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'{{short description|Idiom deriving from Greek mythology, "to choose the lesser of two evils"}} {{redirect|Scylla and Charybdis}} [[Image:Johann Heinrich Füssli 054.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Fuseli]]'s painting of Odysseus facing the choice between Scylla and Charybdis, 1794/6]] Being '''between Scylla and Charybdis''' is an idiom deriving from [[Greek mythology]], which has been associated with the proverbial advice "to choose the lesser of two evils".<ref>''Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs'', OUP 2015, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GtBxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&dq=%22choose+the+lesser+of+two+evils%22+proverb&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0r8KsyK_kAhWGTsAKHagTCwYQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=%22choose%20the%20lesser%20of%20two%20evils%22%20proverb&f=false p.99]</ref> Several other idioms, such as "[[wikt:on the horns of a dilemma|on the horns of a dilemma]]", "between the devil and the deep blue sea", and "between a rock and a hard place" express similar meanings.<ref>"The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms" by Christine Ammer. 2003, 1997. The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust, [https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/between+a+rock+and+a+hard+place retrieved 26 Aug. 2019]</ref> The mythical situation also developed a proverbial use in which seeking to choose between equally dangerous extremes is seen as leading inevitably to disaster. ==The myth and its proverbial use== [[File:Caught between a rock and a hard place.jpg|thumb|Top, each of Scylla's heads plucks a mariner from the deck; bottom right, Charybdis tries to swallow the whole vessel]] [[Scylla]] and [[Charybdis]] were mythical [[sea monsters]] noted by [[Homer]]; Greek mythology sited them on opposite sides of the [[Strait of Messina]] between [[Sicily]] and [[Calabria]], on the Italian mainland. Scylla was rationalized as a rock [[shoal]] (described as a six-headed sea monster) on the Calabrian side of the strait and Charybdis was a [[whirlpool]] off the coast of Sicily. They were regarded as maritime hazards located close enough to each other that they posed an inescapable threat to passing sailors; avoiding Charybdis meant passing too close to Scylla and vice versa. According to Homer's account, [[Odysseus]] was advised to pass by Scylla and lose only a few sailors, rather than risk the loss of his entire ship in the whirlpool.<ref>''Odyssey'' Book 12, [http://johnstoniatexts.x10host.com/homer/odyssey12html.html lines 108-11], Translated by Ian Johnston, Vancouver Island University, Revised Edition 2019</ref> Because of such stories, the bad result of having to navigate between the two hazards eventually entered proverbial use. [[Erasmus]] recorded it in his ''[[Adagia]]'' (1515) under the Latin form of ''evitata Charybdi in Scyllam incidi'' (having escaped Charybdis I fell into Scylla) and also provided a Greek equivalent. After relating the Homeric account and reviewing other connected uses, he went on to explain that the proverb could be applied in three different ways. In circumstances where there is no escape without some cost, the correct course is to "choose the lesser of two evils". Alternatively it may signify that the risks are equally great, whatever one does. A third use is in circumstances where a person has gone too far in avoiding one extreme and has tumbled into its opposite. In this context Erasmus quoted another line that had become proverbial, ''incidit in Scyllam cupiēns vītāre Charybdem'' (into Scylla he fell, wishing to avoid Charybdis).<ref>''The Adages of Erasmus'' (selected by William Barker), University of Toronto 2001, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VmJn6IFMyicC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Erasmus+Adagia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjPktWeuq7kAhUGkxQKHcmKD0wQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Scylla&f=false pp.83-6]</ref> This final example was a line from the ''[[Alexandreis]]'', a 12th-century Latin epic poem by [[Walter of Châtillon]].<ref>''The Alexandreis: A Twelfth-Century Epic'', a verse translation by David Townsend, Broadview Editions 2007, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kh47_xfyU2wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Charybdis&f=false p.120, line 350]. A footnote in this translation identifies the line as becoming proverbial in Europe.</ref> The myth was later given an allegorical interpretation by the French poet [[Barthélemy Aneau]] in his [[emblem book]] ''Picta Poesis'' (1552). There one is advised, much in the spirit of the commentary of Erasmus, that the risk of being envied for wealth or reputation is preferable to being swallowed by the Charybdis of poverty: "Choose the lesser of these evils. A wise man would rather be envied than miserable."<ref>[http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/french/emblem.php?id=FANa072 French Emblems at Glasgow]</ref> Erasmus too had associated the proverb about choosing the lesser of two evils, as well as Walter of Châtillon’s line, with the Classical adage. A later English translation glossed the adage's meaning with a third proverb, that of "falling, as we say, out of the frying pan into the fire, in which form the proverb has been adopted by the French, the Italians and the Spanish."<ref>Robert Bland, ''Proverbs, chiefly taken from the Adagia of Erasmus, with explanations'', London 1814, [https://archive.org/details/proverbschieflyt00blaniala/page/n117 pp.95-7]</ref> ''[[Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable]]'' also treated [[Out of the frying pan into the fire|the English proverb]] as an established equivalent of the allusion to falling from Scylla into Charybdis.<ref>''Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'', London 1954, [https://archive.org/details/brewersdictionar000544mbp/page/n821 p.815]</ref> ==Cultural references== [[Image:GillrayBritannia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[James Gillray]], ''Britannia between Scylla and Charybdis'' (1793)]] The story was often applied to political situations at a later date. In [[James Gillray]]'s cartoon, ''Britannia between Scylla and Charybdis'' (3 June 1793),<ref>Published by H. Humphrey, London 8 April 1793</ref> '[[William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]] helms the ship ''Constitution'', containing an alarmed Britannia, between the rock of democracy (with the liberty cap on its summit) and the whirlpool of arbitrary power (in the shape of an inverted crown), to the distant haven of liberty'.<ref>{{cite book |first=Iain |last=Hampsher-Monk |title=The Impact of the French Revolution |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qWwQqPeqBQC&q=Scylla |isbn=0-521-57005-0}}</ref> This was in the context of the effect of the [[French Revolution]] on politics in Britain. That the dilemma had still to be resolved in the aftermath of the revolution is suggested by [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]'s returning to the idiom in his 1820 essay ''[[A Defence of Poetry]]'': "The rich have become richer, and the poor have become poorer; and the vessel of the state is driven between the Scylla and Charybdis of anarchy and despotism."<ref>The Harvard Classics, section 33; [http://www.bartleby.com/27/23.html available online]</ref> A later ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' caricature by [[John Tenniel]], dated 10 October 1863, pictures the [[Prime Minister]] [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] carefully steering the British ship of state between the perils of Scylla, a craggy rock in the form of a grim-visaged [[Abraham Lincoln]], and Charybdis, a whirlpool which foams and froths into a likeness of [[Jefferson Davis]]. A shield emblazoned "Neutrality" hangs on the ship's thwarts, referring to how Palmerston tried to maintain a strict impartiality towards both combatants in the [[American Civil War]].<ref>[http://www.abrahamlincolncartoons.info/SubPages/Cartoon.php?UniqueID=415 View online]</ref> American satirical magazine ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]'' also used the myth in a caricature by F. Graetz, dated November 26, 1884, in which the unmarried President-elect [[Grover Cleveland]] rows desperately between snarling monsters captioned "Mother-in-law" and "Office Seekers".<ref>[http://www.historyonthenet.com/authentichistory/1865-1897/3-gilded/4-cleveland1 Scroll down on History on the Net]</ref> [[Victor Hugo]] uses the equivalent French idiom (''tomber de Charybde en Scylla'') in his novel ''[[Les Misérables]]'' (1862), again in a political context, as a metaphor for the staging of two rebel barricades during the climactic uprising in Paris, around which the final events of the book culminate. The first chapter of the final volume is entitled "The Charybdis of the Faubourg Saint Antoine and the Scylla of the Faubourg du Temple". By the time of [[Nicholas Monsarrat]]'s 1951 war novel, ''[[The Cruel Sea (novel)|The Cruel Sea]]'', however, the upper-class junior officer, Morell, is teased by his middle-class peer, Lockhart, for using such a phrase.<ref>Nicholas Monsarrat, ''The Cruel Sea'', [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149549/page/n89 p.91]</ref> Nevertheless, the idiom has since taken on new life in pop lyrics. In [[The Police]]'s 1983 single "[[Wrapped Around Your Finger]]", the second line uses it as a metaphor for being in a dangerous relationship; this is reinforced by a later mention of the similar idiom of "the devil and the deep blue sea".<ref>The words are [http://www.elyrics.net/read/p/police-lyrics/wrapped-around-your-finger-lyrics.html online]</ref><ref>{{youtube|id=Gondjza0sUs}}</ref> American heavy metal band [[Trivium (band)|Trivium]] also referenced the idiom in "Torn Between Scylla and Charybdis", a track from their 2008 album ''Shogun'', in which the lyrics are about having to choose "between death and doom".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbSQ2CXLsTQ Performance on YouTube] (words also available online)</ref> In 2014 [[Graham Waterhouse]] composed a [[piano quartet]], ''[[Skylla and Charybdis (Waterhouse)|Skylla and Charybdis]]'', premiered at the [[Gasteig]] in [[Munich]]. According to his programme note, though its four movements "do not refer specifically to the protagonists or to events connected with the famous legend", their dynamic is linked subjectively to images connected with it "conjoured up in the composer's mind during the writing".<ref>[https://www.arbc.de/Waterhouse/werke.htm#skylla Composer's website]</ref> ==See also== *[[Catch-22 (logic)]] *[[Dilemma]] *[[Hobson's choice]] *[[Lesser of two evils principle]] *[[Morton's fork]] *[[Out of the frying pan into the fire]] ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==External links== *[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hom.+Od.+1.1 ''Odyssey'' in Ancient Greek and translation] from [[Perseus Project]], with hyperlinks to grammatical and mythological commentary {{Places visited by Odysseus in the Odyssey}} {{Odyssey navbox}} [[Category:Dilemmas]] [[Category:English-language idioms]] [[Category:Phrases and idioms derived from Greek mythology]]'