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'{{Short description|German police official and politician, SA-Obergruppenführer}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff | image = Wolf Heinrich Graf von Helldorf.jpg | caption = Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1896|10|14}} | birth_place = [[Merseburg]], [[Province of Saxony]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[German Empire]] | residence = | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1944|8|15|1896|10|14}} | death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Nazi Germany]] | office = [[Berlin Police]] President | term_start = 19 July 1935 | term_end = 24 July 1944 | predecessor = [[Magnus von Levetzow]] | successor = [[Kurt Göhrum]] | office2 = [[Potsdam]] Police President | term_start2 = 25 March 1933 | term_end2 = 18 July 1935 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = [[Wilhelm Ernst Graf von Wedel]] | office3 = Member of the [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]] | term_start3 = 12 November 1933 | term_end3 = 10 August 1944 | constituency3 = | office4 = | term_start4 = | term_end4 = | constituency4 = | party = [[National Socialist Freedom Movement|NSFB]] (1924-1925)<br/>[[NSDAP]] (1925-1944) | religion = | occupation = | majority = | spouse = | children = <!--Military service--> | allegiance = {{flag|German Empire}} | branch = {{army|German Empire}} | serviceyears = 1914-1919 | rank = [[Leutnant]] | unit = Hussar Regiment 12 | commands = | battles = [[World War I]] | mawards = [[Iron Cross]], first and second class | footnotes = }} '''Wolf-Heinrich Julius Otto Bernhard Fritz Hermann Ferdinand Graf von Helldorff''' (14 October 1896 – 15 August 1944) was an SA-''[[Obergruppenfuhrer]]'', [[German police]] official and politician. He served as a member of the [[Landtag of Prussia]] during the [[Weimar Republic]], as a member of the ''[[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]]'' for the [[Nazi Party]] from 1933, and as ''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' Police President in [[Potsdam]] and in [[Berlin]]. From 1938 he became involved with the [[German resistance to Nazism|anti-Nazi resistance]], and was executed in 1944 for his role in the [[20th July plot]] to overthrow [[Adolf Hitler]]'s regime. ==Early life== Helldorff was born in [[Merseburg]]. A noble landowner's son Helldorff was educated by private tutors in his youth and then graduated from the [[gymnasium (Germany)|gymnasium]] in [[Wernigerode]] in 1914. He volunteered for military service with the 12th Thuringian [[Hussars]] headquartered in [[Torgau]]. He served on both the [[Western Front (World War I)|western front]] and the [[Eastern front (World War I)|eastern front]] in the [[First World War]], attaining the rank of ''[[Leutnant]]'' and earning the [[Iron Cross]] first and second class. After the war, he was a member of the right-wing ''[[Freikorps]]'', seeing service with both the ''Freikorps'' Lutzow and Roßbach in 1919 and 1920. From 1920 to 1924 he was a member of the nationalist paramilitary organisation ''[[Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten|Stahlhelm]]''.{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| pp=535-536}} He became a member of the [[National Socialist Freedom Movement]] (NSFB) in 1924, which served as a legal front for the [[National Socialist German Workers' Party]] (NSDAP), which had been banned after the [[Beer Hall Putsch]], and he also joined its paramilitary force, the ''[[Frontbann]]''. He was elected to the [[Landtag of Prussia]] in 1924 on the NSFB list, representing constituency 11 (''[[Regierungsbezirk]]'' Merseburg) until 1928.{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=536}} ==Nazi career== Helldorf formally joined the [[Nazi Party]] on 1 August 1930 (membership number 325,408) and in January 1931 he joined the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA). By July he became the leader of SA-''Gruppe'' Greater Berlin with the rank of SA-''[[Oberfuhrer]]'' and, later that year, for all of [[province of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]. The scope of his work expanded when he was also given responsibility for the leadership of the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) in Brandenburg. In April 1932 Helldorff was returned to the Prussian Landtag as a member of the Nazi Party, this time representing constituency 3 (Potsdam II). In September 1932 he was promoted to SA-''[[Gruppenfuhrer]]'' and made leader of SA-''Obergruppe'' I, commanding multiple SA ''Gruppe'' covering all northeast Germany.{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| pp=536; 540}} After the [[Nazi seizure of power]], Helldorff was made Police President of [[Potsdam]] on 25 March 1933. In November 1933, he was also elected to the ''[[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]]''. He remained in Potsdam until being named Police President of Berlin on 19 July 1935. In December 1935, he was made a member of the Prussian Provincial Council (''Provinzialrat'').{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=541}} In his new post, Helldorff was closely allied with [[Joseph Goebbels]], ''[[Gauleiter]]'' of Berlin and [[Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda|Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda]]. As chief of the Berlin police, Helldorff played an instrumental role in the harassment and plundering of Berlin's Jewish population in the early and the mid-1930s. In his diary entry of 19 June 1936, Goebbels commented: "Helldorff is now proceeding radically on the Jewish question ... many arrests ... We will free Berlin of Jews."{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=541}} Goebbels noted on 2 July 1938, that "Helldorff wants to construct a Jewish ghetto in Berlin. The rich Jews will be required to fund its construction". Helldorff was the organizational brains behind the arson and looting of Berlin's synagogues and Jewish businesses in the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' pogroms of November 1938.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jE_8Uq7Go4C&q=helldorf+berlin+ghetto&pg=PA135 | title=Hitler: 1936-1945 Nemesis | access-date=22 February 2013 | author=Kershaw, Ian | year=2000 | page=135| isbn=9780393049947 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6kxdwPow8sC&q=helldorf+berlin+ghetto&pg=PA134 | title=1938 : Hitler's Gamble | isbn=9780465022052 | access-date=22 February 2013| last1=MacDonogh | first1=Giles | date=10 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Teil I Aufzeichnungen 1923-1941 | author=Fröhlich,Elke | quote=Helldorff (Polizeipräsident) will in Berlin ein Judenghetto errichten. Das sollen die reichen Juden selbst bezahlen. Das ist richtig. Ich unterstütze ihn dabei." (Fröhlich, I.3, S. 470)}}</ref> On 8 November 1938, the day that ''Kristallnacht'' began, he was quoted in ''[[The New York Times]]'' as saying: "as a result of a police activity in the last few weeks the entire Jewish population of Berlin had been disarmed".<ref>{{cite web|last=Tolischuswireless |first=Otto D. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/11/09/archives/nazis-ask-reprisal-in-attack-on-envoy-press-links-shooting-in-paris.html?sq=Helldorf&scp=2&st=p |title=NAZIS ASK REPRISAL IN ATTACK ON ENVOY - Press Links Shooting in Paris to 'World Conspiracy' and Warns Jews of Retaliation MASS EXPULSIONS FEARED Berlin Police Head Announces 'Disarming' of Jews-Victim of Shots in Critical State New Fear Aroused Round-up in Vienna Diplomat's Condition Critical - Article - NYTimes.com |publisher=Select.nytimes.com |date=1938-11-09 |access-date=2013-04-22}}</ref> On 9 November 1938, Helldorff was promoted to SA-''[[Obergruppenfuhrer]]''. Though never officially a member of the SS, owing to his position as a Police President, he was authorized to wear the uniform of a ''General der Polizei'', (a rank equivalent to an ''Obergruppenfuhrer'' in the SS.){{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=535}} Helldorff was additionally named as the Higher Police Leader of Greater Berlin in 1943.{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=547}} ==20 July plot== {{main|20 July plot}} It is asserted that Helldorff was in some form of communication with the military opposition to Hitler as early as 1938.<ref>Ted Harrison: ''"Alter Kämpfer" im Widerstand. Graf Helldorff, die NS-Bewegung und die Opposition gegen Hitler''. ''[[Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte]]'' [http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1997_3.pdf 45(1997)] (PDF, 6,5 MB), p. 385-423.</ref> Goebbels certainly ensured that Helldorf took the blame for Kristallnacht by declaring "the police act with an appearance of legality, the party provides spectators". The police took orders not to arrest or to treat too harshly rioters who beat up Jews.<ref>T.Thacker, ''Goebbels: Life and Death'', London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009</ref> In contrast, [[Hans Gisevius]]'s book ''To the Bitter End'' described as Helldorff playing an important role in a circle of conspirators and anti-Nazis. On 20 July 1944, he was in communication with the coup d'état plotters attempting to assassinate the Führer. His planned role would be to keep the police from interfering with the military takeover and then to aid the new government.<ref>H. Gisevius, Part Two, section 3, "Too Late – 20 July 1944"</ref> The fact that Helldorff sided with the anti-Hitler movement in its attempt to assassinate Hitler earned him a place in history as a [[German resistance to Nazism|German resistance]] fighter against the [[Nazi]] regime. ==Trial and execution== For his involvement in the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler at the [[Wolf's Lair]] in [[East Prussia]], Helldorff was arrested on 24 July and, under interrogation by the [[Gestapo]], confessed his role in the plot. Expelled from the Party on 8 August and from the ''Reichstag'' two days later, he was put on trial and condemned by [[Roland Freisler]] at the [[People's Court (Germany)|People's Court]] on 15 August. He was put to death at [[Plötzensee Prison]] that same day.{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=548}} So enraged was Hitler at Helldorff's participation in the plot that he insisted Helldorff be forced to watch his fellow conspirators being hanged before his own execution.<ref>{{cite book | title=Goebbels, Joseph: Die Tagebücher, Teil 2, Bd. 13, S. 245 | author=Fröhlich,Elke}}</ref> ==Personal indebtedness== Helldorff was friends with the stage magician and psychic [[Erik Jan Hanussen]], who constantly lent him money for his debts. "The [[count]] was always in debt, and his private life was a wreck. He was separated from his wife and was on bad terms with his mother after welching on his promise to pay her rent. Sometimes he was behind in his own rent. On one occasion he 'forgot' to pay for a new [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]. And he was always late paying his personal tailor and the trainer he hired for his racehorse. There were other debts as well, all from a gambling habit Helldorff couldn't shake. Luckily, he could always count on a handout from Hanussen. All he had to do was sign an [[IOU]], which Hanussen would add to his growing pile of chits he kept safe in his apartment".<ref>Magida, Arthur J. 2011. The Nazi Seance: The Strange Story of the Jewish Psychic in Hitler's Circle. Palgrave Macmillan Books, pp. 3-4.</ref> ==Career summary== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * 2 August 1914 – Spring 1918: Service on Western and Eastern Fronts{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=535}} * 1919: Service with [[Freikorps]] Lützow, involved in fighting against communist uprisings in Brunswick, Jena and Munich{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=535}} * 1919–1920: Leader of ''Offiziers-Stoßtrupp'' in ''Freikorps Roßbach'', which participated in the [[Kapp Putsch]] of 13 March 1920{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=535}} * 1919–1924: Member of ''[[Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten|Der Stahlhelm]]''{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=536}} * August 1924: Joined the ''[[Frontbann]]''{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=536}} * 7 December 1924 – 3 March 1928: Member of the [[Landtag of Prussia]].{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=536}} * 1 May 1925 – 22 September 1925: Commander of the ''Frontbann''{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=536}} * 1 August 1930: Joined the [[NSDAP]], member number 325,408{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=536}} * January 1931: Joined the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA){{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=536}} * 24 7 April 1932 – 14 October 1933: Member of the Landtag of Prussia.{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=540}} * 25 March 1933 – 18 July 1935: Police President in Potsdam{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=541}} * 2 November 1933 – 10 August 1944: Member of the ''[[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]]''{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=541}} * 19 July 1935 – 24 July 1944: Police President in Berlin{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=541}} {{div end}} ==Awards and decorations== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * 1939 Clasp to the [[Iron Cross]] 2nd Class and 1st Class{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=550}} * 1914 [[Iron Cross]] 2nd Class and 1st Class{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=550}} * [[Honour Chevron for the Old Guard]], 1934{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=550}} * [[The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918]] with Swords, 1934{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=550}} * [[Golden Party Badge]], 1938{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=550}} * [[War Merit Cross]] 2nd Class with Swords and 1st Class with Swords{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=550}} * [[Nazi Party Long Service Award]] in bronze and silver{{sfn| Miller| Schulz| 2015| p=550}} {{div end}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite book | last1 = Miller | first1 = Michael | last2 = Schulz| first2 = Andreas | title = Leaders of the Storm Troops Volume 1 | publisher = Helion & Company | location = England| year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1-909982-87-1 }} ==Further reading== * Gisevius, Hans Bernd, ''To the Bitter End'', Translated from German by [[Richard and Clara Winston]], [[Houghton Mifflin]], Boston, 1947 Reprinted 2009. ==See also== *[[Register of SS-Leaders in general’s rank#List SS-Obergruppenführer|List SS-Obergruppenführer]] ==External links== * {{ReichstagDB|119528789}} * {{PM20|FID=pe/007507}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Helldorff, Wolf-Heinrich Graf Von}} [[Category:1896 births]] [[Category:1944 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Freikorps personnel]] [[Category:People condemned by Nazi courts]] [[Category:People from Saxony-Anhalt executed at Plötzensee Prison]] [[Category:Prussian politicians]] [[Category:Members of the Landtag of Prussia]] [[Category:People from Merseburg]] [[Category:People from the Province of Saxony]] [[Category:German police chiefs]] [[Category:Executed members of the 20 July plot]] [[Category:German police officers convicted of crimes]] [[Category:Nazi Party officials]] [[Category:Counts of Germany]] [[Category:Sturmabteilung officers]] [[Category:SS-Obergruppenführer]] [[Category:Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany]] [[Category:National Socialist Freedom Movement politicians]] [[Category:People executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison]] [[Category:Prussian Army personnel]] [[Category:Nobility in the Nazi Party]] [[Category:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class]] [[Category:Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross]] [[Category:Nazi Party politicians]] [[Category:Kapp Putsch participants]] [[Category:German nationalists]]'