does not exist)">Abraham Hans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Hans" class="extiw" title="nl:Abraham Hans">nl</a>]</span> (1882–1939) included both tales in <i>De liefdesavonturen van keizer Karel in Vlaanderen</i>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>'s <i>Ode to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Napoleon_Buonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Buonaparte">Napoleon Buonaparte</a></i> refers to Charles as "The Spaniard".</li></ul>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg/220px-Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg/330px-Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg/440px-Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="2561" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Escutcheon_of_Charles_V_of_Spain_MET_DT287185.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Escutcheon of Charles V</i>, watercolour, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a>, 1912. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div></div></div>
<ul><li>Charles V is a notable character in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/All_Men_Are_Mortal" title="All Men Are Mortal">All Men Are Mortal</a></i>.</li>
<li>In <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Maltese_Falcon_(novel)" title="The Maltese Falcon (novel)">The Maltese Falcon</a></i>, the title object is said to have been an intended gift to Charles V.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Plays">Plays</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Plays">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Charles V appears as a character in the play <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(play)" title="Doctor Faustus (play)">Doctor Faustus</a></i> by the Elizabethan playwright <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>. In Act 4 Scene 1 of the A Text, Faustus attends Court by the Emperor's request and with the assistance of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a> conjures up spirits representing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and his paramour as a demonstration of his magical powers.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Opera">Opera</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Opera">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a>'s opera <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karl_V_(opera)" title="Karl V (opera)">Karl V</a></i> (opus 73, 1930) examines the title character's career via flashbacks.</li>
<li>In the third act of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s opera <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></i>, the election of Charles as Holy Roman Emperor is presented. Charles (Don Carlo in the opera) prays before the tomb of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. With the announcement that he is elected as Carlo Quinto he declares an amnesty including the eponymous bandit Ernani who had followed him there to murder him as a rival for the love of Elvira. The opera, based on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> play <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hernani_(drama)" title="Hernani (drama)">Hernani</a></i>, portrays Charles as a callous and cynical adventurer whose character is transformed by the election into a responsible and clement ruler.</li>
<li>In another Verdi opera, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don_Carlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Carlo">Don Carlo</a></i>, the final scene implies that it is Charles V, now living the last years of his life as a hermit, who rescues his grandson, Don Carlo, from his father <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> and the Inquisition, by taking Carlo with him to his hermitage at the monastery in Yuste.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Food">Food</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>A Flemish legend about Charles being served a beer at the village of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olen,_Belgium" title="Olen, Belgium">Olen</a>, as well as the emperor's lifelong preference of beer above wine, led to the naming of several beer varieties in his honor. The <i>Haacht</i> Brewery of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boortmeerbeek" title="Boortmeerbeek">Boortmeerbeek</a> produces Charles Quint, while <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Het_Anker_Brewery" title="Het Anker Brewery">Het Anker Brewery</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a> produces Gouden Carolus, including a Grand Cru of the Emperor, brewed once a year on Charles V's birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> Grupo Cruzcampo brews Legado De Yuste in honor of Charles and attributes the inspiration to his Flemish origin and his last days at the monastery of Yuste.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlos_V_(candy_bar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos V (candy bar)">Carlos V</a> is the name of a popular chocolate bar in Mexico. Its tagline is "El Rey de los Chocolates" or "The King of Chocolates" and "Carlos V, El Emperador del Chocolate" or "Charles V, the Emperor of Chocolates."</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Television_and_film">Television and film</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Television and film">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Charles V is portrayed by Hans Lefebre and is figured prominently in the 1953 film <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1953_film)" title="Martin Luther (1953 film)">Martin Luther</a></i>, covering Luther's years from 1505 to 1530.</li>
<li>Charles V is portrayed by Torben Liebrecht and is figured prominently in the 2003 film <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luther_(2003_film)" title="Luther (2003 film)">Luther</a></i> covering the life of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> up until the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg" title="Diet of Augsburg">Diet of Augsburg</a>.</li>
<li>Charles V is portrayed in one episode of the Showtime series <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Tudors" title="The Tudors">The Tudors</a></i> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebastian_Armesto" title="Sebastian Armesto">Sebastian Armesto</a>.</li>
<li>Charles V is the main subject of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Televisión Española">TVE</a> series <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlos,_Rey_Emperador" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos, Rey Emperador">Carlos, Rey Emperador</a></i> and is portrayed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Cervantes" title="Álvaro Cervantes">Álvaro Cervantes</a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Armoury_of_Madrid" title="Royal Armoury of Madrid">Royal Armoury of Madrid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Museum_of_Military_History,_Vienna" title="Museum of Military History, Vienna">Museum of Military History, Vienna</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aurelio Espinosa, "The grand strategy of Charles V (1500-1558): Castile, war, and dynastic priority in the Mediterranean." <i>Journal of Early Modern History</i> 9.3 (2005): 239-283. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/47577260/GrandStrategy.pdf">Online</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot, J.H. <i>Imperial Spain 1469–1716.</i> Penguin Books (New York: 2002), pg. 208.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFLitta" class="citation book cs1">Litta, Count Pompeo. <i>Famous Italian Families, Stampa di Milano</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Italian+Families%2C+Stampa+di+Milano&rft.aulast=Litta&rft.aufirst=Count+Pompeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Prescott-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPrescott1873" class="citation book cs1">Prescott, William Hickling (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/PreConq.html"><i>History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes</i></a> (3rd ed.). Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-152-29570-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-152-29570-5"><bdi>1-152-29570-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Conquest+of+Mexico%2C+with+a+Preliminary+View+of+Ancient+Mexican+Civilization%2C+and+the+Life+of+the+Conqueror%2C+Hernando+Cortes&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Electronic+Text+Center%2C+University+of+Virginia+Library&rft.date=1873&rft.isbn=1-152-29570-5&rft.aulast=Prescott&rft.aufirst=William+Hickling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.virginia.edu%2Ftoc%2Fmodeng%2Fpublic%2FPreConq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josefina Cintrón Tiryakian et al. "The Indian Labor Policy of Charles V" <i>El Trabajo y Los Trabajadores en la Historia de México</i> (1979), pp 9-41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Independent-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Independent_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKeys2018" class="citation news cs1">Keys, David (17 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/transatlantic-slave-trade-voyages-ships-log-details-africa-america-atlantic-ocean-deaths-disease-a8494546.html">"Details of horrific first voyages in transatlantic slave trade revealed"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Details+of+horrific+first+voyages+in+transatlantic+slave+trade+revealed&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft.aulast=Keys&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Ftransatlantic-slave-trade-voyages-ships-log-details-africa-america-atlantic-ocean-deaths-disease-a8494546.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHeath2018" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Richard (2018). <i>Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558</i>. pp. 269–272. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-725-85278-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-725-85278-5"><bdi>978-1-725-85278-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+V%3A+Duty+and+Dynasty+%E2%80%93+The+Emperor+and+his+Changing+World+1500%E2%80%931558&rft.pages=269-272&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-725-85278-5&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Haskin-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haskin_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHaskin1913" class="citation book cs1">Haskin, Frederic (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panamacanal00hask_0"><i>The Panama Canal</i></a>. Doubleday, Page & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panama+Canal&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Haskin&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpanamacanal00hask_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NH-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NH_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>NH</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brinckmeier, Eduard (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4wBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA311"><i>Praktisches Handbuch der historischen Chronologie aller Zeiten und Völker, besonders des Mittelalters</i></a>. p. 311.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claims that he gained the imperial crown through bribery have been questioned. H.J. Cohn, "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose Charles V as Emperor in 1519?" <i>German History</i> (2001) 19#1 pp 1–27</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Kamen-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamen_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Kamen</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20111206134156/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/knightsofthegarter/MicroObject.asp?row=21&themeid=455&item=22">"Royal Collection – The Knights of the Garter under Henry VIII"</a>. <i>royalcollection.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/knightsofthegarter/MicroObject.asp?row=21&themeid=455&item=22">the original</a> on 6 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=royalcollection.org.uk&rft.atitle=Royal+Collection+%E2%80%93+The+Knights+of+the+Garter+under+Henry+VIII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalcollection.org.uk%2Fmicrosites%2Fknightsofthegarter%2FMicroObject.asp%3Frow%3D21%26themeid%3D455%26item%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Konstam, <i>Pavia 1525: the climax of the Italian Wars</i> (Osprey, 1996).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Holmes1993a-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes1993a_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsV-qSRKAnAC&pg=PA192">p. 192</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Froude1891a-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Froude1891a_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froude (1891), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n-Ecc8SnlC0C&pg=PA480">p. 35, pp. 90–91, pp. 96–97</a> Note: the link goes to page 480, then click the View All option</span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryan_W._Ball" title="Bryan W. Ball">Bryan W. Ball</a>. <i>A Great Expectation</i>. Brill Publishers, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04315-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04315-2">90-04-04315-2</a>. Page 142.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Arlinghaus" class="citation web cs1">Sandra Arlinghaus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sarhaus/larimore02/suleiman.html">"Life Span of Suleiman The Magnificent, 1494–1566"</a>. Personal.umich.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+Span+of+Suleiman+The+Magnificent%2C+1494%E2%80%931566&rft.pub=Personal.umich.edu&rft.au=Sandra+Arlinghaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~sarhaus%2Flarimore02%2Fsuleiman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Ware Allen, "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535." <i>MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History</i> (Winter 2014) 26#2 pp 58-63.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-treaty-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-treaty_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In particular, in this <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)" title="Truce of Adrianople (1547)">Truce of Adrianople (1547)</a> Charles was only referred to as "King of Spain" instead of by his extensive titulature. (see Crowley, p. 89)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Sandler2002" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Sandler, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PT423"><i>Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-733-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-733-0"><bdi>1-57607-733-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ground+Warfare%3A+An+International+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57607-733-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_xxOM85bD8C%26pg%3DPT423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Habsburg-Persian alliance against the Ottomans finally brought a respite from the Turkish threat in the 1540s. This entanglement kept Suleiman tied down on his eastern border, relieving the pressure on Carlos V" in <i>The Indian Ocean in world history?</i> Milo Kearney – 2004 – p.112</span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=31&xywh=-3472,286,12410,6929">"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]"</a>. <i>lib.ugent.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+de+tous+les+peuples+et+nations+de+la+terre+avec+leurs+habits+et+ornemens+divers%2C+tant+anciens+que+modernes%2C+diligemment+depeints+au+naturel+par+Luc+Dheere+peintre+et+sculpteur+Gantois%5Bmanuscript%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3A79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D31%26xywh%3D-3472%2C286%2C12410%2C6929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottfried G. Krodel, "Law, Order, and the Almighty Taler: The Empire in Action at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg." <i>Sixteenth Century Journal</i> (1982): 75-106 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2540054">online</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher W. Close, "Estate Solidarity and Empire: Charles V's Failed Attempt to Revive the Swabian League." <i>Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte</i> (2013_ 104#1 pp 134-157, in English.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paula Sutter Fichtner, "When Brothers Agree: Bohemia, The Habsburgs, and the Schmalkaldic Wars, 1546-1547." <i>Austrian History Yearbook</i> (1975), Vol. 11, pp 67-78.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tracy, 2002, pp 229-248.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
SPAIN THE CENTER OF THE WORLD, 1519-1682 by Robert Goodwin ‧</span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://granadainfo.com/alhambra/carlos.htm">"The Alhambra in Granada: Carlos V Palace"</a>. <i>granadainfo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=granadainfo.com&rft.atitle=The+Alhambra+in+Granada%3A+Carlos+V+Palace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgranadainfo.com%2Falhambra%2Fcarlos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSL" class="citation web cs1">SL, Alhambra Valparaiso Ocio y Cultura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019020400/http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=%2Falhambra%2Falhambras_guide%2Fcarlos_v_palace">"La Alhambra de Granada - alhambra.org"</a>. <i>La Alhambra de Granada</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=/alhambra/alhambras_guide/carlos_v_palace">the original</a> on 2016-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Alhambra+de+Granada&rft.atitle=La+Alhambra+de+Granada+-+alhambra.org&rft.aulast=SL&rft.aufirst=Alhambra+Valparaiso+Ocio+y+Cultura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alhambra.org%2Feng%2Findex.asp%3Fsecc%3D%2Falhambra%2Falhambras_guide%2Fcarlos_v_palace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol2/pp1302-1311">"Henry VIII: June 1518, 1–15 Pages 1302–1311 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 2, 1515–1518. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1864"</a>. <i>British History Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+History+Online&rft.atitle=Henry+VIII%3A+June+1518%2C+1%E2%80%9315+Pages+1302%E2%80%931311+Letters+and+Papers%2C+Foreign+and+Domestic%2C+Henry+VIII%2C+Volume+2%2C+1515%E2%80%931518.+Originally+published+by+Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office%2C+London%2C+1864.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fletters-papers-hen8%2Fvol2%2Fpp1302-1311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=/alhambra/history_alhambra/palacio_carlos_v">Palace of Charles V</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924081126/http://www.alhambra.org/eng/index.asp?secc=%2Falhambra%2Fhistory_alhambra%2Fpalacio_carlos_v">Archived</a> 24 September 2016 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Alhambra.org</span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKamen1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen, H.</a> (29 May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philipofspain00kame/page/2"><i>Philip of Spain</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philipofspain00kame/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07081-1"><bdi>978-0-300-07081-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+of+Spain&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997-05-29&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07081-1&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilipofspain00kame%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen19976–7-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen19976–7_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen1997">Kamen 1997</a>, pp. 6–7.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-glory/66149817-6f88-4e5f-a09a-81f63a84d145">"The Glory – The Collection"</a>. <i>Museo Nacional del Prado</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museo+Nacional+del+Prado&rft.atitle=The+Glory+%E2%80%93+The+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museodelprado.es%2Fen%2Fthe-collection%2Fart-work%2Fthe-glory%2F66149817-6f88-4e5f-a09a-81f63a84d145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/empress-isabella-of-portugal/d4eddf35-c76c-4c11-8f2b-099f7b71d696">"Empress Isabella of Portugal – The Collection"</a>. <i>Museo Nacional del Prado</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museo+Nacional+del+Prado&rft.atitle=Empress+Isabella+of+Portugal+%E2%80%93+The+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museodelprado.es%2Fen%2Fthe-collection%2Fart-work%2Fempress-isabella-of-portugal%2Fd4eddf35-c76c-4c11-8f2b-099f7b71d696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brabantensemble.com/discography/thomas-crecquillon-missa-mort-ma-prive-motets-and-chansons/">"Thomas Crecquillon: Missa 'Mort m'a privé', motets and chansons"</a>. <i>The Brabant Ensemble</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brabant+Ensemble&rft.atitle=Thomas+Crecquillon%3A+Missa+%27Mort+m%27a+priv%C3%A9%27%2C+motets+and+chansons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brabantensemble.com%2Fdiscography%2Fthomas-crecquillon-missa-mort-ma-prive-motets-and-chansons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher201650-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher201650_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFletcher2016">Fletcher 2016</a>, p. 50.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoy.es/extremadura/hija-secreta-carlos-20200112003531-ntvo.html">"La hija secreta de Carlos V"</a>. <i>hoy.es</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hoy.es&rft.atitle=La+hija+secreta+de+Carlos+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoy.es%2Fextremadura%2Fhija-secreta-carlos-20200112003531-ntvo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco C. Ceballos, and G. Álvarez, "Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs." <i>Heredity</i> 111.2 (2013): 114-121 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy201325">online</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFH._Schneble" class="citation web cs1">H. Schneble. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epilepsiemuseum.de/english/prominente.html">"German Epilepsy Museum Kork"</a>. Epilepsiemuseum.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Epilepsy+Museum+Kork&rft.pub=Epilepsiemuseum.de&rft.au=H.+Schneble&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epilepsiemuseum.de%2Fenglish%2Fprominente.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tests confirm old emperor's gout diagnosis." His The Record. 4 August 2006, Nation.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rady-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rady_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martyn_Rady" title="Martyn Rady">Martyn Rady</a>, University of London, lecture 2000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Braudel-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFernand_Braudel1995" class="citation book cs1">Fernand Braudel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LPp63EKb9moC&pg=PA935"><i>The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 935–936. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20330-3"><bdi>978-0-520-20330-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+the+Mediterranean+World+in+the+Age+of+Philip+II&rft.pages=935-936&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20330-3&rft.au=Fernand+Braudel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLPp63EKb9moC%26pg%3DPA935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Kohler, ed., Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V. Darmstadt: WBG, 1990, pp. 466–68, 480–82</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Setton-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Setton_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Setton</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1846" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, H., ed. (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPwQAAAAIAAJ"><i>Zurich Letters</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPwQAAAAIAAJ&pg=182">182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zurich+Letters&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPwQAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Whaley2012-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whaley2012_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJoachim_Whaley2012" class="citation book cs1">Joachim Whaley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXdPzWXCphkC&pg=PA343"><i>Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 343. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873101-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873101-6"><bdi>978-0-19-873101-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Holy+Roman+Empire%3A+Volume+I%3A+Maximilian+I+to+the+Peace+of+Westphalia%2C+1493%E2%80%931648&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873101-6&rft.au=Joachim+Whaley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXdPzWXCphkC%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto2-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>auto2</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAlonsoJ._de_Zulueta2006" class="citation journal cs1">Alonso, Jordi; J. de Zulueta; et al. (August 2006). "The severe gout of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V". <i>N. Engl. J. Med</i>. <b>355</b> (5): 516–20. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMon060780">10.1056/NEJMon060780</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16885558">16885558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&rft.atitle=The+severe+gout+of+Holy+Roman+Emperor+Charles+V&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=516-20&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMon060780&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16885558&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rft.au=J.+de+Zulueta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Robertson1828-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robertson1828_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Robertson1828" class="citation book cs1">William Robertson (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdM9AAAAcAAJ&q=robertson+charles+V"><i>History of Charles V</i></a>. Paris : Baudry, at the foreign library. p. 580<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Charles+V&rft.pages=580&rft.pub=Paris+%3A+Baudry%2C+at+the+foreign+library&rft.date=1828&rft.au=William+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwdM9AAAAcAAJ%26q%3Drobertson%2Bcharles%2BV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFde_Zulueta2007" class="citation journal cs1">de Zulueta, J. (June 2007). "The cause of death of Emperor Charles V". <i>Parassitologia</i>. <b>49</b> (1–2): 107–109. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18412053">18412053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parassitologia&rft.atitle=The+cause+of+death+of+Emperor+Charles+V&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=107-109&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18412053&rft.aulast=de+Zulueta&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen199765-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen199765_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen1997">Kamen 1997</a>, p. 65.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://el-escorial.com/el-escorial-history/">"El Escorial History – El Escorial"</a>. el-escorial.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Escorial+History+%E2%80%93+El+Escorial&rft.pub=el-escorial.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fel-escorial.com%2Fel-escorial-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delacuadra.net/escorial/textos/1997c-a-panteo.pdf">"A-Panteo.Pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A-Panteo.Pdf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delacuadra.net%2Fescorial%2Ftextos%2F1997c-a-panteo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFThomas_A_Brady_JR2009" class="citation book cs1">Thomas A Brady JR (13 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5OcgAwAAQBAJ&q=Ferdinand+younger+brother+vassal+of+Charles&pg=PA210"><i>German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139481151" title="Special:BookSources/9781139481151"><bdi>9781139481151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Histories+in+the+Age+of+Reformations%2C+1400%E2%80%931650&rft.date=2009-07-13&rft.isbn=9781139481151&rft.au=Thomas+A+Brady+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5OcgAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DFerdinand%2Byounger%2Bbrother%2Bvassal%2Bof%2BCharles%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFoulke1920" class="citation web cs1">Foulke, Roland Roberts (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5T6uAAAAMAAJ&q=Ferdinand+lieutenant+1521">"A Treatise on International Law: With an Introductory Essay on the Definition and Nature of the Laws of Human Conduct"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+International+Law%3A+With+an+Introductory+Essay+on+the+Definition+and+Nature+of+the+Laws+of+Human+Conduct&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Foulke&rft.aufirst=Roland+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5T6uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DFerdinand%2Blieutenant%2B1521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFVehse1856" class="citation web cs1">Vehse, Carl Eduard (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZVHAAAAIAAJ&q=Ferdinand+Charles+v+muy+poderoso&pg=PA487">"Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy, and Diplomacy of Austria"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Court%2C+Aristocracy%2C+and+Diplomacy+of+Austria&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Vehse&rft.aufirst=Carl+Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZVHAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DFerdinand%2BCharles%2Bv%2Bmuy%2Bpoderoso%26pg%3DPA487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Relazione di Germania 1526</i> in <i>Relazioni degli ambasciatori Veneti al Senato: Germania</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRady2014" class="citation book cs1">Rady, Martyn (30 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsQeBAAAQBAJ&q=House+of+Austria&pg=PA53"><i>The Emperor Charles V</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317880820" title="Special:BookSources/9781317880820"><bdi>9781317880820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Charles+V&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.isbn=9781317880820&rft.aulast=Rady&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsQeBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DHouse%2Bof%2BAustria%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BLKO-Philip-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1861" class="citation cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin, von</a>, ed. (1861). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Philipp_I._der_Sch%C3%B6ne_von_Oesterreich">"Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). <b>7</b>. p. 112 – via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Philipp+I.+der+Sch%C3%B6ne+von+Oesterreich&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=112&rft.date=1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span>
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-1911-Joanna-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Joanna_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Joanna_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Joanna"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Joanna">"Joanna" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <b>15</b> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joanna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-1911-Maximilian_I-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Maximilian_I_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Maximilian_I_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHolland1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holland, Arthur William (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Maximilian I. (emperor)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Maximilian_I._(emperor)">"Maximilian I. (emperor)" </a></span>. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <b>17</b> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maximilian+I.+%28emperor%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Arthur+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-1911-Charles_the_Bold-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Charles_the_Bold_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Charles_the_Bold_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Charles_the_Bold_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Charles_the_Bold_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPoupardin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Poupardin" title="René Poupardin">Poupardin, René</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles (Duke of Burgundy)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charles_(Duke_of_Burgundy)">"Charles, called The Bold, duke of Burgundy" </a></span>. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <b>5</b> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles%2C+called+The+Bold%2C+duke+of+Burgundy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Poupardin&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-1911-Ferdinand_V-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Ferdinand_V_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Ferdinand_V_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ferdinand_V._of_Castile_and_Leon_and_II._of_Aragon">"Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <b>10</b> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+V.+of+Castile+and+Leon+and+II.+of+Aragon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-1911-Isabella-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Isabella_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-Isabella_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Isabella of Castile"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Isabella_of_Castile">"Isabella of Castile" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <b>14</b> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isabella+of+Castile&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frederick III., Roman Emperor"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Frederick_III.,_Roman_Emperor">"Frederick III., Roman Emperor" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <b>11</b> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frederick+III.%2C+Roman+Emperor&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFUrban2003" class="citation book cs1">Urban, William (2003). <i>Tannenberg and After</i>. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. p. 191. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929700-25-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-929700-25-2"><bdi>0-929700-25-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tannenberg+and+After&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Lithuanian+Research+and+Studies+Center&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-929700-25-2&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Stephens1903-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens1903_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens1903_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStephens1903" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jwMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139"><i>The story of Portugal</i></a>. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 139. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722224731" title="Special:BookSources/9780722224731"><bdi>9780722224731</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+Portugal&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=9780722224731&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjwMqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-kiening-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kiening_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kiening_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKiening1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kiening, Christian (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/medi_0751-2708_1994_num_13_27_1307">"Rhétorique de la perte. L'exemple de la mort d'Isabelle de Bourbon (1465)"</a>. <i>Médiévales</i> (in French). <b>13</b> (27): 15–24. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fmedi.1994.1307">10.3406/medi.1994.1307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9di%C3%A9vales&rft.atitle=Rh%C3%A9torique+de+la+perte.+L%27exemple+de+la+mort+d%27Isabelle+de+Bourbon+%281465%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=15-24&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fmedi.1994.1307&rft.aulast=Kiening&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fmedi_0751-2708_1994_num_13_27_1307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-1911-John_II_of_Aragon-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-John_II_of_Aragon_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-John_II_of_Aragon_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/John II of Aragon"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/John_II_of_Aragon">"John II of Aragon" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <b>15</b> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+II+of+Aragon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ortega1999-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ortega1999_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ortega1999_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFOrtega_Gato1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ortega Gato, Esteban (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1098484.pdf">"Los Enríquez, Almirantes de Castilla"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Publicaciones de la Institución "Tello Téllez de Meneses"</i> (in Spanish). <b>70</b>: 42. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0210-7317">0210-7317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publicaciones+de+la+Instituci%C3%B3n+%22Tello+T%C3%A9llez+de+Meneses%22&rft.atitle=Los+Enr%C3%ADquez%2C+Almirantes+de+Castilla&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0210-7317&rft.aulast=Ortega+Gato&rft.aufirst=Esteban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fdescarga%2Farticulo%2F1098484.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-1911-John_II_of_Castile-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1911-John_II_of_Castile_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1911-John_II_of_Castile_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/John II. of Castile"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/John_II._of_Castile">"John II. of Castile" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <b>15</b> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+II.+of+Castile&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Downey2015-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Downey2015_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downey2015_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDowney2015" class="citation book cs1">Downey, Kirstin (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-_YCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28"><i>Isabella: The Warrior Queen</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 28. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307742162" title="Special:BookSources/9780307742162"><bdi>9780307742162</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isabella%3A+The+Warrior+Queen&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015-11&rft.isbn=9780307742162&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=Kirstin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-_YCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHeymans,_Frans2007" class="citation web cs1">Heymans, Frans (4 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200908/http://www.literair.gent.be/html/overzichtdetail.asp?AID=724">"Keizer Karel in de literatuur"</a>. <i>Overzichten</i> (in Dutch). Literair Gent, an initiative by the Municipal Public Library of Ghent and 'Gent Cultuurstad'. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literair.gent.be/html/overzichtdetail.asp?AID=724">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Overzichten&rft.atitle=Keizer+Karel+in+de+literatuur&rft.date=2007-06-04&rft.au=Heymans%2C+Frans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.literair.gent.be%2Fhtml%2Foverzichtdetail.asp%3FAID%3D724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAlares2020" class="citation journal cs1">Alares, Gustavo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/mcv/13837">"Nostalgias de Europa. La conmemoración del IV Centenario de la muerte de Carlos V en 1958"</a>. <i>Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez</i>. Madrid: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casa_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Casa de Velázquez">Casa de Velázquez</a>. <b>50</b> (2): 117–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9langes+de+la+Casa+de+Vel%C3%A1zquez&rft.atitle=Nostalgias+de+Europa.+La+conmemoraci%C3%B3n+del+IV+Centenario+de+la+muerte+de+Carlos+V+en+1958&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-140&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Alares&rft.aufirst=Gustavo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fmcv%2F13837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.gent.be/en/see-do/prinsenhof">"Prinsenhof: Medieval gem in the city centre"</a>. <i>VisitGent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VisitGent&rft.atitle=Prinsenhof%3A+Medieval+gem+in+the+city+centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.gent.be%2Fen%2Fsee-do%2Fprinsenhof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Museum of Military History in Vienna. The museum and its representative rooms . Kiesel Verlag, Salzburg 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7023-0113-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-7023-0113-5">3-7023-0113-5</a> , p. 30.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080724/http://www.pilaarbijter.com/body_pages/Texts/History%26Beer/CharlesV.html">"Charles V"</a>. Global Beer Network, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilaarbijter.com/body_pages/Texts/History&Beer/CharlesV.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+V&rft.pub=Global+Beer+Network%2C+Santa+Barbara%2C+California%2C+U.S.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilaarbijter.com%2Fbody_pages%2FTexts%2FHistory%26Beer%2FCharlesV.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105023022/http://www.haacht.com/en/Merken/Beers/Keizer%20Karel%20Goud%20Blond">"Charles Quint Golden Blond"</a>. Haacht Brewery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haacht.com/en/Merken/Beers/Keizer%20Karel%20Goud%20Blond">the original</a> on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Quint+Golden+Blond&rft.pub=Haacht+Brewery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haacht.com%2Fen%2FMerken%2FBeers%2FKeizer%2520Karel%2520Goud%2520Blond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105023019/http://www.haacht.com/en/Merken/Beers/Keizer%20Karel%20Robijn%20Rood">"Charles Quint Ruby Red"</a>. Haacht Brewery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haacht.com/en/Merken/Beers/Keizer%20Karel%20Robijn%20Rood">the original</a> on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Quint+Ruby+Red&rft.pub=Haacht+Brewery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haacht.com%2Fen%2FMerken%2FBeers%2FKeizer%2520Karel%2520Robijn%2520Rood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702132119/http://www.hetanker.be/pag_en/index_nl.html">"Beers by Het Anker"</a>. Brewery Het Anker. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hetanker.be/pag_en/index_nl.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beers+by+Het+Anker&rft.pub=Brewery+Het+Anker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hetanker.be%2Fpag_en%2Findex_nl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011217839">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="English">English</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: English">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Atkins, Sinclair. "Charles V and the Turks", <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i> (Dec 1980) 30#12 pp 13–18</li>
<li>Blockmans, W. P., and Nicolette Mout. <i>The World of Emperor Charles V</i> (2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wim_Blockmans" title="Wim Blockmans">Blockmans, Wim</a>. <i>Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558.</i> (Oxford University Press, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorcharlesv10000bloc">online</a></li>
<li>Brandi, Karl. <i> The emperor Charles V: The growth and destiny of a man and of a world-empire</i> (1939) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorcharlesvg0000bran">online</a></li>
<li>Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Grand Strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, War, and Dynastic Priority in the Mediterranean", <i>Journal of Early Modern History</i> (2005) 9#3 pp 239–283. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/47577260/GrandStrategy.pdf">online</a>.</li>
<li>Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Spanish Reformation: Institutional Reform, Taxation, and the Secularization of Ecclesiastical Properties under Charles V", <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sixteenth_Century_Journal" title="Sixteenth Century Journal">Sixteenth Century Journal</a></i> (2006) 37#1 pp 3–24. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20477694">20477694</a>.</li>
<li>Espinosa, Aurelio. <i>The Empire of the Cities: Emperor Charles V, the Comunero Revolt, and the Transformation of the Spanish System</i> (2008)</li>
<li>Ferer, Mary Tiffany. <i>Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion</i> (Boydell & Brewer, 2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843836995" title="Special:BookSources/9781843836995">9781843836995</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2016" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Catherine (2016). <i>The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Prince+of+Florence%3A+The+Spectacular+Life+and+Treacherous+World+of+Alessandro+de%27+Medici&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFroude1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">Froude, James Anthony</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n-Ecc8SnlC0C"><i>The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon</i></a>. Kessinger, reprint 2005. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1417971096" title="Special:BookSources/1417971096"><bdi>1417971096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divorce+of+Catherine+of+Aragon&rft.pub=Kessinger%2C+reprint+2005&rft.date=1891&rft.isbn=1417971096&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn-Ecc8SnlC0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Headley, John M. <i>Emperor & His Chancellor: A Study of the Imperial Chancellery under Gattinara</i> (1983) covers 1518 to 1530.</li>
<li>Heath, Richard. <i>Charles V: Duty and Dynasty. The Emperor and his Changing World 1500-1558.</i> (2018) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781725852785" title="Special:BookSources/9781725852785">9781725852785</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_L._Holmes" title="David L. Holmes">Holmes, David L.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsV-qSRKAnAC"><i>A Brief History of the Episcopal Church</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563380609" title="Special:BookSources/1563380609"><bdi>1563380609</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Episcopal+Church&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1563380609&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBsV-qSRKAnAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Kleinschmidt, Harald. <i>Charles V: The World Emperor</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750924047" title="Special:BookSources/9780750924047">9780750924047</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merriman,_Roger_Bigelow" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriman, Roger Bigelow">Merriman, Roger Bigelow</a>. <i>The rise of the Spanish empire in the Old world and the New: Volume 3 The Emperor</i> (1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risesofspanishem0003unse">online</a></li>
<li>Norwich, John Julius. <i>Four Princes: Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent and the Obsessions that Forged Modern Europe</i> (2017), popular history; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Four-Princes-Suleiman-Magnificent-Obsessions/dp/0802126634/">excerpt</a></li>
<li>Parker, Geoffrey. <i>Emperor: A New Life of Charles V</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-New-Life-Charles-V/dp/0300196520/">excerpt</a></li>
<li>Reston Jr, James. <i>Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520-1536</i> (2009), popular history.</li>
<li>Richardson, Glenn. <i>Renaissance Monarchy: The Reigns of Henry VIII, Francis I & Charles V</i> (2002) 246pp. covers 1497 to 1558.</li>
<li>Rodriguez-Salgado, Mia. <i>Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II & Habsburg Authority, 1551-1559</i> (1988), 375pp.</li>
<li>Rosenthal, Earl E. <i>Palace of Charles V in Granada</i> (1986) 383pp.</li>
<li>Saint-Saëns, Alain, ed. <i>Young Charles V</i>. (New Orleans: University Press of the South, 2000).</li>
<li>Tracy, James D. <i>Emperor Charles V, impresario of war: campaign strategy, international finance, and domestic politics</i> (Cambridge UP, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Charles-Impresario-War-International/dp/0521814316/">excerpt</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_languages">Other languages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other languages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Salvatore Agati (2009). <i>Carlo V e la Sicilia. Tra guerre, rivolte, fede e ragion di Stato</i>, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7751-287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7751-287-1">978-88-7751-287-1</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li>
<li>D'Amico, Juan Carlos. <i>Charles Quint, Maître du Monde: Entre Mythe et Realite</i> 2004, 290p. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li>
<li>Norbert Conrads: <i>Die Abdankung Kaiser Karls V.</i> Abschiedsvorlesung, Universität Stuttgart, 2003 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2004/1935/">text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717000041/http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2004/1935/">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li>Stephan Diller, Joachim Andraschke, Martin Brecht: <i>Kaiser Karl V. und seine Zeit</i>. Ausstellungskatalog. Universitäts-Verlag, Bamberg 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-933463-06-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-933463-06-8">3-933463-06-8</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li>Alfred Kohler: <i>Karl V. 1500–1558. Eine Biographie</i>. C. H. Beck, München 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-45359-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-45359-7">3-406-45359-7</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li>Alfred Kohler: <i>Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V.</i> Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-534-04820-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-534-04820-2">3-534-04820-2</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li>Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider. Christine Ortner (Hrsg): <i>Karl V. 1500–1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee</i>. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7001-3054-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-7001-3054-6">3-7001-3054-6</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li>Ernst Schulin: <i>Kaiser Karl V. Geschichte eines übergroßen Wirkungsbereichs</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, Stuttgart 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-17-015695-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-17-015695-0">3-17-015695-0</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li>Ferdinant Seibt: <i>Karl V.</i> Goldmann, München 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-442-75511-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-442-75511-5">3-442-75511-5</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_%C3%81lvarez" title="Manuel Fernández Álvarez">Manuel Fernández Álvarez</a>: <i>Imperator mundi: Karl V. – Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation.</i>. Stuttgart 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7630-1178-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7630-1178-1">3-7630-1178-1</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1911" class="citation cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Armstrong_(historian)" title="Edward Armstrong (historian)">Armstrong, E.</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles V. (Roman Emperor)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charles_V._(Roman_Emperor)">"Charles V (1500–1558)" </a></span>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Hugh Chisholm</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica 11th ed.</a></i> <b>5</b>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+V+%281500%E2%80%931558%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+11th+ed.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBeach1914" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chandler_Beach" title="Chandler Beach">Beach, Chandler B.</a>, ed. (1914). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Charles V"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Charles_V">"Charles V" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. <b>1</b>. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+V&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=F.+E.+Compton+and+Co&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+V%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907140352/http://www.habsburg.webs.com/">Genealogy history of Charles V and his ancestors</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emperorcharlesv.com">The Life and Times of Emperor Charles V 1500–1558</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/collection/a1080">The Library of Charles V preserved in the National Library of France</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/charles5.htm"><i>Luminarium Encyclopedia</i> biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03625a.htm"><i>New Advent</i> biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li>
<li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9774956/Recensione_di_Roberto_Borgia_2014_al_volume_Nel_segno_della_Sibilla_Tiburtina_di_Erminio_Morenghi">Charles V and the Tiburtine Sibyl</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501175509/http://www.mozalearn.com/Extra-Videos-Charles_V_the_Habsburg_emperor-210494">Charles V the Habsburg emperor, video</a></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor </div><div><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> </b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 24 February 1500</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 21 September 1558</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip the Handsome</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Duke of Brabant</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_of_Limburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Limburg">Limburg</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_of_Lothier" title="Duke of Lothier">Lothier</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>;<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margrave_of_Namur" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrave of Namur">Margrave of Namur</a>;<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Artois" title="Count of Artois">Count of Artois</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Hainaut" title="Count of Hainaut">Hainaut</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Holland" title="Count of Holland">Holland</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Zeeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Zeeland">Zeeland</a>;<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Palatine of Burgundy">Count Palatine of Burgundy</a></b><br />1506–1555
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip the Prudent</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joanna_the_Mad" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna the Mad">Joanna the Mad</a></span><br /><small><i><b>as sole ruler</b></i></small>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Naples">King of Naples</a></b><br />1516–1554<br /><i>with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna III</a></i> <small><i> (1516–1554)</i></small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Castile">King of Castile</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="King of León">León</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Majorca">Majorca</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sicily">Sicily</a>;<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">Count of Barcelona</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Roussillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Roussillon">Roussillon</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Cerdagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Cerdagne">Cerdagne</a></b><br />1516–1556<br /><i>with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></i> <small><i> (1516–1555)</i></small>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilhelm,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">William the Rich</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_of_Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Guelders">Duke of Guelders</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Zutphen" title="Count of Zutphen">Count of Zutphen</a></b><br />1543–1555
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_of_Styria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Styria">Duke of Styria</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_of_Carinthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Carinthia">Carinthia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_of_Carniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Carniola">Carniola</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Count_of_Tyrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Tyrol">Count of Tyrol</a></b><br />1519–1521
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></b><br />1519–1556
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></b><br />1530–1556
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">Spanish royalty</a>
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a></b><br />1504–1516
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip (II)</a></b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_of_Girona" title="Prince of Girona">Prince of Girona</a></b><br />1516
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Emperors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Template:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Template talk:Holy Roman Emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Holy_Roman_Emperors&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Emperors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a><br />(800–888)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles I (Charlemagne)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lambert_of_Italy" title="Lambert of Italy">Lambert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperors-Or_shield_variant.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of the Holy Roman Emperor"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Holy Roman Emperor" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors-Or_shield_variant.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors-Or_shield_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors-Or_shield_variant.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors-Or_shield_variant.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors-Or_shield_variant.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leopold_II_and_Francis_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperors-Or_shield_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />(800/962–1806)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolph II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Holy_Roman_Emperors" title="Category:Holy Roman Emperors">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Template:Monarchs of Spain"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Monarchs_of_Spain&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchs_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Spain">Monarchs of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div id="List_of_monarchs_&#124;_Monarchs&#039;_family_tree"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">List of monarchs</a> | <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchs_of_Spain_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Spain family tree">Monarchs' family tree</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg" class="image" title="Bandera del Rey de España"><img alt="Bandera del Rey de España" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/50px-Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/75px-Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/100px-Estandarte_Real_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_XII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XII of Spain">Alfonso XII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg" class="image" title="Escudo de armas del monarca de España"><img alt="Escudo de armas del monarca de España" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/33px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="50" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/66px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="949" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Spanish_Empire&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Colonization of the Americas</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%9359)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li>Kingdoms of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Pacific Islands</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Western United States, Mexico, Central America, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a> (Central United States)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, Western Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (Argentina, Paraguay, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li>North Africa (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archivo_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Archivo de Indias">Archivo de Indias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: white; text-align: left; width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: white; text-align: left; width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: white; text-align: left; width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%9313)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–13)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: white; text-align: left; width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columnarios" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: white; text-align: left; width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: white; text-align: left; width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: white; text-align: left; width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: white; text-align: left; width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: white; text-align: left; width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_colonizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish colonizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesoamerican_literature" title="Mesoamerican literature">Mesoamerican codices</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cusco_School" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quito_School" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Latin America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Monarchs_of_Germany&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">Monarchs of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> during the<br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a> (843–911)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (911–919)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> (919–962)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry I</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arnulf_the_Bad" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnulf the Bad">Arnulf</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> within the<br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (962–1806)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_of_Salm" title="Hermann of Salm">Hermann</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad (III)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair II/III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Berengar" title="Henry Berengar">Henry (VI)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany" title="Henry (VII) of Germany">Henry (VII)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conrad_IV_of_Germany" title="Conrad IV of Germany">Conrad IV</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Raspe" title="Henry Raspe">Henry (VIII)</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_II_of_Holland" title="William II of Holland">William</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard,_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, Earl of Cornwall">Richard</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adolf,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Adolf, King of the Romans">Adolf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair">Frederick (III)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Schwarzburg" title="Günther von Schwarzburg">Günther</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rupert,_King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupert, King of Germany">Rupert</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans">Ferdinand IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> (1806–1813)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1815–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire_(1848/1849)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Empire (1848/1849)">German Empire</a> (1848/1849)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a> <small>(Imperial Regent)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1850–1866)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1867–1871)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">William II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Template:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="List of monarchs of Luxembourg">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="County_of_Luxemburg_(963–1354)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/County_of_Luxemburg" title="County of Luxemburg">County of Luxemburg</a> (963–1354)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Elder House of Luxembourg</a> <br />(963–1136)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigfried,_Count_of_the_Ardennes" title="Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes">Siegfried</a> <small>(963–998)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry V, Duke of Bavaria">Henry I</a> <small>(998–1026)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry VII, Duke of Bavaria">Henry II</a> <small>(1026–1047)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giselbert_of_Luxembourg" title="Giselbert of Luxembourg">Giselbert</a> <small>(1047–1059)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conrad_I,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad I</a> <small>(1059–1086)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_III,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry III, Count of Luxembourg">Henry III</a> <small>(1086–1096)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="William, Count of Luxembourg">William I</a> <small>(1096–1131)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conrad_II,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad II, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad II</a> <small>(1131–1136)</small></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="image"><img alt="Arms of the Count of Luxembourg.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="308" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1136–1189)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_IV,_Count_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV, Count of Luxembourg">Henry IV</a> <small>(1136–1189)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">House of Hohenstaufen</a> <br />(1196–1197)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Burgundy" title="Otto I, Count of Burgundy">Otto</a> <small>(1196–1197)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1197–1247)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ermesinde,_Countess_of_Luxembourg" title="Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg">Ermesinde</a> <small>(1197–1247), <i>with</i></small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theobald_I,_Count_of_Bar" title="Theobald I, Count of Bar">Theobald</a> <small>(1197–1214), <i>and then</i></small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waleran_III,_Duke_of_Limburg" title="Waleran III, Duke of Limburg">Waleran</a> <small>(1214–1226)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1247–1354)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_V_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry V of Luxembourg">Henry V</a> <small>(1247–1281)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg">Henry VI</a> <small>(1281–1288)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a> <small>(1288–1313)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John I</a> <small>(1313–1346)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> <small>(1346–1353)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> <small>(1353–1354)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Duchy_of_Luxemburg_(1354–1794)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Duchy of Luxemburg</a> (1354–1794)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1354–1443)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> <small>(1354–1383)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a> <small>(1383–1388)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a> <small>(1388–1411)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabeth_of_G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Elizabeth of Görlitz">Elisabeth</a> <small>(1411–1443) <i>with</i></small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthony,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Anthony, Duke of Brabant">Anthony</a> <small>(1411–1415), <i>and then</i></small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="John III, Duke of Bavaria">John II</a> <small>(1418–1425)</small></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="image"><img alt="Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="195" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a> <br />(1443–1482)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip I</a> <small>(1443–1467)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles II</a> <small>(1467–1477)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary I</a> <small>(1477–1482)</small> and</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> <small>(1477–1482)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /> (1482–1700)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip II</a> <small>(1482–1506)</small></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles III</a> <small>(1506–1556)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip III</a> <small>(1556–1598)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a> <small>(1598–1621)</small> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert</a> <small>(1598–1621)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> <small>(1621–1665)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles IV</a> <small>(1665–1700)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> <br />(1700–1712)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> <small>(1700–1712)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a><br /> (1712–1713)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian II</a> <small>(1712–1713)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> <br />(1713–1780)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> <small>(1713–1740)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Mary II</a> <small>(1740–1780)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> <br />(1780–1794)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph</a> <small>(1780–1790)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold</a> <small>(1790–1792)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis</a> <small>(1792–1794)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg_(since_1815)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> (since 1815)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a><br /> (1815–1890)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a> (1815–1840)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a> (1840–1849)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a> (1849–1890)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="image"><img alt="Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/100px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/150px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/200px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="337" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of Nassau-Weilburg">House of Nassau-Weilburg</a> <br />(1890–present)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Adolphe</a> (1890–1905)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">William IV</a> (1905–1912)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie-Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Marie-Adélaïde</a> (1912–1919)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Charlotte</a> (1919–1964)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Jean</a> (1964–2000)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a> (since 2000)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_and_Princesses_of_Asturias" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Asturias" title="Template:Princes of Asturias"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Asturias" title="Template talk:Princes of Asturias"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Princes_of_Asturias&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_and_Princesses_of_Asturias" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Princes and Princesses of Asturias</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor</a></b> <i>(2014–present)</i></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div class="floatright"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="963" /></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry</a> <i>(1388–90)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Aragon" title="Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon">Maria</a> <i>(1402–05)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John</a> <i>(1405–06)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Catherine, Princess of Asturias">Catherine</a> <i>(1423–24)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleanor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Eleanor, Princess of Asturias">Eleanor</a> <i>(1424–25)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry</a> <i>(1425–54)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joanna_la_Beltraneja" title="Joanna la Beltraneja">Joanna</a> <i>(1462–64)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1453%E2%80%931468)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1453–1468)">Alfonso</a> <i>(1464–68)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella</a> <i>(1468–70)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Isabella</a> <i>(1470–78)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="John, Prince of Asturias">John</a> <i>(1478–97)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Isabella</a> <i>(1497–98)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miguel_da_Paz,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal">Michael</a> <i>(1498–1500)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> <i>(1502–04)</i></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles</a> <i>(1504–16)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1527–56)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Charles</a> <i>(1556–68)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1571–78)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego</a> <i>(1578–82)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1582–98)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1605–21)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Balthasar Charles</a> <i>(1629–1646)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Philip Prospero</a> <i>(1657–1661)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles</a> <i>(1661–1665)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis</a> <i>(1709–24)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1724–46)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles</a> <i>(1759–88)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1788–1808)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella</a> <i>(1830–33)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infanta_Isabel,_Countess_of_Girgenti" title="Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti">Isabella</a> <i>(1851–57)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso</a> <i>(1857–68)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emanuele_Filiberto,_2nd_Duke_of_Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta">Emanuele Filiberto</a> <i>(1871–73)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infanta_Isabel,_Countess_of_Girgenti" title="Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti">Isabella</a> <i>(1875–80)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Mercedes,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="María de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias">Mercedes</a> <i>(1881–1904)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso</a> <i>(1907–38)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe</a> <i>(1977–2014)</i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor</a> <i>(2014– )</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austrian_archdukes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Austrian_archdukes" title="Template:Austrian archdukes"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_archdukes" title="Template talk:Austrian archdukes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Austrian_archdukes&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austrian_archdukes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke#Other_dynastic_Habsburg_use" title="Archduke">Austrian archdukes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Generations_are_numbered_by_male-line_descent_from_the_first_archdukes._Later_generations_are_included_although_Austrian_titles_of_nobility_were_abolished_in_1919.">Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_VI,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VI, Archduke of Austria">Albert VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I of Castile</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a><sup>S</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria">Charles II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Charles, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria">Ernest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria">Maximilian III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a><sup>S</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Ernest of Austria">Maximilian Ernest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leopold_V,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Archduke of Austria">Leopold V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_of_Austria,_Bishop_of_Wroclaw" title="Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw">Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a><sup>S</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Spain_(1607%E2%80%931632)" title="Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)">Charles</a><sup>S</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria">Ferdinand</a><sup>S</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infante_Alonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alonso of Spain">Alonso</a><sup>S</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria">Leopold Wilhelm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_Charles,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand Charles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigismund_Francis,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund Francis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans">Ferdinand IV of Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria">Charles Joseph</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias</a><sup>S</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Joseph_of_Austria_(1682%E2%80%931684)" title="Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria (1682–1684)">Leopold Joseph</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Joseph_of_Austria_(1700%E2%80%931701)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria (1700–1701)">Leopold Joseph</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Joseph_of_Austria_(1745%E2%80%931761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (1745–1761)">Charles Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold VII</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Austria-Este" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Austria-Este">Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Francis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria">Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Francis I</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Charles</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Alexander_Leopold_of_Austria" title="Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria">Alexander Leopold</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_of_Austria_(Palatine_of_Hungary)" title="Archduke Joseph of Austria (Palatine of Hungary)">Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Anton_Victor_of_Austria" title="Archduke Anton Victor of Austria">Anton Victor</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">John</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Joseph_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria">Rainer Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Louis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Louis of Austria">Louis</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Rudolf_of_Austria_(1788%E2%80%931831)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Rudolf of Austria (1788–1831)">Cardinal Rudolf</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Franz_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Franz of Austria">Joseph Franz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_IV,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis IV, Duke of Modena">Francis IV, Duke of Modena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_Joseph_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este">Ferdinand Karl Joseph</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este">Maximilian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ambrosius_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Karl Ambrosius of Austria-Este">Karl Ambrosius, Primate of Hungary</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Emperor Ferdinand I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leopold_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Karl of Austria">Franz Karl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Johann_Nepomuk_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Johann Nepomuk of Austria">Johann Nepomuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen">Albrecht</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Stephen_of_Austria_(Palatine_of_Hungary)" title="Archduke Stephen of Austria (Palatine of Hungary)">Stephen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria">Karl Ferdinand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_V,_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">Francis V, Duke of Modena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich_of_Austria_(1821%E2%80%931847)" title="Archduke Friedrich of Austria (1821–1847)">Frederick Ferdinand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_Viktor_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este">Ferdinand Karl Viktor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Ludwig_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Ludwig of Austria">Leopold Ludwig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria_(1824%E2%80%931899)" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria (1824–1899)">Ernest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria">Rainer Ferdinand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Wilhelm_Franz_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wilhelm Franz of Austria">Wilhelm Franz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Heinrich_Anton_of_Austria" title="Archduke Heinrich Anton of Austria">Heinrich Anton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria">Joseph Karl</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Emperor Franz Joseph I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Ludwig_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria">Karl Ludwig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Ludwig_Viktor_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria">Ludwig Viktor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria">Karl Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Ludwig_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria">Ludwig Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Johann_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria">John Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Friedrich,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen">Friedrich</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Stephen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria">Charles Stephen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Eugen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Eugen of Austria">Eugen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_August_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph August of Austria">Joseph August</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudolf,_Crown_Prince_of_Austria" title="Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria">Crown Prince Rudolf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Franz Ferdinand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Otto_of_Austria_(1865%E2%80%931906)" title="Archduke Otto of Austria (1865–1906)">Otto Francis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria">Ferdinand Karl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Ferdinand of Austria">Leopold Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria">Josef Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Peter_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria">Peter Ferdinand</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria">Leopold Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria">Franz Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht_Franz,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen">Albrecht Franz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Albrecht_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria">Karl Albrecht</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Leo_Karl_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leo Karl of Austria">Leo Karl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wilhelm of Austria">Wilhelm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_Francis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria">Joseph Francis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Emperor Charles I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Maximilian_Eugen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Maximilian Eugen of Austria">Maximilian Eugen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Habsburg<br />Tuscany</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Gottfried_of_Austria" title="Archduke Gottfried of Austria">Gottfried</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Rainer_of_Austria_(1895%E2%80%931930)" title="Archduke Rainer of Austria (1895–1930)">Rainer</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Leopold of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Leopold Maria</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Anton_of_Austria" title="Archduke Anton of Austria">Anton</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Josef_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Franz Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Franz Joseph</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Pius_of_Austria,_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany">Karl Pius</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Hubert_Salvator_of_Austria" title="Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria">Hubert Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palatines<br />of Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_of_Austria" title="Archduke Joseph Árpád of Austria">Joseph Árpád</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_G%C3%A9za_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Géza of Austria">Géza</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Descent of<br />Charles I</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Crown Prince Otto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" title="Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este">Robert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Felix_of_Austria" title="Archduke Felix of Austria">Felix</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Carl_Ludwig_of_Austria_(1918%E2%80%932007)" title="Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria (1918–2007)">Carl Ludwig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Rudolf_of_Austria_(1919%E2%80%932010)" title="Archduke Rudolf of Austria (1919–2010)">Rudolf</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tuscany</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Franz_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Franz of Austria">Leopold Franz</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Stefan_of_Austria" title="Archduke Stefan of Austria">Stephan</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominic_von_Habsburg" title="Dominic von Habsburg">Dominic</a><sup>T</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Markus_Emanuel_Salvator_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Markus Emanuel Salvator of Austria">Markus Emanuel Salvator</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palatines</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eduard_von_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduard von Habsburg">Edward Karl</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georg_von_Habsburg" title="Georg von Habsburg">Georg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_Lorenz_of_Belgium" title="Prince Lorenz of Belgium">Lorenz</a><sup>B</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlos_Felipe_de_Habsburgo" title="Carlos Felipe de Habsburgo">Karl Philipp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Carl_Christian_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Carl Christian of Austria">Carl Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simeon_von_Habsburg" title="Simeon von Habsburg">Simeon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tuscany</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Sigismund_of_Austria_(born_1966)" title="Archduke Sigismund of Austria (born 1966)">Sigismund</a><sup>T</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_Zvonimir_von_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg">Ferdinand Zvonimir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_Amedeo_of_Belgium,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este">Amedeo</a><sup>B</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_Joachim_of_Belgium,_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Joachim of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este">Joachim</a><sup>B</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>S: <i>also an infante of Spain</i></li>
<li>T: <i>also a prince of Tuscany</i></li>
<li>B: <i>also a prince of Belgium</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infantes_of_Aragon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Infantes_of_Aragon" title="Template:Infantes of Aragon"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Infantes_of_Aragon" title="Template talk:Infantes of Aragon"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Infantes_of_Aragon&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infantes_of_Aragon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infantes of Aragon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho I</a></li>
<li>García</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Aragon and Navarre">Peter I</a></li>
<li>Ferdinand</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Aragon" title="Ramiro II of Aragon">Ramiro II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Peter</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Peter</li>
<li>Ramon/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso II of Aragon">Alfonso II</a></li>
<li>Peter, Count of Cerdanya/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_III,_Count_of_Provence" title="Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence">Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sancho,_Count_of_Provence" title="Sancho, Count of Provence">Sancho, Count of Provence</a></li>
<li>Ramon</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon" title="Peter II of Aragon">Peter II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_II,_Count_of_Provence" title="Alfonso II, Count of Provence">Alfonso II, Count of Provence</a></li>
<li>Sancho</li>
<li>Ferdinand</li>
<li>Ramon Berenguer</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Alfonso</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_II_of_Majorca" title="James II of Majorca">James II of Majorca</a></li>
<li>Ferdinand</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sancho_of_Aragon_(1250-1275)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho of Aragon (1250-1275)">Sancho</a></li>
<li>James, Lord of Jérica</li>
<li>Peter, Lord of Ayerbe</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso III of Aragon">Alfonso III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick III of Sicily</a></li>
<li>Pedro</li>
<li>James <sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sancho_of_Majorca" title="Sancho of Majorca">Sancho of Majorca</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li>Philip <sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Majorca" title="Ferdinand of Majorca">Ferdinand, Viscount of Aumelas</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li>James, Lord of Jérica</li>
<li>Peter, Lord of Ayerbe</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>James</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso IV of Aragon">Alfonso IV</a></li>
<li>John</li>
<li>Peter, Count of Ribagorza</li>
<li>Ramon Berenguer, Count of Ampurias</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_II_of_Sicily" title="Peter II of Sicily">Peter II of Sicily</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li>Roger <sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manfred_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred of Athens">Manfred, Duke of Athens and Neopatria</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_II_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="William II of Athens">William II, Duke of Athens and Neopatria</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Randazzo" title="John, Duke of Randazzo">John, Duke of Randazzo</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_III_of_Majorca" title="James III of Majorca">James III of Majorca</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li>Ferdinand, Viscount of Aumelas <sup><small>1</small></sup></li>
<li>James, Lord of Jérica</li>
<li>Peter, Lord of Jérica</li>
<li>Alfonso, Lord of Cocentaina</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Alfonso</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_I_of_Urgell" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of Urgell">James I, Count of Urgell</a></li>
<li>Fadrique</li>
<li>Sancho</li>
<li>Ferdinand, Marquis of Tortosa</li>
<li>John, Lord of Elche</li>
<li>Alfonso, Count of Ribagorza</li>
<li>John, Count of Prades</li>
<li>Jaime</li>
<li>John, Count of Ampurias</li>
<li>Peter, Count of Ampurias</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of Sicily">Louis of Sicily</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_III_the_Simple" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick III the Simple">Frederick IV of Sicily</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I of Athens">Frederick I, Duke of Athens and Neopatria</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_IV_of_Majorca" title="James IV of Majorca">James IV of Majorca</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Peter</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_I_of_Aragon" title="John I of Aragon">John I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon" title="Martin of Aragon">Martin</a></li>
<li>Alfonso</li>
<li>Alonso, Count of Morella</li>
<li>Peter</li>
<li>Peter II, Count of Urgell</li>
<li>Infante John of Ribagorza</li>
<li>James, Baron of Arenós</li>
<li>Alfonso, Count of Ribagorza</li>
<li>Peter, Marquis of Villena</li>
<li>Peter, Count of Prades</li>
<li>James, Count of Prades</li>
<li>Louis of Prades</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>James</li>
<li>John</li>
<li>Alfonso</li>
<li>James, Duke of Girona</li>
<li>Fernando, Duke of Girona</li>
<li>Pedro, Duke of Girona</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_I_of_Sicily" title="Martin I of Sicily">Martin I of Sicily</a></li>
<li>James</li>
<li>John</li>
<li>Antonio of Urgell</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_II_of_Urgell" class="mw-redirect" title="James II of Urgell">James II, Count of Urgell</a></li>
<li>Peter of Urgell</li>
<li>John, Baron of Entenza</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_of_Aragon,_Heir_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter of Aragon, Heir of Sicily">Peter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon,_Heir_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin of Aragon, Heir of Sicily">Martin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infante_Henry,_Duke_of_Villena" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Henry, Duke of Villena">Henry, Duke of Villena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_of_Aragon,_Count_of_Alburquerque" title="Peter of Aragon, Count of Alburquerque">Peter, Count of Alburquerque</a></li>
<li>Sancho</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Viana" title="Charles, Prince of Viana">Charles, Prince of Viana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan,_Prince_of_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan, Prince of Asturias">Juan, Prince of Asturias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="John, Prince of Girona">John, Prince of Girona</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th Generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles I of Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also a prince of Majorca</span></li>
<li><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also a prince of Sicily</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32500#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32500#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32500#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118560093">Integrated Authority File (Germany)</a></span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120965852">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88598818">1</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1597151778205418130008">2</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/257305325">3</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79112289">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National libraries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90520889">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1032495">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12038246v">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12038246v">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a11170384">Catalonia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79112289">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000046044&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620915">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700859&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36529135">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000030838&local_base=nlx10">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000168482&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068232535">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810546338905606">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/208219">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/495_57540">Vatican</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art research institutes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/439066">RKD Artists (Netherlands)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500231828">Artist Names (Getty)</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographical dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/30800711">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43382/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029211">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RISM_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RISM (identifier)">RISM (France)</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.rism.info/search?id=pe322636">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RERO_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RERO (identifier)">RERO (Switzerland)</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A024125796">1</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A009974410">2</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zc84s9">Social Networks and Archival Context</a></span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (France)</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/08578334X">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trove_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trove (identifier)">Trove (Australia)</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/366579">1</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1052416">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1631622426 |