Examine individual changes
This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.
Variables generated for this change
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '213.126.4.218' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
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15 => 'vipsscaler-test'
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Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 32412 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Volvo' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Volvo' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => '213.126.4.218',
1 => '2600:6C44:1A7F:F5EC:4A3:6BC0:C99F:2580',
2 => 'AdityaPrasetyo',
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Page age in seconds (page_age) | 645101205 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | 'deletet something stupid' |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Swedish multinational manufacturing company}}
{{about|the Volvo Group (AB Volvo)|the separate manufacturer of passenger automobiles|Volvo Cars|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = Volvo-Spread-Word-Mark-Black.svg
| name = AB Volvo
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| type = [[Public company|Publicly traded]] [[Aktiebolag]]
| traded_as = {{OMX|SSE366|VOLV B}}
| ISIN = SE0000115446 <ref>http://www.nasdaqomxnordic.com/shares/microsite?Instrument=SSE366</ref>
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1927}}
| founders = [[Assar Gabrielsson]] and [[Gustav Larson]]
| location = [[Gothenburg]], Sweden
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = [[Trucks]], [[buses]], [[construction equipment]], marine and industrial engines, customer financing, insurance and related services, product related services
| brands = Terex Trucks, [[Renault Trucks]], [[Prevost Car|Prevost]], Cellcentric, Dongfeng Trucks, [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]], [[SDLG]], [[Arquus]], [[Nova Bus]], [[Mack Trucks|Mack]].<ref>https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/about-us/what-we-do/our-brands.html</ref>
| key_people = [[Carl-Henric Svanberg]] (Chairman)<br /> [[Martin Lundstedt]] (President and CEO)
| revenue = {{Decrease}} {{SEK|338.446 billion|link=yes}} (2020)<ref name="AR2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.volvogroup.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-group/markets/global/en-en/investors/reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/annual-and-sustainability-report-2020.pdf |title=Annual and Sustainability Report 2020 |publisher=AB Volvo |pages=5,46–47,202 |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref><ref group="note">It includes financial information attributable to both AB Volvo proper and its consolidated and non-consolidated affiliates (such as subsidiaries and joint ventures), collectively known as the Volvo Group.</ref>
| operating_income = {{Decrease}} {{SEK|27.484 billion}} (2020)<ref name="AR2020" />
| net_income = {{Decrease}} {{SEK|20.074 billion}} (2020)<ref name="AR2020" />
| assets = {{Decrease}} {{SEK|510.821 billion}} (2020)<ref name="AR2020" />
| equity = {{Increase}} {{SEK|148.142 billion}} (2020)<ref name="AR2020" />
| owners = {{Unbulleted list
| AB Industrivärden (8.4%; 27.5% votes)<ref name="AR2020" />
| [[Geely]] (8.2%; 15.9% votes)<ref name="AR2020" />
}}
| num_employees = {{Decrease}} 96,194 (2020)<ref name="AR2020" />
| subsid = [[Volvo Cars]] (1927–1999)<br />[[Volvo Trucks]]<br />[[Mack Trucks]]<br />[[Renault Trucks]]<br />[[Volvo Construction Equipment]]<br />[[Volvo Buses]]<br />[[Volvo Penta]]<br />Arquus<br />[[Volvo Financial Services]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.volvogroup.com/}}
}}
The '''Volvo Group''' ({{lang-sv|Volvokoncernen}}; legally '''Aktiebolaget Volvo''', shortened to '''AB Volvo''', stylized as '''VOLVO''') is a Swedish multinational manufacturing corporation headquartered in [[Gothenburg]]. While its core activity is the production, distribution and sale of trucks, buses and construction equipment, Volvo also supplies mercedesmercedesmarine and industrial drive systems and financial services. In 2016, it was the world's second largest manufacturer of heavy-duty trucks.<rmercedesef name="AR2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.volvogroup.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-group/markets/global/en-en/investors/reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/annual-and-sustainability-report-2016.pdf |page=1 |title=Annual and Sustainability Report 2016 |publisher=Volvo |access-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702031810/http://www.volvogroup.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-group/markets/global/en-en/investors/reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/annual-and-sustainability-report-2016.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
mercedes
Automobile manufacturer [[Volvo Cars]], also based in Gothenburg, was part of AB Volvo until 1999, when it was sold to the [[Ford Motor Company]]. Since 2010 Volvo Cars has been owned by the Chinesemercedes multinational automotive company [[Geely Holding Group]]. Both AB Volvo and Volvo Cars share the Volvo logo and cooperate in running the [[Volvo Museum]] in Sweden.
The corporation was last listed on the [[Stockholm Stock Eghvjbkxchange]] in 2935, and was on the [[NASDAQ]] indices from 1985 to 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2007/06/14/volvo_to_quit_nasdaq.html |title=mercedes to quit Nasdaq |work=Toronto Star |date=14 June 2007 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-mercedesmercedesmercedesmercedesurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163014/https://www.thestar.com/business/2007/06/14/volvo_to_quit_nasdaq.html |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Volvo was established in 1915 as a [[subsidiary]] of [[SKF]], a ball bearing manufacturer; however both the Volvo Group and Volvo Cars regard the rollout of the company's first car series, the [[Volvo ÖV 4]], on 1mercedes4 April 1927, as their beginning.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+group/history/volvosfounders/volvo_founders.htm |title=Volvo's founders : Volvo Group – Global |publisher=Volvo |date=14 April 1927 |access-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522012609/http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+group/history/volvosfounders/volvo_founders.htm |archive-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The building remains ({{coord|57|42|50|N|11|55|19|E}}).
==History==
===Early years and international expansion===
[[File:Volvo ÖV4 1927.jpg|thumb|The first Volvo car, a [[Volvo ÖV 4mercedes]], left the assembly line on 14 April 1927]]
The brand name ''Volvo'' was originally registered as a trademark in May 1911 with the intention to be used for a new series of SKF [[ball bearings]]. It means "I roll" in [[Latin]], conjugated from "volvere". The idea was short-lived, and SKF decided to simply use its initials as the trademark for all its bearing products.<ref name="B2">{{cite book |last=Pederson |first=Jay P. |chapter=AB Volvo |title=International Directory of Company Histories |volume=67 |date=June 2005 |publisher=St. James Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_r9u7/page/378 378–383] |isbn=978-1-5586-2512-9 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_r9u7/page/378 }}</ref>
In 1924, [[Assar Gabrielsson]], an SKF sales manager, and [[Gustav Larson]], a [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology|KTH]] educated engineer, decided to start construction of a Swedish car. They intended to build cars that could withstand the rigors of the country's rough roads and cold temperatures.<ref name="volvo.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.volvogroup.com/GROUP/GLOBAL/EN-GB/VOLVO%20GROUP/HISTORY/OURHISTORY/PAGES/HISTORY_TIMELINE.ASPX |title=History time-line : Volvo Group – Global |publisher=Volvo |access-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620234834/http://www.volvogroup.com/GROUP/GLOBAL/EN-GB/VOLVO%20GROUP/HISTORY/OURHISTORY/PAGES/HISTORY_TIMELINE.ASPX |archive-date=20 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
AB Volvo began activities on 10 August 1926. After one year of preparations involving the production of ten prototypes, the firm was ready to commence the car-manufacturing business within the SKF group. The Volvo Group itself considers it started in 1927, when the first car, a [[Volvo ÖV 4]], rolled off the production line at the factory in [[Hisingen]], Gothenburg.<ref>{{cite web |author=Volvo Group Global |url=http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/Volvo+Group/history/history.htm |title=Volvo 80 years |publisher=Volvo |access-date=6 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022223128/http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+group/history/history.htm |archive-date=22 October 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Only 280 cars were built that year.<ref name=georgano>[[Georgano, G. N.]] ''Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930''. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985) {{ISBN|9781590844915}}</ref> The first truck, the "Series 1", debuted in January 1928, as an immediate success and attracted attention outside the country.<ref name="B2"/> In 1930, Volvo sold 639 cars,<ref name=georgano/> and the export of trucks to Europe started soon after; the cars did not become well known outside Sweden until after [[World War II]].<ref name=georgano/> AB Volvo was introduced at the [[Stockholm Stock Exchange]] in 1935 and SKF then decided to sell its shares in the company. By 1942, Volvo acquired the Swedish precision engineering company [[Volvo Aero|Svenska Flygmotor]] (later renamed as Volvo Aero).<ref name="B2"/>
Pentaverken, which had manufactured engines for Volvo, was acquired in 1935, providing a secure supply of engines and entry into the marine engine market.<ref name="PentaHistory">{{cite web | url = http://www.volvopenta.com/VOLVOPENTA/GLOBAL/EN-GB/OUR_COMPANY/HISTORY/Pages/1930.aspx | title = 1930 – History: Volvo Penta | access-date = 28 November 2013 | publisher = Volvo Penta | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021457/http://www.volvopenta.com/VOLVOPENTA/GLOBAL/EN-GB/OUR_COMPANY/HISTORY/Pages/1930.aspx | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
The first bus, named B1, was launched in 1934, and aircraft engines were added to the growing range of products at the beginning of the 1940s. In 1963, Volvo opened the [[Volvo Halifax Assembly]] plant, the first assembly plant in the company's history outside of Sweden in [[City of Halifax|Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada]].
In 1950, Volvo acquired the Swedish [[Construction equipment|construction]] and [[agricultural equipment]] manufacturer [[Bolinder-Munktell]].<ref name=WG>{{cite book |editor1-last=Pyka |editor1-first=Andreas |editor2-last=Burghof |editor2-first=Hans-Peter |title=Innovation and Finance |chapter=Automotive dinamics in regional economies |last=Eliasson |first=G |page=130 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-08491-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WodAAAAQBAJ&q=Bolinder-Munktell+Volvo+CE&pg=PA130}}</ref> Bolinder-Munktell was renamed as Volvo BM in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.agrarszektor.hu/gepek/heccbol_tamasztottak_fel_a_volvo_hires_traktormarkajat.6744.html |title=Heccből támasztották fel a Volvo híres traktormárkáját |publisher=Agrarszektor.hu |language=hu |date=6 January 2017 |access-date=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107161018/http://www.agrarszektor.hu/gepek/heccbol_tamasztottak_fel_a_volvo_hires_traktormarkajat.6744.html |archive-date=7 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1979, Volvo BM's agricultural equipment business was sold to [[Valtra|Valmet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mechaman.nl/landbouwmechanisatie/2016/10/24/zo-zou-de-volvo-bm-er-nu-uit-kunnen-zien/ |title=Zo zou de Volvo BM er nu uit kunnen zien |publisher=Mechaman.nl |language=nl |date=24 October 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163021/https://www.mechaman.nl/landbouwmechanisatie/2016/10/24/zo-zou-de-volvo-bm-er-nu-uit-kunnen-zien/ |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, through restructuring and acquisitions, the remaining construction equipment business became [[Volvo Construction Equipment]].<ref name=WG/>
===Partnerships and merging attempts===
In 1977, Volvo tried to combine operations with rival Swedish automotive group [[Saab-Scania]], but the latter company rejected it.<ref name="B2"/> In the 1970s, French manufacturer [[Renault]] and Volvo started to collaborate.<ref name=R1985/> In 1978, [[Volvo Cars|Volvo Car Corporation]] was spun off as a separate company within the Volvo group<ref>{{cite book |last=Styhre |first=Alexander |title=The Innovative Bureaucracy: Bureaucracy in an Age of Fluidity |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-96433-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TW99AgAAQBAJ&q=Volvo&pg=PT204}}</ref> and Renault acquired a minority stake,<ref name="B2"/> before selling it back in the 1980s after a restructuring.<ref name=R1985/> In the 1990s, Renault and Volvo deepened their collaboration and both companies partnered in purchasing, research and development and quality control while increasing their cross-ownership. Renault would assist Volvo with entry-level and medium segment vehicles and in return Volvo would share technology with Renault in upper segments. In 1993, a 1994 Volvo-Renault merger deal was announced. The deal was barely accepted in France, but it was opposed in Sweden, and the Volvo shareholders and company board voted against it.<ref name="B2"/><ref name=R1985>{{cite journal |date=2004 |url=http://www.cddc.vt.edu/digitalfordism/fordism_materials/Donnelly.pdf |last1=Donnelly |first1=Tom |last2=Donnelly |first2=Tim |last3=Morris |first3=David |title=Renault 1985–2000: From bankruptcy to profit |issue=30 |series=Working papers (Caen Innovation Marché Entreprise) |oclc=799704146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920122519/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/digitalfordism/fordism_materials/Donnelly.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2006}}</ref> The alliance was officially dissolved in February 1994 and Volvo sold off its minority Renault stake in 1997.<ref name="B2"/>
In 1991, the Volvo Group participated in a joint venture with Japanese automaker [[Mitsubishi Motors]] at the former [[DAF Trucks#Car business|DAF]] plant in [[Sittard-Geleen#Born|Born]], Netherlands. The operation, branded [[NedCar]], began producing the first generation [[Mitsubishi Carisma]] alongside the [[Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]] in 1996.<ref name="awr">[http://www.automotiveworld.com/VMSI/about.asp?profileid=4 Mitsubishi Motors Corporation Vehicle Manufacturer Strategic Insight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223231158/http://automotiveworld.com/VMSI/about.asp?profileid=4 |date=23 February 2009 }}, Automotive World (subscription required)</ref><ref name="nedcar_history">{{cite web |url=http://www.nedcar.nl/content/view/19/34/lang,en/ |title=Once upon a time..." History, Nedcar.nl website |publisher=Nedcar.nl |date=1 May 2006 |access-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729195627/http://www.nedcar.nl/content/view/19/34/lang,en/ |archive-date=29 July 2007 }}</ref> During the 1990s, Volvo also partnered with the American manufacturer [[General Motors]]. In 1999, the [[European Union]] blocked a merger with [[Scania AB]].<ref name="B2"/>
===Refocusing on heavy vehicles===
[[File:Volvo excavator on construction site, Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Długa Street.jpg|thumb|Volvo excavator on construction site in [[Tomaszów Mazowiecki]], Poland]]
In January 1999, Volvo Group sold Volvo Car Corporation to Ford Motor Company for $6.45 billion. The division was placed within Ford's [[Premier Automotive Group]] alongside [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]], [[Land Rover]] and [[Aston Martin]]. Volvo engineering resources and components would be used in various Ford, Land Rover and Aston Martin products, with the second generation [[Land Rover Freelander]] designed on the same platform as the second generation Volvo S80. The Volvo T5 petrol engine was used in the [[Ford Focus]] ST and RS performance models, and Volvo's satellite navigation system was used on certain Aston Martin Vanquish, DB9 and V8 Vantage models.<ref name="EvoC30">{{cite magazine | first = John | last = Simister | title = Volvo C30 T5 SE | date = November 2006 | url = http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/203613/volvo_c30_t5_se.html | magazine = [[Evo (magazine)|Evo]] | access-date = 29 November 2013 | quote = The T5 petrol engine is almost the same as the one borrowed from Volvo by Ford for the Focus ST... | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023548/http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/203613/volvo_c30_t5_se.html | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="ScotsmanAM">{{cite news | title = ASTON'S CLEARER ADVANTAGE | date = 29 November 2013 | url = http://www.scotsman.com/motors/reviews/aston-martin/aston-s-clearer-advantage-1-2655600 | work = [[The Scotsman]] | access-date = 29 November 2013 | quote = The optional satellite navigation remains a Volvo-sourced system that is absurdly fiddly. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001804/http://www.scotsman.com/motors/reviews/aston-martin/aston-s-clearer-advantage-1-2655600 | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="EvoLRFree2">{{cite magazine | first = John | last = Simister | title = Land Rover Freelander | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204249/land_rover_freelander.html | magazine = [[Evo (magazine)|Evo]] | access-date = 29 November 2013 | quote = But it's good news for the new 'Freelander 2', based on the S-Max/S80/next-Mondeo platform, powered in the top model by a 229bhp Volvo straight-six | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023540/http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204249/land_rover_freelander.html | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In November 1999, Volvo Group purchased a 5% stake in Mitsubishi Motors, as part of a partnership deal for the truck and bus business.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/1999/10/09/bus_272243.shtml#.WVIclra1tqM |title=Mitsubishi Motors announces alliance with Volvo |work=The Augusta Chronicle |date=10 October 1999 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163334/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/1999/10/09/bus_272243.shtml#.WVIclra1tqM |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2001, after [[DaimlerChrysler]] bought a large Mitsubishi Motors stake,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB982191070342881299 |last=Miller |first=Scott |title=Volvo Might Sell Its Mitsubishi Stake Because of Daimler's Control of Firm |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=15 February 2001 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163019/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB982191070342881299 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Volvo sold its shares to the former.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/minekonomi/article10205767.ab |title=Volvo säljer sitt innehav i Mitsubishi |language=sv |work=Aftonbladet |date=11 April 2001 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163331/https://www.aftonbladet.se/minekonomi/article10205767.ab |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Renault Trucks|Renault Véhicules Industriels]] (which included [[Mack Trucks]], but not Renault's stake in [[Iveco Bus|Irisbus]]) was sold to Volvo during January 2001, and Volvo renamed it Renault Trucks in 2002. Renault became AB Volvo's biggest shareholder with a 19.9% stake (in shares and voting rights) as part of the deal.<ref name="VolvoPR2001">{{cite web | url = http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/pressreleases/previous/2001/_layouts/CWP.Internet.VolvoCom/NewsItem.aspx?News.ItemId=23665&News.Language=en-gb | title = AB VOLVO TRANSFER REMAINING SHARES TO RENAULT S.A | access-date = 29 November 2013 | date = 9 February 2001 | publisher = Volvo | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015842/http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/pressreleases/previous/2001/_layouts/CWP.Internet.VolvoCom/NewsItem.aspx?News.ItemId=23665&News.Language=en-gb | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Renault increased its shareholding to 21.7% by 2010.<ref name="VolvoRenTel2010">{{cite news | title = Renault raises €3bn with part-sale of Volvo stake | date = 7 October 2010 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8048140/Renault-raises-3bn-with-part-sale-of-Volvo-stake.html | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | access-date = 29 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213838/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8048140/Renault-raises-3bn-with-part-sale-of-Volvo-stake.html | archive-date = 4 January 2014 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
AB Volvo acquired 13% of the shares in the Japanese truck manufacturer [[UD Trucks|Nissan Diesel]] (later renamed UD Trucks) from [[Nissan]] (part of the [[Renault-Nissan Alliance]]) during 2006, becoming a major shareholder. Volvo Group took complete ownership of Nissan Diesel in 2007 to extend its presence in the Asian Pacific market.<ref name="volvo.com"/><ref name="BBCNissan2007">{{cite news | title = Volvo in $1.1bn Nissan purchase | date = 20 February 2007 | publisher = [[BBC]] | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6377751.stm | work = BBC News | access-date = 29 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070319014912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6377751.stm | archive-date = 19 March 2007 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
Renault sold 14.9% of their stake in AB Volvo in October 2010 (comprising 14.9% of the share capital and 3.8% of the voting rights) for €3.02 billion. This share sale left Renault with around 17.5% of Volvo's voting rights.<ref name="VolvoRenTel2010"/> Renault sold their remaining shares in December 2012 (comprising 6.5% of the share capital and 17.2% of the voting rights at the time of transaction) for €1.6 billion, leaving Swedish industrial investment group [[:sv:Industrivärden|Aktiebolaget Industrivärden]] as the largest shareholder, with 6.2% of the share capital and 18.7% of the voting rights.<ref name="WSJ2012">{{cite news | first = David | last = Pearson | title = Renault to Sell Rest of Its Volvo Stake | date = 12 December 2012 | url = https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323981504578175493034701024 | work = The Wall Street Journal | access-date = 29 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131204132054/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323981504578175493034701024 | archive-date = 4 December 2013 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="IVG2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.industrivarden.se/en/Press/Press-Releases/2012/Industrivarden-strengthens-its-ownership-position-in-Volvo/ | title = Industrivärden strengthens its ownership position in Volvo | access-date = 29 November 2013 | date = 13 December 2012 | work = Industrivärden | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003614/http://www.industrivarden.se/en/Press/Press-Releases/2012/Industrivarden-strengthens-its-ownership-position-in-Volvo/ | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> That same year, Volvo sold Volvo Aero to the British company [[GKN]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/05/gkn-shares-soar-buys-volvos-aircraft-engine-business |title=GKN's shares soar as it buys Volvo's aircraft engine business |work=The Guardian |date=5 July 2012 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226092116/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/05/gkn-shares-soar-buys-volvos-aircraft-engine-business |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017 Volvo Cars owner [[Geely]] became the largest Volvo shareholder by number of shares after acquiring an 8.2% stake, displacing Industrivärden. Industrivärden kept more voting rights than Geely (Geely getting a 15.8%).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN1EL0E6 |title=China's Geely turns to Volvo trucks in latest Swedish venture |work=Reuters |date=27 December 2017 |access-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226092115/https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN1EL0E6 |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In December 2013, Volvo sold its [[BlueLine Rental|Volvo Construction Equipment Rents]] division to [[Platinum Equity]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/spleverage/2014/02/12/despite-raising-eyebrows-blueline-prices-252m-pik-toggle-high-yield-bond-deal/#1ca704a012a7 |last=Fuller |first=Matthew |title=Despite Raising Eyebrows, BlueLine Prices $252M PIK Toggle High Yield Bond Deal |work=Forbes |date=12 February 2014 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413044155/https://www.forbes.com/sites/spleverage/2014/02/12/despite-raising-eyebrows-blueline-prices-252m-pik-toggle-high-yield-bond-deal/#1ca704a012a7 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, Volvo's Volvo Construction Equipment acquired the [[haul truck]] manufacturing division of [[Terex|Terex Corporation]], which included five truck models and a manufacturing facility in [[Motherwell]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/terex-sells-trucks-arm-to-volvo/ |title=Terex sells trucks arm to Volvo |author=Latimer, Cole |work=Australian Mining |publisher=Prime Creative Media |date=10 December 2013 |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163027/https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/terex-sells-trucks-arm-to-volvo/ |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/volvo-buys-terex-plant-newhouse-2974745 |title=Volvo buys Terex plant in Newhouse for $160m |author=Miller, Graham |work=Daily Record |publisher=Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail |date=31 December 2013 |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163037/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/volvo-buys-terex-plant-newhouse-2974745 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-36551127 |title=Further job cuts at Terex truck firm in Motherwell |work=bbc.com |publisher=BBC |date=16 June 2016 |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111164032/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-36551127 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2016, Volvo announced its intention of divesting its Government Sales division, made up mainly of Renault Trucks' Renault Trucks Defense but also of [[Panhard]], [[ACMAT]], [[Mack Trucks|Mack Defense]] in the United States, and Volvo Defense.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/articles/volvo-begins-sales-process-of-rtd-with-no-timetable |title=Volvo Launches RTD Sale, No Timetable |author=Tran, Pierre |work=Defense News |publisher=Sightline Media Group |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=14 June 2017}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The project for selling the division was later abandoned and, in May 2018, Volvo reorganized Renault Trucks Defense and renamed it Arquus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/armement-terrestre-renault-trucks-defense-volvo-devient-arquus.N697694 |trans-title=Ground army: Renault Trucks Defense (Volvo) becomes Arquus |author=Altmeyer, Cyril |title=Armament terrestre: Renault Trucks Defense (Volvo) devient Arquus |language=fr |work=L'Usine nouvelle |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401005537/https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/armement-terrestre-renault-trucks-defense-volvo-devient-arquus.N697694 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In December 2018, Volvo announced it intended to sell a 75.1% controlling stake of its car [[telematics]] subsidiary WirelessCar to [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen]] with the aim of focusing on telematics for commercial vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volvo Group To Divest 75.1% Of Shares In WirelessCar Unit To Volkswagen |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/volvo-group-to-divest-75-1-of-shares-in-wirelesscar-unit-to-volkswagen-1027820935 |work=Markets Insider |date=19 December 2018 |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401005537/https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/volvo-group-to-divest-75-1-of-shares-in-wirelesscar-unit-to-volkswagen-1027820935 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The sale was completed in March 2019.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Volvo Group has completed the sale of shares in WirelessCar |url=https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2019/mar/news-3252243.html |publisher=Volvo |date=29 March 2019 |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401005539/https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2019/mar/news-3252243.html |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In December 2019, Volvo and [[Isuzu]] announced their intention of forming a [[strategic alliance]] on commercial vehicles. As part of the agreement, Volvo would sell UD Trucks to Isuzu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Isuzu tackles emerging rivals and R&D costs with Volvo tie-up |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Automobile/Isuzu-tackles-emerging-rivals-and-R-D-costs-with-Volvo-tie-up2 |work=Nikkei Asian Review |date=20 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |last1=Okada |first1=Emi |last2=Yamada |first2=Kohei |last3=Fukao |first3=Kosei}}</ref> The "final agreements" for the alliance were signed in October 2020, with UD Trucks sale pending on regulatory clearances.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2020/oct/news-3815893.html|title=Volvo Group and Isuzu Motors sign final agreements to form strategic alliance |publisher=Volvo |date=30 October 2020 |access-date=2 January 2020 }}</ref> The sale was completed in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volvo Group and Isuzu Motors complete UD Trucks transaction as part of the strategic alliance|url=https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2021/apr/news-3935150.html|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.volvogroup.com|language=English}}</ref>
In April 2020, Volvo and [[Daimler AG|Daimler]] announced that the former planned to acquire half of Daimler's [[fuel cell]] business, forming a joint venture between the two companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volvo buying half of Daimler's fuel cell activities as firms form venture |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/volvo-buying-half-of-daimlers-fuel-cell-activities-as-firms-form-venture-2020-04-21 |work=MarketWatch |date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 April 2020 |last=Goldstein |first=Steve}}</ref>
In June 2021, Volvo announced that it had signed up a new partnership with steel manufacturer [[SSAB]] to develop fossil fuel-free steel for future use in Volvo's cars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volvo investigates fossil fuel-free steel for future car bodies|url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/volvo/355274/volvo-investigates-fossil-fuel-free-steel-future-car-bodies|access-date=25 June 2021|website=Auto Express|language=en}}</ref> The partnership comes is derived from SSAB's own green steel venture, HYBRIT.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 June 2021|title=Volvo Cars to test fossil-free steel from SSAB's HYBRIT venture|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/volvo-cars-test-fossil-free-steel-ssabs-hybrit-venture-2021-06-16/|access-date=25 June 2021|website=Reuters}}</ref>
==Business==
Volvo Group's operations include:
* [[Volvo Trucks]] (midsize-duty trucks for regional transportation and heavy-duty trucks for long-distance transportation, as well as heavy-duty trucks for the construction work segment)
* [[Mack Trucks]] (light-duty trucks for close distribution and heavy-duty trucks for long-distance transportation)
* [[Renault Trucks]] (heavy-duty trucks for regional transportations and heavy-duty trucks for the construction work segment)
* [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation#Dongfeng Commercial Vehicles|Dongfeng Commercial Vehicles]] (45%) (trucks)
* [[Eicher Motors#Group structure|VE Commercial Vehicles (Eicher)]] Ltd., India (VECV), a joint venture between Volvo Group and [[Eicher Motors|Eicher Motors Limited]] in which Volvo holds 45.6% (trucks and buses)
* [[Volvo Construction Equipment]] (construction equipment)
* [[SDLG]] (70%) (construction equipment)
* [[Volvo Group Venture Capital]] (corporate investment company)
* [[Volvo Buses]] (complete buses and bus chassis for city traffic, line traffic and tourist traffic)
* [[Volvo Financial Services]] (customer financing, inter-group mercedesbanking, as real estate administration)
* [[Volvo Penta]] (marine engine systems for leisure boats and commercial shipping, diesel engines and drive systems for industrial applications)
*Arquus<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/about-us/organizatimercedeson.html|title=Organization {{!}} Volvo Group|website=www.volvogroup.com|language=en|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>
==Trademark==
Volvo Trademark Holding AB is equally owned by AB Volvo and Volvo Car Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/eng/html/thevolvobrandname/ingress.html |title=Volvo Annual Report 1999 |publisher=.volvo.com |access-date=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316204702/http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/eng/html/thevolvobrandname/ingress.html |archive-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref>
mercedes
The main activity of the company is to own, maintain, protect and preserve the Volvomercedes trademarks (including ''Volvo'', the Volvo device marks (grille slash & iron mark) ''[[Volvo Aero]]'' and ''[[Volvo Penta]]'') on behalf of its owners and to license these rights to its owners. The day-to-day work is focused upon maintaining the global portfoliomercedes of trademark registrations and to extend sufficiently the scope of the registered protection for the Volvo trademarks.
The main business is also to act against unauthorised registration and use (including [[counterfeit]]ing) of trademarks identical or similar to the Volvo trademarks on a global basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/eng/index.html |title=The Volvo Brand Name, Volvo Annual Report 1999 |publisher=.volvo.com |access-date=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717231302/http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/eng/index.html |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref>
==Collaboration with universities and colleges==
Volvo has a strategic collaboration within research and recruitment with a number of selected colleges and universities such as [[Penn State University]], [[INSA Lyon]], [[EMLYON Business Schoomercedesmercedesmercedesmercedesvvl]], [[North Carolina State University|NC State University]], [[Sophia University]], [[Chalmers University of Technology]], [[Gothenburg School of Business, Economics and Law|The Gothenburg School of Business, Economics and Law at the University of Gothenburg]], [[Mälardalen University College]], and the [[University of Skövde]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/innovation/collaboration-is-key/academic-partner-program.html|title=Academic Partner Program {{!}} Volvo Group|website=www.volvogroup.com|language=en|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Port of Gothenburg]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}
==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}
==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.volvogroup.com/| Official '''Volvo Group''' website}}
* {{official website|https://www.volvo.com/| Official '''Volvo''' website}} – ''for Volvo-branded companies''.
{{AB Volvo}}
{{Automotive industry in Sweden}}
{{OMX Stockholm 30 companies}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Volvo| ]]
[[Category:Volvo Group| ]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of Sweden]]
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of Sweden]]
[[Category:Marine engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Sweden]]
[[Category:Swedish companies established in 1927]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1927]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Swedish brands]]
[[Category:Companies listed on Nasdaq Stockholm]]
[[Category:Aerospace companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Diesel engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Engine manufacturers of Sweden]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Swedish multinational manufacturing company}}
{{about|the Volvo Group (AB Volvo)|the separate manufacturer of passenger automobiles|Volvo Cars|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| logo =
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = [[Trucks]], [[buses]], [[construction equipment]], marine and industrial engines, customer financing, insurance and related services, product related services
| brands = Terex Trucks, [[Renault Trucks]], [[Prevost Car|Prevost]], Cellcentric, Dongfeng Trucks, [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]], [[SDLG]], [[Arquus]], [[Nova Bus]], [[Mack Trucks|Mack]].<ref>https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/about-us/what-we-do/our-brands.html</ref>
| key_people = [[Carl-Henric Svanberg]] (Chairman)<br /> [[Martin Lundstedt]] (President and CEO)
| revenue = {{Decrease}} {{SEK|338.446 billion|link=yes}} (2020)<ref name="AR2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.volvogroup.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-group/markets/global/en-en/investors/reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/annual-and-sustainability-report-2020.pdf |title=Annual and Sustainability Report 2020 |publisher=AB Volvo |pages=5,46–47,202 |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref><ref group="note">It includes financial information attributable to both AB Volvo proper and its consolidated and non-consolidated affiliates (such as subsidiaries and joint ventures), collectively known as the Volvo Group.</ref>
| operating_income = {{Decrease}} {{SEK|27.484 billion}} (2020)<ref name="AR2020" />
| net_income = {{Decrease}} {{SEK|20.074 billion}} (2020)<ref name="AR2020" />
| assets = {{Decrease}} {{SEK|510.821 billion}} (2020)<ref name="AR2020" />
| equity = {{Increase}} {{SEK|148.142 billion}} (2020)<ref name="AR2020" />
| owners = {{Unbulleted list
| AB Industrivärden (8.4%; 27.5% votes)<ref name="AR2020" />
| [[Geely]] (8.2%; 15.9% votes)<ref name="AR2020" />
}}
| num_employees = {{Decrease}} 96,194 (2020)<ref name="AR2020" />
| subsid = [[Volvo Cars]] (1927–1999)<br />[[Volvo Trucks]]<br />[[Mack Trucks]]<br />[[Renault Trucks]]<br />[[Volvo Construction Equipment]]<br />[[Volvo Buses]]<br />[[Volvo Penta]]<br />Arquus<br />[[Volvo Financial Services]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.volvogroup.com/}}
}}
The '''Volvo Group''' ({{lang-sv|Volvokoncernen}}; legally '''Aktiebolaget Volvo''', shortened to '''AB Volvo''', stylized as '''VOLVO''') is a Swedish multinational manufacturing corporation headquartered in [[Gothenburg]]. While its core activity is the production, distribution and sale of trucks, buses and construction equipment, Volvo also supplies mercedesmercedesmarine and industrial drive systems and financial services. In 2016, it was the world's second largest manufacturer of heavy-duty trucks.<rmercedesef name="AR2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.volvogroup.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-group/markets/global/en-en/investors/reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/annual-and-sustainability-report-2016.pdf |page=1 |title=Annual and Sustainability Report 2016 |publisher=Volvo |access-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702031810/http://www.volvogroup.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-group/markets/global/en-en/investors/reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/annual-and-sustainability-report-2016.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
mercedes
Automobile manufacturer [[Volvo Cars]], also based in Gothenburg, was part of AB Volvo until 1999, when it was sold to the [[Ford Motor Company]]. Since 2010 Volvo Cars has been owned by the Chinesemercedes multinational automotive company [[Geely Holding Group]]. Both AB Volvo and Volvo Cars share the Volvo logo and cooperate in running the [[Volvo Museum]] in Sweden.
The corporation was last listed on the [[Stockholm Stock Eghvjbkxchange]] in 2935, and was on the [[NASDAQ]] indices from 1985 to 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2007/06/14/volvo_to_quit_nasdaq.html |title=mercedes to quit Nasdaq |work=Toronto Star |date=14 June 2007 |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-mercedesmercedesmercedesmercedesurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163014/https://www.thestar.com/business/2007/06/14/volvo_to_quit_nasdaq.html |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Volvo was established in 1915 as a [[subsidiary]] of [[SKF]], a ball bearing manufacturer; however both the Volvo Group and Volvo Cars regard the rollout of the company's first car series, the [[Volvo ÖV 4]], on 1mercedes4 April 1927, as their beginning.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+group/history/volvosfounders/volvo_founders.htm |title=Volvo's founders : Volvo Group – Global |publisher=Volvo |date=14 April 1927 |access-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522012609/http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+group/history/volvosfounders/volvo_founders.htm |archive-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The building remains ({{coord|57|42|50|N|11|55|19|E}}).
==History==
===Early years and international expansion===
[[File:Volvo ÖV4 1927.jpg|thumb|The first Volvo car, a [[Volvo ÖV 4mercedes]], left the assembly line on 14 April 1927]]
The brand name ''Volvo'' was originally registered as a trademark in May 1911 with the intention to be used for a new series of SKF [[ball bearings]]. It means "I roll" in [[Latin]], conjugated from "volvere". The idea was short-lived, and SKF decided to simply use its initials as the trademark for all its bearing products.<ref name="B2">{{cite book |last=Pederson |first=Jay P. |chapter=AB Volvo |title=International Directory of Company Histories |volume=67 |date=June 2005 |publisher=St. James Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_r9u7/page/378 378–383] |isbn=978-1-5586-2512-9 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_r9u7/page/378 }}</ref>
In 1924, [[Assar Gabrielsson]], an SKF sales manager, and [[Gustav Larson]], a [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology|KTH]] educated engineer, decided to start construction of a Swedish car. They intended to build cars that could withstand the rigors of the country's rough roads and cold temperatures.<ref name="volvo.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.volvogroup.com/GROUP/GLOBAL/EN-GB/VOLVO%20GROUP/HISTORY/OURHISTORY/PAGES/HISTORY_TIMELINE.ASPX |title=History time-line : Volvo Group – Global |publisher=Volvo |access-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620234834/http://www.volvogroup.com/GROUP/GLOBAL/EN-GB/VOLVO%20GROUP/HISTORY/OURHISTORY/PAGES/HISTORY_TIMELINE.ASPX |archive-date=20 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
AB Volvo began activities on 10 August 1926. After one year of preparations involving the production of ten prototypes, the firm was ready to commence the car-manufacturing business within the SKF group. The Volvo Group itself considers it started in 1927, when the first car, a [[Volvo ÖV 4]], rolled off the production line at the factory in [[Hisingen]], Gothenburg.<ref>{{cite web |author=Volvo Group Global |url=http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/Volvo+Group/history/history.htm |title=Volvo 80 years |publisher=Volvo |access-date=6 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022223128/http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+group/history/history.htm |archive-date=22 October 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Only 280 cars were built that year.<ref name=georgano>[[Georgano, G. N.]] ''Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930''. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985) {{ISBN|9781590844915}}</ref> The first truck, the "Series 1", debuted in January 1928, as an immediate success and attracted attention outside the country.<ref name="B2"/> In 1930, Volvo sold 639 cars,<ref name=georgano/> and the export of trucks to Europe started soon after; the cars did not become well known outside Sweden until after [[World War II]].<ref name=georgano/> AB Volvo was introduced at the [[Stockholm Stock Exchange]] in 1935 and SKF then decided to sell its shares in the company. By 1942, Volvo acquired the Swedish precision engineering company [[Volvo Aero|Svenska Flygmotor]] (later renamed as Volvo Aero).<ref name="B2"/>
Pentaverken, which had manufactured engines for Volvo, was acquired in 1935, providing a secure supply of engines and entry into the marine engine market.<ref name="PentaHistory">{{cite web | url = http://www.volvopenta.com/VOLVOPENTA/GLOBAL/EN-GB/OUR_COMPANY/HISTORY/Pages/1930.aspx | title = 1930 – History: Volvo Penta | access-date = 28 November 2013 | publisher = Volvo Penta | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021457/http://www.volvopenta.com/VOLVOPENTA/GLOBAL/EN-GB/OUR_COMPANY/HISTORY/Pages/1930.aspx | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
The first bus, named B1, was launched in 1934, and aircraft engines were added to the growing range of products at the beginning of the 1940s. In 1963, Volvo opened the [[Volvo Halifax Assembly]] plant, the first assembly plant in the company's history outside of Sweden in [[City of Halifax|Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada]].
In 1950, Volvo acquired the Swedish [[Construction equipment|construction]] and [[agricultural equipment]] manufacturer [[Bolinder-Munktell]].<ref name=WG>{{cite book |editor1-last=Pyka |editor1-first=Andreas |editor2-last=Burghof |editor2-first=Hans-Peter |title=Innovation and Finance |chapter=Automotive dinamics in regional economies |last=Eliasson |first=G |page=130 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-08491-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WodAAAAQBAJ&q=Bolinder-Munktell+Volvo+CE&pg=PA130}}</ref> Bolinder-Munktell was renamed as Volvo BM in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.agrarszektor.hu/gepek/heccbol_tamasztottak_fel_a_volvo_hires_traktormarkajat.6744.html |title=Heccből támasztották fel a Volvo híres traktormárkáját |publisher=Agrarszektor.hu |language=hu |date=6 January 2017 |access-date=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107161018/http://www.agrarszektor.hu/gepek/heccbol_tamasztottak_fel_a_volvo_hires_traktormarkajat.6744.html |archive-date=7 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1979, Volvo BM's agricultural equipment business was sold to [[Valtra|Valmet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mechaman.nl/landbouwmechanisatie/2016/10/24/zo-zou-de-volvo-bm-er-nu-uit-kunnen-zien/ |title=Zo zou de Volvo BM er nu uit kunnen zien |publisher=Mechaman.nl |language=nl |date=24 October 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163021/https://www.mechaman.nl/landbouwmechanisatie/2016/10/24/zo-zou-de-volvo-bm-er-nu-uit-kunnen-zien/ |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, through restructuring and acquisitions, the remaining construction equipment business became [[Volvo Construction Equipment]].<ref name=WG/>
===Partnerships and merging attempts===
In 1977, Volvo tried to combine operations with rival Swedish automotive group [[Saab-Scania]], but the latter company rejected it.<ref name="B2"/> In the 1970s, French manufacturer [[Renault]] and Volvo started to collaborate.<ref name=R1985/> In 1978, [[Volvo Cars|Volvo Car Corporation]] was spun off as a separate company within the Volvo group<ref>{{cite book |last=Styhre |first=Alexander |title=The Innovative Bureaucracy: Bureaucracy in an Age of Fluidity |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-96433-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TW99AgAAQBAJ&q=Volvo&pg=PT204}}</ref> and Renault acquired a minority stake,<ref name="B2"/> before selling it back in the 1980s after a restructuring.<ref name=R1985/> In the 1990s, Renault and Volvo deepened their collaboration and both companies partnered in purchasing, research and development and quality control while increasing their cross-ownership. Renault would assist Volvo with entry-level and medium segment vehicles and in return Volvo would share technology with Renault in upper segments. In 1993, a 1994 Volvo-Renault merger deal was announced. The deal was barely accepted in France, but it was opposed in Sweden, and the Volvo shareholders and company board voted against it.<ref name="B2"/><ref name=R1985>{{cite journal |date=2004 |url=http://www.cddc.vt.edu/digitalfordism/fordism_materials/Donnelly.pdf |last1=Donnelly |first1=Tom |last2=Donnelly |first2=Tim |last3=Morris |first3=David |title=Renault 1985–2000: From bankruptcy to profit |issue=30 |series=Working papers (Caen Innovation Marché Entreprise) |oclc=799704146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920122519/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/digitalfordism/fordism_materials/Donnelly.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2006}}</ref> The alliance was officially dissolved in February 1994 and Volvo sold off its minority Renault stake in 1997.<ref name="B2"/>
In 1991, the Volvo Group participated in a joint venture with Japanese automaker [[Mitsubishi Motors]] at the former [[DAF Trucks#Car business|DAF]] plant in [[Sittard-Geleen#Born|Born]], Netherlands. The operation, branded [[NedCar]], began producing the first generation [[Mitsubishi Carisma]] alongside the [[Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]] in 1996.<ref name="awr">[http://www.automotiveworld.com/VMSI/about.asp?profileid=4 Mitsubishi Motors Corporation Vehicle Manufacturer Strategic Insight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223231158/http://automotiveworld.com/VMSI/about.asp?profileid=4 |date=23 February 2009 }}, Automotive World (subscription required)</ref><ref name="nedcar_history">{{cite web |url=http://www.nedcar.nl/content/view/19/34/lang,en/ |title=Once upon a time..." History, Nedcar.nl website |publisher=Nedcar.nl |date=1 May 2006 |access-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729195627/http://www.nedcar.nl/content/view/19/34/lang,en/ |archive-date=29 July 2007 }}</ref> During the 1990s, Volvo also partnered with the American manufacturer [[General Motors]]. In 1999, the [[European Union]] blocked a merger with [[Scania AB]].<ref name="B2"/>
===Refocusing on heavy vehicles===
[[File:Volvo excavator on construction site, Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Długa Street.jpg|thumb|Volvo excavator on construction site in [[Tomaszów Mazowiecki]], Poland]]
In January 1999, Volvo Group sold Volvo Car Corporation to Ford Motor Company for $6.45 billion. The division was placed within Ford's [[Premier Automotive Group]] alongside [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]], [[Land Rover]] and [[Aston Martin]]. Volvo engineering resources and components would be used in various Ford, Land Rover and Aston Martin products, with the second generation [[Land Rover Freelander]] designed on the same platform as the second generation Volvo S80. The Volvo T5 petrol engine was used in the [[Ford Focus]] ST and RS performance models, and Volvo's satellite navigation system was used on certain Aston Martin Vanquish, DB9 and V8 Vantage models.<ref name="EvoC30">{{cite magazine | first = John | last = Simister | title = Volvo C30 T5 SE | date = November 2006 | url = http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/203613/volvo_c30_t5_se.html | magazine = [[Evo (magazine)|Evo]] | access-date = 29 November 2013 | quote = The T5 petrol engine is almost the same as the one borrowed from Volvo by Ford for the Focus ST... | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023548/http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/203613/volvo_c30_t5_se.html | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="ScotsmanAM">{{cite news | title = ASTON'S CLEARER ADVANTAGE | date = 29 November 2013 | url = http://www.scotsman.com/motors/reviews/aston-martin/aston-s-clearer-advantage-1-2655600 | work = [[The Scotsman]] | access-date = 29 November 2013 | quote = The optional satellite navigation remains a Volvo-sourced system that is absurdly fiddly. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001804/http://www.scotsman.com/motors/reviews/aston-martin/aston-s-clearer-advantage-1-2655600 | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="EvoLRFree2">{{cite magazine | first = John | last = Simister | title = Land Rover Freelander | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204249/land_rover_freelander.html | magazine = [[Evo (magazine)|Evo]] | access-date = 29 November 2013 | quote = But it's good news for the new 'Freelander 2', based on the S-Max/S80/next-Mondeo platform, powered in the top model by a 229bhp Volvo straight-six | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023540/http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204249/land_rover_freelander.html | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In November 1999, Volvo Group purchased a 5% stake in Mitsubishi Motors, as part of a partnership deal for the truck and bus business.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/1999/10/09/bus_272243.shtml#.WVIclra1tqM |title=Mitsubishi Motors announces alliance with Volvo |work=The Augusta Chronicle |date=10 October 1999 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163334/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/1999/10/09/bus_272243.shtml#.WVIclra1tqM |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2001, after [[DaimlerChrysler]] bought a large Mitsubishi Motors stake,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB982191070342881299 |last=Miller |first=Scott |title=Volvo Might Sell Its Mitsubishi Stake Because of Daimler's Control of Firm |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=15 February 2001 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163019/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB982191070342881299 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Volvo sold its shares to the former.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/minekonomi/article10205767.ab |title=Volvo säljer sitt innehav i Mitsubishi |language=sv |work=Aftonbladet |date=11 April 2001 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163331/https://www.aftonbladet.se/minekonomi/article10205767.ab |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Renault Trucks|Renault Véhicules Industriels]] (which included [[Mack Trucks]], but not Renault's stake in [[Iveco Bus|Irisbus]]) was sold to Volvo during January 2001, and Volvo renamed it Renault Trucks in 2002. Renault became AB Volvo's biggest shareholder with a 19.9% stake (in shares and voting rights) as part of the deal.<ref name="VolvoPR2001">{{cite web | url = http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/pressreleases/previous/2001/_layouts/CWP.Internet.VolvoCom/NewsItem.aspx?News.ItemId=23665&News.Language=en-gb | title = AB VOLVO TRANSFER REMAINING SHARES TO RENAULT S.A | access-date = 29 November 2013 | date = 9 February 2001 | publisher = Volvo | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015842/http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/pressreleases/previous/2001/_layouts/CWP.Internet.VolvoCom/NewsItem.aspx?News.ItemId=23665&News.Language=en-gb | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Renault increased its shareholding to 21.7% by 2010.<ref name="VolvoRenTel2010">{{cite news | title = Renault raises €3bn with part-sale of Volvo stake | date = 7 October 2010 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8048140/Renault-raises-3bn-with-part-sale-of-Volvo-stake.html | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | access-date = 29 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213838/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8048140/Renault-raises-3bn-with-part-sale-of-Volvo-stake.html | archive-date = 4 January 2014 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
AB Volvo acquired 13% of the shares in the Japanese truck manufacturer [[UD Trucks|Nissan Diesel]] (later renamed UD Trucks) from [[Nissan]] (part of the [[Renault-Nissan Alliance]]) during 2006, becoming a major shareholder. Volvo Group took complete ownership of Nissan Diesel in 2007 to extend its presence in the Asian Pacific market.<ref name="volvo.com"/><ref name="BBCNissan2007">{{cite news | title = Volvo in $1.1bn Nissan purchase | date = 20 February 2007 | publisher = [[BBC]] | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6377751.stm | work = BBC News | access-date = 29 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070319014912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6377751.stm | archive-date = 19 March 2007 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
Renault sold 14.9% of their stake in AB Volvo in October 2010 (comprising 14.9% of the share capital and 3.8% of the voting rights) for €3.02 billion. This share sale left Renault with around 17.5% of Volvo's voting rights.<ref name="VolvoRenTel2010"/> Renault sold their remaining shares in December 2012 (comprising 6.5% of the share capital and 17.2% of the voting rights at the time of transaction) for €1.6 billion, leaving Swedish industrial investment group [[:sv:Industrivärden|Aktiebolaget Industrivärden]] as the largest shareholder, with 6.2% of the share capital and 18.7% of the voting rights.<ref name="WSJ2012">{{cite news | first = David | last = Pearson | title = Renault to Sell Rest of Its Volvo Stake | date = 12 December 2012 | url = https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323981504578175493034701024 | work = The Wall Street Journal | access-date = 29 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131204132054/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323981504578175493034701024 | archive-date = 4 December 2013 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="IVG2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.industrivarden.se/en/Press/Press-Releases/2012/Industrivarden-strengthens-its-ownership-position-in-Volvo/ | title = Industrivärden strengthens its ownership position in Volvo | access-date = 29 November 2013 | date = 13 December 2012 | work = Industrivärden | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003614/http://www.industrivarden.se/en/Press/Press-Releases/2012/Industrivarden-strengthens-its-ownership-position-in-Volvo/ | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> That same year, Volvo sold Volvo Aero to the British company [[GKN]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/05/gkn-shares-soar-buys-volvos-aircraft-engine-business |title=GKN's shares soar as it buys Volvo's aircraft engine business |work=The Guardian |date=5 July 2012 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226092116/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/05/gkn-shares-soar-buys-volvos-aircraft-engine-business |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017 Volvo Cars owner [[Geely]] became the largest Volvo shareholder by number of shares after acquiring an 8.2% stake, displacing Industrivärden. Industrivärden kept more voting rights than Geely (Geely getting a 15.8%).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN1EL0E6 |title=China's Geely turns to Volvo trucks in latest Swedish venture |work=Reuters |date=27 December 2017 |access-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226092115/https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN1EL0E6 |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In December 2013, Volvo sold its [[BlueLine Rental|Volvo Construction Equipment Rents]] division to [[Platinum Equity]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/spleverage/2014/02/12/despite-raising-eyebrows-blueline-prices-252m-pik-toggle-high-yield-bond-deal/#1ca704a012a7 |last=Fuller |first=Matthew |title=Despite Raising Eyebrows, BlueLine Prices $252M PIK Toggle High Yield Bond Deal |work=Forbes |date=12 February 2014 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413044155/https://www.forbes.com/sites/spleverage/2014/02/12/despite-raising-eyebrows-blueline-prices-252m-pik-toggle-high-yield-bond-deal/#1ca704a012a7 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, Volvo's Volvo Construction Equipment acquired the [[haul truck]] manufacturing division of [[Terex|Terex Corporation]], which included five truck models and a manufacturing facility in [[Motherwell]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/terex-sells-trucks-arm-to-volvo/ |title=Terex sells trucks arm to Volvo |author=Latimer, Cole |work=Australian Mining |publisher=Prime Creative Media |date=10 December 2013 |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163027/https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/terex-sells-trucks-arm-to-volvo/ |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/volvo-buys-terex-plant-newhouse-2974745 |title=Volvo buys Terex plant in Newhouse for $160m |author=Miller, Graham |work=Daily Record |publisher=Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail |date=31 December 2013 |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163037/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/volvo-buys-terex-plant-newhouse-2974745 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-36551127 |title=Further job cuts at Terex truck firm in Motherwell |work=bbc.com |publisher=BBC |date=16 June 2016 |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111164032/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-36551127 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2016, Volvo announced its intention of divesting its Government Sales division, made up mainly of Renault Trucks' Renault Trucks Defense but also of [[Panhard]], [[ACMAT]], [[Mack Trucks|Mack Defense]] in the United States, and Volvo Defense.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/articles/volvo-begins-sales-process-of-rtd-with-no-timetable |title=Volvo Launches RTD Sale, No Timetable |author=Tran, Pierre |work=Defense News |publisher=Sightline Media Group |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=14 June 2017}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The project for selling the division was later abandoned and, in May 2018, Volvo reorganized Renault Trucks Defense and renamed it Arquus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/armement-terrestre-renault-trucks-defense-volvo-devient-arquus.N697694 |trans-title=Ground army: Renault Trucks Defense (Volvo) becomes Arquus |author=Altmeyer, Cyril |title=Armament terrestre: Renault Trucks Defense (Volvo) devient Arquus |language=fr |work=L'Usine nouvelle |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401005537/https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/armement-terrestre-renault-trucks-defense-volvo-devient-arquus.N697694 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In December 2018, Volvo announced it intended to sell a 75.1% controlling stake of its car [[telematics]] subsidiary WirelessCar to [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen]] with the aim of focusing on telematics for commercial vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volvo Group To Divest 75.1% Of Shares In WirelessCar Unit To Volkswagen |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/volvo-group-to-divest-75-1-of-shares-in-wirelesscar-unit-to-volkswagen-1027820935 |work=Markets Insider |date=19 December 2018 |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401005537/https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/volvo-group-to-divest-75-1-of-shares-in-wirelesscar-unit-to-volkswagen-1027820935 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The sale was completed in March 2019.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Volvo Group has completed the sale of shares in WirelessCar |url=https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2019/mar/news-3252243.html |publisher=Volvo |date=29 March 2019 |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401005539/https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2019/mar/news-3252243.html |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In December 2019, Volvo and [[Isuzu]] announced their intention of forming a [[strategic alliance]] on commercial vehicles. As part of the agreement, Volvo would sell UD Trucks to Isuzu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Isuzu tackles emerging rivals and R&D costs with Volvo tie-up |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Automobile/Isuzu-tackles-emerging-rivals-and-R-D-costs-with-Volvo-tie-up2 |work=Nikkei Asian Review |date=20 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |last1=Okada |first1=Emi |last2=Yamada |first2=Kohei |last3=Fukao |first3=Kosei}}</ref> The "final agreements" for the alliance were signed in October 2020, with UD Trucks sale pending on regulatory clearances.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2020/oct/news-3815893.html|title=Volvo Group and Isuzu Motors sign final agreements to form strategic alliance |publisher=Volvo |date=30 October 2020 |access-date=2 January 2020 }}</ref> The sale was completed in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volvo Group and Isuzu Motors complete UD Trucks transaction as part of the strategic alliance|url=https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2021/apr/news-3935150.html|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.volvogroup.com|language=English}}</ref>
In April 2020, Volvo and [[Daimler AG|Daimler]] announced that the former planned to acquire half of Daimler's [[fuel cell]] business, forming a joint venture between the two companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volvo buying half of Daimler's fuel cell activities as firms form venture |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/volvo-buying-half-of-daimlers-fuel-cell-activities-as-firms-form-venture-2020-04-21 |work=MarketWatch |date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 April 2020 |last=Goldstein |first=Steve}}</ref>
In June 2021, Volvo announced that it had signed up a new partnership with steel manufacturer [[SSAB]] to develop fossil fuel-free steel for future use in Volvo's cars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volvo investigates fossil fuel-free steel for future car bodies|url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/volvo/355274/volvo-investigates-fossil-fuel-free-steel-future-car-bodies|access-date=25 June 2021|website=Auto Express|language=en}}</ref> The partnership comes is derived from SSAB's own green steel venture, HYBRIT.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 June 2021|title=Volvo Cars to test fossil-free steel from SSAB's HYBRIT venture|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/volvo-cars-test-fossil-free-steel-ssabs-hybrit-venture-2021-06-16/|access-date=25 June 2021|website=Reuters}}</ref>
==Business==
Volvo Group's operations include:
* [[Volvo Trucks]] (midsize-duty trucks for regional transportation and heavy-duty trucks for long-distance transportation, as well as heavy-duty trucks for the construction work segment)
* [[Mack Trucks]] (light-duty trucks for close distribution and heavy-duty trucks for long-distance transportation)
* [[Renault Trucks]] (heavy-duty trucks for regional transportations and heavy-duty trucks for the construction work segment)
* [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation#Dongfeng Commercial Vehicles|Dongfeng Commercial Vehicles]] (45%) (trucks)
* [[Eicher Motors#Group structure|VE Commercial Vehicles (Eicher)]] Ltd., India (VECV), a joint venture between Volvo Group and [[Eicher Motors|Eicher Motors Limited]] in which Volvo holds 45.6% (trucks and buses)
* [[Volvo Construction Equipment]] (construction equipment)
* [[SDLG]] (70%) (construction equipment)
* [[Volvo Group Venture Capital]] (corporate investment company)
* [[Volvo Buses]] (complete buses and bus chassis for city traffic, line traffic and tourist traffic)
* [[Volvo Financial Services]] (customer financing, inter-group mercedesbanking, as real estate administration)
* [[Volvo Penta]] (marine engine systems for leisure boats and commercial shipping, diesel engines and drive systems for industrial applications)
*Arquus<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/about-us/organizatimercedeson.html|title=Organization {{!}} Volvo Group|website=www.volvogroup.com|language=en|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>
==Trademark==
Volvo Trademark Holding AB is equally owned by AB Volvo and Volvo Car Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/eng/html/thevolvobrandname/ingress.html |title=Volvo Annual Report 1999 |publisher=.volvo.com |access-date=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316204702/http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/eng/html/thevolvobrandname/ingress.html |archive-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref>
mercedes
The main activity of the company is to own, maintain, protect and preserve the Volvomercedes trademarks (including ''Volvo'', the Volvo device marks (grille slash & iron mark) ''[[Volvo Aero]]'' and ''[[Volvo Penta]]'') on behalf of its owners and to license these rights to its owners. The day-to-day work is focused upon maintaining the global portfoliomercedes of trademark registrations and to extend sufficiently the scope of the registered protection for the Volvo trademarks.
The main business is also to act against unauthorised registration and use (including [[counterfeit]]ing) of trademarks identical or similar to the Volvo trademarks on a global basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/eng/index.html |title=The Volvo Brand Name, Volvo Annual Report 1999 |publisher=.volvo.com |access-date=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717231302/http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/eng/index.html |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref>
==Collaboration with universities and colleges==
Volvo has a strategic collaboration within research and recruitment with a number of selected colleges and universities such as [[Penn State University]], [[INSA Lyon]], [[EMLYON Business Schoomercedesmercedesmercedesmercedesvvl]], [[North Carolina State University|NC State University]], [[Sophia University]], [[Chalmers University of Technology]], [[Gothenburg School of Business, Economics and Law|The Gothenburg School of Business, Economics and Law at the University of Gothenburg]], [[Mälardalen University College]], and the [[University of Skövde]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/innovation/collaboration-is-key/academic-partner-program.html|title=Academic Partner Program {{!}} Volvo Group|website=www.volvogroup.com|language=en|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Port of Gothenburg]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}
==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}
==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.volvogroup.com/| Official '''Volvo Group''' website}}
* {{official website|https://www.volvo.com/| Official '''Volvo''' website}} – ''for Volvo-branded companies''.
{{AB Volvo}}
{{Automotive industry in Sweden}}
{{OMX Stockholm 30 companies}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Volvo| ]]
[[Category:Volvo Group| ]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of Sweden]]
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of Sweden]]
[[Category:Marine engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Sweden]]
[[Category:Swedish companies established in 1927]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1927]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Swedish brands]]
[[Category:Companies listed on Nasdaq Stockholm]]
[[Category:Aerospace companies of Sweden]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Diesel engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Engine manufacturers of Sweden]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -3,13 +3,5 @@
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
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59 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131204132054/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323981504578175493034701024',
60 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213838/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8048140/Renault-raises-3bn-with-part-sale-of-Volvo-stake.html',
61 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170107161018/http://www.agrarszektor.hu/gepek/heccbol_tamasztottak_fel_a_volvo_hires_traktormarkajat.6744.html',
62 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170111164032/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-36551127',
63 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170702031810/http://www.volvogroup.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-group/markets/global/en-en/investors/reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/annual-and-sustainability-report-2016.pdf',
64 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163021/https://www.mechaman.nl/landbouwmechanisatie/2016/10/24/zo-zou-de-volvo-bm-er-nu-uit-kunnen-zien/',
65 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163019/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB982191070342881299',
66 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163027/https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/terex-sells-trucks-arm-to-volvo/',
67 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163037/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/volvo-buys-terex-plant-newhouse-2974745',
68 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163334/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/1999/10/09/bus_272243.shtml#.WVIclra1tqM',
69 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163331/https://www.aftonbladet.se/minekonomi/article10205767.ab',
70 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180226092116/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/05/gkn-shares-soar-buys-volvos-aircraft-engine-business',
71 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180226092115/https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN1EL0E6',
72 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180413044155/https://www.forbes.com/sites/spleverage/2014/02/12/despite-raising-eyebrows-blueline-prices-252m-pik-toggle-high-yield-bond-deal/#1ca704a012a7',
73 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190401005537/https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/armement-terrestre-renault-trucks-defense-volvo-devient-arquus.N697694',
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75 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190401005539/https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2019/mar/news-3252243.html',
76 => 'https://www.agrarszektor.hu/gepek/heccbol_tamasztottak_fel_a_volvo_hires_traktormarkajat.6744.html',
77 => 'https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/terex-sells-trucks-arm-to-volvo/',
78 => 'https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/volvo/355274/volvo-investigates-fossil-fuel-free-steel-future-car-bodies',
79 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-36551127',
80 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/spleverage/2014/02/12/despite-raising-eyebrows-blueline-prices-252m-pik-toggle-high-yield-bond-deal/#1ca704a012a7',
81 => 'https://www.idref.fr/028303601',
82 => 'https://www.marketwatch.com/story/volvo-buying-half-of-daimlers-fuel-cell-activities-as-firms-form-venture-2020-04-21',
83 => 'https://www.mechaman.nl/landbouwmechanisatie/2016/10/24/zo-zou-de-volvo-bm-er-nu-uit-kunnen-zien/',
84 => 'https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/volvo-cars-test-fossil-free-steel-ssabs-hybrit-venture-2021-06-16/',
85 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8048140/Renault-raises-3bn-with-part-sale-of-Volvo-stake.html',
86 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/05/gkn-shares-soar-buys-volvos-aircraft-engine-business',
87 => 'https://www.thestar.com/business/2007/06/14/volvo_to_quit_nasdaq.html',
88 => 'https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/armement-terrestre-renault-trucks-defense-volvo-devient-arquus.N697694',
89 => 'https://www.volvo.com/',
90 => 'https://www.volvogroup.com/',
91 => 'https://www.volvogroup.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-group/markets/global/en-en/investors/reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/annual-and-sustainability-report-2020.pdf',
92 => 'https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/about-us/what-we-do/our-brands.html',
93 => 'https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/about-us/organizatimercedeson.html',
94 => 'https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/innovation/collaboration-is-key/academic-partner-program.html',
95 => 'https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2019/mar/news-3252243.html',
96 => 'https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2020/oct/news-3815893.html',
97 => 'https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2021/apr/news-3935150.html',
98 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163810#identifiers',
99 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50025346',
100 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB982191070342881299'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swedish multinational manufacturing company</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Volvo Group (AB Volvo). For the separate manufacturer of passenger automobiles, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo Cars</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Volvo (disambiguation)">Volvo (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048617464">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Volvo</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Volvo-Spread-Word-Mark-Black.svg" class="image"><img alt="Volvo-Spread-Word-Mark-Black.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Volvo-Spread-Word-Mark-Black.svg/220px-Volvo-Spread-Word-Mark-Black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="17" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Volvo-Spread-Word-Mark-Black.svg/330px-Volvo-Spread-Word-Mark-Black.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Volvo-Spread-Word-Mark-Black.svg/440px-Volvo-Spread-Word-Mark-Black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="40" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carl-Henric_Svanberg" title="Carl-Henric Svanberg">Carl-Henric Svanberg</a> (Chairman)<br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Lundstedt" title="Martin Lundstedt">Martin Lundstedt</a> (President and CEO)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Products</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trucks">Trucks</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buses" class="mw-redirect" title="Buses">buses</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Construction_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction equipment">construction equipment</a>, marine and industrial engines, customer financing, insurance and related services, product related services</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Brands</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">Terex Trucks, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault Trucks</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prevost_Car" title="Prevost Car">Prevost</a>, Cellcentric, Dongfeng Trucks, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eicher_Motors" title="Eicher Motors">Eicher</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SDLG" title="SDLG">SDLG</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arquus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquus">Arquus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nova_Bus" title="Nova Bus">Nova Bus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mack_Trucks" title="Mack Trucks">Mack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><img alt="Decrease" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 338.446 billion <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">kr</a> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-AR2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR2020-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><img alt="Decrease" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 27.484 billion kr (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-AR2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR2020-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><img alt="Decrease" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 20.074 billion kr (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-AR2020_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR2020-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><img alt="Decrease" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 510.821 billion kr (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-AR2020_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR2020-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><img alt="Increase" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 148.142 billion kr (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-AR2020_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR2020-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Owners</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>AB Industrivärden (8.4%; 27.5% votes)<sup id="cite_ref-AR2020_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR2020-2">[2]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geely" title="Geely">Geely</a> (8.2%; 15.9% votes)<sup id="cite_ref-AR2020_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR2020-2">[2]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><img alt="Decrease" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 96,194 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-AR2020_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR2020-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo Cars</a> (1927–1999)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Trucks" title="Volvo Trucks">Volvo Trucks</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mack_Trucks" title="Mack Trucks">Mack Trucks</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault Trucks</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Construction_Equipment" title="Volvo Construction Equipment">Volvo Construction Equipment</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Buses" title="Volvo Buses">Volvo Buses</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Penta" title="Volvo Penta">Volvo Penta</a><br />Arquus<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Financial_Services" title="Volvo Financial Services">Volvo Financial Services</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volvogroup.com/">www<wbr />.volvogroup<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Volvo Group</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Volvokoncernen</i>; legally <b>Aktiebolaget Volvo</b>, shortened to <b>AB Volvo</b>, stylized as <b>VOLVO</b>) is a Swedish multinational manufacturing corporation headquartered in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>. While its core activity is the production, distribution and sale of trucks, buses and construction equipment, Volvo also supplies mercedesmercedesmarine and industrial drive systems and financial services. In 2016, it was the world's second largest manufacturer of heavy-duty trucks.<rmercedesef name="AR2016"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volvogroup.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-group/markets/global/en-en/investors/reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/annual-and-sustainability-report-2016.pdf">"Annual and Sustainability Report 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Volvo. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702031810/http://www.volvogroup.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-group/markets/global/en-en/investors/reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/annual-and-sustainability-report-2016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+and+Sustainability+Report+2016&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Volvo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvogroup.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fvolvo%2Fvolvo-group%2Fmarkets%2Fglobal%2Fen-en%2Finvestors%2Freports-and-presentations%2Fannual-reports%2Fannual-and-sustainability-report-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></ref>
mercedes
Automobile manufacturer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo Cars</a>, also based in Gothenburg, was part of AB Volvo until 1999, when it was sold to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>. Since 2010 Volvo Cars has been owned by the Chinesemercedes multinational automotive company <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geely_Holding_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Geely Holding Group">Geely Holding Group</a>. Both AB Volvo and Volvo Cars share the Volvo logo and cooperate in running the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Museum" title="Volvo Museum">Volvo Museum</a> in Sweden.
</p><p>The corporation was last listed on the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Stockholm_Stock_Eghvjbkxchange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stockholm Stock Eghvjbkxchange (page does not exist)">Stockholm Stock Eghvjbkxchange</a> in 2935, and was on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NASDAQ" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a> indices from 1985 to 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Volvo was established in 1915 as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiary</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SKF" title="SKF">SKF</a>, a ball bearing manufacturer; however both the Volvo Group and Volvo Cars regard the rollout of the company's first car series, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_%C3%96V_4" title="Volvo ÖV 4">Volvo ÖV 4</a>, on 1mercedes4 April 1927, as their beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></sup> The building remains (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r994658806">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Volvo&params=57_42_50_N_11_55_19_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">57°42′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°55′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">57.71389°N 11.92194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">57.71389; 11.92194</span></span></span></a></span>).
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_years_and_international_expansion"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early years and international expansion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Partnerships_and_merging_attempts"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Partnerships and merging attempts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Refocusing_on_heavy_vehicles"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Refocusing on heavy vehicles</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Business"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Business</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Trademark"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Trademark</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Collaboration_with_universities_and_colleges"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Collaboration with universities and colleges</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_years_and_international_expansion">Early years and international expansion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years and international expansion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Volvo_%C3%96V4_1927.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Volvo_%C3%96V4_1927.jpg/220px-Volvo_%C3%96V4_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Volvo_%C3%96V4_1927.jpg/330px-Volvo_%C3%96V4_1927.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Volvo_%C3%96V4_1927.jpg/440px-Volvo_%C3%96V4_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="469" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Volvo_%C3%96V4_1927.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The first Volvo car, a <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo_%C3%96V_4mercedes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volvo ÖV 4mercedes (page does not exist)">Volvo ÖV 4mercedes</a>, left the assembly line on 14 April 1927</div></div></div>
<p>The brand name <i>Volvo</i> was originally registered as a trademark in May 1911 with the intention to be used for a new series of SKF <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ball_bearings" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball bearings">ball bearings</a>. It means "I roll" in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, conjugated from "volvere". The idea was short-lived, and SKF decided to simply use its initials as the trademark for all its bearing products.<sup id="cite_ref-B2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B2-6">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1924, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assar_Gabrielsson" title="Assar Gabrielsson">Assar Gabrielsson</a>, an SKF sales manager, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gustav_Larson" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Larson">Gustav Larson</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology" title="KTH Royal Institute of Technology">KTH</a> educated engineer, decided to start construction of a Swedish car. They intended to build cars that could withstand the rigors of the country's rough roads and cold temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-volvo.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volvo.com-7">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>AB Volvo began activities on 10 August 1926. After one year of preparations involving the production of ten prototypes, the firm was ready to commence the car-manufacturing business within the SKF group. The Volvo Group itself considers it started in 1927, when the first car, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_%C3%96V_4" title="Volvo ÖV 4">Volvo ÖV 4</a>, rolled off the production line at the factory in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hisingen" title="Hisingen">Hisingen</a>, Gothenburg.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> Only 280 cars were built that year.<sup id="cite_ref-georgano_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgano-9">[8]</a></sup> The first truck, the "Series 1", debuted in January 1928, as an immediate success and attracted attention outside the country.<sup id="cite_ref-B2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B2-6">[5]</a></sup> In 1930, Volvo sold 639 cars,<sup id="cite_ref-georgano_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgano-9">[8]</a></sup> and the export of trucks to Europe started soon after; the cars did not become well known outside Sweden until after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-georgano_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgano-9">[8]</a></sup> AB Volvo was introduced at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stockholm_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm Stock Exchange">Stockholm Stock Exchange</a> in 1935 and SKF then decided to sell its shares in the company. By 1942, Volvo acquired the Swedish precision engineering company <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Aero" title="Volvo Aero">Svenska Flygmotor</a> (later renamed as Volvo Aero).<sup id="cite_ref-B2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B2-6">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Pentaverken, which had manufactured engines for Volvo, was acquired in 1935, providing a secure supply of engines and entry into the marine engine market.<sup id="cite_ref-PentaHistory_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PentaHistory-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first bus, named B1, was launched in 1934, and aircraft engines were added to the growing range of products at the beginning of the 1940s. In 1963, Volvo opened the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Halifax_Assembly" title="Volvo Halifax Assembly">Volvo Halifax Assembly</a> plant, the first assembly plant in the company's history outside of Sweden in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada</a>.
</p><p>In 1950, Volvo acquired the Swedish <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Construction_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction equipment">construction</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agricultural_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural equipment">agricultural equipment</a> manufacturer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolinder-Munktell" title="Bolinder-Munktell">Bolinder-Munktell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WG_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WG-11">[10]</a></sup> Bolinder-Munktell was renamed as Volvo BM in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> In 1979, Volvo BM's agricultural equipment business was sold to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valtra" title="Valtra">Valmet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> Later, through restructuring and acquisitions, the remaining construction equipment business became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Construction_Equipment" title="Volvo Construction Equipment">Volvo Construction Equipment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WG_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WG-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Partnerships_and_merging_attempts">Partnerships and merging attempts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Partnerships and merging attempts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 1977, Volvo tried to combine operations with rival Swedish automotive group <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saab-Scania" title="Saab-Scania">Saab-Scania</a>, but the latter company rejected it.<sup id="cite_ref-B2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B2-6">[5]</a></sup> In the 1970s, French manufacturer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> and Volvo started to collaborate.<sup id="cite_ref-R1985_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1985-14">[13]</a></sup> In 1978, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo Car Corporation</a> was spun off as a separate company within the Volvo group<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> and Renault acquired a minority stake,<sup id="cite_ref-B2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B2-6">[5]</a></sup> before selling it back in the 1980s after a restructuring.<sup id="cite_ref-R1985_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1985-14">[13]</a></sup> In the 1990s, Renault and Volvo deepened their collaboration and both companies partnered in purchasing, research and development and quality control while increasing their cross-ownership. Renault would assist Volvo with entry-level and medium segment vehicles and in return Volvo would share technology with Renault in upper segments. In 1993, a 1994 Volvo-Renault merger deal was announced. The deal was barely accepted in France, but it was opposed in Sweden, and the Volvo shareholders and company board voted against it.<sup id="cite_ref-B2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B2-6">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R1985_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1985-14">[13]</a></sup> The alliance was officially dissolved in February 1994 and Volvo sold off its minority Renault stake in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-B2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B2-6">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1991, the Volvo Group participated in a joint venture with Japanese automaker <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi Motors</a> at the former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DAF_Trucks#Car_business" title="DAF Trucks">DAF</a> plant in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sittard-Geleen#Born" title="Sittard-Geleen">Born</a>, Netherlands. The operation, branded <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NedCar" class="mw-redirect" title="NedCar">NedCar</a>, began producing the first generation <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Carisma" title="Mitsubishi Carisma">Mitsubishi Carisma</a> alongside the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_S40" title="Volvo S40">Volvo S40/V40</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-awr_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awr-16">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nedcar_history_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nedcar_history-17">[16]</a></sup> During the 1990s, Volvo also partnered with the American manufacturer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>. In 1999, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> blocked a merger with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scania_AB" title="Scania AB">Scania AB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-B2_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B2-6">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Refocusing_on_heavy_vehicles">Refocusing on heavy vehicles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Refocusing on heavy vehicles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Volvo_excavator_on_construction_site,_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki,_D%C5%82uga_Street.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Volvo_excavator_on_construction_site%2C_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki%2C_D%C5%82uga_Street.jpg/220px-Volvo_excavator_on_construction_site%2C_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki%2C_D%C5%82uga_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Volvo_excavator_on_construction_site%2C_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki%2C_D%C5%82uga_Street.jpg/330px-Volvo_excavator_on_construction_site%2C_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki%2C_D%C5%82uga_Street.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Volvo_excavator_on_construction_site%2C_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki%2C_D%C5%82uga_Street.jpg/440px-Volvo_excavator_on_construction_site%2C_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki%2C_D%C5%82uga_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="1429" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Volvo_excavator_on_construction_site,_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki,_D%C5%82uga_Street.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Volvo excavator on construction site in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki" title="Tomaszów Mazowiecki">Tomaszów Mazowiecki</a>, Poland</div></div></div>
<p>In January 1999, Volvo Group sold Volvo Car Corporation to Ford Motor Company for $6.45 billion. The division was placed within Ford's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Premier_Automotive_Group" title="Premier Automotive Group">Premier Automotive Group</a> alongside <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Rover" title="Land Rover">Land Rover</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin</a>. Volvo engineering resources and components would be used in various Ford, Land Rover and Aston Martin products, with the second generation <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Rover_Freelander" title="Land Rover Freelander">Land Rover Freelander</a> designed on the same platform as the second generation Volvo S80. The Volvo T5 petrol engine was used in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Focus" title="Ford Focus">Ford Focus</a> ST and RS performance models, and Volvo's satellite navigation system was used on certain Aston Martin Vanquish, DB9 and V8 Vantage models.<sup id="cite_ref-EvoC30_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvoC30-18">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScotsmanAM_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScotsmanAM-19">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EvoLRFree2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvoLRFree2-20">[19]</a></sup> In November 1999, Volvo Group purchased a 5% stake in Mitsubishi Motors, as part of a partnership deal for the truck and bus business.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> In 2001, after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DaimlerChrysler" class="mw-redirect" title="DaimlerChrysler">DaimlerChrysler</a> bought a large Mitsubishi Motors stake,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup> Volvo sold its shares to the former.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault Véhicules Industriels</a> (which included <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mack_Trucks" title="Mack Trucks">Mack Trucks</a>, but not Renault's stake in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iveco_Bus" title="Iveco Bus">Irisbus</a>) was sold to Volvo during January 2001, and Volvo renamed it Renault Trucks in 2002. Renault became AB Volvo's biggest shareholder with a 19.9% stake (in shares and voting rights) as part of the deal.<sup id="cite_ref-VolvoPR2001_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VolvoPR2001-24">[23]</a></sup> Renault increased its shareholding to 21.7% by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-VolvoRenTel2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VolvoRenTel2010-25">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>AB Volvo acquired 13% of the shares in the Japanese truck manufacturer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UD_Trucks" title="UD Trucks">Nissan Diesel</a> (later renamed UD Trucks) from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> (part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault-Nissan_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault-Nissan Alliance">Renault-Nissan Alliance</a>) during 2006, becoming a major shareholder. Volvo Group took complete ownership of Nissan Diesel in 2007 to extend its presence in the Asian Pacific market.<sup id="cite_ref-volvo.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volvo.com-7">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCNissan2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNissan2007-26">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Renault sold 14.9% of their stake in AB Volvo in October 2010 (comprising 14.9% of the share capital and 3.8% of the voting rights) for €3.02 billion. This share sale left Renault with around 17.5% of Volvo's voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-VolvoRenTel2010_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VolvoRenTel2010-25">[24]</a></sup> Renault sold their remaining shares in December 2012 (comprising 6.5% of the share capital and 17.2% of the voting rights at the time of transaction) for €1.6 billion, leaving Swedish industrial investment group <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriv%C3%A4rden" class="extiw" title="sv:Industrivärden">Aktiebolaget Industrivärden</a> as the largest shareholder, with 6.2% of the share capital and 18.7% of the voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ2012-27">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IVG2012_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IVG2012-28">[27]</a></sup> That same year, Volvo sold Volvo Aero to the British company <a href="/enwiki/wiki/GKN" title="GKN">GKN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> In 2017 Volvo Cars owner <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geely" title="Geely">Geely</a> became the largest Volvo shareholder by number of shares after acquiring an 8.2% stake, displacing Industrivärden. Industrivärden kept more voting rights than Geely (Geely getting a 15.8%).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2013, Volvo sold its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BlueLine_Rental" title="BlueLine Rental">Volvo Construction Equipment Rents</a> division to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Platinum_Equity" title="Platinum Equity">Platinum Equity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> In 2014, Volvo's Volvo Construction Equipment acquired the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haul_truck" title="Haul truck">haul truck</a> manufacturing division of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terex" title="Terex">Terex Corporation</a>, which included five truck models and a manufacturing facility in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motherwell" title="Motherwell">Motherwell</a>, Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup> In November 2016, Volvo announced its intention of divesting its Government Sales division, made up mainly of Renault Trucks' Renault Trucks Defense but also of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhard" title="Panhard">Panhard</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ACMAT" title="ACMAT">ACMAT</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mack_Trucks" title="Mack Trucks">Mack Defense</a> in the United States, and Volvo Defense.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> The project for selling the division was later abandoned and, in May 2018, Volvo reorganized Renault Trucks Defense and renamed it Arquus.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2018, Volvo announced it intended to sell a 75.1% controlling stake of its car <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telematics" title="Telematics">telematics</a> subsidiary WirelessCar to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen</a> with the aim of focusing on telematics for commercial vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup> The sale was completed in March 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2019, Volvo and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a> announced their intention of forming a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strategic_alliance" title="Strategic alliance">strategic alliance</a> on commercial vehicles. As part of the agreement, Volvo would sell UD Trucks to Isuzu.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup> The "final agreements" for the alliance were signed in October 2020, with UD Trucks sale pending on regulatory clearances.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup> The sale was completed in April 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2020, Volvo and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daimler_AG" title="Daimler AG">Daimler</a> announced that the former planned to acquire half of Daimler's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a> business, forming a joint venture between the two companies.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2021, Volvo announced that it had signed up a new partnership with steel manufacturer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SSAB" title="SSAB">SSAB</a> to develop fossil fuel-free steel for future use in Volvo's cars.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></sup> The partnership comes is derived from SSAB's own green steel venture, HYBRIT.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Business">Business</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Business">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Volvo Group's operations include:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Trucks" title="Volvo Trucks">Volvo Trucks</a> (midsize-duty trucks for regional transportation and heavy-duty trucks for long-distance transportation, as well as heavy-duty trucks for the construction work segment)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mack_Trucks" title="Mack Trucks">Mack Trucks</a> (light-duty trucks for close distribution and heavy-duty trucks for long-distance transportation)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault Trucks</a> (heavy-duty trucks for regional transportations and heavy-duty trucks for the construction work segment)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dongfeng_Motor_Corporation#Dongfeng_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Dongfeng Motor Corporation">Dongfeng Commercial Vehicles</a> (45%) (trucks)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eicher_Motors#Group_structure" title="Eicher Motors">VE Commercial Vehicles (Eicher)</a> Ltd., India (VECV), a joint venture between Volvo Group and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eicher_Motors" title="Eicher Motors">Eicher Motors Limited</a> in which Volvo holds 45.6% (trucks and buses)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Construction_Equipment" title="Volvo Construction Equipment">Volvo Construction Equipment</a> (construction equipment)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SDLG" title="SDLG">SDLG</a> (70%) (construction equipment)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo_Group_Venture_Capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volvo Group Venture Capital (page does not exist)">Volvo Group Venture Capital</a> (corporate investment company)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Buses" title="Volvo Buses">Volvo Buses</a> (complete buses and bus chassis for city traffic, line traffic and tourist traffic)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Financial_Services" title="Volvo Financial Services">Volvo Financial Services</a> (customer financing, inter-group mercedesbanking, as real estate administration)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Penta" title="Volvo Penta">Volvo Penta</a> (marine engine systems for leisure boats and commercial shipping, diesel engines and drive systems for industrial applications)</li>
<li>Arquus<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Trademark">Trademark</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trademark">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Volvo Trademark Holding AB is equally owned by AB Volvo and Volvo Car Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup>
mercedes
The main activity of the company is to own, maintain, protect and preserve the Volvomercedes trademarks (including <i>Volvo</i>, the Volvo device marks (grille slash & iron mark) <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Aero" title="Volvo Aero">Volvo Aero</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Penta" title="Volvo Penta">Volvo Penta</a></i>) on behalf of its owners and to license these rights to its owners. The day-to-day work is focused upon maintaining the global portfoliomercedes of trademark registrations and to extend sufficiently the scope of the registered protection for the Volvo trademarks.
</p><p>The main business is also to act against unauthorised registration and use (including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeiting</a>) of trademarks identical or similar to the Volvo trademarks on a global basis.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Collaboration_with_universities_and_colleges">Collaboration with universities and colleges</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Collaboration with universities and colleges">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Volvo has a strategic collaboration within research and recruitment with a number of selected colleges and universities such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penn_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State University">Penn State University</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/INSA_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="INSA Lyon">INSA Lyon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=EMLYON_Business_Schoomercedesmercedesmercedesmercedesvvl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EMLYON Business Schoomercedesmercedesmercedesmercedesvvl (page does not exist)">EMLYON  Business Schoomercedesmercedesmercedesmercedesvvl</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">NC State University</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sophia_University" title="Sophia University">Sophia University</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chalmers_University_of_Technology" title="Chalmers University of Technology">Chalmers University of Technology</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothenburg_School_of_Business,_Economics_and_Law" title="Gothenburg School of Business, Economics and Law">The Gothenburg School of Business, Economics and Law at the University of Gothenburg</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%A4lardalen_University_College" title="Mälardalen University College">Mälardalen University College</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Sk%C3%B6vde" title="University of Skövde">University of Skövde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_of_Gothenburg" title="Port of Gothenburg">Port of Gothenburg</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It includes financial information attributable to both AB Volvo proper and its consolidated and non-consolidated affiliates (such as subsidiaries and joint ventures), collectively known as the Volvo Group.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/about-us/what-we-do/our-brands.html">https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/about-us/what-we-do/our-brands.html</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AR2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AR2020_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR2020_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR2020_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR2020_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR2020_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR2020_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR2020_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR2020_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volvogroup.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-group/markets/global/en-en/investors/reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/annual-and-sustainability-report-2020.pdf">"Annual and Sustainability Report 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. AB Volvo. pp. 5, 46–47, 202<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+and+Sustainability+Report+2020&rft.pages=5%2C+46-47%2C+202&rft.pub=AB+Volvo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvogroup.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fvolvo%2Fvolvo-group%2Fmarkets%2Fglobal%2Fen-en%2Finvestors%2Freports-and-presentations%2Fannual-reports%2Fannual-and-sustainability-report-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/business/2007/06/14/volvo_to_quit_nasdaq.html">"mercedes to quit Nasdaq"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. 14 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=mercedes+to+quit+Nasdaq&rft.date=2007-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fbusiness%2F2007%2F06%2F14%2Fvolvo_to_quit_nasdaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|archive-mercedesmercedesmercedesmercedesurl=</code> ignored (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522012609/http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+group/history/volvosfounders/volvo_founders.htm">"Volvo's founders : Volvo Group – Global"</a>. Volvo. 14 April 1927. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+group/history/volvosfounders/volvo_founders.htm">the original</a> on 22 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volvo%27s+founders+%3A+Volvo+Group+%E2%80%93+Global&rft.pub=Volvo&rft.date=1927-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvo.com%2Fgroup%2Fglobal%2Fen-gb%2Fvolvo%2Bgroup%2Fhistory%2Fvolvosfounders%2Fvolvo_founders.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-B2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B2_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B2_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B2_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPederson2005" class="citation book cs1">Pederson, Jay P. (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_r9u7/page/378">"AB Volvo"</a>. <i>International Directory of Company Histories</i>. <b>67</b>. St. James Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_r9u7/page/378">378–383</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5586-2512-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5586-2512-9"><bdi>978-1-5586-2512-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AB+Volvo&rft.btitle=International+Directory+of+Company+Histories&rft.pages=378-383&rft.pub=St.+James+Press&rft.date=2005-06&rft.isbn=978-1-5586-2512-9&rft.aulast=Pederson&rft.aufirst=Jay+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationaldir0000unse_r9u7%2Fpage%2F378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-volvo.com-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-volvo.com_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-volvo.com_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110620234834/http://www.volvogroup.com/GROUP/GLOBAL/EN-GB/VOLVO%20GROUP/HISTORY/OURHISTORY/PAGES/HISTORY_TIMELINE.ASPX">"History time-line : Volvo Group – Global"</a>. Volvo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volvogroup.com/GROUP/GLOBAL/EN-GB/VOLVO%20GROUP/HISTORY/OURHISTORY/PAGES/HISTORY_TIMELINE.ASPX">the original</a> on 20 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+time-line+%3A+Volvo+Group+%E2%80%93+Global&rft.pub=Volvo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvogroup.com%2FGROUP%2FGLOBAL%2FEN-GB%2FVOLVO%2520GROUP%2FHISTORY%2FOURHISTORY%2FPAGES%2FHISTORY_TIMELINE.ASPX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFVolvo_Group_Global" class="citation web cs1">Volvo Group Global. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/Volvo+Group/history/history.htm">"Volvo 80 years"</a>. Volvo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091022223128/http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+group/history/history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volvo+80+years&rft.pub=Volvo&rft.au=Volvo+Group+Global&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvo.com%2Fgroup%2Fglobal%2Fen-gb%2FVolvo%2BGroup%2Fhistory%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-georgano-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-georgano_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-georgano_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-georgano_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgano,_G._N." class="mw-redirect" title="Georgano, G. N.">Georgano, G. N.</a> <i>Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930</i>. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590844915" title="Special:BookSources/9781590844915">9781590844915</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PentaHistory-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PentaHistory_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021457/http://www.volvopenta.com/VOLVOPENTA/GLOBAL/EN-GB/OUR_COMPANY/HISTORY/Pages/1930.aspx">"1930 – History: Volvo Penta"</a>. Volvo Penta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volvopenta.com/VOLVOPENTA/GLOBAL/EN-GB/OUR_COMPANY/HISTORY/Pages/1930.aspx">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1930+%E2%80%93+History%3A+Volvo+Penta&rft.pub=Volvo+Penta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvopenta.com%2FVOLVOPENTA%2FGLOBAL%2FEN-GB%2FOUR_COMPANY%2FHISTORY%2FPages%2F1930.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WG-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WG_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WG_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFEliasson2013" class="citation book cs1">Eliasson, G (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WodAAAAQBAJ&q=Bolinder-Munktell+Volvo+CE&pg=PA130">"Automotive dinamics in regional economies"</a>. In Pyka, Andreas; Burghof, Hans-Peter (eds.). <i>Innovation and Finance</i>. Routledge. p. 130. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-08491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-08491-2"><bdi>978-1-135-08491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Automotive+dinamics+in+regional+economies&rft.btitle=Innovation+and+Finance&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-08491-2&rft.aulast=Eliasson&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WodAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DBolinder-Munktell%2BVolvo%2BCE%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agrarszektor.hu/gepek/heccbol_tamasztottak_fel_a_volvo_hires_traktormarkajat.6744.html">"Heccből támasztották fel a Volvo híres traktormárkáját"</a> (in Hungarian). Agrarszektor.hu. 6 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107161018/http://www.agrarszektor.hu/gepek/heccbol_tamasztottak_fel_a_volvo_hires_traktormarkajat.6744.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heccb%C5%91l+t%C3%A1masztott%C3%A1k+fel+a+Volvo+h%C3%ADres+traktorm%C3%A1rk%C3%A1j%C3%A1t&rft.pub=Agrarszektor.hu&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agrarszektor.hu%2Fgepek%2Fheccbol_tamasztottak_fel_a_volvo_hires_traktormarkajat.6744.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechaman.nl/landbouwmechanisatie/2016/10/24/zo-zou-de-volvo-bm-er-nu-uit-kunnen-zien/">"Zo zou de Volvo BM er nu uit kunnen zien"</a> (in Dutch). Mechaman.nl. 24 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163021/https://www.mechaman.nl/landbouwmechanisatie/2016/10/24/zo-zou-de-volvo-bm-er-nu-uit-kunnen-zien/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zo+zou+de+Volvo+BM+er+nu+uit+kunnen+zien&rft.pub=Mechaman.nl&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mechaman.nl%2Flandbouwmechanisatie%2F2016%2F10%2F24%2Fzo-zou-de-volvo-bm-er-nu-uit-kunnen-zien%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-R1985-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R1985_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1985_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1985_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDonnellyDonnellyMorris2004" class="citation journal cs1">Donnelly, Tom; Donnelly, Tim; Morris, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060920122519/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/digitalfordism/fordism_materials/Donnelly.pdf">"Renault 1985–2000: From bankruptcy to profit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working papers (Caen Innovation Marché Entreprise) (30). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/799704146">799704146</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cddc.vt.edu/digitalfordism/fordism_materials/Donnelly.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Renault+1985%E2%80%932000%3A+From+bankruptcy+to+profit&rft.issue=30&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F799704146&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Donnelly%2C+Tim&rft.au=Morris%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cddc.vt.edu%2Fdigitalfordism%2Ffordism_materials%2FDonnelly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStyhre2007" class="citation book cs1">Styhre, Alexander (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TW99AgAAQBAJ&q=Volvo&pg=PT204"><i>The Innovative Bureaucracy: Bureaucracy in an Age of Fluidity</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96433-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96433-0"><bdi>978-0-203-96433-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innovative+Bureaucracy%3A+Bureaucracy+in+an+Age+of+Fluidity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96433-0&rft.aulast=Styhre&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTW99AgAAQBAJ%26q%3DVolvo%26pg%3DPT204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-awr-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-awr_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.automotiveworld.com/VMSI/about.asp?profileid=4">Mitsubishi Motors Corporation Vehicle Manufacturer Strategic Insight</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223231158/http://automotiveworld.com/VMSI/about.asp?profileid=4">Archived</a> 23 February 2009 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Automotive World (subscription required)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-nedcar_history-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nedcar_history_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070729195627/http://www.nedcar.nl/content/view/19/34/lang,en/">"Once upon a time..." History, Nedcar.nl website"</a>. Nedcar.nl. 1 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nedcar.nl/content/view/19/34/lang,en/">the original</a> on 29 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Once+upon+a+time...%22+History%2C+Nedcar.nl+website&rft.pub=Nedcar.nl&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nedcar.nl%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F19%2F34%2Flang%2Cen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EvoC30-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EvoC30_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSimister2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Simister, John (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023548/http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/203613/volvo_c30_t5_se.html">"Volvo C30 T5 SE"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evo_(magazine)" title="Evo (magazine)">Evo</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/203613/volvo_c30_t5_se.html">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2013</span>. <q>The T5 petrol engine is almost the same as the one borrowed from Volvo by Ford for the Focus ST...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evo&rft.atitle=Volvo+C30+T5+SE&rft.date=2006-11&rft.aulast=Simister&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evo.co.uk%2Fcarreviews%2Fevocarreviews%2F203613%2Fvolvo_c30_t5_se.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ScotsmanAM-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ScotsmanAM_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/motors/reviews/aston-martin/aston-s-clearer-advantage-1-2655600">"ASTON'S CLEARER ADVANTAGE"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i>. 29 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001804/http://www.scotsman.com/motors/reviews/aston-martin/aston-s-clearer-advantage-1-2655600">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2013</span>. <q>The optional satellite navigation remains a Volvo-sourced system that is absurdly fiddly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=ASTON%27S+CLEARER+ADVANTAGE&rft.date=2013-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fmotors%2Freviews%2Faston-martin%2Faston-s-clearer-advantage-1-2655600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-EvoLRFree2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EvoLRFree2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSimister2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Simister, John (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023540/http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204249/land_rover_freelander.html">"Land Rover Freelander"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evo_(magazine)" title="Evo (magazine)">Evo</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204249/land_rover_freelander.html">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2013</span>. <q>But it's good news for the new 'Freelander 2', based on the S-Max/S80/next-Mondeo platform, powered in the top model by a 229bhp Volvo straight-six</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evo&rft.atitle=Land+Rover+Freelander&rft.date=2006-12&rft.aulast=Simister&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evo.co.uk%2Fcarreviews%2Fevocarreviews%2F204249%2Fland_rover_freelander.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/1999/10/09/bus_272243.shtml#.WVIclra1tqM">"Mitsubishi Motors announces alliance with Volvo"</a>. <i>The Augusta Chronicle</i>. 10 October 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163334/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/1999/10/09/bus_272243.shtml#.WVIclra1tqM">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Augusta+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Mitsubishi+Motors+announces+alliance+with+Volvo&rft.date=1999-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.augusta.com%2Fstories%2F1999%2F10%2F09%2Fbus_272243.shtml%23.WVIclra1tqM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMiller2001" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Scott (15 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB982191070342881299">"Volvo Might Sell Its Mitsubishi Stake Because of Daimler's Control of Firm"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163019/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB982191070342881299">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Volvo+Might+Sell+Its+Mitsubishi+Stake+Because+of+Daimler%27s+Control+of+Firm&rft.date=2001-02-15&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB982191070342881299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftonbladet.se/minekonomi/article10205767.ab">"Volvo säljer sitt innehav i Mitsubishi"</a>. <i>Aftonbladet</i> (in Swedish). 11 April 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163331/https://www.aftonbladet.se/minekonomi/article10205767.ab">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aftonbladet&rft.atitle=Volvo+s%C3%A4ljer+sitt+innehav+i+Mitsubishi&rft.date=2001-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftonbladet.se%2Fminekonomi%2Farticle10205767.ab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-VolvoPR2001-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VolvoPR2001_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015842/http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/pressreleases/previous/2001/_layouts/CWP.Internet.VolvoCom/NewsItem.aspx?News.ItemId=23665&News.Language=en-gb">"AB VOLVO TRANSFER REMAINING SHARES TO RENAULT S.A"</a>. Volvo. 9 February 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/pressreleases/previous/2001/_layouts/CWP.Internet.VolvoCom/NewsItem.aspx?News.ItemId=23665&News.Language=en-gb">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AB+VOLVO+TRANSFER+REMAINING+SHARES+TO+RENAULT+S.A&rft.pub=Volvo&rft.date=2001-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvogroup.com%2Fgroup%2Fglobal%2Fen-gb%2Fnewsmedia%2Fpressreleases%2Fprevious%2F2001%2F_layouts%2FCWP.Internet.VolvoCom%2FNewsItem.aspx%3FNews.ItemId%3D23665%26News.Language%3Den-gb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-VolvoRenTel2010-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VolvoRenTel2010_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VolvoRenTel2010_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8048140/Renault-raises-3bn-with-part-sale-of-Volvo-stake.html">"Renault raises €3bn with part-sale of Volvo stake"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. 7 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213838/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8048140/Renault-raises-3bn-with-part-sale-of-Volvo-stake.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Renault+raises+%E2%82%AC3bn+with+part-sale+of+Volvo+stake&rft.date=2010-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Ftransport%2F8048140%2FRenault-raises-3bn-with-part-sale-of-Volvo-stake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBCNissan2007-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCNissan2007_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6377751.stm">"Volvo in $1.1bn Nissan purchase"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 20 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319014912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6377751.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Volvo+in+%241.1bn+Nissan+purchase&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F6377751.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WSJ2012-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ2012_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPearson2012" class="citation news cs1">Pearson, David (12 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323981504578175493034701024">"Renault to Sell Rest of Its Volvo Stake"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204132054/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323981504578175493034701024">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Renault+to+Sell+Rest+of+Its+Volvo+Stake&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887323981504578175493034701024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/05/gkn-shares-soar-buys-volvos-aircraft-engine-business">"GKN's shares soar as it buys Volvo's aircraft engine business"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 5 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226092116/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/05/gkn-shares-soar-buys-volvos-aircraft-engine-business">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=GKN%27s+shares+soar+as+it+buys+Volvo%27s+aircraft+engine+business&rft.date=2012-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2012%2Fjul%2F05%2Fgkn-shares-soar-buys-volvos-aircraft-engine-business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN1EL0E6">"China's Geely turns to Volvo trucks in latest Swedish venture"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 27 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226092115/https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN1EL0E6">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China%27s+Geely+turns+to+Volvo+trucks+in+latest+Swedish+venture&rft.date=2017-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmobile.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Famp%2FidUSKBN1EL0E6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFuller2014" class="citation web cs1">Fuller, Matthew (12 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/spleverage/2014/02/12/despite-raising-eyebrows-blueline-prices-252m-pik-toggle-high-yield-bond-deal/#1ca704a012a7">"Despite Raising Eyebrows, BlueLine Prices $252M PIK Toggle High Yield Bond Deal"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413044155/https://www.forbes.com/sites/spleverage/2014/02/12/despite-raising-eyebrows-blueline-prices-252m-pik-toggle-high-yield-bond-deal/#1ca704a012a7">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Despite+Raising+Eyebrows%2C+BlueLine+Prices+%24252M+PIK+Toggle+High+Yield+Bond+Deal&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fspleverage%2F2014%2F02%2F12%2Fdespite-raising-eyebrows-blueline-prices-252m-pik-toggle-high-yield-bond-deal%2F%231ca704a012a7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Graham2013" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Graham (31 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/volvo-buys-terex-plant-newhouse-2974745">"Volvo buys Terex plant in Newhouse for $160m"</a>. <i>Daily Record</i>. Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020163037/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/volvo-buys-terex-plant-newhouse-2974745">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Record&rft.atitle=Volvo+buys+Terex+plant+in+Newhouse+for+%24160m&rft.date=2013-12-31&rft.au=Miller%2C+Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyrecord.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fvolvo-buys-terex-plant-newhouse-2974745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTran,_Pierre2016" class="citation web cs1">Tran, Pierre (4 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defensenews.com/articles/volvo-begins-sales-process-of-rtd-with-no-timetable">"Volvo Launches RTD Sale, No Timetable"</a>. <i>Defense News</i>. Sightline Media Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense+News&rft.atitle=Volvo+Launches+RTD+Sale%2C+No+Timetable&rft.date=2016-11-04&rft.au=Tran%2C+Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensenews.com%2Farticles%2Fvolvo-begins-sales-process-of-rtd-with-no-timetable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since August 2021">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAltmeyer,_Cyril2018" class="citation web cs1">Altmeyer, Cyril (24 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/armement-terrestre-renault-trucks-defense-volvo-devient-arquus.N697694">"Armament terrestre: Renault Trucks Defense (Volvo) devient Arquus"</a> [Ground army: Renault Trucks Defense (Volvo) becomes Arquus]. <i>L'Usine nouvelle</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401005537/https://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/armement-terrestre-renault-trucks-defense-volvo-devient-arquus.N697694">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Usine+nouvelle&rft.atitle=Armament+terrestre%3A+Renault+Trucks+Defense+%28Volvo%29+devient+Arquus&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft.au=Altmeyer%2C+Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usinenouvelle.com%2Farticle%2Farmement-terrestre-renault-trucks-defense-volvo-devient-arquus.N697694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/volvo-group-to-divest-75-1-of-shares-in-wirelesscar-unit-to-volkswagen-1027820935">"Volvo Group To Divest 75.1% Of Shares In WirelessCar Unit To Volkswagen"</a>. <i>Markets Insider</i>. 19 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401005537/https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/volvo-group-to-divest-75-1-of-shares-in-wirelesscar-unit-to-volkswagen-1027820935">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Markets+Insider&rft.atitle=Volvo+Group+To+Divest+75.1%25+Of+Shares+In+WirelessCar+Unit+To+Volkswagen&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarkets.businessinsider.com%2Fnews%2Fstocks%2Fvolvo-group-to-divest-75-1-of-shares-in-wirelesscar-unit-to-volkswagen-1027820935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2019/mar/news-3252243.html">"Volvo Group has completed the sale of shares in WirelessCar"</a> (Press release). Volvo. 29 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401005539/https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/news/2019/mar/news-3252243.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volvo+Group+has+completed+the+sale+of+shares+in+WirelessCar&rft.pub=Volvo&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvogroup.com%2Fen-en%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fmar%2Fnews-3252243.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2020" class="citation web cs1">Goldstein, Steve (21 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/volvo-buying-half-of-daimlers-fuel-cell-activities-as-firms-form-venture-2020-04-21">"Volvo buying half of Daimler's fuel cell activities as firms form venture"</a>. <i>MarketWatch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=Volvo+buying+half+of+Daimler%27s+fuel+cell+activities+as+firms+form+venture&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fvolvo-buying-half-of-daimlers-fuel-cell-activities-as-firms-form-venture-2020-04-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/volvo/355274/volvo-investigates-fossil-fuel-free-steel-future-car-bodies">"Volvo investigates fossil fuel-free steel for future car bodies"</a>. <i>Auto Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Auto+Express&rft.atitle=Volvo+investigates+fossil+fuel-free+steel+for+future+car+bodies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoexpress.co.uk%2Fvolvo%2F355274%2Fvolvo-investigates-fossil-fuel-free-steel-future-car-bodies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/volvo-cars-test-fossil-free-steel-ssabs-hybrit-venture-2021-06-16/">"Volvo Cars to test fossil-free steel from SSAB's HYBRIT venture"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 16 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Volvo+Cars+to+test+fossil-free+steel+from+SSAB%27s+HYBRIT+venture&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fautos-transportation%2Fvolvo-cars-test-fossil-free-steel-ssabs-hybrit-venture-2021-06-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/about-us/organizatimercedeson.html">"Organization | Volvo Group"</a>. <i>www.volvogroup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.volvogroup.com&rft.atitle=Organization+%7C+Volvo+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvogroup.com%2Fen-en%2Fabout-us%2Forganizatimercedeson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316204702/http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/eng/html/thevolvobrandname/ingress.html">"Volvo Annual Report 1999"</a>. .volvo.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/eng/html/thevolvobrandname/ingress.html">the original</a> on 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volvo+Annual+Report+1999&rft.pub=.volvo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.volvo.com%2Finvestors%2Ffinrep%2Feng%2Fhtml%2Fthevolvobrandname%2Fingress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717231302/http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/eng/index.html">"The Volvo Brand Name, Volvo Annual Report 1999"</a>. .volvo.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/eng/index.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Volvo+Brand+Name%2C+Volvo+Annual+Report+1999&rft.pub=.volvo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.volvo.com%2Finvestors%2Ffinrep%2Feng%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/innovation/collaboration-is-key/academic-partner-program.html">"Academic Partner Program | Volvo Group"</a>. <i>www.volvogroup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.volvogroup.com&rft.atitle=Academic+Partner+Program+%7C+Volvo+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvogroup.com%2Fen-en%2Finnovation%2Fcollaboration-is-key%2Facademic-partner-program.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolvo" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Volvo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volvogroup.com/">Official <b>Volvo Group</b> website</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volvo.com/">Official <b>Volvo</b> website</a></span></span> – <i>for Volvo-branded companies</i>.</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volvo_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:AB_Volvo" title="Template:AB Volvo"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:AB_Volvo" title="Template talk:AB Volvo"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:AB_Volvo&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volvo_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Volvo Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries, joint ventures and divisions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mack_Trucks" title="Mack Trucks">Mack Trucks</a>
<ul><li>Mack Defense</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault Trucks</a>
<ul><li>Arquus
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ACMAT" title="ACMAT">ACMAT</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhard" title="Panhard">Panhard</a></li>
<li>Renault Trucks Defense</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>VE Commercial Vehicles<sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Buses" title="Volvo Buses">Volvo Buses</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nova_Bus" title="Nova Bus">Nova Bus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prevost_Car" title="Prevost Car">Prevost</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Trucks" title="Volvo Trucks">Volvo Trucks</a>
<ul><li>Volvo Defense</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Construction_Equipment" title="Volvo Construction Equipment">Volvo Construction Equipment</a>
<ul><li>Terex Trucks</li>
<li>SDLG<sup>2</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Financial_Services" title="Volvo Financial Services">Volvo Financial Services</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Penta" title="Volvo Penta">Volvo Penta</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DAF_Trucks" title="DAF Trucks">DAF Cars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Aero" title="Volvo Aero">Volvo Aero</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo Cars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BlueLine_Rental" title="BlueLine Rental">Volvo Rents</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blaw-Knox" title="Blaw-Knox">Blaw-Knox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UD_Trucks" title="UD Trucks">UD Trucks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Museum" title="Volvo Museum">Volvo Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Ocean_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo Ocean Race">Volvo Ocean Race</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>1</sup>Joint venture with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eicher_Motors" title="Eicher Motors">Eicher Motors</a>. <sup>2</sup>Joint venture with SDLG.</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sweden&#124;link=Sweden_Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Template:Automotive industry in Sweden"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Template talk:Automotive industry in Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Automotive_industry_in_Sweden&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sweden&#124;link=Sweden_Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Automotive industry in Sweden</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*Automotive_industry_*Economy_of_Sweden_*Transport_in_Sweden">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Economy of Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Sweden" title="Transport in Sweden">Transport in Sweden</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Domestic manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caresto" title="Caresto">Caresto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Huddig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huddig (page does not exist)">Huddig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koenigsegg" title="Koenigsegg">Koenigsegg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%B6sse_Car" title="Jösse Car">Jösse Car</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ljungby_Maskin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ljungby Maskin (page does not exist)">Ljungby Maskin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Electric_Vehicle_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="National Electric Vehicle Sweden">NEVS</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scania_AB" title="Scania AB">Scania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Svetruck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svetruck (page does not exist)">Svetruck</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uniti_(car)" title="Uniti (car)">Uniti</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Volvo</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Buses" title="Volvo Buses">Volvo Buses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Construction_Equipment" title="Volvo Construction Equipment">Volvo Construction Equipment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Trucks" title="Volvo Trucks">Volvo Trucks</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo Cars</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polestar" title="Polestar">Polestar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynk_%26_Co" title="Lynk & Co">Lynk & Co</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autoliv" title="Autoliv">Autoliv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haldex" class="mw-redirect" title="Haldex">Haldex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haldex_Traction" title="Haldex Traction">Haldex Traction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%96hlins" title="Öhlins">Öhlins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SKF" title="SKF">SKF</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trelleborg_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trelleborg AB">Trelleborg AB</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Motorsport and tuners</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caresto" title="Caresto">Caresto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polestar" title="Polestar">Polestar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polestar_Cyan_Racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Polestar Cyan Racing">Polestar Cyan Racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saab_Aero" title="Saab Aero">Saab Aero</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_R" title="Volvo R">Volvo R</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_Big_Meet" title="Power Big Meet">Power Big Meet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_Transport_Agency" title="Swedish Transport Agency">Swedish Transport Agency</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Category:Automotive industry in Sweden">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Commons page" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automotive industry in Sweden">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_OMX_Stockholm_30_companies_of_Sweden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:OMX_Stockholm_30_companies" title="Template:OMX Stockholm 30 companies"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:OMX_Stockholm_30_companies" title="Template talk:OMX Stockholm 30 companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:OMX_Stockholm_30_companies&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_OMX_Stockholm_30_companies_of_Sweden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OMX_Stockholm_30" title="OMX Stockholm 30">OMX Stockholm 30</a> companies of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfa_Laval" title="Alfa Laval">Alfa Laval</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assa_Abloy" title="Assa Abloy">Assa Abloy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlas_Copco" title="Atlas Copco">Atlas Copco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boliden_AB" title="Boliden AB">Boliden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electrolux" title="Electrolux">Electrolux</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Essity" title="Essity">Essity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Getinge_Group" title="Getinge Group">Getinge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/H%26M" title="H&M">Hennes & Mauritz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Investor_AB" title="Investor AB">Investor AB</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinnevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnevik">Kinnevik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lundin_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lundin Petroleum">Lundin Petroleum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_Times_Group" title="Modern Times Group">Modern Times Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nordea" title="Nordea">Nordea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandvik" title="Sandvik">Sandvik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SCA_(company)" title="SCA (company)">SCA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEB_Group" title="SEB Group">SEB</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Securitas_AB" title="Securitas AB">Securitas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skanska" title="Skanska">Skanska</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SKF" title="SKF">SKF</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SSAB" title="SSAB">SSAB</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Handelsbanken" title="Handelsbanken">Svenska Handelsbanken</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedbank" title="Swedbank">Swedbank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_Match" title="Swedish Match">Swedish Match</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tele2" title="Tele2">Tele2</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telia_Company" title="Telia Company">Telia</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Volvo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163810#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163810#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163810#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10079917-6">Integrated Authority File (Germany)</a></span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122646644">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131971394">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50025346">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National libraries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90716247">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12016707f">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12016707f">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50025346">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa2010609090&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/135357">Sweden</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/1340210623">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (France)</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028303601">1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1634030051 |