Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{For|Jean-Nicolas Nicollet|Joseph Nicollet}}', 1 => '[[Image:Jean Nicolet.jpg|thumb|400px|right|1910 painting of '''Jean Nicolet''''s 1634 arrival in Wisconsin]]', 2 => '', 3 => ''''Jean Nicolet (Nicollet), Sieur de Belleborne''' ({{circa|1598}}{{spaced ndash}}October 1642) was a French ''[[coureur des bois]]'' noted for exploring [[Lake Michigan]], [[Mackinac Island]], [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]], and being the first European to set foot in what is now the U.S. state of [[Wisconsin]].', 4 => '', 5 => '==Early life==', 6 => 'Nicolet (Nicollet) was born in [[Cherbourg]], France, in the late 1590s, the son of Thomas Nicollet, who was "messenger ordinary of the King between Paris and Cherbourg", and Marguerite de Lamer. They were members of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. He was a known friend of [[Samuel de Champlain]] and [[Étienne Brûlé|Étienne Brule]], and was attracted to Canada to participate in Champlain's plan to train young French men as explorers and traders by having them live among Native Americans, at a time when the French were setting up fur trading under the ''Compagnie des Marchands.''<ref name=Andrea's>Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1884; 1975 rprt). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wP0TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA39 ''History of Chicago''], Vol. I, p. 39. Arno Press, Inc.</ref>', 7 => '', 8 => '==Arrival at Quebec==', 9 => 'In 1618, Nicolet immigrated to [[Quebec]] as a clerk to train as an interpreter for the ''[[Compagnie des Marchands]]'', a trading monopoly owned by members of the French aristocracy. As an employee, Jean Nicolet was a faithful supporter of the ''[[Ancien Régime]]''.', 10 => '', 11 => 'To learn the language of the First Nations, Nicolet was sent to live with the [[Algonquin people|Algonquins]] on Allumette Island, a friendly settlement located along the important [[Ottawa River]] [[fur trade]] route. Upon his return to Quebec in 1620, he was assigned to live among the [[Nipissing First Nation|Odawa and Algonquin people]] in the [[Lake Nipissing]] region. During his nine-year stay, he ran a store and traded with the native peoples in the area.<ref name="Andrea's" />', 12 => '', 13 => 'He had a relationship with Jeanne-Gisis Bahmahmaadjimiwin,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gosselin|first1=Auguste|title=Jean Nicolet et le Canada de son temps (1618-1642)|date=1905|publisher=J.-A. K.-Laflamme, imprimeur|page=254|url=https://archive.org/details/jeannicoletetle01gossgoog|access-date=9 January 2018|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gosselin|first1=August|title=Jean Nicolet 1618-1642|date=1893|page=Page 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4QOAAAAYAAJ|access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> and they had a daughter, whom he named Euphrosine-Madeleine Nicolet. When Nicolet returned to Quebec, he brought his daughter Euphrosine with him to educate her among the French. On July 19, 1629, when Quebec fell to the [[David Kirke|Kirke brothers]] who took control for England, Jean Nicolet fled with his daughter to the safety of the [[Wyandot people|Huron]] country. He worked from there against English interests until the French were restored to power. After Canada was restored to France he married Marguerite, the daughter of leading settler [[Guillaume Couillard de L'Espinay|Guillaume Couillard]] and his wife Marie-Guillemette [[Louis Hébert|Hébert]] in Quebec, and had several more children.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gagnon |first1=Jacques |last2=Hamelin |first2=Jean |title=Jean Nicolet de Belleborne |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/nicollet_de_belleborne_jean_1E.html |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography |publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval |access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref>', 14 => '', 15 => '==Exploration of Wisconsin==', 16 => '[[File:Jean Nicolet commerative plaque at Red Banks WI from 1909.jpg|thumb|left|1909 plaque commemorating Jean Nicolet's landing near Red Bank, Wisconsin.]]', 17 => 'Nicolet is noted for being the first European to explore [[Lake Michigan]]. In 1634 he became the first European to explore what would become [[Wisconsin]]. Jean Nicolet landed at [[Red Banks, Brown County, Wisconsin|Red Banks]], near modern-day [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]], in search of a passage to the Orient.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uwgb.edu/wisfrench/photos/nicolet.htm |title=UW - Green Bay - Wisconsin's French Connections Jean Nicolet Statue<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512010145/http://www.uwgb.edu/wisfrench/photos/nicolet.htm |archive-date=2008-05-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He and other French explorers had learned from their native contacts that the people who lived along these shores were called ''[[Ho-Chunk]],'' which some French mistakenly translated as "People of the Sea".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lurie |first1=Nancy Oestreich |title=The Nicolet Corrigenda: New France Revisited |date=2009 |publisher=Waveland Press, Inc. |location=Long Grove, Illinois |isbn=978-1-57766-606-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nicoletcorrigend0000luri/page/2 2] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nicoletcorrigend0000luri/page/2 }}</ref> In the Ho Chunk language, it means people of the big voice, because they believe their language was the original language of their family of tribal languages. However, the Ojibwe had a less appealing name for them, Winnebago, or "people of the fragrant waters," translated to French as, Puants or Puans. This exonym was derogatory, however, not knowing that, Nicolet concluded that the people must be from or near the [[Pacific Ocean]], and would provide a direct contact with China.<ref>[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/deadlink]</ref>', 18 => '', 19 => 'Nicolet became the French ambassador to the Ho-Chunk people. He wore brightly colored robes and carried two pistols, to convey his authority. The Ho-Chunk people appreciated his ritual display. With some Ho-Chunk guides, Nicolet ascended the [[Fox River (Wisconsin)|Fox River]], portaged to the [[Wisconsin River|Wisconsin]], and travelled down it until it began to widen. So sure was he that he was near the ocean, that he stopped and went back to Quebec to report his discovery of a passage to the "South Sea," unaware that he had just missed finding the upper [[Mississippi River]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Christianson|first=Theodore|title=History of Minnesota|publisher=The American Historical Society, Inc.|location=Chicago|year=1935|volume=1|page=43}}</ref>', 20 => '', 21 => '==Recent controversy==', 22 => 'In the last couple decades, some have questioned the traditional account of Nicolet's arrival in Green Bay, saying that Nicolet was not looking for a route to China, did not wear a Chinese robe, and did not meet the Puans at Red Banks. Ronald Stiebe proposed that Nicolet did not even go to Lake Michigan but that the Puans were actually [[Algonquin people]] and Nicolet met them at [[Keweenaw Bay, Michigan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stiebe |first1=Ronald |title=Mystery People of the Cove: A History of the Lake Superior Ouinipegou |date=1999 |publisher=Lake Superior Press |location=Marquette, Michigan |isbn=0-9676892-0-1}}</ref> Nancy Oestreich Lurie, of the [[Milwaukee Public Museum]]—followed by Patrick J. Jung, of the [[Milwaukee School of Engineering]] [https://www.pbs.org/video/university-place-rethinking-jean-nicolets-journey-wisconsin/ (PBS video, "Rethinking Jean Nicolet's Journey to Wisconsin," 2014)]—concluded that Nicolet actually met the Puans near [[Menominee, Michigan]]. Although the [[Menominee people]] and the Puans were different tribes, they were allies who jointly controlled access to [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jung |first1=Patrick J. |title=The Misunderstood Mission of Jean Nicolet: Uncovering the Story of the 1634 Journey |date=2018 |publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society Press |location=Madison, Wisconsin |isbn=978-0-87020-879-9 |page=131}}</ref> Also, the Menominee would have been able to serve as interpreters for Nicolet in negotiations with the Puans. Lurie and Jung propose that the main purpose of Nicolet's mission was to establish peace between New France and the Puans and an alliance against the [[Iroquois people]].', 23 => '', 24 => '==Death==', 25 => 'Jean Nicolet drowned after his boat capsized during a storm while traveling along the St. Lawrence River.', 26 => '', 27 => '==Legacy==', 28 => '[[File:JeanNicolet.jpg|thumb|A statue of Nicolet, built in 1951, is located in Wequiock Falls County Park in Brown County, Wisconsin.]]', 29 => '{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2020}}', 30 => '* Town of [[Nicolet, Quebec]] was named after him.', 31 => '*[[Nicolet Area Technical College]] in [[Rhinelander, Wisconsin]] bears his name.', 32 => '* [[Nicolet High School]] in suburban Milwaukee was named after him.', 33 => '* In 1950, a statue of him was erected and is now located at Wequiock Falls County Park, about 10 miles northeast of Green Bay and a mile from where it is believed he landed.<ref>Fox11. [http://www.fox11online.com/dpp/news/local/green_bay/news_local_wluk_nicolet_statue_moved_200907301600_rev1 "Jean Nicolet statue has a new home"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711022120/http://www.fox11online.com/dpp/news/local/green_bay/news_local_wluk_nicolet_statue_moved_200907301600_rev1 |date=2011-07-11 }}</ref><ref>[http://heritageparkway.org/sites/red-banks-jean-nicolet-memorial/ Jean Nicolet Memorial]</ref>', 34 => '* Nicolet's landing at Red Banks is commemorated by a 1910 mural at the Neville Public Museum in [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]].', 35 => '* In 1906, the Jean Nicolet Chapter of the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] was organized.<ref>[http://www.wsdar.com/depere/ Jean Nicolet Chapter, National Society Daughters of the American Revolution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074305/http://www.wsdar.com/depere/ |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>', 36 => '* [[Nicolet National Bank]] bears his name.', 37 => '* [[Nicolet National Forest]] in northern Wisconsin bears his name.', 38 => '* Nicolet Beach in [[Peninsula State Park]], Wisconsin, bears his name.', 39 => '* Nicollet Avenue in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, bears his name.', 40 => '* There is a high school named after him in [[Nicolet, Quebec]]. L'[[École Secondaire Jean-Nicolet]] opened in 1968.', 41 => '', 42 => '==Important Notes==', 43 => '{{Reflist}}', 44 => '', 45 => '==External links==', 46 => '{{Portal|France|North America|History}}', 47 => '*[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=485 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'']', 48 => '*[http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005749 ''The Canadian Encyclopedia - Jean Nicollet de Belleborne'']', 49 => '*[http://inventairenf.cieq.ulaval.ca/inventaire/onePersonnage.do?refPersonnage=540&amp;sortPropPersonnageLie=lieu.refLieu1&amp;ascPersonnageLie=true ''Jean Nicollet de Belleborne'' (French) ]', 50 => '*[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/winnipegstreets/index.shtml "MHS Resources: History in Winnipeg Streets"]', 51 => '', 52 => '==References==', 53 => '*[[Timothy Brook (historian)|Brook, Timothy]] (1998), ''[[The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China]]'', [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]]: [[University of California Press]]. {{ISBN|0-520-22154-0}}', 54 => '', 55 => '{{Authority control}}', 56 => '', 57 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Nicolet, Jean}}', 58 => '[[Category:1598 births]]', 59 => '[[Category:1642 deaths]]', 60 => '[[Category:Explorers of Canada]]', 61 => '[[Category:French explorers of North America]]', 62 => '[[Category:French explorers]]', 63 => '[[Category:17th-century explorers]]', 64 => '[[Category:Nicolet, Quebec]]', 65 => '[[Category:People of New France]]', 66 => '[[Category:People of pre-statehood Michigan]]', 67 => '[[Category:People of pre-statehood Wisconsin]]', 68 => '[[Category:Explorers of the United States]]' ]