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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Head of the Republic of Peru}}
{{About|President of the Republic of Peru|a list|List of presidents of Peru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox Political post
| post = President
| body = <br>the Republic of Peru
| native_name = {{lang|es|Presidente de la República del Perú}}
| flag = Presidential Standard of Peru.svg{{!}}border
| flagsize =
| flagcaption = Command badge of the Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces and the National Police
| termlength = Five years<br>Not eligible for re-election immediately
| appointer = [[2021 Peruvian general election]]
| image = Pedro Castillo EU.jpg
| imagesize =
| incumbent = [[Pedro Castillo ]]
| incumbentsince = 28 July 2021
| residence = [[Government Palace (Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]]
| deputy = [[Vice President of Peru]]
| formation = 28 February 1823
| inaugural = [[José de San Martín]] (de facto)<br />[[José de la Riva Agüero]] (first to bear the title)
| status = [[Head of State]]<br>[[Head of Government]]
| website = [http://www.presidencia.gob.pe/ www.presidencia.gob.pe]
| salary = S/ 15,500 /month<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peru.com/actualidad/los-diez/10-funcionarios-peru-sueldos-mas-altos-pais-noticia-496649|title=Los 10 funcionarios del Perú con los sueldos más altos en el país|first=Redacción|last=Peru.com|date=1 February 2017|website=Peru.com}}</ref>
| seat = [[Lima]]
| succession = [[Vice President of Peru|Vice President]]
}}{{Politics of Peru}}
The '''president of Peru''' ({{lang-es|link=no|Presidente del Perú}}), formally recognized as the '''President of the Republic of Peru''' ({{lang-es|link=no|Presidente de la República del Perú}}), is the [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] of [[Peru]]. The president is the head of the [[executive branch]] and is the Supreme Head of the [[Peruvian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] and [[Peruvian Army|Police of Peru]]. The office of president corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country, making the president the highest ranking public official in Peru.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=James L.|date=1972|journal=Naval War College Review|volume=25|issue=2|pages=43–60|issn=0028-1484|jstor=44639763|title=Revolution from Within: Changing Military Perspectives in Peru}}</ref> Due to broadly interpreted [[impeachment]] wording in the [[Constitution of Peru|1993 Constitution of Peru]], the [[Congress of Peru]] can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to the legislature.<ref name="PROFE92">{{cite book|last1=Asensio|first1=Raúl|url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/|title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación|last2=Camacho|first2=Gabriela|last3=González|first3=Natalia|last4=Grompone|first4=Romeo|last5=Pajuelo Teves|first5=Ramón|last6=Peña Jimenez|first6=Omayra|last7=Moscoso|first7=Macarena|last8=Vásquez|first8=Yerel|last9=Sosa Villagarcia|first9=Paolo|date=August 2021|publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]]|isbn=978-612-326-084-2|edition=1|location=[[Lima, Peru]]|pages=92|language=es|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Taj|first=Mitra|date=2021-12-07|title=‘Too many mistakes’: Peru’s president threatened with impeachment after shaky start|work=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/685a5a7d-4531-4242-9074-badd59254349|access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=2021-11-19|title=Peru's Keiko Fujimori backs long-shot effort to impeach President Castillo|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-keiko-fujimori-backs-long-shot-effort-impeach-president-castillo-2021-11-19/|access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=15 October 2021|title=Can Pedro Castillo Save His Presidency?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/15/peru-president-pedro-castillo-left-extremism-impeachment/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-13|website=[[Foreign Policy]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
The president is elected to direct the general policy of the government, work with the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of the Republic]] and the [[Council of Ministers (Peru)|Council of Ministers]] to enact reform, and be an administrator of the state, enforcing the [[Constitution of Peru|Constitution of 1993]] which establishes the presidential requirements, rights, and obligations. The executive branch is located at the [[Government Palace (Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]], located in the historic center of [[Lima]]. The building has been used and occupied by the heads of state of Peru, dating back to [[Francisco Pizarro]] and the [[List of Viceroys of Peru|viceroys of Peru]].
The current President of Peru is [[Pedro Castillo]], who succeeded [[Francisco Sagasti]] on 28 July 2021. He was elected in the [[2021 Peruvian general election]].
== Presidential terms and transitions ==
=== Constitutional limits ===
Ordinarily, the president is elected to a five-year term, and is barred from immediate [[reelection]]. A [[List of presidents of Peru|former president]] can run again after being out of office for a full term.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_ingles/CONSTITUTION_29_08_08.pdf|title=Political Constitution of Peru, Article 112}}</ref> The change of government takes place on 28 July, which is the date of [[Latin American wars of independence|independence from Spain]] and thus a [[Fiestas Patrias (Peru)|national holiday]].
The Congress of the Republic has the power to end a president's term prematurely through [[impeachment]]. Under Article 113 of the [[1993 Peruvian constitutional referendum|Constitution of 1993]], the president can be removed due to death, "permanent moral or physical disability" determined by Congress, resignation, fleeing national territory without permission from Congress, or dismissal for committing infractions outlined in Article 117 of the Constitution.
Four presidents of Peru have attempted to resign: [[Guillermo Billinghurst]] (forced resignation), [[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]], [[Alberto Fujimori]], and [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]]. Two presidents have been impeached unsuccessfully, [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] and [[Martín Vizcarra]](first impeachment) while the impeachments of [[Guillermo Billinghurst]], [[Alberto Fujimori]] and [[Martín Vizcarra]](second impeachment) have been successful.
The president is elected to a term of 5 years without immediate re-election.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2019|title=Peru's Constitution of 1993 with Amendments through 2009|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peru_2009.pdf?lang=en|website=Constitute Project}}</ref> A presidential inauguration is held every five years on 28 July in Congress. The last directly elected president was President [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], who was elected for a term from 2016 to 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Comercio|first=Redacción El|date=21 March 2018|title=PPK renuncia a su cargo y afirma que habrá transición ordenada [VIDEO]|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-comunico-ministros-renuncia-difusion-videos-noticia-506143-noticia/|access-date=17 October 2019|website=El Comercio|language=es}}</ref> Following the presidential line of succession, Vice President [[Martín Vizcarra]], former governor of [[Moquegua]], [[Ministry of Transport|Minister of Transportation]], and Ambassador to Canada, succeeded him as president following Kuczynski's resignation in 2018 to fill the remaining term. In 2020, Vizcarra was impeached and removed from office and the presidential line of succession led to the ascension of [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|President of Congress]] [[Manuel Merino]] to the presidency. Merino resigned the office within a week of his inauguration amid pressure from [[2020 Peruvian protests|mass protests]]. Congress elected [[Francisco Sagasti]] to fill the remaining term.
There have also been a number of unrecognized presidents. In 1992 and 2019, after the dissolution of the Congress, the legislative body unsuccessfully removed the president from office and swore in vice presidents as the de facto president.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kurmanaev|first1=Anatoly|last2=Zarate|first2=Andrea|date=30 September 2019|title=Peru's President Dissolves Congress, and Lawmakers Suspend Him|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/world/americas/peru-vizcarra-congress.html|access-date=17 October 2019|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Redacción *|date=2 October 2019|title=Mercedes Aráoz a la BBC: "Tenemos que solucionar esto con las instituciones, de otra forma será como un golpe de Estado"|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-49899655|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kurmanaev|first1=Anatoly|last2=Zarate|first2=Andrea|date=1 October 2019|title=Who's in Charge in Peru? Peruvians Can't Agree|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/01/world/americas/peru-congress-dissolved.html|access-date=17 October 2019|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
There are 14 presidents that became presidents through a coup d'état. The last successful coup d'état was carried out by [[Alberto Fujimori]] in 1992, who is now imprisoned for human rights violations and corruption.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Quijano|first=Aníbal|date=1 December 1995|title=Fujimorism and Peru|journal=Socialism and Democracy|volume=9|issue=2|pages=45–63|doi=10.1080/08854309508428165|issn=0885-4300}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Redacción|date=24 January 2019|title=Fujimori vuelve a prisión tras más de 100 días internado en una clínica|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-46982435|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>
== Inauguration ==
=== Setting and attendees ===
Presidential inaugurations take place in the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru]] in the capital city of [[Lima]]. Presidential inaugurations always take place on 28 July of its respective year, although in the case of constitutional succession, an inauguration is on the day that the presidential successor arrives in Lima, Peru. The presidential inauguration precedes the National Parade of the Military of Peru.
Foreign dignitaries have often assisted the democratic transition of power in Peru.
=== Presidential oath ===
The contemporary placed presidential oath in Spanish is as follows:<blockquote>Yo, Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo, juro por Dios, por la patria, y por todos los peruanos que ejerceré fielmente el cargo de Presidente de la República que me ha confiado el nación para el periodo 2018 a 2021, que defenderé la soberanía nacional y la integridad física y moral de la República, que cumpliré y hare cumplir la constitución política y las leyes del Perú, y que reconocerá, respetando la libertad de corto, la importancia de la Iglesia Católica en la formación cultural y moral de los peruanos.
[[Martín Vizcarra|Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo]], ''Presidential Oath of Office'' July 28, 2018 In English</blockquote>The English translation is as follows:<blockquote>I, [''complete name of presidential elect''], swear to God, to the Homeland, and to all Peruvians that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Republic of Peru that has been entrusted to me by the Nation for the period [''start of mandate''] to [''end of mandate''], that I will defend the sovereignty of the nation as well as the physical and moral integrity of the Nation, that I will comply and enforce the political constitution and laws of Peru, and that I will recognize, respecting freedoms, the importance of the Roman Catholic Church in the cultural and moral formation of Peruvians. </blockquote>The President of Congress conventionally holds the presidential sash before the President-elect takes the oath of office. Once the President-elect has taken the oath of office, the president is recognized by all branches of the Government of Peru as the democratic President of the Republic of Peru, symbolized by the President of the Congress passing the presidential sash. The nominee is recognized as the President of Peru with and only with the presidential sash.
As of 2019, there have been two illegitimate presidential inaugurations performed by the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of Peru]], but not recognized by either the executive branch or the armed forces: one in 1995 and the inauguration of [[Mercedes Aráoz]] in 2019 amidst a confrontation between the executive and legislative powers of Peru.
There is also an emphasis on Christianity and the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] in the oath of office. All presidents of Peru have been Catholic and have taken the oath of office alongside the Christian Bible, and in front of a Catholic [[Crucifix]].
== Origin ==
=== Pre-Columbian era ===
The first State recognizable as such under current concepts in the [[Central Andean dry puna|central Andes]] was the [[Inca Empire|Wari civilization]], whose system of government has not yet been fully unraveled. Later, between the [[13th century|thirteenth century]] and the [[16th century|sixteenth century]], the [[History of the Incas|Inca civilization]] developed, whose State, based on the political management of reciprocity and alien to all European conceptions of then and now, had the [[Sapa Inca]] at its head.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yeakel|first=John A.|date=1983|journal=The Accounting Historians Journal|volume=10|issue=2|pages=39–51|issn=0148-4184|jstor=40697778|title=The Accountant-Historians of the Incas|doi=10.2308/0148-4184.10.2.39}}</ref>
The modern Peruvian state is the heir of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. In 1532, the [[Spanish conquest of Peru|Spanish conquerors]] arrived in the territory, imposed their dominion and managed to establish a Spanish dependency. This dependence began as governorships corresponding to the conquerors, with the title of Governor. The [[Governorate of New Toledo|Governorate of the New Toledo]] ([[Diego de Almagro]]) – which otherwise never consolidated – had as its capital the [[Cusco|city of Cusco]], the current historical capital of [[Peru]]. The [[Governorate of New Castile|Governorate of the New Castile]] ([[Francisco Pizarro]]) had as its capital the City of Kings, as [[Lima]] was also called initially and it was on this that the Viceroyalty was instituted after the civil wars.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=John R.|date=2000|title=The Royalist Regime in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1820–1824|journal=Journal of Latin American Studies|volume=32|issue=1|pages=55–84|issn=0022-216X|jstor=157780|doi=10.1017/S0022216X99005465|s2cid=144371259}}</ref>
In 1542, the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] was established, whose government was held by the representative of the [[Monarchy of Spain|King of Spain]] (Head of State) with the title of [[List of Viceroys of Peru|Viceroy of Peru]] (Head of Government). The true organizer of the viceregal state was [[Francisco de Toledo]].
This period had only two stages corresponding to the two Spanish dynasties: the houses of [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] and [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]], and lasted 282 years from its establishment in 1542 to the [[Ayacucho|Capitulation of Ayacucho]] in 1824, despite the [[Spanish American wars of independence|independence of Peru in 1821]].
[[José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa|José Fernando de Abascal]] was in charge of centralizing Spanish political and military power in Peru. His successors, the last viceroys of Peru were parallel to [[José de San Martín|Jose de San Martin]] and his first successors. [[Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquess of Viluma|Joaquín de la Pezuela]] and [[José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes|José de la Serna]] faced the liberating armies and the last of them signed the capitulation. Finally, [[Pío de Tristán|Pío Tristán]] was the interim viceroy in charge of transferring power to the patriots.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andrien|first=Kenneth J.|date=1984|title=Corruption, Inefficiency, and Imperial Decline in the Seventeenth-Century Viceroyalty of Peru|journal=The Americas|volume=41|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.2307/1006945|issn=0003-1615|jstor=1006945}}</ref>
=== Republic era ===
In July 1821, during the [[Peruvian War of Independence]], the [[Autonomy|autonomous]] states lying in the viceroyalty of Peru declared themselves as independent and sovereign from influence and mediation from the [[Spanish Empire]]. Recognizing the impending threat of Spanish backlash to regain their lost colonies, the [[autonomous]] viceroyalty began to draft a constitution on which they would decide to base the [[Sovereign state|sovereign nation]]. Working closely with the [[Constituent Congress of Peru, 1822|Constituent Congress of Peru in 1822]], a formal constitution was created, named the [[Constitution of Peru|Constitution of 1823]]. [[Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro]], a Peruvian politician, presided and led the Constituent Congress of Peru, leading to him being subjectively regarded as the first informal President of Peru.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alemán|first1=Eduardo|last2=Tsebelis|first2=George|date=2005|title=The Origins of Presidential Conditional Agenda-Setting Power in Latin America|journal=Latin American Research Review|volume=40|issue=2|pages=3–26|issn=0023-8791|jstor=3662799|doi=10.1353/lar.2005.0017|s2cid=18926127}}</ref>
The first articles of the 1823 Constitution consisted of 24 items, known as the "Bases". These bases formally defined the borders of the Andean nation and formally created the First Republic of Peru, which still holds until the present day. The governing board, led by Luna Pizarro, declared Peruvian autonomy from Spain and a [[Christian state|Catholic state]]. Additionally, the Constitution defined the three powers of the government, the [[Executive functions|executive]], [[Judiciary|judicial]] and the [[Legislature|legislative]] power. The [[Governing board]], a colloquial terminology that was used to classify the ten politicians that devised these 24 items, was the first representation of executive power and the executive branch in [[History of Peru|Peruvian history]].
Later, issues arose around the bases which granted the [[protectorate of Peru]], [[Simón Bolívar|Simon Bolivar]], overwhelming power over the legislative and executive organs of the Peruvian government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=V.|first=J. A.|date=1941|title=La Tercera Asamblea General del Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia|journal=Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana (1937–1948)|volume=5|issue=1/3|pages=1–4|issn=0186-064X|jstor=40977387}}</ref> At the same time, Bolivar was already undergoing a campaign to establish a dictatorship around Andean Latin American nations. As a precursor, this incentivized the initial drafters of the constitution and the Governing Board to accelerate the process of defining reasonable executive powers, balance the three branches of power, and begin to draft an idea for the roles and powers of the official position of state leader of Peru.
The [[Act of Independence of Chile|Act of Independence]] was signed in [[Lima]] on 15 August 1821, and soon after the government was left under the charge of [[José de San Martín]] with the title of Protector. Later, the legislative branch occupied the executive branch. In 1823 the Congress appointed [[José de la Riva Agüero]] as the first President of the Republic of the history of Peru. Since then, that has been the main denomination that has held the great majority of the rulers of Peru. The same first Political Constitution of 1823 (after the appointment of Riva Agüero) recognizes the position,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/71.htm|title=Peru – GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM|website=countrystudies.us|access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref> and says ex officio: "Article 72. Resides exclusively the exercise of executive power in a citizen with the name of President of the Republic."
Only two constitutions have been contrary, partially, to the presidential republican system, the Lifetime Political Constitution of 1826 emanating from Simón Bolívar and expressing:<blockquote>''The exercise of the Executive Power resides in a Life President, a Vice President, and four Secretaries of State.''</blockquote>By 1827, an outline of an executive along with the executive branch had been drawn out to prevent a Bolivarian dictatorship which would be seen by the populace as a general return to Spanish tyrannical rule.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynch|first=John|date=1983|title=Bolivar and the Caudillos|journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=63|issue=1|pages=3–35|doi=10.2307/2515357|issn=0018-2168|jstor=2515357}}</ref> As a result, on 28 July 1827, [[Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano|Manuel Salazar]] assumed the formal office of the presidency and became the first president of Peru to be elected by the populace, marking the start of the Presidency of Peru.
== Powers and duties ==
=== 1823 Constitution ===
The President is head of the general administration of the Republic, and his authority extends both to the preservation of public order internally, and to external security in accordance with the Constitution and laws.
The duties exclusive to the President have been defined the 1823 Constitution as:
# To promulgate, execute, protect, and comply with the laws, decrees, and resolutions of the Congress of Peru and to issue the orders indispensable for its effect.
# To have supreme command over the armed forces of Peru.
# To order and verify democratic free elections on the days indicated by the Constitution.
# To declare war when appropriate after being passed through the Congress of Peru.
# To regulate and join peace treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
# To oversee and determine the investment of the funds allocated by the Congress of Peru to the various branches of the public administration.
# Appoint officers and officials of the Peruvian Armed Forces with the agreement and consent of Congress.
# Appoint Ministers, members of the Presidential Cabinet, the Prime Minister, and diplomats with the agreement and consent of Congress.
# Ensure the proper administration of justice in the Peruvian Judicial System and on the compliance of the judgments that they pronounce, as well as establish the trial by jury courts.
# Inform the legislature of the political and military status quo of the Republic of Peru, indicating substantial improvements or suitable reforms in every branch of Peruvian society.
==== Limitations of the executive power ====
# The President cannot and will not personally command the armed force without the consent of Congress.
# The President cannot and will not leave the nation without permission from Congress.
# Under no pretext can the President conduct business with members of the Supreme Court.
# The President cannot and will not deprive any Peruvian of personal liberty, and if public security requires the arrest or detention of any person, the President may order the appropriate detention with the indispensable condition that within twenty-four hours the detainee will be available to their respective judge.
# Furthermore, the President cannot and will not impose any penalties. The Minister who signed the order of detention, and the official who executes it can act on behalf of the detainee's individual freedom.
# The President cannot and will not defer or suspend sessions of the Congress under any circumstances.
=== 1826 Constitution ===
The powers of the President of the Republic are:
# Open sessions of the Congress, and present the legislative body a message about the State of the Republic yearly.
# Propose the Vice President of Peru to Congress and appoint Secretaries of the Republic.
# Dismiss the Vice President and Secretaries of the Republic, whenever the President deems it appropriate.
# Send, publish, circulate, and enforce the laws.
# Authorize the regulations and orders that maximizes compliance with the Constitution, laws and public treaties of the Republic.
# Send and enforce the judgments of the Courts of Justice.
# Request the extension of ordinary sessions of the Legislative Body for up to thirty days.
# Convene the Legislative Body for extraordinary sessions, in a case where it is absolutely necessary.
# To have the permanent force of the sea and land for exterior defense of the Republic.
# To send in person the armies of the Republic in peace and in war. When the President is absent from the capital, the Vice President in charge of the Republic will take the duties and responsibilities of the President.
# When the President leads the war in person, the President may reside in all the territory occupied by national arms.
# Have the National Militia for internal security, within the limits of its departments and outside of them, with the consent of the Legislative Body.
# Name all employees of the Army and Navy.
# Establish military schools, and nautical schools.
# Command to establish military hospitals and homes for the disabled.
# Give withdrawals and licenses. Grant the pensions of the military and their families in accordance with the laws, and arrange, according to them, all the rest consequent to this branch.
# Declare war on behalf of the Republic, after the decree of the Legislative Body.
# Grant patents for privateering.
# Take care of the collection and investment of contributions according to the laws.
# Name employees.
# Direct diplomatic negotiations, and celebrate treaties of peace, friendship, federation, alliance, truces, armed neutrality, trade, and any other, always having to precede the approval of the Legislative Body.
# Appoint the Public Ministers, Consuls and subordinates of the Department of Foreign Affairs.
# Receive foreign ministers
# Grant the pass, or suspend the conciliar decisions, pontifical, brief and resigned with the consent of the Power to whom it corresponds.
# Propose to the Chamber of Censors, in short, individuals for the Supreme Court of Justice, and those who have to submit to the Archbishoprics, Bishoprics, Canongias and perks.
# Present to the Senate for approval one of the list of candidates proposed by the Electoral Body for Prefects, Governors and Corregidores.
# Choose one of the list of candidates proposed by the Ecclesiastical Government for priests and vicars of the provinces.
# Suspend up to three months for employees, provided there is cause for it.
# Commute the capital sentences decreed to the inmates by the Courts.
# Issue, on behalf of the Republic, titles or appointments to all employees.
==== Limitations of executive power ====
# The President may not deprive any Peruvian of his liberty, nor impose on him any penalty.
# When the security of the Republic requires the arrest of one or more citizens, it may not exceed forty-eight hours without placing the accused at the disposal of the competent Court or Judge.
# He may not deprive any individual of his property, but in the event that the public interest so requires, but he must precede a just compensation to the owner.
# It will not be able to prevent the elections or the other functions that by the laws compete to the Powers of the Republic.
# He can not absent himself from the territory of the Republic, nor from the capital, without permission from the Legislative Body.
=== 1860 Constitution ===
The powers of the President of the Republic are:
# To preserve the internal order and the external security of the Republic without contravening the laws.
# Convene the ordinary Congress and the extraordinary, when there is a need.
# Concurring to the opening of the Congress, presenting a message about the state of the Republic and about the improvements and reforms it deems appropriate.
# Take part in the formation of laws, in accordance with this constitution.
# Enact and enforce the laws and other resolutions of the Congress; and give decrees, orders, regulations and instructions for their better compliance.
# Give the necessary orders for the collection and investment of public revenues in accordance with the law.
# Require judges and courts for the prompt and accurate administration of justice.
# Enforce the judgments of the courts and courts.
# Organize the forces of sea and land: distribute them, and dispose of them for the service of the Republic.
# Have the National Guard in their respective provinces, without being able to remove them, but in case of sedition on the border, or in the war outside.
# To direct diplomatic negotiations and to conclude treaties, placing on them the express condition that they will be submitted to the Congress.
# Receive foreign Ministers and admit the Consuls.
# Appoint and remove the Ministers of State and the Diplomatic Agents.
# To clear licenses and pensions, according to the laws.
# Exercise the Board in accordance with the laws and current practice.
# Present to Archbishops and Bishops, with the approval of Congress, those who are elected according to the law.
# Present for the Dignities and Canongias of the Cathedrals, for the parishes and other ecclesiastical benefits, in accordance with the laws and current practice.
# Celebrate concordats with the Apostolic Chair, following the instructions given by Congress.
# Grant or deny the passage to the conciliar decrees, papal bulls, briefs and rescripts, with the consent of the Congress, and previously hearing the Supreme Court of Justice, if they were related to contentious matters.
# Provide vacant jobs, whose appointment corresponds according to the Constitution and special laws.
=== 1993 Constitution ===
The President of the Republic, in addition to the Head of State, is the Head of the national Government. Its functions are explicit in the Constitution and the Organic Law of the Executive Power.
# Comply and enforce the Constitution and treaties, laws and other legal provisions.
# Represent the State, inside and outside the Republic.
# Direct the general policy of the Government.
# Ensure the internal order and the external security of the Republic.
# Convene elections for President of the Republic and for representatives to Congress, as well as for mayors and aldermen and other officials indicated by law.
# Summon the Congress to an extraordinary legislature; and sign, in that case, the decree of convocation.
# Direct messages to the Congress at any time and obligatorily, in a personal form and in writing, upon the installation of the first annual ordinary legislature. The annual messages contain a detailed exposition of the situation of the Republic and the improvements and reforms that the President deems necessary and convenient for consideration by the Congress. The messages of the President of the Republic, except for the first one, are approved by the Council of Ministers.
# Exercise the power to regulate the laws without transgressing or denaturing them; and, within such limits, issue decrees and resolutions.
# Comply and enforce the judgments and resolutions of the jurisdictional bodies.
# Fulfill and enforce the resolutions of the National Elections Jury.
# Direct foreign policy and international relations; and celebrate and ratify treaties.
# Appoint ambassadors and plenipotentiary ministers, with the approval of the Council of Ministers, with the responsibility of reporting to the Congress.
# Receive foreign diplomatic agents and authorize the consuls to exercise their functions.
# Preside over the National Defense System; and organize, distribute and arrange the employment of the Armed Forces and the National Police.
# Adopt the necessary measures for the defence of the Republic, the integrity of the territory and the sovereignty of the State.
# Declare war and sign peace, with authorization from Congress.
# Manage public finances
# Negotiate loans
# Dictate extraordinary measures, by emergency decrees with the force of law, in economic and financial matters, when the national interest requires it and with a charge of reporting to the Congress. Congress may modify or repeal the aforementioned emergency decrees.
# Regulate tariff rates.
# Grant pardons and commute sentences. Exercising the right of grace for the benefit of the accused in cases where the stage of instruction has exceeded twice its term plus its extension.
# Confer decorations on behalf of the Nation.
# Authorize Peruvians to serve in a foreign army.
# Grant extradition, with the approval of the Council of Ministers, following a report from the Supreme Court of Justice of the Republic.
# Preside over the Forum of the National Agreement, being able to delegate this function to the President of the Council of Ministers.
# Exercise the other functions of government and administration that the Constitution and the laws entrust to it.
The acts of the President of the Republic that lack ministerial endorsement are null. It corresponds to the President of the Republic to preside over the Council of Ministers when it is convened or when he attends its sessions. The President of the Republic appoints and removes the President of the council. Appoints and removes the other ministers, on the proposal and with an agreement, respectively, from the President of the council.
The ministers are individually responsible for their own acts and for the presidential acts they endorse. All ministers are jointly and severally liable for criminal acts or violations of the Constitution or the laws that the President of the Republic incurs or that are agreed upon in the council, even if they save their vote unless they resign immediately.
The '''Constitution of 1993''', a product of the Presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), is the constitution that is currently in place.
== Presidential symbols ==
=== Presidential sash ===
[[File:CEREMONIA DE GRADUACIÓN DE CADETES NAVALES (15844100167) (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|198x198px|Former president [[Ollanta Humala]] using the presidential sash, plaque and baton]]
The [[presidential sash]] is the most distinctive feature that the President wears and has been used since the beginning of the Republic. It was inherited from the last [[Viceroy]]s. The placement and delivery of the presidential sash symbolize a democratic transition of power. The band is used by the [[President of Congress (Peru)|President of Congress]] until the new president is sworn in.
It is a bicolor band that carries the [[National colours|national colors]] (red and white). This band is worn diagonally from the right shoulder to the left side of the waist. At the waist, like a brooch, the band was embroidered in golden thread the [[Coat of arms of Peru]]. There is a [[Lima]] family that has traditionally made them. They are made to measure for each President and have been used normally with formal suit: suit, [[Black tie|tuxedo]] or [[military uniform]]. Since 2006, the Shield was moved up to chest height.
A symbolic act narrated by [[Ricardo Palma]] in his famous ''[[Peruvian Traditions]]'' was made during the confused first half of the 1840s, by President [[Justo Figuerola]]. This, in front of the protests made by the pope in front of his home, he asked his daughter to take the presidential band out of the dresser drawer and give it to the people from the balcony. The crowd left happy and alive to Figuerola and went to find someone to impose the garment, which, so many times coveted, this time did not find who wanted to stick it.
The [[Cabinet of Peru|Ministers of State]] wear a red-and-white sash; Supreme Members, Congressmen of the Republic, Magistrates of the Constitutional Court, Members of the National Council of the Magistracy, Supreme Prosecutors, the Ombudsman, etc., wear red-and-white collars with medals that recognize them as such.
=== Grand Necklace of Brilliance ===
The necklace is the symbol of the highest authority in the country. It is composed of gold and encrusted with diamonds, bearing at the center a medal that contains the coat of arms of Peru. Presidents [[Óscar R. Benavides|Oscar R. Benavides Larrea]], [[Manuel Prado Ugarteche|Manuel Prado y Ugarteche]] and [[José Bustamante y Rivero|Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero]] notably used the large necklace and other insignias. Its use disappeared after the administration of [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]]. Recently its use was 'revived' by [[Alan García]] Pérez in the [[European Union]] Summit held precisely in [[Lima]] in May 2008.
=== Plaque ===
The President of the Republic carries a [[Plaquette|plaque]] in the left upper pocket of the bag in the manner of a [[lanyard]] with the insignia of the military command that recognizes him as Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces. It is the heir of the distinctive and military honors worn by presidents belonging to the Armed Forces throughout the history of the country. It is golden and has the shape of a radiant sun.
=== Staff ===
The staff originates from the Spanish custom of symbolizing power with a cane. The custom was introduced in the eighteenth century in the Andes, after the rebellion of José Gabriel Túpac Amaru and Túpac Catari in 1780 to represent the dignity of mayor of Incas. Unlike Argentina, the use of a cane that symbolizes the power and office of President (symbolically, varayoc), has not been common in the history of the Peruvian presidency and has been replaced innumerable times by the saber or the sword of the military presidents. Only a handful of cases are remarkable. Mariano Ignacio Prado, José Balta and Augusto B. Leguía used it in pictures and presidential photographs. Recently, Alejandro Toledo, made use of the cane in his symbolic assumption to the charge in Cusco and also on a few other occasions. Its most recent use corresponds to 29 July 2008, the date of the traditional military parade, when Alan García carried a small presidential staff, the same one used by Ollanta Humala in the military parade on 29 July 2011.
== History ==
{{See also|History of Peru}}
During its more than 190 years of independence, Peru has been ruled by the military leaders who fought for independence, the leaders of the [[War of the Pacific]], representatives of the aristocracy, and democratically elected leaders. Also, the history of the presidency has involved civil wars, coups and violence. More than once, several individuals claimed the right to be president at the same time.
Different titles have been used, such as "Protector of Peru" (used by [[José de San Martín]]), and "Supreme Protector" (by [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]]).
The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as President of Peru.
== Eligibility ==
{{See also|Constitution of Peru}}
The Constitution of 1823, the first constitution of this country, indicates that to be the President of Peru one must:
* Be a person born in Peru.
* Gather the same qualities as to be a leader.
* Be a citizen in practice.
* Be over 35 years old
* Be from Peru
* Have a property or income of eight hundred soles at least, or exercise any industry that yields them annually, or be a public professor of some science.
The Constitution of 1826, on the other hand, incorporating some subjective concepts, requires the following:
* Be a practicing citizen, and a native of Peru.
* Be over thirty years of age.
* Have done important services to the Republic.
* Have well-known talents in the administration of the State.
* Never have been convicted by the Courts, even for minor offenses.
The Constitution of 1856 states the requirements to be president: be Peruvian by birth, citizen in office and thirty-five years of age and ten of domicile in the Republic, which will remain virtually unchanged until today. As of 1979, the requirement of having resided in the country for the last ten years is eliminated.
=== Constitution of 1993 (contemporary) ===
* A President must be Peruvian by birth (those who are Peruvians by naturalization can not access the position). He must be more than thirty-five years of age at the time he is applying and fully exercising his civil rights, that is, he must not bear any penal sanction or civil declaration of disability, which includes the right to vote.
* They can not be candidates for the presidency if they have not left office six months before the election:
**The Ministers and Deputy Ministers of State, the Comptroller General.
**The members of the Constitutional Court, the National Council of the Judiciary, the Judicial Power, the Public Ministry, the National Elections Jury, and the Ombudsman.
**The President of the Central Reserve Bank, the Superintendent of Banking, Insurance and Private Administrators of Pension Funds and the National Superintendent of Tax Administration.
**The members of the Armed Forces and the National Police in activity.
**The other cases that the Constitution provides.
According to the Organic Law of Elections, they can not run for the Presidency or Vice Presidencies of the Republic:
* The Ministers and Deputy Ministers of State, the Comptroller General of the Republic and the regional authorities, if they have not resigned at least six months before the election.
* The members of the Constitutional Court, of the National Council of the Judiciary, of the Judicial Power, of the Public Ministry, of the organisms that comprise the Electoral System and the Ombudsman, if they have not left office 6 (six) months before the election
* The President of the Central Reserve Bank, the Superintendent of Banking and Insurance, the Superintendent of Tax Administration, the National Superintendent of Customs and the Superintendent of Private Pension Funds Administrators, if they have not resigned at least six months before the election.
* The members of the Armed Forces and the National Police who have not retreated to the retirement situation at least six months before the election
* The spouse and consanguineous relatives within the fourth degree, and the related ones within the second, of the one that exercises the Presidency or has exercised it in the year preceding the election.
== List of presidents of Peru ==
{{Main list|List of presidents of Peru}}
==Post-presidency==
All former elected presidents of Peru since 1985 have been prosecuted since leaving office:
*[[Francisco Morales Bermudez]] was sentenced to life in prison by an Italian court in January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://perureports.com/italy-gives-peru-dictator-life-prison-1970s-disappearances/5058/|title=Italy gives Peru dictator life in prison for 1970s murders|date=20 January 2017|website=Perú Reports|language=en-US|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref>
*Prior to his resignation in 2000, [[Alberto Fujimori]] escaped to Japan seeking political refuge, where he faxed his resignation to Peru. He unsuccessfully attempted to run for a parliamentary position in the Parliament of Japan, and ultimately returned to Latin America in 2006 to run for the 2006 presidential elections. The refugee president's flight diverted to Chile, where he stayed for six days. Peruvian officials and the President of Peru during the time expressed discontent at Chilean officials for allowing the indicted former president into the continent without repercussion. Ultimately, Fujimori flew back to Peru for unstated reasons and was arrested. Fujimori was convicted of corruption, bribery, human rights violations, crimes against humanities, murder, and other charges, for 25 years of prison until 2031. Fujimori served his sentence until 2017, where then Peruvian President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski issued a presidential pardon, clearing Fujimori of his conviction. Following the resignation of Kuczynski, the pardon was declared illegitimate and Fujimori was arrested and returned to confinement. Presently, Fujimori remains in custody, serving the rest of his 25-year sentence.
*Following the end of his term in 2006, [[Alejandro Toledo]] abruptly withdrew from Peruvian politics. Toledo and his spouse, Eliane Karp, both moved to California, in the United States, where they have resided since, to avoid prosecution. Toledo and his wife were charged with multiple offenses of corruption and probing, and have been summoned to Peru for a trial. Toledo ignored this warning and proceeded to remain in the United States. Toledo claimed to have been a professor at Stanford University, but the university verified that Toledo was solely invited as a one-time guest speaker to the institution. Many efforts have been made by former President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and President Martin Vizcarra to extradite Toledo, but no responses have been heard from the United States government. In March 2019, Toledo was temporarily arrested for public drunkenness in California, and was released later that night. Via a call in, Toledo denied that he was arrested. There is currently a $25,000 reward for the ex-president. In August 2019, Toledo was finally arrested in Northern California as part of an extradition request from the Ministry of Justice of Peru. He has been held in custody ever since and awaiting for a clear for extradition from the United States government.
*[[Ollanta Humala]] and his wife, Nadine Heredia, were abruptly arrested following the end of his term. Both of them were detained for 6 months for investigation on the means of corruption, but were later released. There were no conclusions or evidence provided by the investigation. Humala continues to reside in Lima awaiting his trial.
*Following his resignation in March 2018, [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] quietly left the Government Palace and returned to his home in the district of San Isidro. Kuczynski remained out of the public eye for the following ten months, but was then summoned to the Department of Justice. All of Kuczynski's bank accounts were frozen and he was prohibited from leaving the country. Kuczynski made few public appearances, but on the first anniversary of his resignation, Kuczynski made his first major public appearance on El Commercio. The former president mentioned his present financial ruins and the amounts of loans he was forced to make. Additionally, Kuczynski mentioned that he felt betrayed by Martin Vizcarra, the incumbent President of Peru who succeeded Kuczynski following his resignation. On 10 April 2019, Kuczynski was arrested for primary corruption charges on the basis of an ongoing investigation into his connections with Odebrecht, money laundering, and bribery. At the end of his detention, Kuczynski was sentenced to three years of house imprisonment until 2022.
*[[Manuel Merino]] was president for five days from 10 to 15 November 2020, following the [[Removal of Martín Vizcarra|impeachment and removal of Martín Vizcarra]] by the [[Peruvian Congress]], before stepping down amid [[2020 Peruvian protests|widespread protests]] resulting in casualties. He was inaugurated as president following the line of succession established in the [[Constitution of Peru|constitution]].
[[Alan García]] died by suicide on 17 April 2019 before being arrested.
== Demographics of the presidents ==
In contemporary history, two presidents are known not to have been of direct Peruvian descent, being [[Alberto Fujimori]] (1990–2000) and [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] (2016–2018). Fujimori is of Japanese descent and Kuczynski is of German, French and Polish descent. A majority of presidents have been born in Lima.
Three presidents have been assassinated in Peru's history—[[Felipe Santiago Salaverry]], [[Tomás Gutiérrez]], and [[Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro]]. The president who has reached the longest life span is [[Francisco Morales Bermúdez]] (1975–1980), who is currently 99 years of age. One president, [[Alan García]] (1985–1990, 2006–2011), committed suicide.
The tallest recorded president is [[Alan García]], who stood at 1.93 m. The shortest is [[Alejandro Toledo]] (2001–2006), who stands at 1.65 m. The oldest person to assume the presidency was [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] (2016–2018) who assumed the presidency at 78 years and 217 days, with the second being [[Fernando Belaunde Terry]] (1963–1968, 1980–1985) who assumed his second presidency at 78 years and 39 days.
Three [[Peruvians|Peruvian]] presidents lived into their 90's:
*{{Green|[[Francisco Morales Bermúdez]]}} (born on 4 October 1921) (age {{Age in years and days|4 October 1921}}), the longest Lived Peruvian President and [[Prime Minister of Peru|Prime Minister]].
*[[José Luis Bustamante y Rivero]] (15 January 1894 – 11 January 1989) (aged {{Age in years and days nts|15 January 1894|January 11, 1989}})
*[[Manuel María Ponce Brousset]] (5 April 1874 – 18 July 1966) ({{Age in years and days|5 April 1874|July 18, 1966}})
== Line of succession ==
{{See also|2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis}}
Names of incumbents {{As of|2021|lc=on}}:
: '''President of the Republic: [[Pedro Castillo]]
# First Vice President: [[Dina Boluarte]]
# Second Vice President: (''vacant'')
# President of Congress: [[Maricarmen Alva]]
# First Vice President of Congress: [[Lady Camones]]
# Second Vice President of Congress: [[Enrique Wong]]
# Third Vice President of Congress: [[Patricia Chirinos]]
==See also==
*[[Prime Minister of Peru]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Peru topics}}
{{Peru lists}}
{{Presidents of Peru}}
{{Peru year nav}}
{{South_America_in_topic|Presidents of}}
{{Heads of State of the South America}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:President Of Peru}}
[[Category:Presidents by country|Peru]]
[[Category:Presidents of Peru| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Peru|Presidents]]
[[Category:Peru politics-related lists|Presidents]]
[[Category:1821 establishments in Peru]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Head of the Republic of Peru}}
{{About|President of the Republic of Peru|a list|List of presidents of Peru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox Political post
| post = President
| body = <br>the Republic of Peru
| native_name = {{lang|es|Presidente de la República del Perú}}
| flag sussy
| termlength = Five years<br>Not eligible for re-election immediately
| appointer = [[2021 Peruvian general election]]
| image = Pedro Castillo EU.jpg
| imagesize =
| incumbent = [[Pedro Castillo ]]
| incumbentsince = 28 July 2021
| residence = [[Government Palace (Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]]
| deputy = [[Vice President of Peru]]
| formation = 28 February 1823
| inaugural = [[José de San Martín]] (de facto)<br />[[José de la Riva Agüero]] (first to bear the title)
| status = [[Head of State]]<br>[[Head of Government]]
| website = [http://www.presidencia.gob.pe/ www.presidencia.gob.pe]
| salary = S/ 15,500 /month<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peru.com/actualidad/los-diez/10-funcionarios-peru-sueldos-mas-altos-pais-noticia-496649|title=Los 10 funcionarios del Perú con los sueldos más altos en el país|first=Redacción|last=Peru.com|date=1 February 2017|website=Peru.com}}</ref>
| seat = [[Lima]]
| succession = [[Vice President of Peru|Vice President]]
}}{{Politics of Peru}}
The '''president of Peru''' ({{lang-es|link=no|Presidente del Perú}}), formally recognized as the '''President of the Republic of Peru''' ({{lang-es|link=no|Presidente de la República del Perú}}), is the [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] of [[Peru]]. The president is the head of the [[executive branch]] and is the Supreme Head of the [[Peruvian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] and [[Peruvian Army|Police of Peru]]. The office of president corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country, making the president the highest ranking public official in Peru.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=James L.|date=1972|journal=Naval War College Review|volume=25|issue=2|pages=43–60|issn=0028-1484|jstor=44639763|title=Revolution from Within: Changing Military Perspectives in Peru}}</ref> Due to broadly interpreted [[impeachment]] wording in the [[Constitution of Peru|1993 Constitution of Peru]], the [[Congress of Peru]] can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to the legislature.<ref name="PROFE92">{{cite book|last1=Asensio|first1=Raúl|url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/|title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación|last2=Camacho|first2=Gabriela|last3=González|first3=Natalia|last4=Grompone|first4=Romeo|last5=Pajuelo Teves|first5=Ramón|last6=Peña Jimenez|first6=Omayra|last7=Moscoso|first7=Macarena|last8=Vásquez|first8=Yerel|last9=Sosa Villagarcia|first9=Paolo|date=August 2021|publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]]|isbn=978-612-326-084-2|edition=1|location=[[Lima, Peru]]|pages=92|language=es|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Taj|first=Mitra|date=2021-12-07|title=‘Too many mistakes’: Peru’s president threatened with impeachment after shaky start|work=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/685a5a7d-4531-4242-9074-badd59254349|access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=2021-11-19|title=Peru's Keiko Fujimori backs long-shot effort to impeach President Castillo|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-keiko-fujimori-backs-long-shot-effort-impeach-president-castillo-2021-11-19/|access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tegel|first=Simeon|date=15 October 2021|title=Can Pedro Castillo Save His Presidency?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/15/peru-president-pedro-castillo-left-extremism-impeachment/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-13|website=[[Foreign Policy]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
The president is elected to direct the general policy of the government, work with the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of the Republic]] and the [[Council of Ministers (Peru)|Council of Ministers]] to enact reform, and be an administrator of the state, enforcing the [[Constitution of Peru|Constitution of 1993]] which establishes the presidential requirements, rights, and obligations. The executive branch is located at the [[Government Palace (Peru)|Palacio de Gobierno]], located in the historic center of [[Lima]]. The building has been used and occupied by the heads of state of Peru, dating back to [[Francisco Pizarro]] and the [[List of Viceroys of Peru|viceroys of Peru]].
The current President of Peru is [[Pedro Castillo]], who succeeded [[Francisco Sagasti]] on 28 July 2021. He was elected in the [[2021 Peruvian general election]].
== Presidential terms and transitions ==
=== Constitutional limits ===
Ordinarily, the president is elected to a five-year term, and is barred from immediate [[reelection]]. A [[List of presidents of Peru|former president]] can run again after being out of office for a full term.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_ingles/CONSTITUTION_29_08_08.pdf|title=Political Constitution of Peru, Article 112}}</ref> The change of government takes place on 28 July, which is the date of [[Latin American wars of independence|independence from Spain]] and thus a [[Fiestas Patrias (Peru)|national holiday]].
The Congress of the Republic has the power to end a president's term prematurely through [[impeachment]]. Under Article 113 of the [[1993 Peruvian constitutional referendum|Constitution of 1993]], the president can be removed due to death, "permanent moral or physical disability" determined by Congress, resignation, fleeing national territory without permission from Congress, or dismissal for committing infractions outlined in Article 117 of the Constitution.
Four presidents of Peru have attempted to resign: [[Guillermo Billinghurst]] (forced resignation), [[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]], [[Alberto Fujimori]], and [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]]. Two presidents have been impeached unsuccessfully, [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] and [[Martín Vizcarra]](first impeachment) while the impeachments of [[Guillermo Billinghurst]], [[Alberto Fujimori]] and [[Martín Vizcarra]](second impeachment) have been successful.
The president is elected to a term of 5 years without immediate re-election.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 August 2019|title=Peru's Constitution of 1993 with Amendments through 2009|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peru_2009.pdf?lang=en|website=Constitute Project}}</ref> A presidential inauguration is held every five years on 28 July in Congress. The last directly elected president was President [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], who was elected for a term from 2016 to 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Comercio|first=Redacción El|date=21 March 2018|title=PPK renuncia a su cargo y afirma que habrá transición ordenada [VIDEO]|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-comunico-ministros-renuncia-difusion-videos-noticia-506143-noticia/|access-date=17 October 2019|website=El Comercio|language=es}}</ref> Following the presidential line of succession, Vice President [[Martín Vizcarra]], former governor of [[Moquegua]], [[Ministry of Transport|Minister of Transportation]], and Ambassador to Canada, succeeded him as president following Kuczynski's resignation in 2018 to fill the remaining term. In 2020, Vizcarra was impeached and removed from office and the presidential line of succession led to the ascension of [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|President of Congress]] [[Manuel Merino]] to the presidency. Merino resigned the office within a week of his inauguration amid pressure from [[2020 Peruvian protests|mass protests]]. Congress elected [[Francisco Sagasti]] to fill the remaining term.
There have also been a number of unrecognized presidents. In 1992 and 2019, after the dissolution of the Congress, the legislative body unsuccessfully removed the president from office and swore in vice presidents as the de facto president.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kurmanaev|first1=Anatoly|last2=Zarate|first2=Andrea|date=30 September 2019|title=Peru's President Dissolves Congress, and Lawmakers Suspend Him|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/world/americas/peru-vizcarra-congress.html|access-date=17 October 2019|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Redacción *|date=2 October 2019|title=Mercedes Aráoz a la BBC: "Tenemos que solucionar esto con las instituciones, de otra forma será como un golpe de Estado"|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-49899655|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kurmanaev|first1=Anatoly|last2=Zarate|first2=Andrea|date=1 October 2019|title=Who's in Charge in Peru? Peruvians Can't Agree|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/01/world/americas/peru-congress-dissolved.html|access-date=17 October 2019|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
There are 14 presidents that became presidents through a coup d'état. The last successful coup d'état was carried out by [[Alberto Fujimori]] in 1992, who is now imprisoned for human rights violations and corruption.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Quijano|first=Aníbal|date=1 December 1995|title=Fujimorism and Peru|journal=Socialism and Democracy|volume=9|issue=2|pages=45–63|doi=10.1080/08854309508428165|issn=0885-4300}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Redacción|date=24 January 2019|title=Fujimori vuelve a prisión tras más de 100 días internado en una clínica|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-46982435|access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>
== Inauguration ==
=== Setting and attendees ===
Presidential inaugurations take place in the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru]] in the capital city of [[Lima]]. Presidential inaugurations always take place on 28 July of its respective year, although in the case of constitutional succession, an inauguration is on the day that the presidential successor arrives in Lima, Peru. The presidential inauguration precedes the National Parade of the Military of Peru.
Foreign dignitaries have often assisted the democratic transition of power in Peru.
=== Presidential oath ===
The contemporary placed presidential oath in Spanish is as follows:<blockquote>Yo, Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo, juro por Dios, por la patria, y por todos los peruanos que ejerceré fielmente el cargo de Presidente de la República que me ha confiado el nación para el periodo 2018 a 2021, que defenderé la soberanía nacional y la integridad física y moral de la República, que cumpliré y hare cumplir la constitución política y las leyes del Perú, y que reconocerá, respetando la libertad de corto, la importancia de la Iglesia Católica en la formación cultural y moral de los peruanos.
[[Martín Vizcarra|Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo]], ''Presidential Oath of Office'' July 28, 2018 In English</blockquote>The English translation is as follows:<blockquote>I, [''complete name of presidential elect''], swear to God, to the Homeland, and to all Peruvians that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Republic of Peru that has been entrusted to me by the Nation for the period [''start of mandate''] to [''end of mandate''], that I will defend the sovereignty of the nation as well as the physical and moral integrity of the Nation, that I will comply and enforce the political constitution and laws of Peru, and that I will recognize, respecting freedoms, the importance of the Roman Catholic Church in the cultural and moral formation of Peruvians. </blockquote>The President of Congress conventionally holds the presidential sash before the President-elect takes the oath of office. Once the President-elect has taken the oath of office, the president is recognized by all branches of the Government of Peru as the democratic President of the Republic of Peru, symbolized by the President of the Congress passing the presidential sash. The nominee is recognized as the President of Peru with and only with the presidential sash.
As of 2019, there have been two illegitimate presidential inaugurations performed by the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of Peru]], but not recognized by either the executive branch or the armed forces: one in 1995 and the inauguration of [[Mercedes Aráoz]] in 2019 amidst a confrontation between the executive and legislative powers of Peru.
There is also an emphasis on Christianity and the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] in the oath of office. All presidents of Peru have been Catholic and have taken the oath of office alongside the Christian Bible, and in front of a Catholic [[Crucifix]].
== Origin ==
=== Pre-Columbian era ===
The first State recognizable as such under current concepts in the [[Central Andean dry puna|central Andes]] was the [[Inca Empire|Wari civilization]], whose system of government has not yet been fully unraveled. Later, between the [[13th century|thirteenth century]] and the [[16th century|sixteenth century]], the [[History of the Incas|Inca civilization]] developed, whose State, based on the political management of reciprocity and alien to all European conceptions of then and now, had the [[Sapa Inca]] at its head.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yeakel|first=John A.|date=1983|journal=The Accounting Historians Journal|volume=10|issue=2|pages=39–51|issn=0148-4184|jstor=40697778|title=The Accountant-Historians of the Incas|doi=10.2308/0148-4184.10.2.39}}</ref>
The modern Peruvian state is the heir of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. In 1532, the [[Spanish conquest of Peru|Spanish conquerors]] arrived in the territory, imposed their dominion and managed to establish a Spanish dependency. This dependence began as governorships corresponding to the conquerors, with the title of Governor. The [[Governorate of New Toledo|Governorate of the New Toledo]] ([[Diego de Almagro]]) – which otherwise never consolidated – had as its capital the [[Cusco|city of Cusco]], the current historical capital of [[Peru]]. The [[Governorate of New Castile|Governorate of the New Castile]] ([[Francisco Pizarro]]) had as its capital the City of Kings, as [[Lima]] was also called initially and it was on this that the Viceroyalty was instituted after the civil wars.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=John R.|date=2000|title=The Royalist Regime in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1820–1824|journal=Journal of Latin American Studies|volume=32|issue=1|pages=55–84|issn=0022-216X|jstor=157780|doi=10.1017/S0022216X99005465|s2cid=144371259}}</ref>
In 1542, the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] was established, whose government was held by the representative of the [[Monarchy of Spain|King of Spain]] (Head of State) with the title of [[List of Viceroys of Peru|Viceroy of Peru]] (Head of Government). The true organizer of the viceregal state was [[Francisco de Toledo]].
This period had only two stages corresponding to the two Spanish dynasties: the houses of [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] and [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]], and lasted 282 years from its establishment in 1542 to the [[Ayacucho|Capitulation of Ayacucho]] in 1824, despite the [[Spanish American wars of independence|independence of Peru in 1821]].
[[José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa|José Fernando de Abascal]] was in charge of centralizing Spanish political and military power in Peru. His successors, the last viceroys of Peru were parallel to [[José de San Martín|Jose de San Martin]] and his first successors. [[Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquess of Viluma|Joaquín de la Pezuela]] and [[José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes|José de la Serna]] faced the liberating armies and the last of them signed the capitulation. Finally, [[Pío de Tristán|Pío Tristán]] was the interim viceroy in charge of transferring power to the patriots.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andrien|first=Kenneth J.|date=1984|title=Corruption, Inefficiency, and Imperial Decline in the Seventeenth-Century Viceroyalty of Peru|journal=The Americas|volume=41|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.2307/1006945|issn=0003-1615|jstor=1006945}}</ref>
=== Republic era ===
In July 1821, during the [[Peruvian War of Independence]], the [[Autonomy|autonomous]] states lying in the viceroyalty of Peru declared themselves as independent and sovereign from influence and mediation from the [[Spanish Empire]]. Recognizing the impending threat of Spanish backlash to regain their lost colonies, the [[autonomous]] viceroyalty began to draft a constitution on which they would decide to base the [[Sovereign state|sovereign nation]]. Working closely with the [[Constituent Congress of Peru, 1822|Constituent Congress of Peru in 1822]], a formal constitution was created, named the [[Constitution of Peru|Constitution of 1823]]. [[Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro]], a Peruvian politician, presided and led the Constituent Congress of Peru, leading to him being subjectively regarded as the first informal President of Peru.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alemán|first1=Eduardo|last2=Tsebelis|first2=George|date=2005|title=The Origins of Presidential Conditional Agenda-Setting Power in Latin America|journal=Latin American Research Review|volume=40|issue=2|pages=3–26|issn=0023-8791|jstor=3662799|doi=10.1353/lar.2005.0017|s2cid=18926127}}</ref>
The first articles of the 1823 Constitution consisted of 24 items, known as the "Bases". These bases formally defined the borders of the Andean nation and formally created the First Republic of Peru, which still holds until the present day. The governing board, led by Luna Pizarro, declared Peruvian autonomy from Spain and a [[Christian state|Catholic state]]. Additionally, the Constitution defined the three powers of the government, the [[Executive functions|executive]], [[Judiciary|judicial]] and the [[Legislature|legislative]] power. The [[Governing board]], a colloquial terminology that was used to classify the ten politicians that devised these 24 items, was the first representation of executive power and the executive branch in [[History of Peru|Peruvian history]].
Later, issues arose around the bases which granted the [[protectorate of Peru]], [[Simón Bolívar|Simon Bolivar]], overwhelming power over the legislative and executive organs of the Peruvian government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=V.|first=J. A.|date=1941|title=La Tercera Asamblea General del Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia|journal=Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana (1937–1948)|volume=5|issue=1/3|pages=1–4|issn=0186-064X|jstor=40977387}}</ref> At the same time, Bolivar was already undergoing a campaign to establish a dictatorship around Andean Latin American nations. As a precursor, this incentivized the initial drafters of the constitution and the Governing Board to accelerate the process of defining reasonable executive powers, balance the three branches of power, and begin to draft an idea for the roles and powers of the official position of state leader of Peru.
The [[Act of Independence of Chile|Act of Independence]] was signed in [[Lima]] on 15 August 1821, and soon after the government was left under the charge of [[José de San Martín]] with the title of Protector. Later, the legislative branch occupied the executive branch. In 1823 the Congress appointed [[José de la Riva Agüero]] as the first President of the Republic of the history of Peru. Since then, that has been the main denomination that has held the great majority of the rulers of Peru. The same first Political Constitution of 1823 (after the appointment of Riva Agüero) recognizes the position,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/71.htm|title=Peru – GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM|website=countrystudies.us|access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref> and says ex officio: "Article 72. Resides exclusively the exercise of executive power in a citizen with the name of President of the Republic."
Only two constitutions have been contrary, partially, to the presidential republican system, the Lifetime Political Constitution of 1826 emanating from Simón Bolívar and expressing:<blockquote>''The exercise of the Executive Power resides in a Life President, a Vice President, and four Secretaries of State.''</blockquote>By 1827, an outline of an executive along with the executive branch had been drawn out to prevent a Bolivarian dictatorship which would be seen by the populace as a general return to Spanish tyrannical rule.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynch|first=John|date=1983|title=Bolivar and the Caudillos|journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=63|issue=1|pages=3–35|doi=10.2307/2515357|issn=0018-2168|jstor=2515357}}</ref> As a result, on 28 July 1827, [[Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano|Manuel Salazar]] assumed the formal office of the presidency and became the first president of Peru to be elected by the populace, marking the start of the Presidency of Peru.
== Powers and duties ==
=== 1823 Constitution ===
The President is head of the general administration of the Republic, and his authority extends both to the preservation of public order internally, and to external security in accordance with the Constitution and laws.
The duties exclusive to the President have been defined the 1823 Constitution as:
# To promulgate, execute, protect, and comply with the laws, decrees, and resolutions of the Congress of Peru and to issue the orders indispensable for its effect.
# To have supreme command over the armed forces of Peru.
# To order and verify democratic free elections on the days indicated by the Constitution.
# To declare war when appropriate after being passed through the Congress of Peru.
# To regulate and join peace treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
# To oversee and determine the investment of the funds allocated by the Congress of Peru to the various branches of the public administration.
# Appoint officers and officials of the Peruvian Armed Forces with the agreement and consent of Congress.
# Appoint Ministers, members of the Presidential Cabinet, the Prime Minister, and diplomats with the agreement and consent of Congress.
# Ensure the proper administration of justice in the Peruvian Judicial System and on the compliance of the judgments that they pronounce, as well as establish the trial by jury courts.
# Inform the legislature of the political and military status quo of the Republic of Peru, indicating substantial improvements or suitable reforms in every branch of Peruvian society.
==== Limitations of the executive power ====
# The President cannot and will not personally command the armed force without the consent of Congress.
# The President cannot and will not leave the nation without permission from Congress.
# Under no pretext can the President conduct business with members of the Supreme Court.
# The President cannot and will not deprive any Peruvian of personal liberty, and if public security requires the arrest or detention of any person, the President may order the appropriate detention with the indispensable condition that within twenty-four hours the detainee will be available to their respective judge.
# Furthermore, the President cannot and will not impose any penalties. The Minister who signed the order of detention, and the official who executes it can act on behalf of the detainee's individual freedom.
# The President cannot and will not defer or suspend sessions of the Congress under any circumstances.
=== 1826 Constitution ===
The powers of the President of the Republic are:
# Open sessions of the Congress, and present the legislative body a message about the State of the Republic yearly.
# Propose the Vice President of Peru to Congress and appoint Secretaries of the Republic.
# Dismiss the Vice President and Secretaries of the Republic, whenever the President deems it appropriate.
# Send, publish, circulate, and enforce the laws.
# Authorize the regulations and orders that maximizes compliance with the Constitution, laws and public treaties of the Republic.
# Send and enforce the judgments of the Courts of Justice.
# Request the extension of ordinary sessions of the Legislative Body for up to thirty days.
# Convene the Legislative Body for extraordinary sessions, in a case where it is absolutely necessary.
# To have the permanent force of the sea and land for exterior defense of the Republic.
# To send in person the armies of the Republic in peace and in war. When the President is absent from the capital, the Vice President in charge of the Republic will take the duties and responsibilities of the President.
# When the President leads the war in person, the President may reside in all the territory occupied by national arms.
# Have the National Militia for internal security, within the limits of its departments and outside of them, with the consent of the Legislative Body.
# Name all employees of the Army and Navy.
# Establish military schools, and nautical schools.
# Command to establish military hospitals and homes for the disabled.
# Give withdrawals and licenses. Grant the pensions of the military and their families in accordance with the laws, and arrange, according to them, all the rest consequent to this branch.
# Declare war on behalf of the Republic, after the decree of the Legislative Body.
# Grant patents for privateering.
# Take care of the collection and investment of contributions according to the laws.
# Name employees.
# Direct diplomatic negotiations, and celebrate treaties of peace, friendship, federation, alliance, truces, armed neutrality, trade, and any other, always having to precede the approval of the Legislative Body.
# Appoint the Public Ministers, Consuls and subordinates of the Department of Foreign Affairs.
# Receive foreign ministers
# Grant the pass, or suspend the conciliar decisions, pontifical, brief and resigned with the consent of the Power to whom it corresponds.
# Propose to the Chamber of Censors, in short, individuals for the Supreme Court of Justice, and those who have to submit to the Archbishoprics, Bishoprics, Canongias and perks.
# Present to the Senate for approval one of the list of candidates proposed by the Electoral Body for Prefects, Governors and Corregidores.
# Choose one of the list of candidates proposed by the Ecclesiastical Government for priests and vicars of the provinces.
# Suspend up to three months for employees, provided there is cause for it.
# Commute the capital sentences decreed to the inmates by the Courts.
# Issue, on behalf of the Republic, titles or appointments to all employees.
==== Limitations of executive power ====
# The President may not deprive any Peruvian of his liberty, nor impose on him any penalty.
# When the security of the Republic requires the arrest of one or more citizens, it may not exceed forty-eight hours without placing the accused at the disposal of the competent Court or Judge.
# He may not deprive any individual of his property, but in the event that the public interest so requires, but he must precede a just compensation to the owner.
# It will not be able to prevent the elections or the other functions that by the laws compete to the Powers of the Republic.
# He can not absent himself from the territory of the Republic, nor from the capital, without permission from the Legislative Body.
=== 1860 Constitution ===
The powers of the President of the Republic are:
# To preserve the internal order and the external security of the Republic without contravening the laws.
# Convene the ordinary Congress and the extraordinary, when there is a need.
# Concurring to the opening of the Congress, presenting a message about the state of the Republic and about the improvements and reforms it deems appropriate.
# Take part in the formation of laws, in accordance with this constitution.
# Enact and enforce the laws and other resolutions of the Congress; and give decrees, orders, regulations and instructions for their better compliance.
# Give the necessary orders for the collection and investment of public revenues in accordance with the law.
# Require judges and courts for the prompt and accurate administration of justice.
# Enforce the judgments of the courts and courts.
# Organize the forces of sea and land: distribute them, and dispose of them for the service of the Republic.
# Have the National Guard in their respective provinces, without being able to remove them, but in case of sedition on the border, or in the war outside.
# To direct diplomatic negotiations and to conclude treaties, placing on them the express condition that they will be submitted to the Congress.
# Receive foreign Ministers and admit the Consuls.
# Appoint and remove the Ministers of State and the Diplomatic Agents.
# To clear licenses and pensions, according to the laws.
# Exercise the Board in accordance with the laws and current practice.
# Present to Archbishops and Bishops, with the approval of Congress, those who are elected according to the law.
# Present for the Dignities and Canongias of the Cathedrals, for the parishes and other ecclesiastical benefits, in accordance with the laws and current practice.
# Celebrate concordats with the Apostolic Chair, following the instructions given by Congress.
# Grant or deny the passage to the conciliar decrees, papal bulls, briefs and rescripts, with the consent of the Congress, and previously hearing the Supreme Court of Justice, if they were related to contentious matters.
# Provide vacant jobs, whose appointment corresponds according to the Constitution and special laws.
=== 1993 Constitution ===
The President of the Republic, in addition to the Head of State, is the Head of the national Government. Its functions are explicit in the Constitution and the Organic Law of the Executive Power.
# Comply and enforce the Constitution and treaties, laws and other legal provisions.
# Represent the State, inside and outside the Republic.
# Direct the general policy of the Government.
# Ensure the internal order and the external security of the Republic.
# Convene elections for President of the Republic and for representatives to Congress, as well as for mayors and aldermen and other officials indicated by law.
# Summon the Congress to an extraordinary legislature; and sign, in that case, the decree of convocation.
# Direct messages to the Congress at any time and obligatorily, in a personal form and in writing, upon the installation of the first annual ordinary legislature. The annual messages contain a detailed exposition of the situation of the Republic and the improvements and reforms that the President deems necessary and convenient for consideration by the Congress. The messages of the President of the Republic, except for the first one, are approved by the Council of Ministers.
# Exercise the power to regulate the laws without transgressing or denaturing them; and, within such limits, issue decrees and resolutions.
# Comply and enforce the judgments and resolutions of the jurisdictional bodies.
# Fulfill and enforce the resolutions of the National Elections Jury.
# Direct foreign policy and international relations; and celebrate and ratify treaties.
# Appoint ambassadors and plenipotentiary ministers, with the approval of the Council of Ministers, with the responsibility of reporting to the Congress.
# Receive foreign diplomatic agents and authorize the consuls to exercise their functions.
# Preside over the National Defense System; and organize, distribute and arrange the employment of the Armed Forces and the National Police.
# Adopt the necessary measures for the defence of the Republic, the integrity of the territory and the sovereignty of the State.
# Declare war and sign peace, with authorization from Congress.
# Manage public finances
# Negotiate loans
# Dictate extraordinary measures, by emergency decrees with the force of law, in economic and financial matters, when the national interest requires it and with a charge of reporting to the Congress. Congress may modify or repeal the aforementioned emergency decrees.
# Regulate tariff rates.
# Grant pardons and commute sentences. Exercising the right of grace for the benefit of the accused in cases where the stage of instruction has exceeded twice its term plus its extension.
# Confer decorations on behalf of the Nation.
# Authorize Peruvians to serve in a foreign army.
# Grant extradition, with the approval of the Council of Ministers, following a report from the Supreme Court of Justice of the Republic.
# Preside over the Forum of the National Agreement, being able to delegate this function to the President of the Council of Ministers.
# Exercise the other functions of government and administration that the Constitution and the laws entrust to it.
The acts of the President of the Republic that lack ministerial endorsement are null. It corresponds to the President of the Republic to preside over the Council of Ministers when it is convened or when he attends its sessions. The President of the Republic appoints and removes the President of the council. Appoints and removes the other ministers, on the proposal and with an agreement, respectively, from the President of the council.
The ministers are individually responsible for their own acts and for the presidential acts they endorse. All ministers are jointly and severally liable for criminal acts or violations of the Constitution or the laws that the President of the Republic incurs or that are agreed upon in the council, even if they save their vote unless they resign immediately.
The '''Constitution of 1993''', a product of the Presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), is the constitution that is currently in place.
== Presidential symbols ==
=== Presidential sash ===
[[File:CEREMONIA DE GRADUACIÓN DE CADETES NAVALES (15844100167) (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|198x198px|Former president [[Ollanta Humala]] using the presidential sash, plaque and baton]]
The [[presidential sash]] is the most distinctive feature that the President wears and has been used since the beginning of the Republic. It was inherited from the last [[Viceroy]]s. The placement and delivery of the presidential sash symbolize a democratic transition of power. The band is used by the [[President of Congress (Peru)|President of Congress]] until the new president is sworn in.
It is a bicolor band that carries the [[National colours|national colors]] (red and white). This band is worn diagonally from the right shoulder to the left side of the waist. At the waist, like a brooch, the band was embroidered in golden thread the [[Coat of arms of Peru]]. There is a [[Lima]] family that has traditionally made them. They are made to measure for each President and have been used normally with formal suit: suit, [[Black tie|tuxedo]] or [[military uniform]]. Since 2006, the Shield was moved up to chest height.
A symbolic act narrated by [[Ricardo Palma]] in his famous ''[[Peruvian Traditions]]'' was made during the confused first half of the 1840s, by President [[Justo Figuerola]]. This, in front of the protests made by the pope in front of his home, he asked his daughter to take the presidential band out of the dresser drawer and give it to the people from the balcony. The crowd left happy and alive to Figuerola and went to find someone to impose the garment, which, so many times coveted, this time did not find who wanted to stick it.
The [[Cabinet of Peru|Ministers of State]] wear a red-and-white sash; Supreme Members, Congressmen of the Republic, Magistrates of the Constitutional Court, Members of the National Council of the Magistracy, Supreme Prosecutors, the Ombudsman, etc., wear red-and-white collars with medals that recognize them as such.
=== Grand Necklace of Brilliance ===
The necklace is the symbol of the highest authority in the country. It is composed of gold and encrusted with diamonds, bearing at the center a medal that contains the coat of arms of Peru. Presidents [[Óscar R. Benavides|Oscar R. Benavides Larrea]], [[Manuel Prado Ugarteche|Manuel Prado y Ugarteche]] and [[José Bustamante y Rivero|Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero]] notably used the large necklace and other insignias. Its use disappeared after the administration of [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]]. Recently its use was 'revived' by [[Alan García]] Pérez in the [[European Union]] Summit held precisely in [[Lima]] in May 2008.
=== Plaque ===
The President of the Republic carries a [[Plaquette|plaque]] in the left upper pocket of the bag in the manner of a [[lanyard]] with the insignia of the military command that recognizes him as Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces. It is the heir of the distinctive and military honors worn by presidents belonging to the Armed Forces throughout the history of the country. It is golden and has the shape of a radiant sun.
=== Staff ===
The staff originates from the Spanish custom of symbolizing power with a cane. The custom was introduced in the eighteenth century in the Andes, after the rebellion of José Gabriel Túpac Amaru and Túpac Catari in 1780 to represent the dignity of mayor of Incas. Unlike Argentina, the use of a cane that symbolizes the power and office of President (symbolically, varayoc), has not been common in the history of the Peruvian presidency and has been replaced innumerable times by the saber or the sword of the military presidents. Only a handful of cases are remarkable. Mariano Ignacio Prado, José Balta and Augusto B. Leguía used it in pictures and presidential photographs. Recently, Alejandro Toledo, made use of the cane in his symbolic assumption to the charge in Cusco and also on a few other occasions. Its most recent use corresponds to 29 July 2008, the date of the traditional military parade, when Alan García carried a small presidential staff, the same one used by Ollanta Humala in the military parade on 29 July 2011.
== History ==
{{See also|History of Peru}}
During its more than 190 years of independence, Peru has been ruled by the military leaders who fought for independence, the leaders of the [[War of the Pacific]], representatives of the aristocracy, and democratically elected leaders. Also, the history of the presidency has involved civil wars, coups and violence. More than once, several individuals claimed the right to be president at the same time.
Different titles have been used, such as "Protector of Peru" (used by [[José de San Martín]]), and "Supreme Protector" (by [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]]).
The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as President of Peru.
== Eligibility ==
{{See also|Constitution of Peru}}
The Constitution of 1823, the first constitution of this country, indicates that to be the President of Peru one must:
* Be a person born in Peru.
* Gather the same qualities as to be a leader.
* Be a citizen in practice.
* Be over 35 years old
* Be from Peru
* Have a property or income of eight hundred soles at least, or exercise any industry that yields them annually, or be a public professor of some science.
The Constitution of 1826, on the other hand, incorporating some subjective concepts, requires the following:
* Be a practicing citizen, and a native of Peru.
* Be over thirty years of age.
* Have done important services to the Republic.
* Have well-known talents in the administration of the State.
* Never have been convicted by the Courts, even for minor offenses.
The Constitution of 1856 states the requirements to be president: be Peruvian by birth, citizen in office and thirty-five years of age and ten of domicile in the Republic, which will remain virtually unchanged until today. As of 1979, the requirement of having resided in the country for the last ten years is eliminated.
=== Constitution of 1993 (contemporary) ===
* A President must be Peruvian by birth (those who are Peruvians by naturalization can not access the position). He must be more than thirty-five years of age at the time he is applying and fully exercising his civil rights, that is, he must not bear any penal sanction or civil declaration of disability, which includes the right to vote.
* They can not be candidates for the presidency if they have not left office six months before the election:
**The Ministers and Deputy Ministers of State, the Comptroller General.
**The members of the Constitutional Court, the National Council of the Judiciary, the Judicial Power, the Public Ministry, the National Elections Jury, and the Ombudsman.
**The President of the Central Reserve Bank, the Superintendent of Banking, Insurance and Private Administrators of Pension Funds and the National Superintendent of Tax Administration.
**The members of the Armed Forces and the National Police in activity.
**The other cases that the Constitution provides.
According to the Organic Law of Elections, they can not run for the Presidency or Vice Presidencies of the Republic:
* The Ministers and Deputy Ministers of State, the Comptroller General of the Republic and the regional authorities, if they have not resigned at least six months before the election.
* The members of the Constitutional Court, of the National Council of the Judiciary, of the Judicial Power, of the Public Ministry, of the organisms that comprise the Electoral System and the Ombudsman, if they have not left office 6 (six) months before the election
* The President of the Central Reserve Bank, the Superintendent of Banking and Insurance, the Superintendent of Tax Administration, the National Superintendent of Customs and the Superintendent of Private Pension Funds Administrators, if they have not resigned at least six months before the election.
* The members of the Armed Forces and the National Police who have not retreated to the retirement situation at least six months before the election
* The spouse and consanguineous relatives within the fourth degree, and the related ones within the second, of the one that exercises the Presidency or has exercised it in the year preceding the election.
== List of presidents of Peru ==
{{Main list|List of presidents of Peru}}
==Post-presidency==
All former elected presidents of Peru since 1985 have been prosecuted since leaving office:
*[[Francisco Morales Bermudez]] was sentenced to life in prison by an Italian court in January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://perureports.com/italy-gives-peru-dictator-life-prison-1970s-disappearances/5058/|title=Italy gives Peru dictator life in prison for 1970s murders|date=20 January 2017|website=Perú Reports|language=en-US|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref>
*Prior to his resignation in 2000, [[Alberto Fujimori]] escaped to Japan seeking political refuge, where he faxed his resignation to Peru. He unsuccessfully attempted to run for a parliamentary position in the Parliament of Japan, and ultimately returned to Latin America in 2006 to run for the 2006 presidential elections. The refugee president's flight diverted to Chile, where he stayed for six days. Peruvian officials and the President of Peru during the time expressed discontent at Chilean officials for allowing the indicted former president into the continent without repercussion. Ultimately, Fujimori flew back to Peru for unstated reasons and was arrested. Fujimori was convicted of corruption, bribery, human rights violations, crimes against humanities, murder, and other charges, for 25 years of prison until 2031. Fujimori served his sentence until 2017, where then Peruvian President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski issued a presidential pardon, clearing Fujimori of his conviction. Following the resignation of Kuczynski, the pardon was declared illegitimate and Fujimori was arrested and returned to confinement. Presently, Fujimori remains in custody, serving the rest of his 25-year sentence.
*Following the end of his term in 2006, [[Alejandro Toledo]] abruptly withdrew from Peruvian politics. Toledo and his spouse, Eliane Karp, both moved to California, in the United States, where they have resided since, to avoid prosecution. Toledo and his wife were charged with multiple offenses of corruption and probing, and have been summoned to Peru for a trial. Toledo ignored this warning and proceeded to remain in the United States. Toledo claimed to have been a professor at Stanford University, but the university verified that Toledo was solely invited as a one-time guest speaker to the institution. Many efforts have been made by former President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and President Martin Vizcarra to extradite Toledo, but no responses have been heard from the United States government. In March 2019, Toledo was temporarily arrested for public drunkenness in California, and was released later that night. Via a call in, Toledo denied that he was arrested. There is currently a $25,000 reward for the ex-president. In August 2019, Toledo was finally arrested in Northern California as part of an extradition request from the Ministry of Justice of Peru. He has been held in custody ever since and awaiting for a clear for extradition from the United States government.
*[[Ollanta Humala]] and his wife, Nadine Heredia, were abruptly arrested following the end of his term. Both of them were detained for 6 months for investigation on the means of corruption, but were later released. There were no conclusions or evidence provided by the investigation. Humala continues to reside in Lima awaiting his trial.
*Following his resignation in March 2018, [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] quietly left the Government Palace and returned to his home in the district of San Isidro. Kuczynski remained out of the public eye for the following ten months, but was then summoned to the Department of Justice. All of Kuczynski's bank accounts were frozen and he was prohibited from leaving the country. Kuczynski made few public appearances, but on the first anniversary of his resignation, Kuczynski made his first major public appearance on El Commercio. The former president mentioned his present financial ruins and the amounts of loans he was forced to make. Additionally, Kuczynski mentioned that he felt betrayed by Martin Vizcarra, the incumbent President of Peru who succeeded Kuczynski following his resignation. On 10 April 2019, Kuczynski was arrested for primary corruption charges on the basis of an ongoing investigation into his connections with Odebrecht, money laundering, and bribery. At the end of his detention, Kuczynski was sentenced to three years of house imprisonment until 2022.
*[[Manuel Merino]] was president for five days from 10 to 15 November 2020, following the [[Removal of Martín Vizcarra|impeachment and removal of Martín Vizcarra]] by the [[Peruvian Congress]], before stepping down amid [[2020 Peruvian protests|widespread protests]] resulting in casualties. He was inaugurated as president following the line of succession established in the [[Constitution of Peru|constitution]].
[[Alan García]] died by suicide on 17 April 2019 before being arrested.
== Demographics of the presidents ==
In contemporary history, two presidents are known not to have been of direct Peruvian descent, being [[Alberto Fujimori]] (1990–2000) and [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] (2016–2018). Fujimori is of Japanese descent and Kuczynski is of German, French and Polish descent. A majority of presidents have been born in Lima.
Three presidents have been assassinated in Peru's history—[[Felipe Santiago Salaverry]], [[Tomás Gutiérrez]], and [[Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro]]. The president who has reached the longest life span is [[Francisco Morales Bermúdez]] (1975–1980), who is currently 99 years of age. One president, [[Alan García]] (1985–1990, 2006–2011), committed suicide.
The tallest recorded president is [[Alan García]], who stood at 1.93 m. The shortest is [[Alejandro Toledo]] (2001–2006), who stands at 1.65 m. The oldest person to assume the presidency was [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] (2016–2018) who assumed the presidency at 78 years and 217 days, with the second being [[Fernando Belaunde Terry]] (1963–1968, 1980–1985) who assumed his second presidency at 78 years and 39 days.
Three [[Peruvians|Peruvian]] presidents lived into their 90's:
*{{Green|[[Francisco Morales Bermúdez]]}} (born on 4 October 1921) (age {{Age in years and days|4 October 1921}}), the longest Lived Peruvian President and [[Prime Minister of Peru|Prime Minister]].
*[[José Luis Bustamante y Rivero]] (15 January 1894 – 11 January 1989) (aged {{Age in years and days nts|15 January 1894|January 11, 1989}})
*[[Manuel María Ponce Brousset]] (5 April 1874 – 18 July 1966) ({{Age in years and days|5 April 1874|July 18, 1966}})
== Line of succession ==
{{See also|2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis}}
Names of incumbents {{As of|2021|lc=on}}:
: '''President of the Republic: [[Pedro Castillo]]
# First Vice President: [[Dina Boluarte]]
# Second Vice President: (''vacant'')
# President of Congress: [[Maricarmen Alva]]
# First Vice President of Congress: [[Lady Camones]]
# Second Vice President of Congress: [[Enrique Wong]]
# Third Vice President of Congress: [[Patricia Chirinos]]
==See also==
*[[Prime Minister of Peru]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Peru topics}}
{{Peru lists}}
{{Presidents of Peru}}
{{Peru year nav}}
{{South_America_in_topic|Presidents of}}
{{Heads of State of the South America}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:President Of Peru}}
[[Category:Presidents by country|Peru]]
[[Category:Presidents of Peru| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Peru|Presidents]]
[[Category:Peru politics-related lists|Presidents]]
[[Category:1821 establishments in Peru]]' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of the Republic of Peru</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about President of the Republic of Peru. For a list, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Peru" title="List of presidents of Peru">List of presidents of Peru</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">President of <br />the Republic of Peru</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Presidente de la República del Perú</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pedro_Castillo_EU.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Pedro Castillo EU.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pedro_Castillo_EU.jpg/220px-Pedro_Castillo_EU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="thumbborder" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1351" /></a></div><b>Incumbent<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo </a></b><br />since 28 July 2021</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Head_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of Government">Head of Government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_Palace_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Palace (Peru)">Palacio de Gobierno</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity)" title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_Peruvian_general_election" title="2021 Peruvian general election">2021 Peruvian general election</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Five years<br />Not eligible for re-election immediately</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugural holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> (de facto)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva_Ag%C3%BCero" title="José de la Riva Agüero">José de la Riva Agüero</a> (first to bear the title)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 1823</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Succession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vice_President_of_Peru" title="Vice President of Peru">Vice President</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vice_President_of_Peru" title="Vice President of Peru">Vice President of Peru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data">S/ 15,500 /month<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidencia.gob.pe/">www.presidencia.gob.pe</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Politics of Peru</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg" class="image"><img alt="Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/150px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/225px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/300px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1200" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;">
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Peru.svg" class="image"><img alt="Presidential Standard of Peru.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Presidential_Standard_of_Peru.svg/40px-Presidential_Standard_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Presidential_Standard_of_Peru.svg/60px-Presidential_Standard_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Presidential_Standard_of_Peru.svg/80px-Presidential_Standard_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of Peru</a></b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vice_Presidents_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Presidents of Peru">Vice Presidents of Peru</a></b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Dina Boluarte</a> (1st)<br />Vacant (2nd)</li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Peru">Prime Minister of Peru</a></b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirtha_V%C3%A1squez" title="Mirtha Vásquez">Mirtha Vásquez</a></li></ul>
</div>
<hr />
<div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabinet_of_Peru" title="Cabinet of Peru">Cabinet</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Peruvian_Ministries" title="List of Peruvian Ministries">Ministries</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Logo_congreso.png" class="image"><img alt="Logo congreso.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Logo_congreso.png/40px-Logo_congreso.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="164" /></a></div>
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress of the Republic</a></b></div>
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_the_Congress_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Congress of Peru">President</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maricarmen_Alva" title="Maricarmen Alva">Maricarmen Alva</a></div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judiciary_of_Peru" title="Judiciary of Peru">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist">
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Escudo_del_Poder_Judicial_del_Per%C3%BA.png" class="image"><img alt="Escudo del Poder Judicial del Perú.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Escudo_del_Poder_Judicial_del_Per%C3%BA.png/35px-Escudo_del_Poder_Judicial_del_Per%C3%BA.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="47" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="1786" /></a><br />
<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Peru" title="Supreme Court of Peru">Supreme Court of the Republic</a></b><br />President <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Elvia_Barrios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elvia Barrios (page does not exist)">Elvia Barrios</a>
</p>
</div>
<hr />
<div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru" title="Superior Courts of Justice of Peru">Superior Courts of Justice</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Courts_of_First_Instance_of_Peru" title="Courts of First Instance of Peru">Courts of First Instance</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Courts_of_Peace_of_Peru" title="Courts of Peace of Peru">Courts of Peace</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;">Autonomies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Board_of_Justice" title="National Board of Justice">National Board of Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Tribunal of Peru">Constitutional Tribunal</a></li>
<li>Public Ministry</li>
<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_ombudsman" title="Peruvian ombudsman">Office of the Public Defender<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Ombudsman)</span></a></div></li>
<li>Comptrollership General</li>
<li>Financial superintendence <span style="font-size:85%;">(SBS)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Central Reserve Bank</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Peru" title="Elections in Peru">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_electoral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian electoral system">Electoral system</a>
<dl><dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Office_of_Electoral_Processes" title="National Office of Electoral Processes">Electoral Processes <span style="font-size:85%;">(ONPE)</span></a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Jury_of_Elections" title="National Jury of Elections">Jury of Elections <span style="font-size:85%;">(JNE)</span></a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Registry_of_Identification_and_Civil_Status" title="National Registry of Identification and Civil Status">National Registry <span style="font-size:85%;">(RENIEC)</span></a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Peru" title="Administrative divisions of Peru">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;">
<ul><li>First level<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regions_of_Peru" title="Regions of Peru">24 departments</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">1 constitutional province</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lima_Province" title="Lima Province">1 special regime province</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regional_Governments_of_Peru" title="Regional Governments of Peru">25 regional governments</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metropolitan_Municipality_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Municipality of Lima">1 Metropolitan Municipality</a>)</li>
<li>Second level<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provinces_of_Peru" title="Provinces of Peru">196 provinces</a> (Provincial municipalities)</li>
<li>Third level<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Districts_of_Peru" title="Districts of Peru">1874 districts</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Municipalities_of_Peru" title="Municipalities of Peru">District municipalities</a>)</li>
<li>Fourth level<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Populated_centers_of_Peru" title="Populated centers of Peru">Populated centers of Peru</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Peru" title="Foreign relations of Peru">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Peru)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>
<dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%93scar_Ma%C3%BArtua" title="Óscar Maúrtua">Óscar Maúrtua</a></dd></dl></li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Peru" title="List of diplomatic missions of Peru">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Peru" title="List of diplomatic missions in Peru">in Peru</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_nationality_law" title="Peruvian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_passport" title="Peruvian passport">Passport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Peruvian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Peruvian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Peru" title="Visa policy of Peru">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Peru.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/32px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/48px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/64px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Peru portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Peru" title="Template:Politics of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Peru" title="Template talk:Politics of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_of_Peru&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>president of Peru</b> (Spanish: <i lang="es">Presidente del Perú</i>), formally recognized as the <b>President of the Republic of Peru</b> (Spanish: <i lang="es">Presidente de la República del Perú</i>), is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. The president is the head of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a> and is the Supreme Head of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Police of Peru</a>. The office of president corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country, making the president the highest ranking public official in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Due to broadly interpreted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a> wording in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">1993 Constitution of Peru</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Peru">Congress of Peru</a> can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-PROFE92_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PROFE92-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>The president is elected to direct the general policy of the government, work with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress of the Republic</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers (Peru)">Council of Ministers</a> to enact reform, and be an administrator of the state, enforcing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution of 1993</a> which establishes the presidential requirements, rights, and obligations. The executive branch is located at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_Palace_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Palace (Peru)">Palacio de Gobierno</a>, located in the historic center of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>. The building has been used and occupied by the heads of state of Peru, dating back to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Viceroys_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Viceroys of Peru">viceroys of Peru</a>.
</p><p>The current President of Peru is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a>, who succeeded <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Sagasti" title="Francisco Sagasti">Francisco Sagasti</a> on 28 July 2021. He was elected in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_Peruvian_general_election" title="2021 Peruvian general election">2021 Peruvian general election</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Presidential_terms_and_transitions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Presidential terms and transitions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Constitutional_limits"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Constitutional limits</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Inauguration"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Inauguration</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Setting_and_attendees"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Setting and attendees</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Presidential_oath"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Presidential oath</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pre-Columbian_era"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-Columbian era</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Republic_era"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Republic era</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Powers_and_duties"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Powers and duties</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#1823_Constitution"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">1823 Constitution</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Limitations_of_the_executive_power"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Limitations of the executive power</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#1826_Constitution"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">1826 Constitution</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Limitations_of_executive_power"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Limitations of executive power</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#1860_Constitution"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">1860 Constitution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#1993_Constitution"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">1993 Constitution</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Presidential_symbols"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Presidential symbols</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Presidential_sash"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Presidential sash</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Grand_Necklace_of_Brilliance"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Grand Necklace of Brilliance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Plaque"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Plaque</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Staff"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Staff</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Eligibility"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Eligibility</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Constitution_of_1993_(contemporary)"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Constitution of 1993 (contemporary)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#List_of_presidents_of_Peru"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">List of presidents of Peru</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Post-presidency"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Post-presidency</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Demographics_of_the_presidents"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics of the presidents</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Line_of_succession"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Line of succession</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidential_terms_and_transitions">Presidential terms and transitions</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Constitutional_limits">Constitutional limits</span></h3>
<p>Ordinarily, the president is elected to a five-year term, and is barred from immediate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reelection" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelection">reelection</a>. A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Peru" title="List of presidents of Peru">former president</a> can run again after being out of office for a full term.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> The change of government takes place on 28 July, which is the date of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_American_wars_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American wars of independence">independence from Spain</a> and thus a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiestas_Patrias_(Peru)" title="Fiestas Patrias (Peru)">national holiday</a>.
</p><p>The Congress of the Republic has the power to end a president's term prematurely through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a>. Under Article 113 of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1993_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Peruvian constitutional referendum">Constitution of 1993</a>, the president can be removed due to death, "permanent moral or physical disability" determined by Congress, resignation, fleeing national territory without permission from Congress, or dismissal for committing infractions outlined in Article 117 of the Constitution.
</p><p>Four presidents of Peru have attempted to resign: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guillermo_Billinghurst" title="Guillermo Billinghurst">Guillermo Billinghurst</a> (forced resignation), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Andrés Avelino Cáceres</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a>. Two presidents have been impeached unsuccessfully, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Martín Vizcarra</a>(first impeachment) while the impeachments of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guillermo_Billinghurst" title="Guillermo Billinghurst">Guillermo Billinghurst</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Martín Vizcarra</a>(second impeachment) have been successful.
</p><p>The president is elected to a term of 5 years without immediate re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> A presidential inauguration is held every five years on 28 July in Congress. The last directly elected president was President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a>, who was elected for a term from 2016 to 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Following the presidential line of succession, Vice President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Martín Vizcarra</a>, former governor of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moquegua" title="Moquegua">Moquegua</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport">Minister of Transportation</a>, and Ambassador to Canada, succeeded him as president following Kuczynski's resignation in 2018 to fill the remaining term. In 2020, Vizcarra was impeached and removed from office and the presidential line of succession led to the ascension of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">President of Congress</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Merino" title="Manuel Merino">Manuel Merino</a> to the presidency. Merino resigned the office within a week of his inauguration amid pressure from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2020_Peruvian_protests" title="2020 Peruvian protests">mass protests</a>. Congress elected <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Sagasti" title="Francisco Sagasti">Francisco Sagasti</a> to fill the remaining term.
</p><p>There have also been a number of unrecognized presidents. In 1992 and 2019, after the dissolution of the Congress, the legislative body unsuccessfully removed the president from office and swore in vice presidents as the de facto president.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are 14 presidents that became presidents through a coup d'état. The last successful coup d'état was carried out by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> in 1992, who is now imprisoned for human rights violations and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Inauguration">Inauguration</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Setting_and_attendees">Setting and attendees</span></h3>
<p>Presidential inaugurations take place in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress of the Republic of Peru</a> in the capital city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>. Presidential inaugurations always take place on 28 July of its respective year, although in the case of constitutional succession, an inauguration is on the day that the presidential successor arrives in Lima, Peru. The presidential inauguration precedes the National Parade of the Military of Peru.
</p><p>Foreign dignitaries have often assisted the democratic transition of power in Peru.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidential_oath">Presidential oath</span></h3><p>
The contemporary placed presidential oath in Spanish is as follows:</p><blockquote><p>Yo, Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo, juro por Dios, por la patria, y por todos los peruanos que ejerceré fielmente el cargo de Presidente de la República que me ha confiado el nación para el periodo 2018 a 2021, que defenderé la soberanía nacional y la integridad física y moral de la República, que cumpliré y hare cumplir la constitución política y las leyes del Perú, y que reconocerá, respetando la libertad de corto, la importancia de la Iglesia Católica en la formación cultural y moral de los peruanos.
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo</a>, <i>Presidential Oath of Office</i> July 28, 2018 In English</p></blockquote><p>The English translation is as follows:</p><blockquote><p>I, [<i>complete name of presidential elect</i>], swear to God, to the Homeland, and to all Peruvians that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Republic of Peru that has been entrusted to me by the Nation for the period [<i>start of mandate</i>] to [<i>end of mandate</i>], that I will defend the sovereignty of the nation as well as the physical and moral integrity of the Nation, that I will comply and enforce the political constitution and laws of Peru, and that I will recognize, respecting freedoms, the importance of the Roman Catholic Church in the cultural and moral formation of Peruvians. </p></blockquote><p>The President of Congress conventionally holds the presidential sash before the President-elect takes the oath of office. Once the President-elect has taken the oath of office, the president is recognized by all branches of the Government of Peru as the democratic President of the Republic of Peru, symbolized by the President of the Congress passing the presidential sash. The nominee is recognized as the President of Peru with and only with the presidential sash.
</p><p>As of 2019, there have been two illegitimate presidential inaugurations performed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress of Peru</a>, but not recognized by either the executive branch or the armed forces: one in 1995 and the inauguration of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes_Ar%C3%A1oz" title="Mercedes Aráoz">Mercedes Aráoz</a> in 2019 amidst a confrontation between the executive and legislative powers of Peru.
</p><p>There is also an emphasis on Christianity and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> in the oath of office. All presidents of Peru have been Catholic and have taken the oath of office alongside the Christian Bible, and in front of a Catholic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-Columbian_era">Pre-Columbian era</span></h3>
<p>The first State recognizable as such under current concepts in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Andean_dry_puna" title="Central Andean dry puna">central Andes</a> was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Wari civilization</a>, whose system of government has not yet been fully unraveled. Later, between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">thirteenth century</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">sixteenth century</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca civilization</a> developed, whose State, based on the political management of reciprocity and alien to all European conceptions of then and now, had the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a> at its head.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>The modern Peruvian state is the heir of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>. In 1532, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Peru">Spanish conquerors</a> arrived in the territory, imposed their dominion and managed to establish a Spanish dependency. This dependence began as governorships corresponding to the conquerors, with the title of Governor. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">Governorate of the New Toledo</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a>) – which otherwise never consolidated – had as its capital the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">city of Cusco</a>, the current historical capital of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">Governorate of the New Castile</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>) had as its capital the City of Kings, as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> was also called initially and it was on this that the Viceroyalty was instituted after the civil wars.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1542, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> was established, whose government was held by the representative of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">King of Spain</a> (Head of State) with the title of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Viceroys_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Viceroys of Peru">Viceroy of Peru</a> (Head of Government). The true organizer of the viceregal state was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Francisco de Toledo</a>.
</p><p>This period had only two stages corresponding to the two Spanish dynasties: the houses of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a>, and lasted 282 years from its establishment in 1542 to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Capitulation of Ayacucho</a> in 1824, despite the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">independence of Peru in 1821</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fernando_de_Abascal_y_Sousa" title="José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa">José Fernando de Abascal</a> was in charge of centralizing Spanish political and military power in Peru. His successors, the last viceroys of Peru were parallel to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">Jose de San Martin</a> and his first successors. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma" title="Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquess of Viluma">Joaquín de la Pezuela</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes" title="José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes">José de la Serna</a> faced the liberating armies and the last of them signed the capitulation. Finally, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/P%C3%ADo_de_Trist%C3%A1n" title="Pío de Tristán">Pío Tristán</a> was the interim viceroy in charge of transferring power to the patriots.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Republic_era">Republic era</span></h3>
<p>In July 1821, during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peruvian War of Independence</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a> states lying in the viceroyalty of Peru declared themselves as independent and sovereign from influence and mediation from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. Recognizing the impending threat of Spanish backlash to regain their lost colonies, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> viceroyalty began to draft a constitution on which they would decide to base the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign nation</a>. Working closely with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constituent_Congress_of_Peru,_1822" title="Constituent Congress of Peru, 1822">Constituent Congress of Peru in 1822</a>, a formal constitution was created, named the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution of 1823</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Xavier_de_Luna_Pizarro" title="Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro">Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro</a>, a Peruvian politician, presided and led the Constituent Congress of Peru, leading to him being subjectively regarded as the first informal President of Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first articles of the 1823 Constitution consisted of 24 items, known as the "Bases". These bases formally defined the borders of the Andean nation and formally created the First Republic of Peru, which still holds until the present day. The governing board, led by Luna Pizarro, declared Peruvian autonomy from Spain and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Catholic state</a>. Additionally, the Constitution defined the three powers of the government, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">executive</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> power. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governing_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Governing board">Governing board</a>, a colloquial terminology that was used to classify the ten politicians that devised these 24 items, was the first representation of executive power and the executive branch in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">Peruvian history</a>.
</p><p>Later, issues arose around the bases which granted the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protectorate_of_Peru" title="Protectorate of Peru">protectorate of Peru</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar</a>, overwhelming power over the legislative and executive organs of the Peruvian government.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> At the same time, Bolivar was already undergoing a campaign to establish a dictatorship around Andean Latin American nations. As a precursor, this incentivized the initial drafters of the constitution and the Governing Board to accelerate the process of defining reasonable executive powers, balance the three branches of power, and begin to draft an idea for the roles and powers of the official position of state leader of Peru.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Independence of Chile">Act of Independence</a> was signed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> on 15 August 1821, and soon after the government was left under the charge of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> with the title of Protector. Later, the legislative branch occupied the executive branch. In 1823 the Congress appointed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva_Ag%C3%BCero" title="José de la Riva Agüero">José de la Riva Agüero</a> as the first President of the Republic of the history of Peru. Since then, that has been the main denomination that has held the great majority of the rulers of Peru. The same first Political Constitution of 1823 (after the appointment of Riva Agüero) recognizes the position,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> and says ex officio: "Article 72. Resides exclusively the exercise of executive power in a citizen with the name of President of the Republic."
</p><p>
Only two constitutions have been contrary, partially, to the presidential republican system, the Lifetime Political Constitution of 1826 emanating from Simón Bolívar and expressing:</p><blockquote><p><i>The exercise of the Executive Power resides in a Life President, a Vice President, and four Secretaries of State.</i></p></blockquote><p>By 1827, an outline of an executive along with the executive branch had been drawn out to prevent a Bolivarian dictatorship which would be seen by the populace as a general return to Spanish tyrannical rule.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> As a result, on 28 July 1827, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Salazar_y_Baqu%C3%ADjano" title="Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano">Manuel Salazar</a> assumed the formal office of the presidency and became the first president of Peru to be elected by the populace, marking the start of the Presidency of Peru.
</p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Powers_and_duties">Powers and duties</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1823_Constitution">1823 Constitution</span></h3>
<p>The President is head of the general administration of the Republic, and his authority extends both to the preservation of public order internally, and to external security in accordance with the Constitution and laws.
</p><p>The duties exclusive to the President have been defined the 1823 Constitution as:
</p>
<ol><li>To promulgate, execute, protect, and comply with the laws, decrees, and resolutions of the Congress of Peru and to issue the orders indispensable for its effect.</li>
<li>To have supreme command over the armed forces of Peru.</li>
<li>To order and verify democratic free elections on the days indicated by the Constitution.</li>
<li>To declare war when appropriate after being passed through the Congress of Peru.</li>
<li>To regulate and join peace treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.</li>
<li>To oversee and determine the investment of the funds allocated by the Congress of Peru to the various branches of the public administration.</li>
<li>Appoint officers and officials of the Peruvian Armed Forces with the agreement and consent of Congress.</li>
<li>Appoint Ministers, members of the Presidential Cabinet, the Prime Minister, and diplomats with the agreement and consent of Congress.</li>
<li>Ensure the proper administration of justice in the Peruvian Judicial System and on the compliance of the judgments that they pronounce, as well as establish the trial by jury courts.</li>
<li>Inform the legislature of the political and military status quo of the Republic of Peru, indicating substantial improvements or suitable reforms in every branch of Peruvian society.</li></ol>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Limitations_of_the_executive_power">Limitations of the executive power</span></h4>
<ol><li>The President cannot and will not personally command the armed force without the consent of Congress.</li>
<li>The President cannot and will not leave the nation without permission from Congress.</li>
<li>Under no pretext can the President conduct business with members of the Supreme Court.</li>
<li>The President cannot and will not deprive any Peruvian of personal liberty, and if public security requires the arrest or detention of any person, the President may order the appropriate detention with the indispensable condition that within twenty-four hours the detainee will be available to their respective judge.</li>
<li>Furthermore, the President cannot and will not impose any penalties. The Minister who signed the order of detention, and the official who executes it can act on behalf of the detainee's individual freedom.</li>
<li>The President cannot and will not defer or suspend sessions of the Congress under any circumstances.</li></ol>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1826_Constitution">1826 Constitution</span></h3>
<p>The powers of the President of the Republic are:
</p>
<ol><li>Open sessions of the Congress, and present the legislative body a message about the State of the Republic yearly.</li>
<li>Propose the Vice President of Peru to Congress and appoint Secretaries of the Republic.</li>
<li>Dismiss the Vice President and Secretaries of the Republic, whenever the President deems it appropriate.</li>
<li>Send, publish, circulate, and enforce the laws.</li>
<li>Authorize the regulations and orders that maximizes compliance with the Constitution, laws and public treaties of the Republic.</li>
<li>Send and enforce the judgments of the Courts of Justice.</li>
<li>Request the extension of ordinary sessions of the Legislative Body for up to thirty days.</li>
<li>Convene the Legislative Body for extraordinary sessions, in a case where it is absolutely necessary.</li>
<li>To have the permanent force of the sea and land for exterior defense of the Republic.</li>
<li>To send in person the armies of the Republic in peace and in war. When the President is absent from the capital, the Vice President in charge of the Republic will take the duties and responsibilities of the President.</li>
<li>When the President leads the war in person, the President may reside in all the territory occupied by national arms.</li>
<li>Have the National Militia for internal security, within the limits of its departments and outside of them, with the consent of the Legislative Body.</li>
<li>Name all employees of the Army and Navy.</li>
<li>Establish military schools, and nautical schools.</li>
<li>Command to establish military hospitals and homes for the disabled.</li>
<li>Give withdrawals and licenses. Grant the pensions of the military and their families in accordance with the laws, and arrange, according to them, all the rest consequent to this branch.</li>
<li>Declare war on behalf of the Republic, after the decree of the Legislative Body.</li>
<li>Grant patents for privateering.</li>
<li>Take care of the collection and investment of contributions according to the laws.</li>
<li>Name employees.</li>
<li>Direct diplomatic negotiations, and celebrate treaties of peace, friendship, federation, alliance, truces, armed neutrality, trade, and any other, always having to precede the approval of the Legislative Body.</li>
<li>Appoint the Public Ministers, Consuls and subordinates of the Department of Foreign Affairs.</li>
<li>Receive foreign ministers</li>
<li>Grant the pass, or suspend the conciliar decisions, pontifical, brief and resigned with the consent of the Power to whom it corresponds.</li>
<li>Propose to the Chamber of Censors, in short, individuals for the Supreme Court of Justice, and those who have to submit to the Archbishoprics, Bishoprics, Canongias and perks.</li>
<li>Present to the Senate for approval one of the list of candidates proposed by the Electoral Body for Prefects, Governors and Corregidores.</li>
<li>Choose one of the list of candidates proposed by the Ecclesiastical Government for priests and vicars of the provinces.</li>
<li>Suspend up to three months for employees, provided there is cause for it.</li>
<li>Commute the capital sentences decreed to the inmates by the Courts.</li>
<li>Issue, on behalf of the Republic, titles or appointments to all employees.</li></ol>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Limitations_of_executive_power">Limitations of executive power</span></h4>
<ol><li>The President may not deprive any Peruvian of his liberty, nor impose on him any penalty.</li>
<li>When the security of the Republic requires the arrest of one or more citizens, it may not exceed forty-eight hours without placing the accused at the disposal of the competent Court or Judge.</li>
<li>He may not deprive any individual of his property, but in the event that the public interest so requires, but he must precede a just compensation to the owner.</li>
<li>It will not be able to prevent the elections or the other functions that by the laws compete to the Powers of the Republic.</li>
<li>He can not absent himself from the territory of the Republic, nor from the capital, without permission from the Legislative Body.</li></ol>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1860_Constitution">1860 Constitution</span></h3>
<p>The powers of the President of the Republic are:
</p>
<ol><li>To preserve the internal order and the external security of the Republic without contravening the laws.</li>
<li>Convene the ordinary Congress and the extraordinary, when there is a need.</li>
<li>Concurring to the opening of the Congress, presenting a message about the state of the Republic and about the improvements and reforms it deems appropriate.</li>
<li>Take part in the formation of laws, in accordance with this constitution.</li>
<li>Enact and enforce the laws and other resolutions of the Congress; and give decrees, orders, regulations and instructions for their better compliance.</li>
<li>Give the necessary orders for the collection and investment of public revenues in accordance with the law.</li>
<li>Require judges and courts for the prompt and accurate administration of justice.</li>
<li>Enforce the judgments of the courts and courts.</li>
<li>Organize the forces of sea and land: distribute them, and dispose of them for the service of the Republic.</li>
<li>Have the National Guard in their respective provinces, without being able to remove them, but in case of sedition on the border, or in the war outside.</li>
<li>To direct diplomatic negotiations and to conclude treaties, placing on them the express condition that they will be submitted to the Congress.</li>
<li>Receive foreign Ministers and admit the Consuls.</li>
<li>Appoint and remove the Ministers of State and the Diplomatic Agents.</li>
<li>To clear licenses and pensions, according to the laws.</li>
<li>Exercise the Board in accordance with the laws and current practice.</li>
<li>Present to Archbishops and Bishops, with the approval of Congress, those who are elected according to the law.</li>
<li>Present for the Dignities and Canongias of the Cathedrals, for the parishes and other ecclesiastical benefits, in accordance with the laws and current practice.</li>
<li>Celebrate concordats with the Apostolic Chair, following the instructions given by Congress.</li>
<li>Grant or deny the passage to the conciliar decrees, papal bulls, briefs and rescripts, with the consent of the Congress, and previously hearing the Supreme Court of Justice, if they were related to contentious matters.</li>
<li>Provide vacant jobs, whose appointment corresponds according to the Constitution and special laws.</li></ol>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="1993_Constitution">1993 Constitution</span></h3>
<p>The President of the Republic, in addition to the Head of State, is the Head of the national Government. Its functions are explicit in the Constitution and the Organic Law of the Executive Power.
</p>
<ol><li>Comply and enforce the Constitution and treaties, laws and other legal provisions.</li>
<li>Represent the State, inside and outside the Republic.</li>
<li>Direct the general policy of the Government.</li>
<li>Ensure the internal order and the external security of the Republic.</li>
<li>Convene elections for President of the Republic and for representatives to Congress, as well as for mayors and aldermen and other officials indicated by law.</li>
<li>Summon the Congress to an extraordinary legislature; and sign, in that case, the decree of convocation.</li>
<li>Direct messages to the Congress at any time and obligatorily, in a personal form and in writing, upon the installation of the first annual ordinary legislature. The annual messages contain a detailed exposition of the situation of the Republic and the improvements and reforms that the President deems necessary and convenient for consideration by the Congress. The messages of the President of the Republic, except for the first one, are approved by the Council of Ministers.</li>
<li>Exercise the power to regulate the laws without transgressing or denaturing them; and, within such limits, issue decrees and resolutions.</li>
<li>Comply and enforce the judgments and resolutions of the jurisdictional bodies.</li>
<li>Fulfill and enforce the resolutions of the National Elections Jury.</li>
<li>Direct foreign policy and international relations; and celebrate and ratify treaties.</li>
<li>Appoint ambassadors and plenipotentiary ministers, with the approval of the Council of Ministers, with the responsibility of reporting to the Congress.</li>
<li>Receive foreign diplomatic agents and authorize the consuls to exercise their functions.</li>
<li>Preside over the National Defense System; and organize, distribute and arrange the employment of the Armed Forces and the National Police.</li>
<li>Adopt the necessary measures for the defence of the Republic, the integrity of the territory and the sovereignty of the State.</li>
<li>Declare war and sign peace, with authorization from Congress.</li>
<li>Manage public finances</li>
<li>Negotiate loans</li>
<li>Dictate extraordinary measures, by emergency decrees with the force of law, in economic and financial matters, when the national interest requires it and with a charge of reporting to the Congress. Congress may modify or repeal the aforementioned emergency decrees.</li>
<li>Regulate tariff rates.</li>
<li>Grant pardons and commute sentences. Exercising the right of grace for the benefit of the accused in cases where the stage of instruction has exceeded twice its term plus its extension.</li>
<li>Confer decorations on behalf of the Nation.</li>
<li>Authorize Peruvians to serve in a foreign army.</li>
<li>Grant extradition, with the approval of the Council of Ministers, following a report from the Supreme Court of Justice of the Republic.</li>
<li>Preside over the Forum of the National Agreement, being able to delegate this function to the President of the Council of Ministers.</li>
<li>Exercise the other functions of government and administration that the Constitution and the laws entrust to it.</li></ol>
<p>The acts of the President of the Republic that lack ministerial endorsement are null. It corresponds to the President of the Republic to preside over the Council of Ministers when it is convened or when he attends its sessions. The President of the Republic appoints and removes the President of the council. Appoints and removes the other ministers, on the proposal and with an agreement, respectively, from the President of the council.
</p><p>The ministers are individually responsible for their own acts and for the presidential acts they endorse. All ministers are jointly and severally liable for criminal acts or violations of the Constitution or the laws that the President of the Republic incurs or that are agreed upon in the council, even if they save their vote unless they resign immediately.
</p><p>The <b>Constitution of 1993</b>, a product of the Presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), is the constitution that is currently in place.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidential_symbols">Presidential symbols</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidential_sash">Presidential sash</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:CEREMONIA_DE_GRADUACI%C3%93N_DE_CADETES_NAVALES_(15844100167)_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/CEREMONIA_DE_GRADUACI%C3%93N_DE_CADETES_NAVALES_%2815844100167%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-CEREMONIA_DE_GRADUACI%C3%93N_DE_CADETES_NAVALES_%2815844100167%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:CEREMONIA_DE_GRADUACI%C3%93N_DE_CADETES_NAVALES_(15844100167)_(cropped).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Former president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a> using the presidential sash, plaque and baton</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidential_sash" title="Presidential sash">presidential sash</a> is the most distinctive feature that the President wears and has been used since the beginning of the Republic. It was inherited from the last <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroys</a>. The placement and delivery of the presidential sash symbolize a democratic transition of power. The band is used by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Congress_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Congress (Peru)">President of Congress</a> until the new president is sworn in.
</p><p>It is a bicolor band that carries the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">national colors</a> (red and white). This band is worn diagonally from the right shoulder to the left side of the waist. At the waist, like a brooch, the band was embroidered in golden thread the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Peru" title="Coat of arms of Peru">Coat of arms of Peru</a>. There is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> family that has traditionally made them. They are made to measure for each President and have been used normally with formal suit: suit, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">tuxedo</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">military uniform</a>. Since 2006, the Shield was moved up to chest height.
</p><p>A symbolic act narrated by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ricardo_Palma" title="Ricardo Palma">Ricardo Palma</a> in his famous <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_Traditions" title="Peruvian Traditions">Peruvian Traditions</a></i> was made during the confused first half of the 1840s, by President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Justo_Figuerola" title="Justo Figuerola">Justo Figuerola</a>. This, in front of the protests made by the pope in front of his home, he asked his daughter to take the presidential band out of the dresser drawer and give it to the people from the balcony. The crowd left happy and alive to Figuerola and went to find someone to impose the garment, which, so many times coveted, this time did not find who wanted to stick it.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabinet_of_Peru" title="Cabinet of Peru">Ministers of State</a> wear a red-and-white sash; Supreme Members, Congressmen of the Republic, Magistrates of the Constitutional Court, Members of the National Council of the Magistracy, Supreme Prosecutors, the Ombudsman, etc., wear red-and-white collars with medals that recognize them as such.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Grand_Necklace_of_Brilliance">Grand Necklace of Brilliance</span></h3>
<p>The necklace is the symbol of the highest authority in the country. It is composed of gold and encrusted with diamonds, bearing at the center a medal that contains the coat of arms of Peru. Presidents <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%93scar_R._Benavides" title="Óscar R. Benavides">Oscar R. Benavides Larrea</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche" title="Manuel Prado Ugarteche">Manuel Prado y Ugarteche</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bustamante_y_Rivero" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bustamante y Rivero">Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero</a> notably used the large necklace and other insignias. Its use disappeared after the administration of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde_Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Belaúnde Terry">Fernando Belaúnde Terry</a>. Recently its use was 'revived' by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a> Pérez in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> Summit held precisely in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> in May 2008.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Plaque">Plaque</span></h3>
<p>The President of the Republic carries a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plaquette" title="Plaquette">plaque</a> in the left upper pocket of the bag in the manner of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lanyard" title="Lanyard">lanyard</a> with the insignia of the military command that recognizes him as Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces. It is the heir of the distinctive and military honors worn by presidents belonging to the Armed Forces throughout the history of the country. It is golden and has the shape of a radiant sun.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Staff">Staff</span></h3>
<p>The staff originates from the Spanish custom of symbolizing power with a cane. The custom was introduced in the eighteenth century in the Andes, after the rebellion of José Gabriel Túpac Amaru and Túpac Catari in 1780 to represent the dignity of mayor of Incas. Unlike Argentina, the use of a cane that symbolizes the power and office of President (symbolically, varayoc), has not been common in the history of the Peruvian presidency and has been replaced innumerable times by the saber or the sword of the military presidents. Only a handful of cases are remarkable. Mariano Ignacio Prado, José Balta and Augusto B. Leguía used it in pictures and presidential photographs. Recently, Alejandro Toledo, made use of the cane in his symbolic assumption to the charge in Cusco and also on a few other occasions. Its most recent use corresponds to 29 July 2008, the date of the traditional military parade, when Alan García carried a small presidential staff, the same one used by Ollanta Humala in the military parade on 29 July 2011.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History of Peru</a></div>
<p>During its more than 190 years of independence, Peru has been ruled by the military leaders who fought for independence, the leaders of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>, representatives of the aristocracy, and democratically elected leaders. Also, the history of the presidency has involved civil wars, coups and violence. More than once, several individuals claimed the right to be president at the same time.
</p><p>Different titles have been used, such as "Protector of Peru" (used by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a>), and "Supreme Protector" (by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Andrés de Santa Cruz</a>).
</p><p>The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as President of Peru.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Eligibility">Eligibility</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution of Peru</a></div>
<p>The Constitution of 1823, the first constitution of this country, indicates that to be the President of Peru one must:
</p>
<ul><li>Be a person born in Peru.</li>
<li>Gather the same qualities as to be a leader.</li>
<li>Be a citizen in practice.</li>
<li>Be over 35 years old</li>
<li>Be from Peru</li>
<li>Have a property or income of eight hundred soles at least, or exercise any industry that yields them annually, or be a public professor of some science.</li></ul>
<p>The Constitution of 1826, on the other hand, incorporating some subjective concepts, requires the following:
</p>
<ul><li>Be a practicing citizen, and a native of Peru.</li>
<li>Be over thirty years of age.</li>
<li>Have done important services to the Republic.</li>
<li>Have well-known talents in the administration of the State.</li>
<li>Never have been convicted by the Courts, even for minor offenses.</li></ul>
<p>The Constitution of 1856 states the requirements to be president: be Peruvian by birth, citizen in office and thirty-five years of age and ten of domicile in the Republic, which will remain virtually unchanged until today. As of 1979, the requirement of having resided in the country for the last ten years is eliminated.
</p>
<h3><span id="Constitution_of_1993_.28contemporary.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Constitution_of_1993_(contemporary)">Constitution of 1993 (contemporary)</span></h3>
<ul><li>A President must be Peruvian by birth (those who are Peruvians by naturalization can not access the position). He must be more than thirty-five years of age at the time he is applying and fully exercising his civil rights, that is, he must not bear any penal sanction or civil declaration of disability, which includes the right to vote.</li>
<li>They can not be candidates for the presidency if they have not left office six months before the election:
<ul><li>The Ministers and Deputy Ministers of State, the Comptroller General.</li>
<li>The members of the Constitutional Court, the National Council of the Judiciary, the Judicial Power, the Public Ministry, the National Elections Jury, and the Ombudsman.</li>
<li>The President of the Central Reserve Bank, the Superintendent of Banking, Insurance and Private Administrators of Pension Funds and the National Superintendent of Tax Administration.</li>
<li>The members of the Armed Forces and the National Police in activity.</li>
<li>The other cases that the Constitution provides.</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>According to the Organic Law of Elections, they can not run for the Presidency or Vice Presidencies of the Republic:
</p>
<ul><li>The Ministers and Deputy Ministers of State, the Comptroller General of the Republic and the regional authorities, if they have not resigned at least six months before the election.</li>
<li>The members of the Constitutional Court, of the National Council of the Judiciary, of the Judicial Power, of the Public Ministry, of the organisms that comprise the Electoral System and the Ombudsman, if they have not left office 6 (six) months before the election</li>
<li>The President of the Central Reserve Bank, the Superintendent of Banking and Insurance, the Superintendent of Tax Administration, the National Superintendent of Customs and the Superintendent of Private Pension Funds Administrators, if they have not resigned at least six months before the election.</li>
<li>The members of the Armed Forces and the National Police who have not retreated to the retirement situation at least six months before the election</li>
<li>The spouse and consanguineous relatives within the fourth degree, and the related ones within the second, of the one that exercises the Presidency or has exercised it in the year preceding the election.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_presidents_of_Peru">List of presidents of Peru</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Peru" title="List of presidents of Peru">List of presidents of Peru</a>.</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-presidency">Post-presidency</span></h2>
<p>All former elected presidents of Peru since 1985 have been prosecuted since leaving office:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Morales_Bermudez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Morales Bermudez">Francisco Morales Bermudez</a> was sentenced to life in prison by an Italian court in January 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li>Prior to his resignation in 2000, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> escaped to Japan seeking political refuge, where he faxed his resignation to Peru. He unsuccessfully attempted to run for a parliamentary position in the Parliament of Japan, and ultimately returned to Latin America in 2006 to run for the 2006 presidential elections. The refugee president's flight diverted to Chile, where he stayed for six days. Peruvian officials and the President of Peru during the time expressed discontent at Chilean officials for allowing the indicted former president into the continent without repercussion. Ultimately, Fujimori flew back to Peru for unstated reasons and was arrested. Fujimori was convicted of corruption, bribery, human rights violations, crimes against humanities, murder, and other charges, for 25 years of prison until 2031. Fujimori served his sentence until 2017, where then Peruvian President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski issued a presidential pardon, clearing Fujimori of his conviction. Following the resignation of Kuczynski, the pardon was declared illegitimate and Fujimori was arrested and returned to confinement. Presently, Fujimori remains in custody, serving the rest of his 25-year sentence.</li>
<li>Following the end of his term in 2006, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo">Alejandro Toledo</a> abruptly withdrew from Peruvian politics. Toledo and his spouse, Eliane Karp, both moved to California, in the United States, where they have resided since, to avoid prosecution. Toledo and his wife were charged with multiple offenses of corruption and probing, and have been summoned to Peru for a trial. Toledo ignored this warning and proceeded to remain in the United States. Toledo claimed to have been a professor at Stanford University, but the university verified that Toledo was solely invited as a one-time guest speaker to the institution. Many efforts have been made by former President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and President Martin Vizcarra to extradite Toledo, but no responses have been heard from the United States government. In March 2019, Toledo was temporarily arrested for public drunkenness in California, and was released later that night. Via a call in, Toledo denied that he was arrested. There is currently a $25,000 reward for the ex-president. In August 2019, Toledo was finally arrested in Northern California as part of an extradition request from the Ministry of Justice of Peru. He has been held in custody ever since and awaiting for a clear for extradition from the United States government.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a> and his wife, Nadine Heredia, were abruptly arrested following the end of his term. Both of them were detained for 6 months for investigation on the means of corruption, but were later released. There were no conclusions or evidence provided by the investigation. Humala continues to reside in Lima awaiting his trial.</li>
<li>Following his resignation in March 2018, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a> quietly left the Government Palace and returned to his home in the district of San Isidro. Kuczynski remained out of the public eye for the following ten months, but was then summoned to the Department of Justice. All of Kuczynski's bank accounts were frozen and he was prohibited from leaving the country. Kuczynski made few public appearances, but on the first anniversary of his resignation, Kuczynski made his first major public appearance on El Commercio. The former president mentioned his present financial ruins and the amounts of loans he was forced to make. Additionally, Kuczynski mentioned that he felt betrayed by Martin Vizcarra, the incumbent President of Peru who succeeded Kuczynski following his resignation. On 10 April 2019, Kuczynski was arrested for primary corruption charges on the basis of an ongoing investigation into his connections with Odebrecht, money laundering, and bribery. At the end of his detention, Kuczynski was sentenced to three years of house imprisonment until 2022.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Merino" title="Manuel Merino">Manuel Merino</a> was president for five days from 10 to 15 November 2020, following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Removal_of_Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Removal of Martín Vizcarra">impeachment and removal of Martín Vizcarra</a> by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Congress">Peruvian Congress</a>, before stepping down amid <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2020_Peruvian_protests" title="2020 Peruvian protests">widespread protests</a> resulting in casualties. He was inaugurated as president following the line of succession established in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">constitution</a>.</li></ul>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a> died by suicide on 17 April 2019 before being arrested.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics_of_the_presidents">Demographics of the presidents</span></h2>
<p>In contemporary history, two presidents are known not to have been of direct Peruvian descent, being <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> (1990–2000) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a> (2016–2018). Fujimori is of Japanese descent and Kuczynski is of German, French and Polish descent. A majority of presidents have been born in Lima.
</p><p>Three presidents have been assassinated in Peru's history—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Felipe_Santiago_Salaverry" title="Felipe Santiago Salaverry">Felipe Santiago Salaverry</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Tomás Gutiérrez">Tomás Gutiérrez</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro</a>. The president who has reached the longest life span is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Morales_Berm%C3%BAdez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Morales Bermúdez">Francisco Morales Bermúdez</a> (1975–1980), who is currently 99 years of age. One president, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a> (1985–1990, 2006–2011), committed suicide.
</p><p>The tallest recorded president is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a>, who stood at 1.93 m. The shortest is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo">Alejandro Toledo</a> (2001–2006), who stands at 1.65 m. The oldest person to assume the presidency was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a> (2016–2018) who assumed the presidency at 78 years and 217 days, with the second being <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fernando_Belaunde_Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Belaunde Terry">Fernando Belaunde Terry</a> (1963–1968, 1980–1985) who assumed his second presidency at 78 years and 39 days.
</p><p>Three <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvians" title="Peruvians">Peruvian</a> presidents lived into their 90's:
</p>
<ul><li><span style="color:green;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Morales_Berm%C3%BAdez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Morales Bermúdez">Francisco Morales Bermúdez</a></span> (born on 4 October 1921) (age 100 years, 141 days), the longest Lived Peruvian President and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Peru">Prime Minister</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Bustamante_y_Rivero" title="José Luis Bustamante y Rivero">José Luis Bustamante y Rivero</a> (15 January 1894 – 11 January 1989) (aged <span data-sort-value="7004346940000000000♠"></span>94 years, 362 days)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Ponce_Brousset" title="Manuel María Ponce Brousset">Manuel María Ponce Brousset</a> (5 April 1874 – 18 July 1966) (92 years, 104 days)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Line_of_succession">Line of succession</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis" title="2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis">2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis</a></div>
<p>Names of incumbents as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=President_of_Peru&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>:
</p>
<dl><dd><b>President of the Republic: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></b></dd></dl>
<ol><li>First Vice President: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Dina Boluarte</a></li>
<li>Second Vice President: (<i>vacant</i>)</li>
<li>President of Congress: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maricarmen_Alva" title="Maricarmen Alva">Maricarmen Alva</a></li>
<li>First Vice President of Congress: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lady_Camones" title="Lady Camones">Lady Camones</a></li>
<li>Second Vice President of Congress: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enrique_Wong" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrique Wong">Enrique Wong</a></li>
<li>Third Vice President of Congress: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patricia_Chirinos" title="Patricia Chirinos">Patricia Chirinos</a></li></ol>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Peru">Prime Minister of Peru</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1972" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, James L. (1972). "Revolution from Within: Changing Military Perspectives in Peru". <i>Naval War College Review</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 43–60. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-1484">0028-1484</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/44639763">44639763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=Revolution+from+Within%3A+Changing+Military+Perspectives+in+Peru&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=43-60&rft.date=1972&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44639763%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0028-1484&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PROFE92-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PROFE92_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAsensioCamachoGonzálezGrompone2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/"><i>El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación</i></a> (in Spanish) (1 ed.). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lima,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima, Peru">Lima, Peru</a>: <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Peruvian_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Peruvian Studies (page does not exist)">Institute of Peruvian Studies</a>. p. 92. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-612-326-084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-612-326-084-2"><bdi>978-612-326-084-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Profe%3A+C%C3%B3mo+Pedro+Castillo+se+convirti%C3%B3+en+presidente+del+Per%C3%BA+y+qu%C3%A9+pasar%C3%A1+a+continuaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Lima%2C+Peru&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Institute+of+Peruvian+Studies&rft.date=2021-08&rft.isbn=978-612-326-084-2&rft.aulast=Asensio&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl&rft.au=Camacho%2C+Gabriela&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Grompone%2C+Romeo&rft.au=Pajuelo+Teves%2C+Ram%C3%B3n&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a+Jimenez%2C+Omayra&rft.au=Moscoso%2C+Macarena&rft.au=V%C3%A1squez%2C+Yerel&rft.au=Sosa+Villagarcia%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffondoeditorial.iep.org.pe%2Fproducto%2Fel-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTaj2021" class="citation news cs1">Taj, Mitra (7 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/685a5a7d-4531-4242-9074-badd59254349">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Too many mistakes': Peru's president threatened with impeachment after shaky start"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Too+many+mistakes%E2%80%99%3A+Peru%E2%80%99s+president+threatened+with+impeachment+after+shaky+start&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Taj&rft.aufirst=Mitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F685a5a7d-4531-4242-9074-badd59254349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-keiko-fujimori-backs-long-shot-effort-impeach-president-castillo-2021-11-19/">"Peru's Keiko Fujimori backs long-shot effort to impeach President Castillo"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 19 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+Keiko+Fujimori+backs+long-shot+effort+to+impeach+President+Castillo&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fperus-keiko-fujimori-backs-long-shot-effort-impeach-president-castillo-2021-11-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTegel2021" class="citation web cs1">Tegel, Simeon (15 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/15/peru-president-pedro-castillo-left-extremism-impeachment/">"Can Pedro Castillo Save His Presidency?"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Can+Pedro+Castillo+Save+His+Presidency%3F&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft.aulast=Tegel&rft.aufirst=Simeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2021%2F10%2F15%2Fperu-president-pedro-castillo-left-extremism-impeachment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_ingles/CONSTITUTION_29_08_08.pdf">"Political Constitution of Peru, Article 112"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+Constitution+of+Peru%2C+Article+112&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congreso.gob.pe%2F_ingles%2FCONSTITUTION_29_08_08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peru_2009.pdf?lang=en">"Peru's Constitution of 1993 with Amendments through 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Constitute Project</i>. 12 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitute+Project&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+Constitution+of+1993+with+Amendments+through+2009&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FPeru_2009.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFComercio2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Comercio, Redacción El (21 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-comunico-ministros-renuncia-difusion-videos-noticia-506143-noticia/">"PPK renuncia a su cargo y afirma que habrá transición ordenada [VIDEO]"</a>. <i>El Comercio</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Comercio&rft.atitle=PPK+renuncia+a+su+cargo+y+afirma+que+habr%C3%A1+transici%C3%B3n+ordenada+%5BVIDEO%5D&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft.aulast=Comercio&rft.aufirst=Redacci%C3%B3n+El&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felcomercio.pe%2Fpolitica%2Fppk-comunico-ministros-renuncia-difusion-videos-noticia-506143-noticia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKurmanaevZarate2019" class="citation news cs1">Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Zarate, Andrea (30 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/world/americas/peru-vizcarra-congress.html">"Peru's President Dissolves Congress, and Lawmakers Suspend Him"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+President+Dissolves+Congress%2C+and+Lawmakers+Suspend+Him&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kurmanaev&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft.au=Zarate%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F09%2F30%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fperu-vizcarra-congress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRedacción_*2019" class="citation news cs1">Redacción * (2 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-49899655">"Mercedes Aráoz a la BBC: "Tenemos que solucionar esto con las instituciones, de otra forma será como un golpe de Estado"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mercedes+Ar%C3%A1oz+a+la+BBC%3A+%22Tenemos+que+solucionar+esto+con+las+instituciones%2C+de+otra+forma+ser%C3%A1+como+un+golpe+de+Estado%22&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft.au=Redacci%C3%B3n+%2A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias-america-latina-49899655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKurmanaevZarate2019" class="citation news cs1">Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Zarate, Andrea (1 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/01/world/americas/peru-congress-dissolved.html">"Who's in Charge in Peru? Peruvians Can't Agree"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who%27s+in+Charge+in+Peru%3F+Peruvians+Can%27t+Agree&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kurmanaev&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft.au=Zarate%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F01%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fperu-congress-dissolved.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRedacción2019" class="citation news cs1">Redacción (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-46982435">"Fujimori vuelve a prisión tras más de 100 días internado en una clínica"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fujimori+vuelve+a+prisi%C3%B3n+tras+m%C3%A1s+de+100+d%C3%ADas+internado+en+una+cl%C3%ADnica&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft.au=Redacci%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias-internacional-46982435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFYeakel1983" class="citation journal cs1">Yeakel, John A. (1983). "The Accountant-Historians of the Incas". <i>The Accounting Historians Journal</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 39–51. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2308%2F0148-4184.10.2.39">10.2308/0148-4184.10.2.39</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0148-4184">0148-4184</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/40697778">40697778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Accounting+Historians+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Accountant-Historians+of+the+Incas&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=39-51&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0148-4184&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40697778%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2308%2F0148-4184.10.2.39&rft.aulast=Yeakel&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFisher2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, John R. (2000). "The Royalist Regime in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1820–1824". <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 55–84. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022216X99005465">10.1017/S0022216X99005465</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-216X">0022-216X</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/157780">157780</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144371259">144371259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Royalist+Regime+in+the+Viceroyalty+of+Peru%2C+1820%E2%80%931824&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-84&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0022-216X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144371259%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F157780%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022216X99005465&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAlemánTsebelis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Alemán, Eduardo; Tsebelis, George (2005). "The Origins of Presidential Conditional Agenda-Setting Power in Latin America". <i>Latin American Research Review</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 3–26. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flar.2005.0017">10.1353/lar.2005.0017</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8791">0023-8791</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/3662799">3662799</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18926127">18926127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Presidential+Conditional+Agenda-Setting+Power+in+Latin+America&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-26&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0023-8791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18926127%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3662799%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flar.2005.0017&rft.aulast=Alem%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft.au=Tsebelis%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFV.1941" class="citation journal cs1">V., J. A. (1941). "La Tercera Asamblea General del Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia". <i>Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana (1937–1948)</i>. <b>5</b> (1/3): 1–4. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0186-064X">0186-064X</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/40977387">40977387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Bibliogr%C3%A1fico+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+Americana+%281937%E2%80%931948%29&rft.atitle=La+Tercera+Asamblea+General+del+Instituto+Panamericano+de+Geograf%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=1941&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40977387%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0186-064X&rft.aulast=V.&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/peru/71.htm">"Peru – GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM"</a>. <i>countrystudies.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=Peru+%E2%80%93+GOVERNMENTAL+SYSTEM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fperu%2F71.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLynch1983" class="citation journal cs1">Lynch, John (1983). "Bolivar and the Caudillos". <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 3–35. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2515357">10.2307/2515357</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2168">0018-2168</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/2515357">2515357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Bolivar+and+the+Caudillos&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-35&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0018-2168&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2515357%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2515357&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perureports.com/italy-gives-peru-dictator-life-prison-1970s-disappearances/5058/">"Italy gives Peru dictator life in prison for 1970s murders"</a>. <i>Perú Reports</i>. 20 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Per%C3%BA+Reports&rft.atitle=Italy+gives+Peru+dictator+life+in+prison+for+1970s+murders&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperureports.com%2Fitaly-gives-peru-dictator-life-prison-1970s-disappearances%2F5058%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Peru" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peru_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Peru_topics" title="Template:Peru topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Peru_topics" title="Template talk:Peru topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Peru_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peru_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Peruvian_history" title="Timeline of Peruvian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Peruvian_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Peruvian cultures">Ancient cultures</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guano_Era" title="Guano Era">Guano Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017%E2%80%93present_Peruvian_political_crisis" title="2017–present Peruvian political crisis">Political conflict</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Peru" title="Demographic history of Peru">Demographic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Economic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_of_Peru" title="Climate of Peru">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Peru" title="List of earthquakes in Peru">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flora_of_Peru" title="Flora of Peru">Flora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Peru" title="List of mountains in Peru">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Life_zones_of_Peru" title="Life zones of Peru">Natural regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Peru" title="List of protected areas of Peru">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Peru" title="List of rivers of Peru">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_of_Peru" title="Wildlife of Peru">Wildlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Peru">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Peru" title="Elections in Peru">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Peru" title="Foreign relations of Peru">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Peru" title="Human rights in Peru">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Peru" title="LGBT rights in Peru">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judiciary_of_Peru" title="Judiciary of Peru">Law</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Peru" title="Law enforcement in Peru">enforcement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Peru" title="List of political parties in Peru">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Peru" title="Administrative divisions of Peru">Regions and provinces</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Central Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Peru" title="List of companies of Peru">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">Sol <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Peru" title="Electricity sector in Peru">Electricity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lima_Stock_Exchange" title="Lima Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru" title="Taxation in Peru">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Peru" title="Tourism in Peru">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Peru" title="Transport in Peru">Transport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Peruvian_society" title="Category:Peruvian society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Peru" title="Crime in Peru">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Peru" title="Demographics of Peru">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irrigation_in_Peru" title="Irrigation in Peru">Irrigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Peruvians" title="List of Peruvians">List of Peruvians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Peru" title="Public holidays in Peru">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Squatting_in_Peru" title="Squatting in Peru">Squatting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Peru" title="Water resources management in Peru">Water resources management</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Peru" title="Water supply and sanitation in Peru">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Peru" title="Culture of Peru">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Peru" title="Architecture of Peru">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_art" title="Peruvian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_media_in_Peru" title="Mass media in Peru">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Peru" title="Sport in Peru">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_symbols_of_Peru" title="National symbols of Peru">Symbols</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Peru" title="Outline of Peru">Outline</a></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Peru" title="Category:Peru">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Peru-related_lists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Peru_lists" title="Template:Peru lists"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Peru_lists" title="Template talk:Peru lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Peru_lists&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_Peru-related_lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru_(state).svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Peru (state).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>-related lists</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Commander_of_the_Peruvian_Army" title="General Commander of the Peruvian Army">Army commanders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_people_from_Lima" title="List of people from Lima">Limeños</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Peruvians" title="List of Peruvians">Peruvians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Peru" title="List of presidents of Peru">Presidents</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Peruvian_writers" title="List of Peruvian writers">Writers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regions_of_Peru" title="Regions of Peru">Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Lima" title="List of districts of Lima">Districts of Lima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Peru" title="List of islands of Peru">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Peru">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Peru" title="List of mountains in Peru">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural regions of Peru">Natural regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks in Peru">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Peru" title="List of rivers of Peru">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Peru" title="List of volcanoes in Peru">Volcanoes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean#Peru" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Latin America and the Caribbean">Biosphere reserves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Peru" title="List of birds of Peru">Birds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mammals_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mammals in Peru">Mammals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks in Peru">National parks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Lima" title="List of mayors of Lima">Mayors of Lima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Peru" title="List of political parties in Peru">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Peru" title="List of presidents of Peru">Presidents</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vice_President_of_Peru#List_of_vice_presidents_of_Peru" title="Vice President of Peru">Vice presidents</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Peru">Prime ministers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Peru" title="List of diplomatic missions of Peru">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Peru" title="List of diplomatic missions in Peru">in Peru</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Peru" title="List of hospitals in Peru">Hospitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Peru" title="List of universities in Peru">Universities</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Peru" title="List of airports in Peru">Airports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological sites in Peru">Archaeological sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Peru" title="List of newspapers in Peru">Newspapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_Peru" title="List of postal codes in Peru">Postal codes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Peru" title="List of shopping malls in Peru">Shopping malls</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Peru" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Peru" title="Template:Presidents of Peru"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Peru" title="Template talk:Presidents of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Presidents_of_Peru&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Peru" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidents</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">San Martín</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Xavier_de_Luna_Pizarro" title="Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro">Luna Pizarro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Mar" title="José de la Mar">La Mar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_y_Portocarrero,_Marquis_of_Torre_Tagle" title="José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle">Bernardo de Tagle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva_Ag%C3%BCero" title="José de la Riva Agüero">Riva Agüero</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Sucre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_y_Portocarrero,_Marquis_of_Torre_Tagle" title="José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle">Bernardo de Tagle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Salazar_y_Baqu%C3%ADjano" title="Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano">Salazar y Baquíjano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Mar" title="José de la Mar">La Mar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_la_Fuente" title="Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente">Gutiérrez de la Fuente</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra" title="Agustín Gamarra">Gamarra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Xavier_de_Luna_Pizarro" title="Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro">Luna Pizarro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Jos%C3%A9_de_Orbegoso" title="Luis José de Orbegoso">Orbegoso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Pedro Pablo Bermúdez">Bermúdez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Felipe_Santiago_Salaverry" title="Felipe Santiago Salaverry">Salaverry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra" title="Agustín Gamarra">Gamarra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Manuel Menéndez">Menéndez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Cris%C3%B3stomo_Torrico" title="Juan Crisóstomo Torrico">Torrico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_Vidal" title="Juan Francisco de Vidal">Vidal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Justo_Figuerola" title="Justo Figuerola">Figuerola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Ignacio_de_Vivanco" title="Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco">Vivanco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domingo_Nieto" title="Domingo Nieto">Nieto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domingo_El%C3%ADas" title="Domingo Elías">Elías</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Manuel Menéndez">Menéndez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Justo_Figuerola" title="Justo Figuerola">Figuerola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Manuel Menéndez">Menéndez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rufino_Echenique" title="José Rufino Echenique">Echenique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miguel_de_San_Rom%C3%A1n" title="Miguel de San Román">San Román</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Castilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Diez_Canseco" title="Pedro Diez Canseco">P. Diez Canseco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Pezet" title="Juan Antonio Pezet">Pezet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado" title="Mariano Ignacio Prado">Prado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Pezet" title="Juan Antonio Pezet">Pezet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Diez_Canseco" title="Pedro Diez Canseco">P. Diez Canseco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado" title="Mariano Ignacio Prado">Prado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Diez_Canseco" title="Pedro Diez Canseco">P. Diez Canseco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Balta" title="José Balta">Balta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Tomás Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Diez_Canseco" title="Francisco Diez Canseco">F. Diez Canseco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariano_Herencia_Zevallos" title="Mariano Herencia Zevallos">Zevallos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Pardo" title="Manuel Pardo">Pardo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariano_Ignacio_Prado" title="Mariano Ignacio Prado">Prado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Pi%C3%A9rola" title="Nicolás de Piérola">Piérola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%ADa_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Francisco García Calderón">García Calderón</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lizardo_Montero_Flores" title="Lizardo Montero Flores">Montero</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Cáceres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miguel_Iglesias" title="Miguel Iglesias">Iglesias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Arenas" title="Antonio Arenas">Arenas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Cáceres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remigio_Morales_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Remigio Morales Bermúdez">Morales Bermúdez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Justiniano_Borgo%C3%B1o" title="Justiniano Borgoño">Borgoño</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Cáceres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Candamo" title="Manuel Candamo">Candamo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Pi%C3%A9rola" title="Nicolás de Piérola">Piérola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eduardo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Roma%C3%B1a" title="Eduardo López de Romaña">Romaña</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Candamo" title="Manuel Candamo">Candamo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serapio_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Serapio Calderón">S. Calderón</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pardo_y_Barreda" title="José Pardo y Barreda">Pardo y Barreda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa" title="Augusto B. Leguía">Leguía</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guillermo_Billinghurst" title="Guillermo Billinghurst">Billinghurst</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%93scar_R._Benavides" title="Óscar R. Benavides">Benavides</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pardo_y_Barreda" title="José Pardo y Barreda">Pardo y Barreda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa" title="Augusto B. Leguía">Leguía</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Ponce_Brousset" title="Manuel María Ponce Brousset">Ponce</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Sánchez Cerro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ricardo_Leoncio_El%C3%ADas_Arias" title="Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias">Elías Arias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gustavo_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Gustavo Jiménez">Jiménez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Samanez_Ocampo" title="David Samanez Ocampo">Samanez Ocampo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Sánchez Cerro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%93scar_R._Benavides" title="Óscar R. Benavides">Benavides</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche" title="Manuel Prado Ugarteche">Prado Ugarteche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bustamante_y_Rivero" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bustamante y Rivero">Bustamante y Rivero</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odría</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zen%C3%B3n_Noriega_Ag%C3%BCero" title="Zenón Noriega Agüero">Noriega</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odría</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche" title="Manuel Prado Ugarteche">Prado Ugarteche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ricardo_P%C3%A9rez_Godoy" title="Ricardo Pérez Godoy">Pérez Godoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Lindley_L%C3%B3pez" title="Nicolás Lindley López">Lindley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde_Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Belaúnde Terry">Belaúnde Terry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado" title="Juan Velasco Alvarado">Velasco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Morales-Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Francisco Morales-Bermúdez">Morales-Bermúdez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde_Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Belaúnde Terry">Belaúnde Terry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">García</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Paniagua" title="Valentín Paniagua">Paniagua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo">Toledo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">García</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Humala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Kuczynski</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Vizcarra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Merino" title="Manuel Merino">Merino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Sagasti" title="Francisco Sagasti">Sagasti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Castillo</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg" class="image" title="Grand Seal of the Republic of Peru"><img alt="Grand Seal of the Republic of Peru" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/100px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/150px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/200px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Peru_(1821–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Years_in_Peru" title="Template:Years in Peru"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Peru" title="Template talk:Years in Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Years_in_Peru&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Peru_(1821–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span> Years in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">1821</a>–present)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1821_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1821 in Peru (page does not exist)">1821</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1890_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1890 in Peru (page does not exist)">1890</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1900_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1900 in Peru (page does not exist)">1900</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1910_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1910 in Peru (page does not exist)">1910</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1920_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1920 in Peru (page does not exist)">1920</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1930_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1930 in Peru (page does not exist)">1930</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1940_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1940 in Peru (page does not exist)">1940</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1941_in_Peru" title="1941 in Peru">1941</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1950_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 in Peru (page does not exist)">1950</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1951_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 in Peru (page does not exist)">1951</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1952_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 in Peru (page does not exist)">1952</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1953_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 in Peru (page does not exist)">1953</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1954_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 in Peru (page does not exist)">1954</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1955_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 in Peru (page does not exist)">1955</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1956_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 in Peru (page does not exist)">1956</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1957_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 in Peru (page does not exist)">1957</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1958_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 in Peru (page does not exist)">1958</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 in Peru (page does not exist)">1959</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1960_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 in Peru (page does not exist)">1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1961_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 in Peru (page does not exist)">1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1962_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 in Peru (page does not exist)">1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1963_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 in Peru (page does not exist)">1963</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1964_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 in Peru (page does not exist)">1964</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1965_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 in Peru (page does not exist)">1965</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1966_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966 in Peru (page does not exist)">1966</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1967_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 in Peru (page does not exist)">1967</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1968_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 in Peru (page does not exist)">1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1969_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 in Peru (page does not exist)">1969</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1970_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 in Peru (page does not exist)">1970</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1971_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 in Peru (page does not exist)">1971</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1972_in_Peru" title="1972 in Peru">1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1973_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 in Peru (page does not exist)">1973</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1974_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 in Peru (page does not exist)">1974</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1975_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1975 in Peru (page does not exist)">1975</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1976_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 in Peru (page does not exist)">1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1977_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 in Peru (page does not exist)">1977</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1978_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 in Peru (page does not exist)">1978</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1979_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 in Peru (page does not exist)">1979</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1980_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 in Peru (page does not exist)">1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1981_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 in Peru (page does not exist)">1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1982_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 in Peru (page does not exist)">1982</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1983_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 in Peru (page does not exist)">1983</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1984_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 in Peru (page does not exist)">1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1985_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 in Peru (page does not exist)">1985</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1986_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 in Peru (page does not exist)">1986</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1987_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 in Peru (page does not exist)">1987</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1988_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 in Peru (page does not exist)">1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1989_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 in Peru (page does not exist)">1989</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1990_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 in Peru (page does not exist)">1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1991_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 in Peru (page does not exist)">1991</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1992_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 in Peru (page does not exist)">1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1993_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 in Peru (page does not exist)">1993</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1994_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 in Peru (page does not exist)">1994</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1995_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 in Peru (page does not exist)">1995</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1996_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 in Peru (page does not exist)">1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1997_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 in Peru (page does not exist)">1997</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1998_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 in Peru (page does not exist)">1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1999_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 in Peru (page does not exist)">1999</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2000_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 in Peru (page does not exist)">2000</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2001_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 in Peru (page does not exist)">2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2002_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 in Peru (page does not exist)">2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2003_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 in Peru (page does not exist)">2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2004_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 in Peru (page does not exist)">2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2005_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 in Peru (page does not exist)">2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2006_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 in Peru (page does not exist)">2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2007_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 in Peru (page does not exist)">2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Peru (page does not exist)">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2009_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in Peru (page does not exist)">2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Peru (page does not exist)">2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2011_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in Peru (page does not exist)">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2012_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in Peru (page does not exist)">2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2013_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 in Peru (page does not exist)">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2014_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 in Peru (page does not exist)">2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2015_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 in Peru (page does not exist)">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_in_Peru" title="2016 in Peru">2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017_in_Peru" title="2017 in Peru">2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_in_Peru" title="2018 in Peru">2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2019_in_Peru" title="2019 in Peru">2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2020_in_Peru" title="2020 in Peru">2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_in_Peru" title="2021 in Peru">2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=2022_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2022 in Peru (page does not exist)">2022</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:South_America_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of South America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Peru">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Suriname">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Presidents_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidents of the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Presidents_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidents of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_South_American_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Heads_of_State_of_South_America" title="Template:Heads of State of South America"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_State_of_South_America" title="Template talk:Heads of State of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Heads_of_State_of_South_America&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_South_American_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state of South American countries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Alberto Fernández">Fernández</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/22px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/34px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/44px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Arce</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastián Piñera">Piñera</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Duque_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Iván Duque Márquez">Duque</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guillermo_Lasso" title="Guillermo Lasso">Lasso</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><img alt="Guyana" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irfaan_Ali" title="Irfaan Ali">Ali</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><img alt="Paraguay" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mario_Abdo_Ben%C3%ADtez" title="Mario Abdo Benítez">Abdo Benítez</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Castillo</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chan_Santokhi" title="Chan Santokhi">Santokhi</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="630" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Lacalle_Pou" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Alberto Lacalle Pou">Lacalle Pou</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Guaidó</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><img alt="Falkland Islands" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><img alt="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana"><img alt="French Guiana" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Recognized by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> as "interim president" but not by Maduro as part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">a presidential crisis</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1645560302 |