Examine individual changes

'{{For|the Midnight Oil song|Truganini (song)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{Use Australian English|date=May 2011}} {{Infobox person | name = Truganini (Trugernanner) | image = B(1871) p187 TASMANIA, THE LAST OF THE ABORIGINALS (LADY).jpg | caption = Truganini in 1870. | birth_date = c. 1812 | birth_place = [[Bruny Island]], [[Van Diemen's Land]] | death_date = 8 May {{death year and age|1876|1812}} | death_place = [[Hobart]], [[Tasmania]], Australia | other_names = Truganini, Trucanini, Trucaninny, and Lallah Rookh "Trugernanner" | known_for = Last full-blooded Aboriginal Tasmanian | relatives = | spouse = Woorrady }} '''Truganini''' (c. 1812 – 8 May 1876) was a woman who was, perhaps incorrectly, considered by European colonists to have been the last full blood [[Aboriginal Tasmanians|Aboriginal Tasmanian]]. Aboriginal Tasmanians maintain their culture and identity to the present day. There are a number of other spellings of her name, including ''Trugernanner, Trugernena, Truganina, Trugannini, Trucanini, Trucaminni'',{{efn|name=Times|"A royal lady - Trucaminni, or Lallah Rookh, the last Tasmanian aboriginal, has died of paralysis, aged 73. She was Queen Consort to King Billy, who died in March 1871, and had been under the care of Mrs Dandridge, who was allowed £80 annually by the Government for maintenance."<ref>[[The Times]], Thursday, 6 July 1876; p. 6; Issue 28674; col D</ref>}} and ''Trucaninny''.{{efn|Colonial-era reports spell her name "Trugernanner" or "Trugernena" (in modern orthography, ''Trukanana'' or ''Trukanina''). In 1869, the town of Truganini was established near [[Bendigo]] in Victoria. In 1870, the current spelling was first used for Truganini's name.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}}} Truganini was also widely known by the nickname ''Lalla(h) Rookh''.{{efn|name=Times}} ==Early life== [[File:Australia Tasmania location map Bruny Island.png|thumb|Location of Bruny Island (shaded pink) near Tasmania]] Truganini was born about 1812{{sfn|Ryan|Smith|1976}} on [[Bruny Island]] (''Lunawanna-alonnah''), located south of the [[Van Diemen's Land]] capital [[Hobart]], and separated from the Tasmanian mainland by the [[D'Entrecasteaux Channel]].{{sfn|Flannery|1994}} She was a daughter of Mangana, Chief of the Bruny Island people. In the indigenous [[Bruny Island language]] (Nuennonne), truganina was the name of the [[Atriplex cinerea|grey saltbush, ''Atriplex cinerea'']].<ref>Ellis, V. R. 1981. ''Trucanini: Queen or Traitor''. [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies]]. p.3</ref> In her youth, her people still practised their traditional culture, but it was soon disrupted by European settlement. When Lieutenant-Governor [[George Arthur]] arrived in Van Diemen's Land in 1824, he implemented two policies to deal with the growing conflict between settlers and the Aboriginals. Bounties were awarded for the capture of Aboriginal adults and children, and an effort was made to establish friendly relations with Aboriginals in order to lure them into camps. The campaign began on Bruny Island where hostilities had not been as marked as in other parts of Tasmania. When Truganini met [[George Augustus Robinson]], the [[Chief Protector of Aborigines]], in 1829, her mother had been killed by sailors, her uncle shot by a soldier, her sister abducted by sealers, and her fiancé brutally murdered by [[lumberjack|timber-cutters]], who then repeatedly sexually abused her. == Relocations == In 1830, Robinson moved Truganini and her husband, Woorrady, to [[Flinders Island]] with the last surviving Tasmanian Aboriginals, numbering approximately 100. The stated aim of isolation was to save them,{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} but many of the group died from [[influenza]] and other diseases. In 1838, Truganini also helped Robinson to establish a settlement for mainland Aboriginals at [[Port Phillip]].<ref>The Andersons of Western Port Horton & Morris</ref> Oral histories of Truganini report that after arriving in the new settlement of Melbourne and disengaging with Robinson, she had a child named Louisa Esmai with John Shugnow or Strugnell at Point Nepean in Victoria. Further, Truganini was from [[?? needs clarification]] the bloodlines of Victoria's [[Kulin Nation]] tribes. Indeed, they hid the child from authorities hunting Truganini. After Truganini was captured and exiled, her daughter Louisa was raised in the Kulin Nation. Louisa married John Briggs and supervised the orphanage at [[Coranderrk|Coranderrk Aboriginal Reserve]] when it was managed by [[Wurundjeri]] leaders including [[Simon Wonga]] and [[William Barak]].<ref>Register of Births, Deaths & Marriages</ref>{{efn|According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography, Louisa Briggs was probably the daughter of Doog-by-er-um-boroke, a Woiorung woman kidnapped from Port Phillip by sealers.{{sfn|Barwick|2005}} }} Louisa was grandmother to [[Ellen Atkinson]]. After about two years of living in and around Melbourne, she joined [[Tunnerminnerwait]] and three other Tasmanian Aboriginals as [[outlaw]]s, robbing and shooting at settlers around [[Dandenong]]. That triggered a long pursuit by the authorities. The outlaws moved on to [[Bass River (Victoria)|Bass River]] and then [[Cape Paterson]]. There, members of the group murdered two whalers at Watson's hut. The group was captured and sent for trial for murder at Port Phillip. A gunshot wound to Truganini's head was treated by Dr Hugh Anderson of Bass River. The two men of the group were found guilty and hanged on 20 January 1842.{{sfn|The Australasian Chronicle|1842|p=2}} [[File:Truganini and last 4 tasmanian aborigines.jpg|thumb|Truganini, seated right]] Truganini and most of the other Tasmanian Aboriginals were returned to Flinders Island several months later. In 1856, the few surviving Tasmanian Aboriginals on Flinders Island, including Truganini, were moved to a settlement at [[Oyster Cove, Tasmania|Oyster Cove]], south of [[Hobart]].{{sfn|Gough|2006}} According to ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper, quoting a report issued by the [[Colonial Office]], by 1861 the number of survivors at Oyster Cove was only fourteen: <blockquote>"...14 persons, all adults, aboriginals of Tasmania, who are the sole surviving remnant of ten tribes. Nine of these persons are women and five are men. There are among them four married couples, and four of the men and five of the women are under 45 years of age, but no children have been born to them for years. It is considered difficult to account for this... Besides these 14 persons there is a native woman who is married to a white man, and who has a son, a fine healthy-looking child..."</blockquote>The article, headed "Decay of Race", adds that although the survivors enjoyed generally good health and still made hunting trips to the bush during the season, after first asking "leave to go", they were now "fed, housed and clothed at public expense" and "much addicted to drinking".<ref>''[[The Times]]'', issue 23848 dated Tuesday, 5 February 1861; p. 10; col A</ref> According to a report in ''[[The Times]]'' she later married a Tasmanian Aboriginal, [[William Lanne]] (known as "King Billy") who died in March 1869.{{efn|name=Times}} By 1873, Truganini was the sole survivor of the Oyster Cove group, and was again moved to [[Hobart]]. ==Death== She died in May 1876 and was buried at the former [[Cascades Female Factory|Female Factory]] at [[Cascades, Tasmania|Cascades]], a suburb of Hobart. Before her death, Truganini had pleaded to colonial authorities for a respectful burial, and requested that her ashes be scattered in the [[D'Entrecasteaux Channel]]. She feared that her body would be mutilated for perverse scientific purposes as William Lanne's had been.{{sfn|Australian Museum}} Despite her wishes, within two years, her skeleton was exhumed by the [[Royal Society of Tasmania]] and later placed on display.{{sfn|Kühnast|2009}} Only in April 1976, approaching the centenary of her death, were Truganini's remains finally cremated and scattered according to her wishes.<ref>"The Last Wish: Truganini's ashes scattered in the D'Entrecasteaux Channel", ''Aboriginal News'', vol. 3, no. 2, 1976</ref>{{sfn|DPAC Tasmania|2011}} In 2002, some of her hair and skin were found in the collection of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]] and returned to Tasmania for burial.{{sfn|Barkham|Finlayson|2002}} == Legacy == Truganini is often considered to be the last full-blood speaker of a [[Tasmanian language]].{{sfn|Crowley|Thieberger|2007}} However, ''[[The Companion to Tasmanian History]]'' details three full-blood Tasmanian Aboriginal women, Sal, Suke and Betty, who lived on [[Kangaroo Island]] in South Australia in the late 1870s and "all three outlived Truganini". There were also Tasmanian Aboriginals living on [[Flinders Island|Flinders]] and [[Lady Barron Island]]s. [[Fanny Cochrane Smith]] (1834–1905) outlived Truganini by 30 years and in 1889 was officially recognised as the last full-blood Tasmanian Aboriginal, though there was speculation that she was actually mixed-race.{{sfn|Roth|1898|pp=451–454}} Smith recorded songs in her native language, the only audio recordings that exist of an indigenous Tasmanian language.{{sfn|Ryan|Smith|1976}}{{sfn|Fanny Cochrane Smith}}[[File:National Portrait Gallery, Canberra, Australia - Joy of Museums - Trucaninny, wife of Woureddy.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Benjamin Law (artist)|Benjamin Law]]'s 1835 bust of Truganini, commissioned by [[George Augustus Robinson]]]]In 1835 and 1836, settler [[Benjamin Law (artist)|Benjamin Law]] created a pair of busts depicting Truganini and [[Woorrady]] in [[Hobart|Hobart Town]] that have come under recent controversy.{{sfn|Hansen|2010}} In 2009, members of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre protested an auction of these works by [[Sotheby's]] in [[Melbourne]], arguing that the sculptures were racist, perpetuated false myths of Aboriginal extinction, and erased the experiences of Tasmania's remaining indigenous populations.{{sfn|ABC News|2009}} Representatives called for the busts to be returned to Tasmania and given to the Aboriginal community, and were ultimately successful in stopping the auction.{{sfn|Davies|2009}} Artist Edmund Joel Dicks also created a plaster bust of Truganini, which is in the collection of the National Museum of Australia.{{sfn|NMoA|1931}} In 1997, the [[Royal Albert Memorial Museum]], [[Exeter]], England, returned Truganini's necklace and bracelet to [[Tasmania]]. Truganini Place in the Canberra suburb of [[Chisholm, Australian Capital Territory|Chisholm]] is named in her honour.{{sfn|''Gazette''|1978|p=14}} == Cultural references == * "[[Truganini's Dreaming]]" is the title of a song written by [[Bunna Lawrie]], the founding member, sole songwriter and lead singer of the Australian Aboriginal band [[Coloured Stone]]. It appeared on their 1986 album, ''Human Love'', which won the Best Indigenous Release at the [[ARIA Music Awards of 1987]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} * ''[[Truganinni]]'', a play about her life by [[Melbourne]] writer Bill Reid, had its premiere at the Union Theatre, [[University of Melbourne]] on 21 April 1970, directed by George Whaley and starring Jan Hamilton as Truganinni.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} * "[[Truganini (song)|Truganini]]" is the name of a song by [[Midnight Oil]], from their 1993 album ''[[Earth and Sun and Moon]]''; this song spoke partly of Truganini herself but also of what Midnight Oil saw as Australia's environmental and social problems.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} * In the [[roman à clef]] ''[[Doctor Wooreddy's Prescription for Enduring the Ending of the World]]'', one of the main characters is Trugernanna, a somewhat fictional portrayal of Truganini.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} * A steamer called ''Truganini'' sailed in the South Seas in 1886, visiting [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>''The Times'', Saturday, 24 April 1886; p. 4; Issue 31742; col E</ref> * A racehorse named "Truganini" ran in Britain in the early 20th century<ref>''The Times'', Thursday, 22 October 1908; p. 13; issue 38784; col A</ref> and another named "Trucanini" started racing aged 2 in the 2012 season.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} * The cruelty against Truganini receives explicit mention in [[Yuval Harari]]'s ''[[Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind]]''.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} * Truganani is the name of a song by [[Troy Kingi]], from his 2019 album ''Holy Colony Burning Acres''.{{sfn|Kongfooey|2019}} ==See also== * [[Black War]] * ''[[Doctor Wooreddy's Prescription for Enduring the Ending of the World]]'' * [[Tunnerminnerwait]], leader and resistance fighter ==Notes== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist|20em}} ==Sources== {{refbegin|35em}} *{{cite news| title = Museum returns sacred samples | last1 = Barkham | first1 = P. | last2 = Finlayson | first2 = A. | name-list-style = amp | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,725125,00.html | date = 31 May 2002 | access-date = 11 July 2006 }} *{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography| title = Briggs, Louisa (1836–1925) | last = Barwick | first = Laura | year = 2005 | id2 = briggs-louisa-12816 | access-date = 7 October 2015 }} *{{cite book| title = Field linguistics: a beginner's guide | last1 = Crowley | first1 = Terry | last2 = Thieberger | first2 = Nick | author1-link = Terry Crowley (linguist) | author2-link = Nicholas Thieberger | publisher = [[Oxford University Press, USA]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mX8xvuCT1xgC&q=Crowley%2C%20Field%20Linguistics&pg=PA2 | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-019921370-2 }} *{{Cite news| title = Aborigines demand that British Museum returns Truganini bust | last = Davies | first = Caroline | newspaper = The Guardian | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/16/tasmania-aborigines-ancestors-repatriation | date = 16 September 2009 | access-date = 29 November 2015 }} *{{cite web| title = Fanny Cochrane Smith | work = Index of Significant Tasmanian Women | publisher = Department of Premier and Cabinet (Tasmania) | url = http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/cdd/women/leadership/significant_tasmanian_women/significant_tasmanian_women_-_research_listing/fanny_cochrane_smith | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100719153158/http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/cdd/women/leadership/significant_tasmanian_women/significant_tasmanian_women_-_research_listing/fanny_cochrane_smith | access-date = 21 March 2012 | archive-date = 19 July 2010 | quote = She is probably best known for her cylinder recordings of Aboriginal songs, recorded in 1899, which are the only audio recordings of an indigenous Tasmanian language. | ref = {{harvid|Fanny Cochrane Smith}} }} *{{Cite book| title = The Future Eaters: An ecological history of the Australasian lands and people | last = Flannery | first = Tim F. | year = 1994 | author-link = Tim Flannery | publisher = Grove Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-8021-3943-4 }} *{{Cite book| chapter = Oyster Cove | last = Gough | first = Julie | year = 2006 | title = The Companion to Tasmanian History | publisher = Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies, [[University of Tasmania]] | chapter-url = http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/O/Oyster%20Cove.htm }} *{{Cite journal | title = Seeing Truganini | last = Hansen | first = David | journal = Australian Book Review | url = http://www.australianbookreview.com.au/files/Features/Calibre/ABR_May_10_Hansen_Calibre_essay.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061052/http://www.australianbookreview.com.au/files/Features/Calibre/ABR_May_10_Hansen_Calibre_essay.pdf | date = May 2010 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 }} *{{cite web| title = Troy Kingi - Album Review: Holy Colony Burning Acres | last = Kongfooey | website = MUZIC.NET.NZ | url = https://www.muzic.net.nz/articles/reviews/89967/troy-kingi-album-review-holy-colony-burning-acres | date = 23 July 2019 | access-date = 19 January 2021 }} *{{cite book| chapter = "In the interest of science and the colony". Truganini und die Legende von den aussterbenden Rassen | last = Kühnast | first = Antje | year = 2009 | title = Entfremdete Körper: Rassismus als Leichenschändung | trans-title = Alienated Bodies: Racism and the desecration of corpses | editor-last = Hund | editor-first = Wulf D. | publisher = transcript Verlag | location = Bielefeld | pages = 205–250 | isbn = 978-3-8376-1151-9 }} *{{Cite news| title = Plaster bust of Truganini by Edmund Joel Dicks | publisher = National Museum of Australia | url = http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/object/62235 | date = 1931 | access-date = 21 November 2017 | ref = {{harvid|NMoA|1931}} }} *{{cite news| title = Port Phillip | newspaper = [[The Australasian Chronicle]] | location = Sydney, NSW | page = 2 | url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31735061 | date = 15 February 1842 | access-date = 27 March 2015 | ref = {{harvid|The Australasian Chronicle|1842}} }} *{{Cite news| title = 'Racism not art': Anger at Truganini bust auction | publisher = [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] <!-- deny Citation bot --> | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-24/racism-not-art-anger-at-truganini-bust-auction/1402242 | date = 24 August 2009 | access-date = 29 November 2015 | ref = {{harvid|ABC News|2009}} }} *{{cite journal | title = Is Mrs. F. C. Smith a 'Last Living Aboriginal of Tasmania'? | last = Roth | first = Henry Ling | author-link = Henry Ling Roth | journal = [[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute]] | year = 1898 | volume = 27 | pages = 451–454 | jstor = 2842841 }} *{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography| title = Trugernanner (Truganini) (1812–1876) | last1 = Ryan | first1 = Lyndall | last2 = Smith | first2 = Neil | author1-link = Lyndall Ryan | year = 1976 | id2 = trugernanner-truganini-4752 | volume = 6 | access-date = 24 June 2013 }} *{{Cite journal | title = Schedule 'B' National Memorials Ordinance 1928–1972 Street Nomenclature List of Additional Names with Reference to Origin | edition = Special (National: 1977–2012) | journal = Commonwealth of Australia Gazette | via = [[Trove]] | date = 8 February 1978 | issue = S24 | page = 14 | url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/240628906/25897364 | ref = {{harvid|''Gazette''|1978}} }} *{{Cite web| title = Truganini | work = Index of Significant Tasmanian Women | publisher = Tasmania's Department of Premier and Cabinet | url = http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/cdd/women/leadership/significant_tasmanian_women/significant_tasmanian_women_-_research_listing/truganini | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091028082340/http://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/cdd/women/leadership/significant_tasmanian_women/significant_tasmanian_women_-_research_listing/truganini | date = October 2011 | access-date = 21 March 2012 | archive-date = 28 October 2009 | ref = {{harvid|DPAC Tasmania|2011}} }} *{{Cite web| title = Truganini (1812?-1876) | publisher = [[Australian Museum]] | url = http://australianmuseum.net.au/truganini-1812-1876 | access-date = 28 November 2015 | ref = {{harvid|Australian Museum}} }} {{refend}} ==External links== {{commons category}} * [[s:The Last of the Tasmanians|''The Last of the Tasmanians'' on Wikisource]] * [http://nla.gov.au/nla.party-750074 Truganini (1812–1876)] [[National Library of Australia]], ''[[NLA Trove]], People and Organisation'' record for Truganini * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090921083956/http://images.statelibrary.tas.gov.au/Search/Search.asp?Letter=T&Subject=Truganini+%2D+1803%2D1876 Images of Truganini in State Library of Tasmania collection] * Alexander, Alison [http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/T/Truganini.htm Truganini] at ''[[Companion to Tasmanian History]]'', University of Tasmania * Russell, John [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928161335/http://www.fotoworkz.com/Trucanini.htm (Essay) The Representation of Trucanini] 1999. at fotoworkz freelance photographic * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050208104946/http://www.islandmag.com/96/article.html (Article) Truganini's Funeral] * [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/hindsight/stories/2009/2477053.htm (Radio Feature) Truganini – Bushranger] * [http://australianmuseum.net.au/Truganini-1812-1876 (Article) Truganini (1812?–1876) A life reflecting the tragic history of the first Tasmanians.] {{Aboriginal peoples in Tasmania}} {{Southern Tasmania}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Truganini}} [[Category:1812 births]] [[Category:1876 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century Australian women]] [[Category:History of Indigenous Australians]] [[Category:History of Tasmania]] [[Category:Indigenous Tasmanian people]] [[Category:Last known speakers of an Australian Aboriginal language]]'