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'{{short description|1932–33 man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine}} {{pp-protect|small=yes}} {{use British English|date=January 2013}} {{use dmy dates|date=November 2018}} {{Redirect-synonym|Ukrainian genocide|[[War crimes during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]}} {{Infobox famine | famine_name = <!-----Overrides {{PAGENAME}}, do not use without careful consideration)-----> | famine_name_in_local = Голодомор в Україні | image = GolodomorKharkiv.jpg | caption = Starved peasants on a street in [[Kharkiv]], 1933 | country = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[Soviet Union]] | location = [[Central Ukraine|Central]] and [[eastern Ukraine]] | coordinates = <!-----(use {{coord}})-----> | period = 1932–1933 | excess_mortality= <!-----Deaths directly due to famine starvation-----> | from_disease = <!-----Indirect famine deaths from subsequent diseases-----> | total_deaths = Around 3.5 million; see [[Holodomor#Death toll|death toll]] | death_rate = <!-----Death rate----> | observations = * Considered genocide by [[Holodomor genocide question|16]] countries * Considered as a criminal act of [[Stalin's regime]] by [[Holodomor genocide question|6]] countries * Considered a tragedy or crime against humanity by [[Holodomor genocide question|5]] international organizations | theory = | relief = Foreign relief rejected by the state. 176,200 and 325,000 tons of grains provided by the state as food and seed aids between February and July 1933.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2010|pp=479–484}} | food_situation = Deliberate macro-economic food extraction from affected region | demographics = <!-----Example: population declined by 10% due to mortality or 5% of the people emigrated, etc-----> | consequences = | memorial = <!-- links to website? --> | preceded = | succeeded = | footnotes = <!-----Test footnote-----> }} {{Holodomor}} {{genocide}} {{history of Ukraine}} The '''Holodomor''' ({{lang-uk|Голодомо́р|Holodomor}}, {{IPA-uk|ɦolodoˈmɔr|IPA}};<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Adam |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |edition=3rd |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |page=90 |quote=Holodomor{{snd}}the Ukrainian "famine-extermination" of 1932–1933 at the hands of Stalin's Soviet regime (Chapter 5); "a compound word combining the root ''holod'' 'hunge' with the verbal root ''mor'' 'extinguish', 'exterminate' (Lubomyr Hajda, Harvard University).}}</ref> derived from {{lang-uk|морити голодом|lit=to kill by starvation|translit=moryty holodom|label=none}}),{{efn|Also literally known as "Extermination by Hunger" or "Hunger-extermination".}}<ref>Graziosi, Andrea. 2005. "Les Famines Soviétiques de 1931–1933 et le Holodomor Ukrainien." ''Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique'' 46(3): 453–472 [457]. {{doi|10.4000/monderusse.8817}}.</ref><ref>[[Nicolas Werth|Werth, Nicolas]]. 2007. "La grande famine ukrainienne de 1932–1933." In ''La terreur et le désarroi: Staline et son système'', edited by N. Werth. Paris. {{ISBN|2-262-02462-6}}. p. 132.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Graziosi|first=Andrea|title=LES FAMINES SOVIÉTIQUES DE 1931–1933 ET LE HOLODOMOR UKRAINIEN |trans-title=The Soviet famines of 1931–1933 and the Ukrainian Holodomor|year=2005|publisher=Cahier du Monde Russe|page=464}}</ref> also known as the '''Terror-Famine'''{{sfn|Davies|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4yWin1-ckYgC&pg=PA145 145]}}{{sfn|Baumeister|1999|p=179}}{{sfn|Sternberg|Sternberg|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TFT2l-RH9FIC&pg=PA67 67]}} or the '''Great Famine''',<ref>Boriak, Hennadii. 2009. ''Sources for the Study of the 'Great Famine' in Ukraine''. Cambridge, MA.</ref> was a [[famine]] in [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]] from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of [[Ukrainians]]. It was a large part of the wider [[Soviet famine of 1932–1933]]. The term ''Holodomor'' emphasises the famine's [[Anthropogenic hazard|man-made]] and allegedly intentional aspects such as rejection of outside aid, confiscation of all household foodstuffs and restriction of population movement. As part of the wider [[Soviet famine of 1932–1933]] which affected the major grain-producing areas of the country, millions of inhabitants of Ukraine, the majority of whom were ethnic Ukrainians, died of [[starvation]] in a [[peacetime]] catastrophe unprecedented in the [[history of Ukraine]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#ref404577|title=The famine of 1932–33|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica online|access-date=2 November 2015|quote=The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33 – a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians&nbsp;... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine&nbsp;... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated&nbsp;... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123082312/http://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#ref404577|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> Since 2006, the Holodomor has been recognized by [[Ukraine]]<ref name=zakon>{{cite web|url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/376-16|script-title=uk:ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ: Про Голодомор 1932–1933 років в Україні|trans-title=Law of Ukraine: About the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine|language=uk|work=rada.gov.ua|date=28 November 2006|access-date=6 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503083223/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/376-16|archive-date=3 May 2015}}</ref> and 15 other countries as a [[genocide]] of the Ukrainian people carried out by the [[Soviet government]].<ref>{{cite web|title=International Recognition of the Holodomor|url=http://www.holodomoreducation.org/news.php/news/4|website=Holodomor Education|access-date=26 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231045936/http://www.holodomoreducation.org/news.php/news/4|archive-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> Early estimates of the death toll by scholars and government officials varied greatly.{{sfn|Wheatcroft|2001}} A [[United Nations]] joint statement signed by 25 countries in 2003 declared that 7–10 million perished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/246001/A_C.3_58_9-EN.pdf|title=Joint statement by the delegations of Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Pakistan, Qatar, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America on the seventieth anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General|access-date=11 March 2017|quote=In the former Soviet Union millions of men, women and children fell victims to the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor), which took from 7 million to 10 million innocent lives and became a national tragedy for the Ukrainian people. ... [A]s a result of civil war and forced collectivization, leaving deep scars in the consciousness of future generations. ... [W]e deplore the acts and policies that brought about mass starvation and death of millions of people. We do not want to settle scores with the past, it could not be changed, but we are convinced that exposing violations of human rights, preserving historical records and restoring the dignity of victims through acknowledgement of their suffering, will guide future societies and help to avoid similar catastrophes in the future. ...|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313040724/http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/246001/A_C.3_58_9-EN.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> Current scholarship estimates a range of 4 to 7 million victims,<ref>Gorbunova, Viktoriia, and Vitalii Klymchuk. "The Psychological Consequences of the Holodomor in Ukraine." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 7.2 (2020): 33-68. "The Holodomor was the largest man-made famine in Ukraine's history (the number of victims reached 4-7 million, according to different calculations)."</ref> with more precise estimates ranging from 3.3{{sfn|Snyder|2010|p=53. "It seems reasonable to propose a figure of approximately 3.3&nbsp;million deaths by starvation and hunger-related disease in Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933"}} to 5 million.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marples|first=David R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGPjqNGPc40C&pg=PP1|title=Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-7326-98-1|pages=246|language=en|quote=Still, the researchers have been unable to come up with a firm figure of the number of victims. Conquest cites 5 million deaths; Werth from 4 to 5 million; and Kul'chyts'kyi 3.5 million. The data of V. Tsaplin, on the other hand, indicate 2.9 million deaths in 1933 alone.}}</ref> According to the findings of the Court of Appeal of [[Kyiv]] in 2010, the demographic losses due to the famine amounted to 10 million, with 3.9 million direct famine deaths, and a further 6.1 million birth deficits.<ref name="nalivajchenko 2010">{{cite web|script-title=ru:Наливайченко назвал количество жертв голодомора в Украине|trans-title=Nalyvaichenko called the number of victims of Holodomor in Ukraine|language=ru |url=http://lb.ua/news/2010/01/14/19793_nalivaychenko_nazval_kolichestvo_zh.html|publisher=LB.ua|date=14 January 2010|access-date=21 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424031342/http://lb.ua/news/2010/01/14/19793_nalivaychenko_nazval_kolichestvo_zh.html|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> Whether the [[Holodomor genocide question|Holodomor was genocide]] is still the subject of academic debate, as are the causes of the famine and intentionality of the deaths.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s1lCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14|title=The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933|last2=Wheatcroft|first2=Stephen|year=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-27397-9|page=xiv|author-link1=Robert William Davies|author-link2=Stephen G. Wheatcroft|access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tauger |first=Mark B. |url=https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/download/89/90 |title=Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933|journal=The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies|issue=1506 |year=2001|pages=1–65|issn=2163-839X|doi=10.5195/CBP.2001.89|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612213128/https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/download/89/90|archive-date=12 June 2017 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=The Future Did Not Work |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/03/the-future-did-not-work/378081/ |last=Getty |first=J. Arch|author-link=J. Arch Getty |date=2000 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=18 July 2020 |quote="Similarly, the overwhelming weight of opinion among scholars working in the new archives (including Courtois's co-editor Werth) is that the terrible famine of the 1930s was the result of Stalinist bungling and rigidity rather than some genocidal plan."}}</ref> Some scholars believe that the famine was planned by [[Joseph Stalin]] to eliminate a Ukrainian independence movement.<ref name=britannica/>{{sfn|Engerman|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UkFlO7hoxOMC&pg=PA194 194]}} Others suggest that the man-made famine was a consequence of [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)#Industrialization in practice|Soviet industrialisation]].<ref name="KulchFeb2007">{{cite news |title=Holodomor of 1932–33 as genocide: gaps in the evidential basis|last=Kulchytsky|first=Stanislav |date=6 March 2007|newspaper=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]]}} [https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/day-after-day/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis Part 1] – [https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-thevidential-basis Part 2] – [https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis-0 Part 3] – [https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis Part 4]</ref><ref name=Fawkes/><ref name=marples2005a>{{cite web|first=David|last=Marples |author-link=David R. Marples |url=http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=7176 |title=The great famine debate goes on&nbsp;... |publisher=ExpressNews, [[University of Alberta]] |work=Edmonton Journal |date=30 November 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080615015541/http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=7176}}</ref> == Etymology == ''Holodomor'' literally translated from [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] means "death by hunger", "killing by hunger, killing by starvation",{{sfn|Werth|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xCHMFHQRNtYC&pg=PA396 396]}} or sometimes "murder by hunger or starvation."<ref name=Fawkes>{{cite news |last= Fawkes |first= Helen |date= 24 November 2006 |title= Legacy of famine divides Ukraine |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6179818.stm |work= BBC News |access-date= 21 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120328063049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6179818.stm |archive-date= 28 March 2012}}</ref> It is a [[compound (linguistics)|compound]] of the Ukrainian {{lang-uk|holod|lit=[[hunger]]|label=none|italic=yes}}; and {{lang-uk|mor|lit=[[plague (disease)|plague]]|label=none|italic=yes}}. The expression {{lang-uk|moryty holodom|lit=|label=none|italic=yes}} means "to inflict death by hunger." The Ukrainian verb {{lang-uk|moryty|lit=|label=none|italic=yes}} ({{lang-uk|морити|lit=|label=none|italic=}}) means "to poison, to drive to exhaustion, or to torment." The [[Perfective aspect|perfective]] form of {{lang-uk|moryty|lit=|label=none|italic=yes}} is {{lang-uk|zamoryty|lit=kill or drive to death by hunger, exhausting work.|label=none|italic=yes}}{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} In English, the Holodomor has also been referred to as the ''artificial famine'', ''famine genocide'', ''terror famine'', and ''terror-genocide''.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Serbyn|first=Roman |chapter=Ukraine (Famine)|pages=1055–1061|editor-first=Dinah L.|editor-last=Shelton|title=Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity|volume=3|year=2005 |publisher=Thomson Gale|isbn=0-02-865847-7|location=Detroit, MI|oclc=470301730|author-link=Roman Serbyn}}</ref> It was used in print in the 1930s in Ukrainian diaspora publications in [[Czechoslovakia]] as ''Haladamor''{{sfn|Applebaum|2017|p=363}} and by Ukrainian immigrant organisations in the United States and Canada by 1978;{{sfn|Hryshko|1978}}{{sfn|Dolot|1985}}{{sfn|Hadzewycz|Zarycky|Kolomayets|1983}} in the [[Soviet Union]], of which Ukraine was a [[Republics of the Soviet Union|constituent republic]], any references to the famine were dismissed as [[anti-Soviet propaganda]], even after [[de-Stalinization]] in 1956, until the declassification and publication of historical documents in the late 1980s made continued denial of the catastrophe unsustainable.<ref name=":1"/> Discussion of the Holodomor became possible as part of the ''[[glasnost]]'' policy of openness. In Ukraine, the first official use of ''famine'' was a December 1987 speech by [[Volodymyr Shcherbytsky]]i, [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine|First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine]], on the occasion of the republic's 70th anniversary.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Graziosi |first=Andrea |year=2004–2005 |title=The Soviet 1931–1933 Famines and the Ukrainian Holodomor: Is a New Interpretation Possible, and What Would Its Consequences Be? |journal=[[Harvard Ukrainian Studies]] |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |pages=97–115 |jstor=41036863}}</ref> An early public usage in the Soviet Union was in a February 1988 speech by Oleksiy Musiyenko, Deputy Secretary for ideological matters of the party organisation of the Kyiv branch of the [[Union of Soviet Writers]] in Ukraine.<ref>Musiienko, O. H. 18 February 1988. "Hromadians'ka pozytsiia literatury i perebudova [The Civic Position of Literature and Perestroika]." ''Literaturna Ukraïna''. pp. 7–8.</ref><ref>{{citation |mode=cs1 |author=U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine |year=1988 |title=Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine 1932–1933 |access-date=27 July 2012 |url=http://genocidecurriculum.org/category/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107194737/http://genocidecurriculum.org/category/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/ |archive-date=7 January 2007 |location=Washington,&nbsp;D.C. |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]] |author-link=U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine |page=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090112182613/http://genocidecurriculum.org/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/page-67/ 67]}}</ref> The term may have first appeared in print in the Soviet Union on 18 July 1988, when his article on the topic was published.{{sfn|Mace|2008|p=132}} ''Holodomor'' is now an entry in the modern, two-volume dictionary of the Ukrainian language, published in 2004, described as "artificial hunger, organised on a vast scale by a criminal [[regime]] against a country's population."<ref>{{cite book|orig-year=2001 |url=http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Interpret/uk-ru/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80 |publisher=Perun|year=2004|isbn=978-966-569-013-9|editor-first=Vyacheslav T.|editor-last=Busel|location=Kyiv|language=uk |script-title=uk:Великий тлумачний словник сучасної української мови|trans-title=Great Explanatory Dictionary of Modern Ukrainian|chapter=holodomor|script-chapter=uk:голодомор|quote=Штучний голод, організований у величезних масштабах злочинною владою проти населення власної країни.|access-date=29 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603010902/http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Interpret/uk-ru/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=dead|trans-quote=Artificial famine organised on a vast scale by criminal authorities against the population of their own country.}}</ref> According to Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, and Kai Struve, there is a competition among victims in constructing an "Ukrainian Holocaust", stating that since the 1990s ''Holodomor'' has been adopted by [[anti-communists]] due to its similarity to [[the Holocaust]] in an attempt to promote the narrative that the [[Soviet Communists]] killed 10 million Ukrainians, while the [[Nazis]] only killed 6 million Jews. They stated that ''Holodomor'' was "introduced and popularized by the Ukrainian diaspora in North America before Ukraine became independent" and that "the term 'Holocaust' is not explained at all." According to them, this has been used to create a "victimized national narrative" and "compete with the Jewish narrative in order to obscure the 'dark sides' of Ukraine's national history and to counter accusations that their fathers collaborated with the Germans."<ref>Barkan, Elazar; Cole, Elizabeth A.; Struve, Kai (2007). ''Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-Occupied Poland, 1939–1941''. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. pp. 120–121. {{ISBN|978-3865832405}}.</ref> == History == === Scope and duration === {{see also|Law of Spikelets}} The famine affected the Ukrainian SSR as well as the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] (a part of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] at the time) in spring 1932<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-Pyrig-1932.php |title="Голодомор 1932–33 років в Україні: документи і матеріали"/ Упорядник Руслан Пиріг; НАН України.Ін-т історії України.-К.:Вид.дім "Києво-Могилянська академія" |trans-title="Famine in Ukraine 1932–33: documents and materials / compiled by Ruslan Pyrig National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Institute of History of Ukraine. -K.:section Kyiv-Mohyla Academy 2007 |publisher=Archives.gov.ua |access-date=7 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815104813/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-Pyrig-1932.php |archive-date=15 August 2012 }}</ref> and from February to July 1933,{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2010|p=204}} with the most victims recorded in spring 1933. The consequences are evident in demographic statistics: between 1926 and 1939, the [[Demographics of Ukraine|Ukrainian population]] increased by only 6.6%, whereas Russia and Belarus grew by 16.9% and 11.7%, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Toronto Data Library Service|url=http://datalib.chass.utoronto.ca/codebooks/utm/ussr_1939.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706211443/http://datalib.chass.utoronto.ca/codebooks/utm/ussr_1939.htm|archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Demoscope Weekly|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_39.php?reg=2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119190805/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_39.php?reg=2|archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> From the 1932 harvest, Soviet authorities were able to procure only 4.3 million tons as compared with 7.2 million tons obtained from the 1931 harvest.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2010|pp=470, 476}} Rations in towns were drastically cut back, and in winter 1932–33 and spring 1933, people in many urban areas starved.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2010|p=xviii}} Urban workers were supplied by a [[rationing]] system and therefore could occasionally assist their starving relatives in the countryside, but rations were gradually cut; and by spring 1933, urban residents also faced starvation. At the same time, workers were shown [[agitprop]] movies depicting peasants as counterrevolutionaries who hid grain and potatoes at a time when workers, who were constructing the "bright future" of socialism, were starving.<ref>[http://vlasti.net/news/34718 Холодомор{{spaced ndash}}2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724123306/http://vlasti.net/news/34718 |date=24 July 2011 }}. Retrieved 6 November 2010.</ref> The first reports of mass [[malnutrition]] and deaths from starvation emerged from two urban areas of the city of [[Uman]], reported in January 1933 by [[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]] and [[Kyiv Oblast|Kyiv]] [[oblast]]s. By mid-January 1933, there were reports about mass "difficulties" with food in urban areas, which had been undersupplied through the rationing system, and deaths from starvation among people who were refused rations, according to the December 1932 decree of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party. By the beginning of February 1933, according to reports from local authorities and Ukrainian [[State Political Directorate|GPU]] (secret police), the most affected area was [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]], which also suffered from epidemics of [[typhus]] and [[malaria]]. [[Odessa Oblast|Odessa]] and Kyiv oblasts were second and third, respectively. By mid-March, most of the reports of starvation originated from Kyiv Oblast.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} By mid-April 1933, [[Kharkiv Oblast]] reached the top of the most affected list, while Kyiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Odessa, Vinnytsia, and Donetsk oblasts, and Moldavian SSR were next on the list. Reports about mass deaths from starvation, dated mid-May through the beginning of June 1933, originated from [[raion]]s in Kyiv and Kharkiv oblasts. The "less affected" list noted [[Chernihiv Oblast]] and northern parts of Kyiv and Vinnytsia oblasts. The Central Committee of the CP(b) of Ukraine Decree of 8 February 1933 said no hunger cases should have remained untreated. Local authorities had to submit reports about the numbers suffering from hunger, the reasons for hunger, number of deaths from hunger, food aid provided from local sources, and centrally provided food aid required. The GPU managed parallel reporting and food assistance in the Ukrainian SSR. Many regional reports and most of the central summary reports are available from present-day central and regional Ukrainian archives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-kolekt-1933.php |title=Голод 1932–1933 років на Україні: очима істориків, мовою документів |trans-title=The famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine: through the eyes of historians, in the language of documents |publisher=Archives.gov.ua |access-date=7 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815125317/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-kolekt-1933.php |archive-date=15 August 2012 }}</ref> ''[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]'', which was tracking the situation in 1933, reported the difficulties in communications and the appalling situation in Ukraine.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} === Cannibalism === Evidence of widespread [[cannibalism]] was documented during the Holodomor:<ref name=":0">{{cite web |first=Eric|last=Margolis|author-link=Eric Margolis (journalist)|title=Seven million died in the 'forgotten' holocaust |website=ukemonde.com |url=http://www.ukemonde.com/genocide/margolisholocaust.html |access-date=8 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=9 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909103902/http://www.ukemonde.com/genocide/margolisholocaust.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Сокур |first=Василий [Sokur, Vasily] |date=21 November 2008 |script-title=ru:Выявленным во время голодомора людоедам ходившие по селам медицинские работники давали отравленные "приманки" – кусок мяса или хлеба |url=http://fakty.ua/32809-vyyavlennym-vo-vremya-golodomora-lyudoedam-hodivshie-po-selam-medicinskie-rabotniki-davali-otravlennye-primanki---kusok-myasa-ili-hleba |newspaper=[[Fakty i Kommentarii|Facts and Commentaries]] |access-date=27 July 2012 |language=ru |url-status=live |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120104443/http://fakty.ua/32809-vyyavlennym-vo-vremya-golodomora-lyudoedam-hodivshie-po-selam-medicinskie-rabotniki-davali-otravlennye-primanki---kusok-myasa-ili-hleba}} The author suggests that never in the history of mankind was cannibalism so widespread as during the Holodomor.</ref> <blockquote>Survival was a moral as well as a physical struggle. A woman doctor wrote to a friend in June 1933 that she had not yet become a cannibal, but was "not sure that I shall not be one by the time my letter reaches you." The good people died first. Those who refused to steal or to [[Prostitution|prostitute]] themselves died. Those who gave food to others died. Those who refused to eat [[corpses]] died. Those who refused to kill their fellow man died. Parents who resisted cannibalism died before their children did.{{sfn|Snyder|2010|pp=50–51}}</blockquote> The Soviet regime printed posters declaring: "To eat your own children is a [[barbarian]] act."{{sfn|Várdy|Várdy|2007}}{{rp|225}} More than 2,500 people were convicted of cannibalism during the Holodomor.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Hennadii|last=Boriak|title=Holodomor Archives and Sources: The State of the Art|journal=The Harriman Review|volume=16|issue=2|date=November 2008|page=30 |url=http://www.harrimaninstitute.org/MEDIA/01292.pdf|archive-date=12 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212193000/http://www.harrimaninstitute.org/MEDIA/01292.pdf}}</ref> === Causes === {{main|Causes of the Holodomor}} The reasons for the famine are a subject of scholarly and political debate. Some scholars suggest that the man-made famine was a consequence of the economic problems associated with changes implemented during the period of [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)#Industrialization in practice|Soviet industrialisation]].<ref name="KulchFeb2007"/><ref name=Fawkes/><ref name=marples2005a/> There are also those who blame a systematic set of policies perpetrated by the Soviet government under [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] designed to exterminate the Ukrainians.<ref name="britannica" />{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2002|p=[http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/Davies_Wheatcroft_ch.4_Famine.pdf 77]. "[T]he drought of 1931 was particularly severe, and drought conditions continued in 1932. This certainly helped to worsen the conditions for obtaining the harvest in 1932"}}{{sfn|Engerman|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UkFlO7hoxOMC&pg=PA194 194]}} According to Stephen Wheatcroft, the grain yield for the Soviet Union preceding the famine was a low harvest of between 55 and 60 million tons,<ref name=DaviesWheatcroft2009>{{cite book |first1=Robert |last1=Davies |author-link1=R. W. Davies |first2=Stephen |last2=Wheatcroft |author-link2=Stephen G. Wheatcroft |year=2009 |title=The years of hunger: Soviet agriculture, 1931–1933 |volume=5 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=9780333311073}}</ref>{{rp|xix-xxi}} likely in part caused by damp weather and low traction power,{{sfn|Wheatcroft|2018}} yet official statistics mistakenly reported a yield of 68.9 million tons.<ref name=marples>{{cite news|last=Marples|first=David R.|date=14 July 2002|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2002/280205.shtml|title=Analysis: Debating the undebatable? Ukraine Famine of 1932–1933|work=The Ukrainian Weekly|volume=LXX|issue=28|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> Mark Tauger has suggested an even lower harvest of 45 million tons based on data from 40% of collective farms which has been criticized by other scholars.<ref name=marples>{{cite news|last=Marples|first=David R.|date=14 July 2002|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2002/280205.shtml|title=Analysis: Debating the undebatable? Ukraine Famine of 1932–1933|work=The Ukrainian Weekly|volume=LXX|issue=28|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> While Wheatcroft rejects the genocide characterization of the famine, he states that "the grain collection campaign was associated with the reversal of the previous policy of [[Ukrainisation]]"<ref name="Davies & Wheatcroft 2009">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Robert W.|last2=Wheatcroft|first2=Stephen G.|year=2009|title=The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=xv|doi=10.1057/9780230273979|isbn=9780230238558}}</ref> and that "[Wheatcroft and his colleague's] work has confirmed – if confirmation were needed – that the grain campaign in 1932/33 was unprecedentedly harsh and repressive."<ref name="Davies & Wheatcroft 2004">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Robert W.|last2=Wheatcroft|first2=Stephen G.|year=2004|title=The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=436–441|isbn=9780333311073}}</ref> Historian [[Stephen G. Wheatcroft]] lists four problems Soviet authorities ignored that would hinder the advancement of agricultural technology and ultimately contributed to the famine:<ref name="Davies & Wheatcroft 2004"/> * "Over-extension of the sown area" — Crops yields were reduced and likely some plant disease caused by the planting of future harvests across a wider area of land without rejuvenating soil leading to the reduction of fallow land. * "Decline in draught power" — the over extraction of grain lead to the loss of food for farm animals, which in turn reduced the effectiveness of agricultural operations. * "Quality of cultivation" — the planting and extracting of the harvest, along with ploughing was done in a poor manner due to inexperienced and demoralized workers and the aforementioned lack of draught power. * "The poor weather" — drought and other poor weather conditions were largely ignored by Soviet authorities who gambled on good weather and believed agricultural difficulties would be overcome. Mark Tauger in contrast to Wheatcroft, argues that human factors such as low traction power and an exhausted workforce were worse in 1933 than previous years yet that year there had been a higher harvest, so the cause of the low harvest was mostly due to various natural factors.<ref name="Tauger2006">{{cite journal | last1=Tauger |first1=Mark | title=Arguing from errors: On certain issues in Robert Davies' and Stephen Wheatcroft's analysis of the 1932 Soviet grain harvest and the Great Soviet famine of 1931-1933 | journal=Europe-Asia Studies | year=2006 | volume=58 | issue=6 | page=975 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232889148 | doi=10.1080/09668130600831282 |s2cid=154824515 }}</ref> Mark Tauger has suggested an even lower harvest than Wheatcroft has of 45 million tons based on data from 40% of collective farms which has been criticized by other scholars.<ref name=marples>{{cite news|last=Marples|first=David R.|date=14 July 2002|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2002/280205.shtml|title=Analysis: Debating the undebatable? Ukraine Famine of 1932–1933|work=The Ukrainian Weekly|volume=LXX|issue=28|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> Mark Tauger has suggested that drought, damp weather, and the flooding of fields by heavy rain diluted the harvest.<ref name="Tauger 2001">{{cite journal|last=Tauger|first=Mark|date=January 2001|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310522491|title=Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933|journal=The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies|issue=1506|page=67|doi=10.5195/CBP.2001.89|issn=0889-275X|access-date=14 November 2021|via=ResearchGate|doi-access=free}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120824073308/http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/Faculty/Tauger/Tauger%2C%20Natural%20Disaster%20and%20Human%20Actions.pdf PDF version], archived from [http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/Faculty/Tauger/Tauger,%20Natural%20Disaster%20and%20Human%20Actions.pdf the original] on 24 August 2012.</ref> The proposal of harsh rain as a cause has been criticized as being contradictory to Stephen Wheatcroft's explanation of drought as a primary factor for the low harvest.<ref name=poleconfam>{{cite journal|last=Naumenko|first=Natalya|date=March 2021|title=The Political Economy of Famine: The Ukrainian Famine of 1933|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=81|issue=1|pages=156–197|doi=10.1017/S0022050720000625|issn=0022-0507|doi-access=free}}</ref> Another natural factor which reduced the harvest suggested by Tauger was endemic plant rust and swarms of insects.<ref name="Tauger 2001"/> According to Tauger warm and wet weather stimulated wheat growth which was insufficiently dealt with due to lack of peasant work motivation and primitive agricultural technology.<ref name="Tauger 2001"/> Deep snow and excess crop yield caused by peasants postponing harvest work and leaving out ears on the field to be gleaned later as part of peasant resistance is argued by Tauger to have caused an infestation of mice which destroyed grain stores and ate animal fodder.<ref name="Tauger 2001"/> According to Natalya Naumenko, [[collectivization in the Soviet Union]] and lack of favored industries were primary contributors to famine mortality (52% of excess deaths), and some evidence shows there was discrimination against ethnic Ukrainians and Germans.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Naumenko|first=Natalya|date=March 2021|title=The Political Economy of Famine: The Ukrainian Famine of 1933|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=81|issue=1|pages=156–197|doi=10.1017/S0022050720000625|issn=0022-0507|doi-access=free}}</ref> Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Professor of History at Michigan State University, states that Ukraine was hit particularly hard by grain quotas which were set at levels which most farms could not produce. The 1933 harvest was poor, coupled with the extremely high quota level, which led to starvation conditions. The shortages were blamed on kulak sabotage, and authorities distributed what supplies were available only in the urban areas.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} According to a [[Centre for Economic Policy Research]] paper published in 2021 by Andrei Markevich, Natalya Naumenko, and Nancy Qian, regions with higher Ukrainian population shares were struck harder with centrally planned policies corresponding to famine, and Ukrainian populated areas were given lower amounts of tractors which were correlated to a reduction in famine mortality, ultimately concluding that 92% of famine deaths in Ukraine alone along with 77% of famine deaths in Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus combined can be explained by systematic bias against Ukrainians.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Markevich|first1=Andrei|last2=Naumenko|first2=Natalya|last3=Qian|first3=Nancy|date=29 July 2021|url=https://repec.cepr.org/repec/cpr/ceprdp/DP16408.pdf|title=The Political-Economic Causes of the Soviet Great Famine, 1932–33|journal=Centre for Economic Policy Research|access-date=26 November 2021|via=REPEC}}</ref> The collectivization and high procurement quota explanation for the famine is somewhat called into question by the fact that the oblasts of Ukraine with the highest losses being [[Kyiv]] and [[Kharkiv]] which produced far lower amounts of grain than other sections of the country. Oleh Wolowyna comments that peasant resistance and the ensuing repression of said resistance was a critical factor for the famine in Ukraine and parts of Russia populated by national minorities like Germans and Ukrainians allegedly tainted by "fascism and bourgeois nationalism" according to Soviet authorities.<ref name="Wolowyna 2020">{{cite journal|last=Wolowyna|first=Oleh|date=October 2020|title=A Demographic Framework for the 1932–1934 Famine in the Soviet Union|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=23|issue=4|pages=501–526|doi=10.1080/14623528.2020.1834741|s2cid=226316468}}</ref> In Ukraine [[Collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|collectivisation policy]] was enforced, entailing extreme crisis and contributing to the famine. In 1929–30, peasants were induced to transfer land and livestock to state-owned farms, on which they would work as day-labourers for payment in kind.<ref name="wsj">{{cite news|last=Reid|first=Anna |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/rule-by-starvation-1507319629|title=Rule by Starvation|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=7 October 2017|access-date=8 October 2017|url-access=subscription |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008032149/https://www.wsj.com/articles/rule-by-starvation-1507319629|archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union]], including the Ukrainian SSR, was not popular among the peasantry and forced collectivisation led to numerous [[List of peasant revolts|peasant revolts]]. The [[first five-year plan]] changed the output expected from Ukrainian farms, from the familiar crop of grain to unfamiliar crops like [[sugar beet]]s and [[cotton]]. In addition, the situation was exacerbated by poor administration of the plan and the lack of relevant general management. Significant amounts of grain remained unharvested, and—even when harvested—a significant percentage was lost during processing, transportation, or storage.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} [[File:Famine en URSS 1933.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|The [[Soviet famine of 1932–1933]] with areas of most disastrous famine shaded black]] In the summer of 1930, the government instituted a program of food requisitioning, ostensibly to increase grain exports. Food theft was made punishable by death or 10 years imprisonment.<ref name="wsj"/> Food exports continued during the famine, albeit at a reduced rate.{{sfn|Applebaum|2017|pp=189-220; 221ff}} In regard to exports, [[Michael Ellman]] states that the 1932–1933 grain exports amounted to 1.8 million tonnes, which would have been enough to feed 5 million people for one year.<ref name="Ellman 2007">{{cite journal|last=Ellman|first=Michael|date=June 2007|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman1933.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014232729/http://www1.fee.uva.nl/pp/mjellman/|archive-date=14 October 2007|title=Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932–33 Revisited|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|publisher=Routledge|volume=59|issue=4|pages=663–693|doi=10.1080/09668130701291899|s2cid=53655536}}</ref> It has been proposed that the Soviet leadership used the man-made famine to attack [[Ukrainian nationalism]], and thus it could fall under the legal definition of genocide.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="KulchFeb2007"/><ref name="finn">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html|title=Aftermath of a Soviet Famine|date=27 April 2008|work=WashingtonPost.com|quote=There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed.|first=Peter|last=Finn|access-date=21 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105103337/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html|archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrainianstudies.uottawa.ca/ukraine_list/ukl369_2.html |title=The Great Famine Debate Goes On&nbsp;... |date=30 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415214611/http://www.ukrainianstudies.uottawa.ca/ukraine_list/ukl369_2.html |first=David | last=Marples |work=[[Edmonton Journal]] |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-date=15 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Bilinsky|1999}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kulchytskyi |first=Stanislav|title=Holodomor-33: Why and how?|journal=[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]]|issue=25 November – 1 December 2006}} [https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/golodomor-33_chomu_i_yak.html Available online].</ref> For example, special and particularly lethal policies were adopted in and largely limited to Soviet Ukraine at the end of 1932 and 1933. According to [[Timothy D. Snyder|Timothy Snyder]], "each of them may seem like an [[anodyne]] administrative measure, and each of them was certainly presented as such at the time, and yet each had to kill."{{sfn|Snyder|2010|pp=42–46}}<ref>The term ''anodyne administrative measure'' in the quote means a measure that was not meant to solve the problem but to calm the hungry crowds, or a measure which, in of itself, would not create opposition (See [[wikt:anodyne]]). The term '[[Anodyne]]' refers to pain relieving methods, drugs or remedies, used prior to the 20th century.</ref> Under the collectivism policy, for example, farmers were not only deprived of their properties but a large swath of these were also exiled in Siberia with no means of survival.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Physics In A Mad World|last=Shifman|first=Misha |publisher=World Scientific|year=2015|isbn=978-9814619288|location=London|pages=15}}</ref> Those who were left behind and attempted to escape the zones of famine were ordered shot. There were foreign individuals who witnessed this atrocity or its effects. For example, there was the account of [[Arthur Koestler]], a [[Hungarians in the United Kingdom|Hungarian-British]] journalist, which described the peak years of Holodomor in these words:<blockquote>At every [train] station there was a crowd of peasants in rags, offering icons and linen in exchange for a loaf of bread. The women were lifting up their infants to the compartment windows—infants pitiful and terrifying with limbs like sticks, puffed bellies, big cadaverous heads lolling on thin necks.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Great Escape|last=Marton|first=Kati|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2007|isbn=978-0743261159 |location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatescapeninej00mart/page/98 98]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/greatescapeninej00mart/page/98}}</ref></blockquote> === Regional variation === The collectivization and high procurement quota explanation for the famine is somewhat called into question by the fact that the oblasts of Ukraine with the highest losses being [[Kyiv]] and [[Kharkiv]] which produced far lower amounts of grain than other sections of the country.<ref name="Wolowyna 2020">{{cite journal|last=Wolowyna|first=Oleh|date=October 2020|title=A Demographic Framework for the 1932–1934 Famine in the Soviet Union|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=23|issue=4|pages=501–526|doi=10.1080/14623528.2020.1834741|s2cid=226316468}}</ref> A potential explanation for this was that Kharkiv and Kyiv fulfilled and over fulfilled their grain procurements in 1930 which led to raions in these Oblasts having their procurement quotas doubled in 1931 compared to the national average increase in procurement rate of 9%, in fact while Kharkiv and Kyiv had their quotas increased the Odesa oblast and some raions of Dnipropetrovsk oblast had their procurement quotas decreased.<ref name=harvardmaps>{{cite web |title=New Insights |url=https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/new-insights |website=Harvard University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116194731/https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/new-insights |archive-date=16 January 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition according to Nataliia Levchuk of the Ptoukha Institute of Demography and Social Studies "the distribution of the largely increased 1931 grain quotas in Kharkiv and Kyiv oblasts by raion was very uneven and unjustified because it was done disproportionally to the percentage of wheat sown area and their potential grain capacity.”<ref name=harvardmaps>{{cite web |title=New Insights |url=https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/new-insights |website=Harvard University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116194731/https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/new-insights |archive-date=16 January 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Famine losses by region<ref>{{cite web |title=Total Direct Famine Losses of Population per 1,000 by Raion in Ukraine for 1933 |url=https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/population-losses}}</ref> |- ! Oblast !! Total Deaths (1932-1934 in thousands) !! Deaths per 1000 (1932) !! Deaths per 1000 (1933) !! Deaths per 1000 (1934) |- | [[Kyiv Oblast]] || 1110.8 || 13.7 || 178.7 || 7 |- | [[Kharkiv Oblast]] || 1037.6 || 7.8 || 178.9 || 4.2 |- | [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] || 545.5 || 5.9 || 114.6 || 5.2 |- | [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] || 368.4 || 5.4 || 91.6 || 4.7 |- | [[Odesa Oblast]] || 326.9 || 6.1 || 98.8 || 2.4 |- | [[Chernihiv Oblast]] || 254.2 || 6 || 75.7 || 11.9 |- | [[Stalino Oblast]] || 230.8 || 7 || 41.1 || 6.4 |- | [[Tyraspol]] || 68.3 || 9.6 || 102.4 || 8.1 |} === Repressive policies === [[File:Blackboard - punishment of kolhoz during Holodomor in Ukraine.png|thumb|A "black board" published in the newspaper "Under the Flag of Lenin" in January 1933—a "blacklist" identifying specific [[kolhoz]]es and their punishment in the [[Bashtanka Raion]], [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolayiv oblast]], Ukraine.]] Several repressive policies were implemented in Ukraine during the famine, including but not limited to the [[Law of Spikelets]], [[Blacklisting (Soviet policy)|Blacklisting]], [[Passport system in the Soviet Union#1932–1991|the internal passport system]], and harsh grain requisitions. The "Decree About the Protection of Socialist Property", nicknamed by the farmers the [[Law of Spikelets]], was enacted on August 7, 1932. The purpose of the law was to protect the property of the [[kolkhoz]] collective farms. It was nicknamed the Law of Spikelets because it allowed people to be prosecuted for [[gleaning]] leftover grain from the fields. There were more than 200,000 people sentenced under this law.<ref name="Ellman 2007"/> The blacklist system was formalized in 1932 by the November 20 decree "The Struggle against Kurkul Influence in Collective Farms";<ref name="Andriewsky 2015">{{cite journal|last=Andriewsky|first=Olga|date=January 2015|title=Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography|journal=East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies|publisher=University of Alberta|volume=2|issue=1|pages=18–52|doi=10.21226/T2301N|doi-access=free}}</ref> blacklisting, synonymous with a board of infamy, was one of the elements of agitation-propaganda in the [[Soviet Union]], and especially [[Ukraine]] and the ethnically Ukrainian [[Kuban]] region in the 1930s. A blacklisted collective farm, village, or [[raion]] (district) had its monetary loans and grain advances called in, stores closed, grain supplies, livestock, and food confiscated as a penalty, and was cut off from trade. Its Communist Party and collective farm committees were purged and subject to arrest, and their territory was forcibly cordoned off by the OGPU secret police.<ref name="Andriewsky 2015"/> Although nominally targeting collective farms failing to meet grain quotas and independent farmers with outstanding tax-in-kind, in practice the punishment was applied to all residents of affected villages and raions, including teachers, tradespeople, and children.<ref name="Andriewsky 2015"/> In the end at least 400 collective farms were put on the black board in Ukraine, more than half of them in [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] alone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Papakin|first=Heorhii|date=27 November 2010|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/2010/11/27/6591/|url-status=live|title='Chorni doshky' Holodomoru – ekonomichnyi metod znyshchennia hromadian URSR (SPYSOK)|script-title=uk:ьчорні дошкіь Голодомору – економічний метод зніщеннія громадян УРСР (СПИСОК)|trans-title='Black boards' of the Holodomor: An economic method for the destruction of community members of the Ukrainian SSR (list)|website=Istorychna Pravda|language=uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103054050/http://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/2010/11/27/6591/|archive-date=3 January 2019|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> Every single raion in Dnipropetrovsk had at least one blacklisted village, and in Vinnytsia oblast five entire raions were blacklisted. This oblast is situated right in the middle of traditional lands of the [[Zaporizhian Cossacks]]. Cossack villages were also blacklisted in the Volga and Kuban regions of Russia.<ref name="Andriewsky 2015"/> Some blacklisted areas<ref>{{cite web |title=Blacklisted Entities in Ukraine, 1932-1933 |url=https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/blacklisted-localities}}</ref> in [[Kharkiv]] could have death rates exceeding 40%<ref name=regionalmortality>{{cite web |title=Total Direct Famine Losses of Population per 1,000 by Raion in Ukraine for 1933 |url=https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/population-losses}}</ref> while in other areas such as [[Stalino]] blacklisting had no particular effect on mortality.<ref name=regionalmortality>{{cite web |title=Total Direct Famine Losses of Population per 1,000 by Raion in Ukraine for 1933 |url=https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/population-losses}}</ref> The [[passport system in the Soviet Union]] (identity cards) was introduced on 27 December 1932 to deal with the exodus of peasants from the countryside. Individuals not having such a document could not leave their homes on pain of administrative penalties, such as internment in [[labour camp]]s ([[Gulag]]). [[Joseph Stalin]] signed the January 1933 secret decree named "Preventing the Mass Exodus of Peasants who are Starving", restricting travel by peasants after requests for bread began in the Kuban and Ukraine; Soviet authorities blamed the exodus of peasants during the famine on anti-Soviet elements, saying that "like the outflow from Ukraine last year, was organized by the enemies of Soviet power."<ref>{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Terry|year=2001|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Affirmative_Action_Empire/A90ZDgAAQBAJ|title=The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939|edition=paperback|location=Ithaca, New York|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=306–307|isbn=9780801486777|access-date=2 December 2021|via=Google Books|quote='TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom have received information that in the Kuban and Ukraine a massive outflow of peasants 'for bread' has begun into Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Volga, Western, and Moscow regions. / TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom do not doubt that the outflow of peasants, like the outflow from Ukraine last year, was organized by the enemies of Soviet power, the SRs and the agents of Poland, with the goal of agitation 'through the peasantry' ... TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom order the OGPU of Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Middle Volga, Western and Moscow regions to immediately arrest all 'peasants' of Ukraine and the North Caucasus who have broken through into the north and, after separating out the counterrevolutionariy elements, to return the rest to their place of residence.' ... Molotov, Stalin}}</ref> There was a wave of migration due to starvation and authorities responded by introducing a requirement that passports be used to go between republics and banning travel by rail.<ref>Mark B. Tauger, The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933, ''[[Slavic Review]]'', Volume 50, Issue 1 (Spring, 1991), 70–89, ([http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/Faculty/Tauger/Tauger,%20%27The%201932%20Harvest%20and%20the%20Famine%20of%201933,%20SR%2091.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172428/http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/Faculty/Tauger/Tauger%2C%20%27The%201932%20Harvest%20and%20the%20Famine%20of%201933%2C%20SR%2091.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }})</ref> During a single month in 1933, 219,460 people were either intercepted and escorted back or arrested and sentenced.<ref>{{cite book|last=Werth|first=Nicholas|year=1999|chapter=A State against Its People: Violence, Repression, and Terror in the Soviet Union|editor-last=Courtois|editor-first=Stéphane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC|title=The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression|translator=Mark Kraemer |translator2=Jonathan Murphy|edition=illustrated hardcover|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=164|isbn=9780674076082|access-date=2 December 2021|via=Google Books}}</ref> It has been estimated that there were some 150,000 excess deaths as a result of this policy, and one historian asserts that these deaths constitute a [[crime against humanity]].<ref name="Ellman 2007"/> In contrast, historian [[Stephen Kotkin]] argues that the sealing of the Ukrainian borders caused by the internal passport system was in order to prevent the spread of famine related diseases.<ref name="Kotkin 2017">{{cite interview|last=Kotkin|first=Stephen|date=8 November 2017|url=https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/11/08/studying-stalin/|title=Terrible Talent: Studying Stalin|magazine=The American Interest|interviewer=Richard Aldous|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> Between January and mid-April 1933, a factor contributing to a surge of deaths within certain region of Ukraine during the period was the relentless search for alleged hidden grain by the confiscation of all food stuffs from certain households, which Stalin implicitly approved of through a telegram he sent on the 1 January 1933 to the Ukrainian government reminding Ukrainian farmers of the severe penalties for not surrendering grain they may be hiding.<ref name="Wolowyna 2020" /> In his review of Anne Applebaum's book Mark Tauger gives a rough estimate of those affected by the search for hidden grain reserves: "In chapter 10 Applebaum describes the harsh searches that local personnel, often Ukrainian, imposed on villages, based on a Ukrainian memoir collection (222), and she presents many vivid anecdotes. Still she never explains how many people these actions affected. She cites a Ukrainian decree from November 1932 calling for 1100 brigades to be formed (229). If each of these 1100 brigades searched 100 households, and a peasant household had five people, then they took food from 550,000 people, out of 20 million, or about 2-3 percent."<ref name=taugerconfiscation>{{cite web|last=Tauger|first=Mark|date=1 July 2018|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/169438|title=Review of Anne Applebaum's 'Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine'|website=History News Network|publisher=George Washington University|access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref> In order to make up for unfulfilled grain procurement quotas in Ukraine, reserves of grain were confiscated from three sources including, according to Oleh Wolowyna, "(a) grain set side for seed for the next harvest; (b) a grain fund for emergencies; (c) grain issued to collective farmers for previously completed work, which had to be returned if the collective farm did not fulfill its quota."<ref name="Wolowyna 2020"/> In Ukraine, there was a widespread purge of Communist party officials at all levels. According to Oleh Wolowyna, 390 "anti-Soviet, counter-revolutionary insurgent and chauvinist" groups were eliminated resulting in 37,797 arrests, that lead to 719 executions, 8,003 people being sent to [[Gulag]] camps, and 2,728 being put into internal exile.<ref name="Wolowyna 2020"/> 120,000 individuals in Ukraine were reviewed in the first 10 months of 1933 in a top-to-bottom purge of the Communist party resulting in 23% being eliminated as perceived class hostile elements.<ref name="Wolowyna 2020"/> [[Pavel Postyshev]] was set in charge of placing people in the head of Machine-Tractor Stations in Ukraine which where responsible for purging elements deemed to be class hostile.<ref name="Wolowyna 2020"/> By the end of 1933, 60% of the heads of village councils and raion committees in Ukraine were replaced with an additional 40,000 lower-tier workers being purged.<ref name="Wolowyna 2020"/> Purges were also extensive in the Ukrainian populated territories of the Kuban and North Caucasus. 358 of 716 party secretaries in Kuban were removed, along with 43% of the 25,000 party members there; in total, 40% of the 115,000 to 120,000 rural party members in the North Caucasus were removed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Robert W.|last2=Wheatcroft|first2=Stephen G.|year=2004|title=The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=178|isbn=9780333311073}}</ref> Party officials associated with [[Ukrainization]] were targeted, as the national policy was viewed to be connected with the failure of grain procurement by Soviet authorities.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Robert W.|last2=Wheatcroft|first2=Stephen G.|year=2004|title=The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=190|isbn=9780333311073|quote=In a considerable number of districts in Ukraine and the North Caucasus counter-revolutionary elements – kulaks, former officers, Petlyurians, supporters of the Kuban' Rada and others – were able to penetrate into the kolkhozy as chairmen or influential members of the board, or as bookkeepers and storekeepers, and as brigade leaders at the threshers, and were able to penetrate into the village soviets, land agencies and cooperatives. They attempt to direct the work of these organisations against the interests of the proletarian state and the policy of the party; they try to organise a counter-revolutionary movement, the sabotage of the grain collections, and the sabotage of the village.}}</ref> Despite the crisis, the Soviet government actively denied to ask for foreign aid for the famine and instead actively denied the famine's existence.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Robert W.|last2=Wheatcroft|first2=Stephen G.|year=2004|title=The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=441|isbn=9780333311073}}</ref> What aid was given was selectively distributed to preserve the collective farm system. Grain producing oblasts in Ukraine such as [[Dnipropetrovsk]] were given more aid at an earlier time than more severely affected regions like [[Kharkiv]] which produced less grain.<ref name="Wolowyna 2020"/> [[Joseph Stalin]] had quoted [[Vladimir Lenin]] during the famine declaring: "[[He who does not work, neither shall he eat]]."<ref name="Ellman 2007"/> This perspective is argued by [[Michael Ellman]] to have influenced official policy during the famine, with those deemed to be idlers being disfavored in aid distribution as compared to those deemed "conscientiously working collective farmers";<ref name="Ellman 2007"/> in this vein, Olga Andriewsky states that Soviet archives indicate that the most productive workers were prioritized for receiving food aid.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Andreiwsky|first=Olga|year=2015|title=Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography|journal=East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies|volume=2|issue=1|page=17|doi=10.21226/T2301N|quote=Finally, new studies have revealed the very selective — indeed, highly politicized — nature of state assistance in Ukraine in 1932–1933. Soviet authorities, as we know, took great pains to guarantee the supply of food to the industrial workforce and to certain other categories of the population — Red Army personnel and their families, for example. As the latest research has shown, however, in the spring of 1933, famine relief itself became an ideological instrument. The aid that was provided in rural Ukraine at the height of the Famine, when much of the population was starving, was directed, first and foremost, to 'conscientious' collective farm workers — those who had worked the highest number of workdays. Rations, as the sources attest, were allocated in connection with spring sowing). The bulk of assistance was delivered in the form of grain seed that was 'lent' to collective farms (from reserves that had been seized in Ukraine) with the stipulation that it would be repaid with interest. State aid, it seems clear, was aimed at trying to salvage the collective farm system and a workforce necessary to maintain it. At the very same time, Party officials announced a campaign to root out 'enemy elements of all kinds who sought to exploit the food problems for their own counter-revolutionary purposes, spreading rumours about the famine and various 'horrors'. Famine-relief, in this way, became yet another way to determine who lived and who died.|doi-access=free}}</ref> Food rationing in Ukraine was determined by city categories (where one lived, with capitals and industrial centers being given preferential distribution), occupational categories (with industrial and railroad workers being prioritized over blue collar workers and intelligentsia), status in the family unit (with employed persons being entitled to higher rations than dependents and the elderly), and type of workplace in relation to industrialization (with those who worked in industrial endeavors near steel mills being preferred in distribution over those who worked in rural areas or in food).<ref>{{cite book|last=Malko|first=Victoria A.|year=2021|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqhGEAAAQBAJ|title=The Ukrainian Intelligentsia and Genocide: The Struggle for History, Language, and Culture in the 1920s and 1930s|publisher=Lexington Books|pages=152–153|isbn=978-1498596794}}</ref> === Ukrainians in other Republics === Ukrainians in other parts of the Soviet Union also experienced famine and repressive policies and this is sometimes viewed as being connected to the Holodomor in Ukraine. In 1932–33, the policies of forced collectivization of the Ukrainian population of the Soviet Union, which caused a devastating famine that greatly affected the Ukrainian population of the Kuban. According to the All-Union census of 1926–1937, the rural population in the [[North Caucasus]] decreased by 24%. In the Kuban alone, from November 1932 to the spring of 1933, the number of documented victims of famine was 62,000. According to other historians, the real death toll is many times higher.<ref>{{cite web |first1=E.V. |last1=Osadchenko |last2=Rudneva |first2=S.E. |title=HUNGER IN KUBAN 1932-1933 |work=www.natural-sciences.ru |url=http://www.natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=29574}}</ref> During the [[Soviet famine of 1932–1933]] Krasnodar lost over 14% of its population.<ref name="Wolowyna 2020" /> The mass repressions of the 1930s also resulted in the arrest and execution of over 1,500 Ukrainian speaking intellectuals from Krasnodar. Many teachers of Ukrainian language were arrested and exiled from the region. By 1932 all Ukrainian language education establishments were closed. The professional Ukrainian theatre in Krasnodar was closed. All Ukrainian toponyms in the Kuban, which reflected the areas from which the first Ukrainians settlers had moved, were changed. The names of [[Stanytsia]]s such as [[Kiev, Krasnodar|Kiev]] was changed to "Krasnoartilyevskaya", and [[Uman, Krasnodar|Uman]] to "Leningrad", and [[Poltavskaya (rural locality)|Poltavska]] to "Krasnoarmieiskaya". The physical destruction of all aspects of Ukrainian culture and the Ukrainian population, and the resultant ethnic cleansing of the population, the Russification, the Holodomor of 1932-33 and 1946-7 and other tactics used by the Union government lead to the catastrophic fall in population that associated themselves with Ukrainian ethnicity in the Kuban. Official Soviet Union statistics of 1959 state that Ukrainians made up 4% of the population, in 1989 – 3%. The self-identification of the Ukrainian population of Kuban decreased from 915,000 in 1926, to 150,000 in 1939.<ref name="Ellman 2007"/> and to 61,867 in 2002. Ethnic minorities in Kazakhstan were significantly affected by the [[Kazakh famine of 1931–1933]] in addition to the Kazakhs as Ukrainians had the second highest proportional death rate after the Kazakhs themselves as the Ukrainian population in Kazakhstan decreased from 859,396 to 549,859<ref name="Ohayon">{{cite web |last=Isabelle |first=Ohayon |title=The Kazakh Famine: The Beginnings of Sedentarization |date=13 January 2016 |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/kazakh-famine-beginnings-sedentarization}}</ref> (a reduction of almost 36% of their population) while other ethnic minorities in Kazakhstan lost 12% and 30% of their populations.<ref name="Ohayon"/> === Aftermath and immediate reception === Despite attempts by the Soviet authorities to hide the scale of the disaster, it became known abroad thanks to the publications of journalists [[Gareth Jones (journalist)|Gareth Jones]], [[Malcolm Muggeridge]], [[Ewald Ammende]], [[Rhea Clyman]], photographs made by engineer [[Alexander Wienerberger]], etc. To support their [[Denial of the Holodomor|denial of the famine]], the Soviets hosted prominent Westerners such as [[Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]], French ex-prime minister [[Édouard Herriot]], and others at [[Potemkin village|Potemkin villages]], who then made statements that they had not seen hunger.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Holodomor - Denial and Silences|url=https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/holodomor-denial-silences/|access-date=2022-02-14|website=HREC Education|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2007|title=Stalin-Wells talk / the verbatim record and a discussion by G.B. Shaw, H.G. Wells, J.M. Keynes, E. Toller and others|url=http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/communism/com107.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902093951/http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/communism/com107.html|archive-date=2 September 2007|publisher=Monash University}}</ref><ref name="Thevenin">{{cite conference|last=Thevenin|first=Etienne|date=29 June 2005|title=France, Germany and Austria: Facing the famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine|url=http://ncua.inform-decisions.com/eng/files/EThevenin.pdf|conference=James Mace Memorial Panel, IAUS Congress, Donetsk, Ukraine|page=8|access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> Areas depopulated by the famine were resettled by Russians in the Zaporizhzhya, Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts, but not as much so in central Ukraine.<ref name="euromaidsettlers">{{cite web |last1=Iryna Bulanenko |first1=Severyn Nalyvayko |title=Historian Martyniuk: Ukrainian homes were massively occupied by Russian settlers |url=http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/11/27/historian-martyniuk-ukrainian-homes-were-massively-occupied-by-russian-settlers/ |website=Euromaiden Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213091224/http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/11/27/historian-martyniuk-ukrainian-homes-were-massively-occupied-by-russian-settlers/ |archive-date=13 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In some areas were depopulation was due to migration rather than mortality, Ukrainians returned to their places of residence to find their homes occupied by Russians, leading to widespread fights between Ukrainian farmers and Russian settlers.<ref name="euromaidsettlers">{{cite web |last1=Iryna Bulanenko |first1=Severyn Nalyvayko |title=Historian Martyniuk: Ukrainian homes were massively occupied by Russian settlers |url=http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/11/27/historian-martyniuk-ukrainian-homes-were-massively-occupied-by-russian-settlers/ |website=Euromaiden Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213091224/http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/11/27/historian-martyniuk-ukrainian-homes-were-massively-occupied-by-russian-settlers/ |archive-date=13 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Such clashes caused around one million Russian settlers to be returned back home.<ref name="euromaidsettlers">{{cite web |last1=Iryna Bulanenko |first1=Severyn Nalyvayko |title=Historian Martyniuk: Ukrainian homes were massively occupied by Russian settlers |url=http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/11/27/historian-martyniuk-ukrainian-homes-were-massively-occupied-by-russian-settlers/ |website=Euromaiden Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213091224/http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/11/27/historian-martyniuk-ukrainian-homes-were-massively-occupied-by-russian-settlers/ |archive-date=13 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|German occupation of Ukraine]], the occupation authorities allowed the publication of articles in local newspapers about Holodomor and other communist crimes, but they also did not want to pay too much attention to this issue in order to avoid stirring national sentiment.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} In 1942, [[Stepan Sosnovy]], an [[Agronomy|agronomist]] in [[Kharkiv]], published a comprehensive statistical research on the number of Holodomor casualties, based on documents from Soviet archives.<ref name="Sosnovy">[[Stepan Sosnovy|Sosnovy, Stepan]]. 1953. "The Truth about the Famine." pp. 222–25 in [https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12606/file.pdf#page=234 ''The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book,''] edited by S. O. Pidhainy, translated by A. Oreletsky and O. Prychodko. Toronto: The Basilian Press, for Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror.</ref> In the [[post-war]] period, the [[Ukrainian diaspora]] disseminated information about the Holodomor in Europe and North America. At first, the public attitude was rather cautious, as the information came from people who had lived in the occupied territories, but it gradually changed in the 1950s. Scientific study of the Holodomor, based on the growing number of memoirs published by survivors, began in the 1950s.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} === Death toll === {{see also|Soviet Census (1937)}} [[File:Ukraine famine map.png|thumb|Map of depopulation of Ukraine and southern Russia from 1929 to 1933, with territories which were not part of the Soviet state during the famine in white]] The Soviet Union long denied that the famine had taken place. The [[NKVD]] (and later [[KGB]]) controlled the archives for the Holodomor period and made relevant records available very slowly. The exact number of the victims remains unknown and is probably impossible to estimate, even within a margin of error of a hundred thousand.<ref name="Soldatenko">{{cite journal|first=Valerii |last=Soldatenko |url=https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/golodniy_tridtsyat_tretiy_subektivni_dumki_pro_obektivni_protsesi.html |script-title=uk:Голодний тридцять третій суб'єктивні думки про об'єктивні процеси |trans-title=The starvation of '33: subjective thoughts about objective processes |language=uk |journal=Dzerkalo Tyzhnia |issue=24, 28 June – 4 July |year=2003 }}</ref> However, by the end of 1933, millions of people had starved to death or otherwise died unnaturally in the Soviet republics. In 2001, based on a range of official demographic data, historian [[Stephen G. Wheatcroft]] noted that official death statistics for this period were systematically repressed and showed that many deaths were un-registered.{{sfn|Уиткрофт|2001|p=885}} Estimates vary in their coverage, with some using the 1933 Ukraine borders, some of the current borders, and some counting ethnic Ukrainians. Some [[Extrapolation|extrapolate]] on the basis of deaths in a given area, while others use archival data. Some historians question the accuracy of Soviet censuses, as they may reflect [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|Soviet propaganda]]. Other estimates come from recorded discussions between world leaders. In an August 1942 conversation, Stalin gave [[Winston Churchill]] his estimates of the number of "[[kulak]]s" who were repressed for resisting [[collectivisation]] as 10 million, in all of the Soviet Union, rather than only in Ukraine. When using this number, Stalin implied that it included not only those who lost their lives but also those who were forcibly deported.<ref name="Berezhkov">Berezhkov, Valentin. 1993. ''Kak ya stal perevodchikom Stalina''. Moscow, DEM. {{ISBN|5-85207-044-0}}. p. 317.</ref><ref name="HowMany"/> Additionally, there are variations in opinion as to whether deaths in [[Gulag|Gulag labour camps]] should be counted or only those who starved to death at home. Estimates before archival opening varied widely such as: 2.5&nbsp;million ([[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]]);<ref name="HowMany"/> 4.8&nbsp;million ([[Vasyl Hryshko]]);<ref name="HowMany"/> and 5&nbsp;million ([[Robert Conquest]]).{{sfn|Conquest|2002}} In the 1980s, dissident demographer and historian [[Alexander P. Babyonyshev]] (writing as Sergei Maksudov) estimated officially non-accounted [[child mortality]] in 1933 by 150,000,<ref name="maksudov">Sergei Maksudov, "Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR 1918–1958", in ''The Samizdat Register II'', ed. R. Medvedev (London–New York 1981)</ref> leading to a calculation that the number of births for 1933 should be increased from 471,000 to 621,000 (down from 1,184,000 in 1927).{{Verify source|date=April 2021}} Given the decreasing birth rates and assuming the natural mortality rates in 1933 to be equal to the average annual mortality rate in 1927–1930 (524,000 per year), a natural population growth for 1933 would have been 97,000 (as opposed to the recorded decrease of 1,379,000). This was five times less than the growth in the previous three years (1927–1930). Straight-line extrapolation of population (continuation of the previous net change) between census takings in 1927 and 1936 would have been +4.043 million, which compares to a recorded -538,000 change. Overall change in birth and death amounts to 4.581 million fewer people but whether through factors of choice, disease or starvation will never be fully known.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} In the 2000s, there were debates among historians and in civil society about the number of deaths as Soviet files were released and tension built between Russia and the Ukrainian president [[Viktor Yushchenko]]. Yushchenko and other Ukrainian politicians described fatalities as in the region of seven to ten million.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fawkes |first=Helen |date=24 November 2006 |title=Legacy of famine divides Ukraine |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6179818.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127110530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6179818.stm |archive-date=27 November 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sheeter |first=Laura |date=24 November 2007 |title=Ukraine remembers famine horror |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-date=31 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731094354/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Kulchytskyi|first=Stanislav|date=22 August 2003 |script-title=uk:Причини голоду 1933 року в Україні по сторінках однієї підзабутої книги|trans-title=Reasons for the 1933 famine in Ukraine according to the pages of one all but forgotten book|language=uk|journal=[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]]|issue=16 |url=https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/prichini_golodu_1933_roku_v_ukrayini_po_storinkah_odnieyi_prizabutoyi_knigi.html |access-date=20 January 2021|quote=During the hearings, the Ukrainian politician [[Stefan Khmara]] said, 'I would like to address the scientists, particularly, [[Stanislav Kulchytsky]], who attempts to mark down the number of victims and counts them as 3–3.5 million. I studied these questions analysing the demographic statistics as early as in 1970s and concluded that the number of victims was no less than 7 million'. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Yushchenko |first=Viktor |author-link=Viktor Yushchenko |date=27 November 2007 |title=Holodomor |url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/8296.html |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908084945/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/8296.html |archive-date=8 September 2008 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Yushchenko stated in a speech to the [[United States Congress]] that the Holodomor "took away 20 million lives of Ukrainians,"<ref>{{cite web|title=Ukrainian President Yushchenko: Yushchenko's Address before Joint Session of U.S. Congress |url=http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/print/173.html|work=Official Website of President of Ukraine|date=6 April 2005|access-date=7 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006021607/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/print/173.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Congressional Record House Articles |website=Congress.gov |date=2005-04-06 |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2005/4/6/house-section/article/H1784-3 |access-date=2021-04-23}}</ref> while former [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]] issued a public statement giving the death toll at about 10 million.<ref name="harper ex">{{cite web|title=Harper accused of exaggerating Ukrainian genocide death toll |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/montreal-gazette-harper-accused-of-exaggerating-uk-88179.html|publisher=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|MontrealGazette.com]], [[Kyiv Post]]|date=30 October 2010|access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="harper ex 2">{{cite web|title=Harper accused of exaggerating Ukrainian genocide death toll |url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/ottawa-citizen/20101030/287835824386057|publisher=[[Ottawa Citizen]], pressreader.com|date=30 October 2010|access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="snyder10">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2009-06-25-snyder-en.html|publisher=[[Eurozine]]|date=25 June 2009|access-date=22 November 2010|title=Holocaust: The ignored reality|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411025257/http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2009-06-25-snyder-en.html |archive-date=11 April 2010}}</ref> Some Ukrainian and Western historians use similar figures. Historian [[David R. Marples]] gave a figure of 7.5 million in 2007.<ref name="Marples">[[David R. Marples|Marples, David R.]] ''Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine''. p. 50.</ref> During an international conference held in Ukraine in 2016, ''Holodomor 1932–1933 loss of the Ukrainian nation'', at the National [[University of Kyiv]] [[Taras Shevchenko]], it was claimed that during the Holodomor 7 million Ukrainians were killed, and in total, 10 million people died of starvation across the USSR.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Міжнародна конференція "Голодомор 1932–1933 років: втрати української нації" |trans-title=International Conference "The Holodomor of 1932-1933: the losses of the Ukrainian nation" |date=2016|work=КНУ імені Тараса Шевченка |url=http://www.univ.kiev.ua/news/8063|url-status=live |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906041412/http://www.univ.kiev.ua/news/8063}}</ref> However, the use of the 7 to 20 million figures has been criticized by historians [[Timothy D. Snyder]] and [[Stephen G. Wheatcroft]]. Snyder wrote: "President Viktor Yushchenko does his country a grave disservice by claiming ten million deaths, thus exaggerating the number of Ukrainians killed by a factor of three; but it is true that the famine in Ukraine of 1932–1933 was a result of purposeful political decisions, and killed about three million people."<ref name="snyder10"/> In an email to [[Postmedia News]], Wheatcroft wrote: "I find it regrettable that Stephen Harper and other leading Western politicians are continuing to use such exaggerated figures for Ukrainian famine mortality" and "[t]here is absolutely no basis for accepting a figure of 10 million Ukrainians dying as a result of the famine of 1932–33."<ref name="harper ex"/><ref name="harper ex 2"/><ref>{{citation |mode=cs1 |last= Wheatcroft |first= Stephen G. |author-link= Stephen G. Wheatcroft |date= 2000-12-07 |title= A Note on Demographic Data as an Indicator of the Tragedy of the Soviet Village, 1931–33 (draft) |url= http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/SGW%20-%20Note%20on%20Demographic%20Data.pdf |access-date=31 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702185709/http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/SGW%20-%20Note%20on%20Demographic%20Data.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-02}}</ref> In 2001, Wheatfcroft had calculated total population loss (including [[stillbirth]]) across the Union at 10 million and possibly up to 15 million between 1931 and 1934, including 2.8 million (and possibly up to 4.8 million excess deaths) and 3.7 million (up to 6.7 million) population losses including birth losses in Ukraine.{{sfn|Уиткрофт|2001|p=885}} {|class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:1em auto 1em 2em" style="text-align:right" |+ Declassified Soviet statistics<br /> (in thousands)<ref name="HowMany"/> !width=25%|Year || Births || Deaths || Natural<br /> change |- |align=center |1927 || 1,184 || 523 || 661 |- |align=center |1928 || 1,139 || 496 || 643 |- |align=center |1929 || 1,081 || 539 || 542 |- |align=center |1930 || 1,023 || 536 || 487 |- |align=center |1931 || 975 || 515 || 460 |- |align=center |1932 || 782 || 668 || 114 |- |align=center |'''1933''' || '''471''' || '''1,850''' || '''−1,379''' |- |align=center |1934 || 571 || 483 || 88 |- |align=center |1935 || 759 || 342 || 417 |- |align=center |1936 || 895 || 361 || 534 |} In 2002, Ukrainian historian [[Stanislav Kulchytsky]], using demographic data including those recently unclassified, narrowed the losses to about 3.2 million or, allowing for the lack of precise data, 3 million to 3.5 million.<ref name="HowMany">Kulchytskyi, Stanislav. 23–29 November 2002. "How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933." ''[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]]''. Available online {{cite web|title=Скільки нас загинуло від Голодомору 1933 року? |trans-title=How many of us died from the Holodomor of 1933? |language=uk |url=https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/skilki_nas_zaginulo_pid_golodomoru_1933_roku.html |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/demografichni_vtrati_ukrayini_v_hh_stolitti.html |first=Stalislav |last=Kulchytskyi |title=Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century |script-title=uk:Демографічні втрати України в хх столітті |language=uk |access-date=20 January 2021 |journal=Dzerkalo Tyzhnia |date= 2–8 October 2004}}</ref><ref name=Naslidky4>[[#KulYef|Kulchytsky & Yefimenko 2003]], pp.&nbsp;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130523184052/http://histans.com/LiberUA/Book/Ki/4.pdf 42–63].</ref> The number of recorded excess deaths extracted from the birth/death statistics from Soviet archives is contradictory. The data fail to add up to the differences between the results of the 1926 Census and the [[Soviet Census (1937)|1937 Census]].<ref name="HowMany" /> Kulchytsky summarized the declassified Soviet statistics as showing a decrease of 538,000 people in the population of Soviet Ukraine between 1926 census (28,926,000) and 1937 census (28,388,000).<ref name="HowMany" /> Similarly, Wheatcroft's work from Soviet archives showed that excess deaths in Ukraine in 1932–1933 numbered a minimum of 1.8 million (2.7 including birth losses): "Depending upon the estimations made concerning unregistered mortality and natality, these figures could be increased to a level of 2.8 million to a maximum of 4.8 million excess deaths and to 3.7 million to a maximum of 6.7 million population losses (including birth losses)".{{sfn|Wheatcroft|2001}} A 2002 study by French demographer [[Jacques Vallin]] and colleagues {{sfn|Vallin|Meslé|Adamets|Pyrozhkov|2002}}{{sfn|Meslé|Pison|Vallin|2005|loc="What is striking in the long-term picture of Ukrainian life expectancy is the devastating impact of the calamities of the 1930s and 1940s. In 1933, the famine which had occasioned unparalleled excess mortality of 2.2 million, cut the period life expectancy to a low of under 10 years"}}<ref name=Vallinbook>ce Meslé, Jacques Vallin ''Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXè siècle'' + CDRom {{ISBN|2-7332-0152-2}} [https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/ CD online data (partially)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109000524/https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/ |date=9 January 2016 }}</ref> utilising some similar primary sources to Kulchytsky, and performing an analysis with more sophisticated demographic tools with forward projection of expected growth from the 1926 census and backward projection from the 1939 census estimates the number of direct deaths for 1933 as 2.582 million. This number of deaths does not reflect the total demographic loss for Ukraine from these events as the fall of the birth rate during the crisis and the out-migration contribute to the latter as well. The total population shortfall from the expected value between 1926 and 1939 estimated by Vallin amounted to 4.566 million. Of this number, 1.057 million is attributed to the birth deficit, 930,000 to forced out-migration, and 2.582 million to the combination of excess mortality and voluntary out-migration. With the latter assumed to be negligible, this estimate gives the number of deaths as the result of the 1933 famine about 2.2 million. According to demographic studies, [[life expectancy]], which had been in the high forties to low fifties, fell sharply for those born in 1932 to 28 years, and for 1933 fell further to the extremely low 10.8 years for females and 7.3 years for males; it remained abnormally low for 1934 but, as commonly expected for the post-crisis period peaked in 1935–36.{{sfn|Vallin|Meslé|Adamets|Pyrozhkov|2002}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rudnytskyi|first1=O.&nbsp;P.|last2=Levchuk|first2=N.&nbsp;M.|last3=Wolowyna|first3=O.|last4=Shevchuk|first4=P.&nbsp;E.|last5=Kovbasiuk|first5=A.&nbsp;B.|date=2015-12-24|title=Demography оf a Man-Made Human Catastrophe: the Case of Massive Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2015.03.003|journal=Demography and Social Economy|issue=3|pages=43–63|doi=10.15407/dse2015.03.003|issn=2072-9480}}</ref> According to historian Snyder in 2010, the recorded figure of excess deaths was 2.4 million. However, Snyder claims that this figure is "substantially low" due to many deaths going unrecorded. Snyder states that demographic calculations carried out by the Ukrainian government provide a figure of 3.89 million dead, and opined that the actual figure is likely between these two figures, approximately 3.3 million deaths to starvation and disease related to the starvation in Ukraine from 1932 to 1933. Snyder also estimates that of the million people who died in the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] from famine at the same time, approximately 200,000 were ethnic Ukrainians due to Ukrainian-inhabited regions being particularly hard hit in Russia.{{sfn|Snyder|2010|pp=42–46}} As a child, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], born into a mixed Russian-Ukrainian family, experienced the famine in [[Stavropol]], Russia. He recalled in a memoir that "In that terrible year [in 1933] nearly half the population of my native village, [[Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeysky District, Stavropol Krai|Privolnoye]], starved to death, including two sisters and one brother of my father."<ref>Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (2006). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JLQ2RZRtOFkC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Manifesto for the Earth: action now for peace, global justice and a sustainable future]''". Clairview Books. p. 10. {{ISBN|1-905570-02-3}}</ref> Wheatcroft and [[R. W. Davies]] concluded that disease was the cause of a large number of deaths: in 1932–1933, there were 1.2 million cases of typhus and 500,000 cases of [[typhoid fever]]. Malnourishment increases fatality rates from many diseases, and are not counted by some historians.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2010|p=429}} From 1932 to 1934, the largest rate of increase was recorded for typhus, commonly spread by [[louse|lice]]. In conditions of harvest failure and increased poverty, lice are likely to increase. Gathering numerous refugees at railway stations, on trains and elsewhere facilitates the spread. In 1933, the number of recorded cases was 20 times the 1929 level. The number of cases per head of population recorded in Ukraine in 1933 was already considerably higher than in the USSR as a whole. By June 1933, the incidence in Ukraine had increased to nearly 10 times the January level, and it was much higher than in the rest of the USSR.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2010|p=512}} [[File:Alexander Wienerberger Holodomor18.jpg|thumb|left|Holodomor, 1933, photograph by Alexander Wienerberger]] [[File:HolodomorVyizdValky.jpg|thumb|left|A "Red Train" of carts from the "Wave of Proletarian Revolution" collective farm in the village of Oleksiyivka, Kharkiv oblast in 1932. "Red Trains" took the first harvest of the season's crop to the government depots. During the Holodomor, these brigades were part of the Soviet Government's policy of taking away food from the peasants.]] Estimates of the human losses due to famine must account for the numbers involved in migration (including [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|forced resettlement]]). According to Soviet statistics, the migration balance for the population in Ukraine for 1927–1936 period was a loss of 1.343 million people. Even when the data were collected, the Soviet statistical institutions acknowledged that the precision was less than for the data of the natural population change. The total number of deaths in Ukraine due to unnatural causes for the given ten years was 3.238 million; accounting for the lack of precision, estimates of the human toll range from 2.2 million to 3.5 million deaths.{{sfn|Wheatcroft|2018|p=466}} According to Babyonyshev's 1981 estimate,<ref name="maksudov" /> about 81.3% of the famine victims in the Ukrainian SSR were ethnic Ukrainians, 4.5% [[Russians]], 1.4% [[Jews]] and 1.1% were [[Poles]]. Many [[Belarusians]], [[Volga Germans]] and other nationalities became victims as well. The Ukrainian rural population was the hardest hit by the Holodomor. Since the peasantry constituted a demographic backbone of the Ukrainian nation,{{sfn|Potocki|2003}} the tragedy deeply affected the Ukrainians for many years. In an October 2013 opinion poll (in Ukraine) 38.7% of those polled stated "my families had people affected by the famine", 39.2% stated they did not have such relatives, and 22.1% did not know.<ref name=HIU201113/> There was also migration in to Ukraine as a response to the famine: in response to the demographic collapse, the Soviet authorities ordered large-scale resettlements, with over 117,000 peasants from remote regions of the Soviet Union taking over the deserted farms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post-holodomor Population Resettlements to Ukraine (1933–1934)|website=citation.allacademic.com|access-date=15 June 2015 |url=http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/6/4/7/0/5/p647057_index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109000523/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/6/4/7/0/5/p647057_index.html|archive-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> == Genocide question == {{main|Holodomor genocide question}} [[File:Holodomor World Recognition.svg|thumb|Countries that officially recognise the Holodomor as an act of [[genocide]] (2020)]] [[File:HolodomorUcrania9.jpg|thumb|Passers-by and the corpse of a starved man on a street in [[Kharkiv]], 1932]] [[File:Holodomor-Chicago.jpg|thumb|''[[Chicago's American|Chicago American]]''{{'}}s front page]] [[File:6 aug top daily express Holodomor Genocide.jpg|thumb|''[[Daily Express]]'', 6 August 1934]] Scholars continue to debate "whether the man-made Soviet famine was a central act in a campaign of genocide, or whether it was designed to simply cow Ukrainian peasants into submission, drive them into the collectives and ensure a steady supply of grain for Soviet industrialization."<ref>{{Cite Q|Q54006926 |url=http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/bilinsky.html|archive-date=2019-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022223817/http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/bilinsky.html}}</ref> Whether the Holodomor is a genocide is [[Holodomor in modern politics|a significant issue in modern politics]] and there is no international consensus on whether Soviet policies would fall under the [[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide|legal definition of genocide]].<ref name="marples2005">{{cite web|first=David |last=Marples|author-link=David R. Marples|date=30 November 2005 |url=http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=7176|title=The great famine debate goes on... |publisher=ExpressNews ([[University of Alberta]]), originally published in the [[Edmonton Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615015541/http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=7176|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Stanislav |last=Kuchytskyi |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/podrobici/golodomor-1932-1933-rr-yak-genocid-progalini-u-dokazoviy-bazi-1|script-title=uk:Голодомор 1932 — 1933 рр. як геноцид: прогалини у доказовій базі|trans-title=Holodomor 1932–1933 as genocide: gaps in the evidence|language=uk |work=[[Den (newspaper)|Den]]|date=17 February 2007|access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> A number of governments, such as the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide. However, [[David R. Marples]] states such decisions are mostly based on emotions, or on pressure by local groups rather than hard evidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marples|first=David R.|date=2009|title=Ethnic Issues in the Famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27752256|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|volume=61|issue=3|pages=505–518|doi=10.1080/09668130902753325|jstor=27752256|s2cid=67783643|issn=0966-8136}}</ref> Scholarly positions are diverse. [[Raphael Lemkin]], [[James Mace]], [[Norman Naimark]], [[Timothy Snyder]] and [[Anne Applebaum]] considered the Holodomor a [[genocide]] and the intentional result of Stalinist policies.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Raphael | last1=Lemkin | orig-year=1953 | chapter-url=http://www.uccla.ca/SOVIET_GENOCIDE_IN_THE_UKRAINE.pdf | chapter=Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine | editor1-first=Lubomyr | editor1-last=Luciuk | editor2-first=Lisa | editor2-last=Grekul | year=2008 | title=Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine | isbn=978-1896354330 | publisher=Kashtan Press | access-date=22 July 2012 | archive-date=2 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302234607/http://www.uccla.ca/SOVIET_GENOCIDE_IN_THE_UKRAINE.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first1=James | last1=Mace | author-link1=James Mace | year=1986 | chapter=The man-made famine of 1933 in Soviet Ukraine | editor1-last=Serbyn | editor1-first=Roman | editor2-last=Krawchenko | editor2-first=Bohdan | title=Famine in Ukraine in 1932-1933 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/famineinukraine100serb | publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies | isbn=9780092862434 }}</ref>{{rp|12}}<ref>{{cite book | first=Norman |last1=Naimark | author-link=Norman Naimark | title=Stalin's Genocides (Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity) | publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-691-14784-0}}</ref>{{rp|134–135}}{{sfn|Snyder|2010|p=vii}} [[Michael Ellman]] considers the Holodomor a [[crime against humanity]], but does not use the term genocide.<ref name=Ellman2007>{{cite journal | last1=Ellman| first1=Michael | author-link=Michael Ellman | title=Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33 Revisited | journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] | publisher=[[Routledge]] | volume=59 | issue=4 | date=June 2007 | pages=663–693 | doi=10.1080/09668130701291899| s2cid=53655536 }}</ref>{{rp|681–682, 686}} Robert Conquest and [[Steven Rosefielde]] consider the deaths to be primarily due to intentional state policy, not poor harvests.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11782719/Robert-Conquest-historian-obituary.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11782719/Robert-Conquest-historian-obituary.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Robert Conquest – Historian – Obituary|newspaper=Telegraph|access-date=4 August 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=Rosenfielde2009>{{cite book | first1=Steven | last1=Rosefielde | author-link=Steven Rosefielde | title=Red Holocaust | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-415-77757-5 | title-link=Red Holocaust (2009 book) }}</ref>{{rp|259}} [[R. W. Davies|Robert Davies]], [[Stephen Kotkin]], [[Stephen Wheatcroft]] and [[J. Arch Getty]] reject the notion that Stalin intentionally wanted to kill Ukrainians, but exacerbated the situation by enacting bad policies and ignorance of the problem.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Davies & Wheatcroft">Robert William Davies, Stephen G. Wheatcroft, ''Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History'' [[Palgrave Macmillan]] (2002) {{ISBN|978-0-333-75461-0}}, chapter The Soviet Famine of 1932–33 and the Crisis in Agriculture p. 69 et seq. [http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/Davies_Wheatcroft_ch.4_Famine.pdf]</ref><ref name=Kotkin2017>{{cite interview | interviewer=Richard Aldous | first1=Stephen | last1=Kotkin | title=Terrible Talent: Studying Stalin | url=https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/11/08/studying-stalin/ | website=[[The American Interest]] | date=8 November 2017}}</ref> In 1991, American historian [[Mark Tauger]] considered the Holodomor primarily the result of natural conditions and failed economic policy, not intentional state policy.<ref name=Tauger1991>{{cite journal | first1=Mark | last1=Tauger | title=The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933 | journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=50 | issue=1 | date=1991 | pages=70–89 | doi=10.2307/2500600| jstor=2500600 }}</ref> [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] opined on 2 April 2008 in ''[[Izvestia]]'' that the 1930s famine in Ukraine was similar to the [[Russian famine of 1921–22]] as both were caused by the ruthless robbery of peasants by Bolshevik grain procurements.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alexander|last=Solzhenitsyn|authorlink=Alexander Solzhenitsyn |url=http://www.izvestia.ru/opinions/article3114723/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405034053/http://www.izvestia.ru/opinions/article3114723|archivedate=5 April 2008|script-title=ru:Поссорить родные народы??|work=[[Izvestia]]|language=ru|date=2 April 2008}}</ref> == Soviet and Western denial == {{main|Denial of the Holodomor}} Holodomor denial is the assertion that the 1932–1933 genocide in [[Soviet Ukraine]] either did not occur or did occur but was not a [[Malice aforethought|premeditated]] act.{{sfn|Radzinsky|1996|pp=256–59}}{{sfn|Conquest|2001|p=96}} Denying the existence of the famine was the Soviet state's position and reflected in both [[Soviet propaganda]] and the work of some Western journalists and intellectuals including [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[Walter Duranty]], and [[Louis Fischer]].{{sfn|Radzinsky|1996|pp=256–59}}{{sfn|Pipes|1995|pp=232–36}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Editorial |date=14 July 2002 |title=Famine denial |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2002/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2002-28.pdf |journal=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |volume=70 |issue=28 |page=6 |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022545/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2002/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2002-28.pdf |archive-date= 3 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Mace|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA93&dq=%22after+over+half+a+century+of+denial%22 93]}}<ref>{{cite book|title= Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|page=93|isbn= 978-0-415-94429-8|last1=Totten|first1=Samuel|last2=Parsons|first2=William S.|last3=Charny|first3=Israel W.|year=2004}}</ref> In Britain and the United States, eye-witness accounts by Welsh freelance journalist [[Gareth Jones (journalist)|Gareth Jones]]<ref name="WalesOnline">{{cite news|date=13 November 2009|title=Welsh journalist who exposed a Soviet tragedy|work=Wales Online, Western Mail and the South Wales Echo|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-journalist-who-exposed-soviet-2069992}}</ref><ref name="SovietArticles">{{cite web|title=Famine Exposure: Newspaper Articles relating to Gareth Jones' trips to The Soviet Union (1930–35)|url=http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/soviet_articles.htm|access-date=7 April 2016|work=garethjones.org}}</ref> and by the [[Communist Party USA|American Communist]] [[Fred Beal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Proletarian Journey: New England, Gastonia, Moscow, by Fred Erwin Beal {{!}} The Online Books Page|url=https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp76100|access-date=2022-01-02|website=onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu}}</ref> were met with widespread disbelief.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Disler|first=Mathew|date=2018|title=This Crusading Socialist Taught America's Workers to Fight—in 1929|url=https://narratively.com/this-crusading-socialist-taught-americas-workers-to-fight-then-he-lost-his-faith/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Narratively|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mark|first=Brown|date=2009-11-13|title=1930s journalist Gareth Jones to have story retold|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/nov/13/gareth-jones-story-retold-documentary|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-02|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> In the Soviet Union, authorities all but banned discussion of the famine, and Ukrainian historian Stanislav Kulchytsky stated the Soviet government ordered him to falsify his findings and depict the famine as an unavoidable natural disaster, to absolve the Communist Party and uphold the legacy of Stalin.<ref>{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Clifford|title=A New View of a Famine That Killed Millions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/16/world/europe/16kiev.html?_r=4&scp=1&sq=holodomor&st=cse& |newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 March 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320022145/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/16/world/europe/16kiev.html?_r=4&scp=1&sq=holodomor&st=cse&|archive-date=20 March 2017}}</ref> == In modern politics == {{main|Holodomor in modern politics}} [[File:Malevich running-man.jpg|thumb|One of the interpretations of ''The Running Man'' painting by [[Kazimir Malevich]], also known as ''Peasant Between a Cross and a Sword'', is the artist's indictment of the Great Famine.<ref name=horb>{{cite journal|first=Dmytro|last=Horbachov|url=http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/1_98/kazimir.htm|title=Fullest Expression of Pure Feeling|journal=Welcome to Ukraine|issue=1|date=1998|access-date=25 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224106/http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/1_98/kazimir.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> "Kasimir Malevich's haunting 'The Running Man' (1933–34), showing a peasant fleeing across a deserted landscape, is eloquent testimony to the disaster."{{sfn|Wilson|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4f324_LVBL4C&pg=PA144 144]}}]] [[File:Dzhugashvili with Kaganovich.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lazar Kaganovich]] (left) played a role in enforcing Stalin's policies that led to the Holodomor.<ref>[http://khpg.org/en/index.php?id=1204069771 The Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 and the UN Convention on Genocide] // Human Rights in Ukraine. Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group</ref>]] Whether the Holodomor was a genocide or ethnicity-blind, was man-made or natural, and was intentional or unintentional are issues of significant modern debate. The event is considered a genocide by [[Ukraine]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/|title=The Artificial Famine/Genocide (Holodomor) in Ukraine 1932–33|publisher=InfoUkes|date=2006-11-28}} Updated 26 April 2009. Retrieved 08-12-2013.</ref> a crime against humanity by the [[European Parliament]],<ref name="europarlCAH">{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/expert/infopress_page/030-40409-294-10-43-903-20081022IPR40408-20-10-2008-2008-false/default_en.htm|title=Parliament recognises Ukrainian famine of 1930s as crime against humanity|publisher=European Parliament|date=23 October 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709033835/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=en&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20081022IPR40408|archive-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> and the [[State Duma|lower house of parliament]] of [[Russia]] condemned the Soviet regime "that has neglected the lives of people for the achievement of economic and political goals".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Worldwide Recognition of the Holodomor as Genocide|url=https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/recognition-of-holodomor-as-genocide-in-the-world/|url-status=live|website=[[National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide]]|date=18 October 2019}}</ref> On 10 November 2003 at the [[United Nations]], 25 countries, including Russia, Ukraine, and United States signed a joint statement on the seventieth anniversary of the Holodomor with the following [[preamble]]: <blockquote>In the former Soviet Union millions of men, women and children fell victims to the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor), took from 7 million to 10 million innocent lives and became a national tragedy for the Ukrainian people. In this regard, we note activities in observance of the seventieth anniversary of this Famine, in particular organized by the [[Government of Ukraine]]. Honouring the seventieth anniversary of the Ukrainian tragedy, we also commemorate the memory of millions of Russians, [[Kazakhs]] and representatives of other nationalities who died of starvation in the [[Volga River region]], [[Northern Caucasus]], Kazakhstan and in other parts of the former Soviet Union, as a result of civil war and forced collectivisation, leaving deep scars in the consciousness of future generations.<ref name=UN>{{cite journal |date=16 November 2003 |title=30 U.N. member-states sign joint declaration on Great Famine |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2003/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2003-46.pdf |journal=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |volume=71 |issue=46 |pages=1, 20 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303221638/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2003/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2003-46.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2014}}</ref></blockquote> The [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian parliament]] first recognized the Holodomor as a genocide in 2003, and criminalized both [[Denial of the Holodomor|Holodomor denial]] and [[Holocaust denial]] in 2006. In 2010, the Kyiv Court of Appeal ruled that the Holodomor was an act of genocide and held [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], [[Lazar Kaganovich]], [[Stanislav Kosior]], [[Pavel Postyshev]], [[Mendel Khatayevich]], [[Vlas Chubar]] and other [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] leaders responsible.<ref>{{cite web |author= Interfax-Ukraine |date= 21 January 2010 |title= Sentence to Stalin, his comrades for organizing Holodomor takes effect in Ukraine |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/sentence-to-stalin-his-comrades-for-organizing-hol.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140303231855/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/sentence-to-stalin-his-comrades-for-organizing-hol.html |archive-date= 3 March 2014 |publisher= KyivPost.com }}</ref> The ''Holodomor'' has been compared to the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish Famine]] of 1845-1849 that took place in Ireland under British rule,<ref>{{cite book |title=Holodomor and Gorta Mór: Histories, Memories and Representations of Famine in Ukraine and Ireland |date=October 2014 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9781783083190 |url=https://anthempress.com/holodomor-and-gorta-mor-pb}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bayer |first1=Alexei |title=Ukraine and Ireland: Overcoming Mighty Neighbors |url=https://www.theglobalist.com/ukraine-ireland-overcoming-mighty-neighbors/ |work=[[The Globalist]] |date=8 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Starvation As A Political Tool From The Nineteenth To The Twenty-First Century: The Irish Famine, The Armenian Genocide, The Ukrainian Holodomor And Genocide By Attrition In The Nuba Mountains Of Sudan |url=https://holodomor.ca/starvation-as-a-political-tool-from-the-nineteenth-to-the-twenty-first-century/ |website=Holodomor.ca |date=14 April 2020 |publisher=The Holodomor Research and Education Consortium (HREC)}}</ref> which has been the subject of [[Great Famine (Ireland)#Genocide question|similar controversy and debate]]. == Remembrance == To honour those who perished in the Holodomor, monuments have been dedicated and public events held annually in Ukraine and worldwide. ===Ukraine=== [[File:Holodomor Remembrance Day 2013 in Lviv 18.JPG|thumb|Candles and wheat as a symbol of remembrance during the Holodomor Remembrance Day 2013 in [[Lviv]]]] {{See also|Holodomor Memorial Day}} Since 1998, Ukraine has officially observed a [[Holodomor Memorial Day]] on the fourth Saturday of November,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Про встановлення Дня пам'яті жертв голодоморів |trans-title=On the establishment of the Holodomor Remembrance Day |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1310/98|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України|language=uk}}</ref><ref name="HIU201113">{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/175778.html|title=Poll: Almost two-thirds of Ukrainians believe famine of 1932–1933 was organized by Stalinist regime|work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]|date=20 November 2013|access-date=28 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304021312/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/175778.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://anydayguide.com/calendar/1463|title=Remembrance Day for the Victims of Holodomors in Ukraine / November 25, 2017|last=AnydayGuide|access-date=24 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035922/https://anydayguide.com/calendar/1463|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/holodomor-remembrance-day-why-the-past-matters-for-the-future|title=Holodomor Remembrance Day: Why the Past Matters for the Future|first=Victor|last=Rud|date=21 November 2016|access-date=24 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044714/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/holodomor-remembrance-day-why-the-past-matters-for-the-future|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Herpen2013">{{cite book|first=Marcel|last=Van Herpen|title=Putinism: The Slow Rise of a Radical Right Regime in Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dr8Gu1yWMrUC&pg=PT40|access-date=29 February 2016|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-28282-8|page=40}}</ref> established by a presidential decree of [[Leonid Kuchma]]. In 2006, customs were established for a minute of silence at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, flags flown at half-mast, and restrictions on entertainment broadcasting.<ref>Yushchenko, Viktor. Decree No. 868/2006 by President of Ukraine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928204155/http://www.prezident.gov.ua/documents/5087.html ''Regarding the Remembrance Day in 2006 for people who died as a result of Holodomor and political repressions''] {{in lang|uk}}</ref> In 2007, three days of commemorations on the [[Maidan Nezalezhnosti]] included video testimonies of communist crimes in Ukraine and documentaries, scholarly lectures,<ref>"Ceremonial events to commemorate Holodomor victims to be held in Kyiv for three days". National Radio Company of Ukraine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110216070228/http://nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=55808 URL Accessed 25 November 2007]</ref> and the National Bank of Ukraine issued a set of commemorative coins.<ref>Commemorative Coins "Holodomor – Genocide of the Ukrainian People". National Bank of Ukraine.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080108111037/http://www.bank.gov.ua/Engl/Bank_coin/Yuv_mon/Coins/Other/Golodomor.htm URL Accessed 25 June 2008]</ref> As of 2009, Ukrainian schoolchildren take a more extensive course of the history of the Holodomor.<ref>{{cite web |title= Schoolchildren to study in detail about Holodomor and OUN-UPA |url= http://zik.ua/en/news/2009/06/11/184328 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120422023215/http://zik.ua/en/news/2009/06/11/184328 |archive-date= 22 April 2012 |publisher= ZIK–Western Information Agency |date= 12 June 2009 |access-date=22 July 2012 }}</ref> The [[National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide]] was erected on the slopes of the Dnieper river, welcoming its first visitors on 22 November 2008.<ref>National Museum: Memorial in Commemoration of Famines' Victims in Ukraine, History of the Museum {{cite web |url=http://memorialholodomors.org.ua/en/about-us/museums-history |title=Museum History |access-date=2 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217013832/http://memorialholodomors.org.ua/en/about-us/museums-history |archive-date=17 February 2013 }} Kyiv, 2012. Retrieved on 2 August 2013.</ref> The ceremony of the memorial's opening was dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Holodomor. In an October 2013 opinion poll, 33.7% of Ukrainians fully agreed and 30.4% rather agreed with the statement "The Holodomor was the result of actions committed by the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet authorities]], along with Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, and was the result of human actions".<ref name=HIU201113/> In the same poll, 22.9% of those polled fully or partially agreed with the view that the famine was caused by natural circumstances, but 50.5% disagreed with that.<ref name=HIU201113/> Furthermore, 45.4% of respondents believed that the Holodomor was "a deliberate attempt to destroy the Ukrainian nation" and 26.2% rather or completely disagreed with this.<ref name=HIU201113/> In a November 2021 poll, 85% agreed that the Holodomor was a genocide of Ukrainians.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-26|title=|script-title=uk:Динаміка ставлення українців до голодомору 1932-33 рр.|url=https://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/dinamika_otnosheniya_ukraincev_k_golodomoru_1932-33_gg.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Rating Group Ukraine}}</ref> === Canada === The first public monument to the Holodomor was erected and dedicated in 1983 outside City Hall in [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]], Canada, to mark the 50th anniversary of the famine-genocide. Since then, the fourth Saturday in November has in many jurisdictions been marked as the official day of remembrance for people who died as a result of the 1932–33 Holodomor and political repression.<ref>Bradley, Lara. "Ukraine's 'Forced Famine' Officially Recognized." ''The Sundbury Star''. 3 January 1999. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120308034620/http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/forcedfam.htm URL Accessed 12 October 2006]</ref> On 22 November 2008, [[Ukrainian Canadians]] marked the beginning of National Holodomor Awareness Week. Citizenship, Immigration, and Multiculturalism Minister [[Jason Kenney]] attended a vigil in [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Ukrainian-Canadians mark famine's 75th anniversary |url= http://www.ctvnews.ca/ukrainian-canadians-mark-famine-s-75th-anniversary-1.345010 |publisher= [[CTV.ca]] |date= 22 November 2008 |access-date= 22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121018082438/http://www.ctvnews.ca/ukrainian-canadians-mark-famine-s-75th-anniversary-1.345010 |archive-date= 18 October 2012}}</ref> In November 2010, Prime Minister Stephen Harper visited the Holodomor memorial in Kyiv, although Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych did not join him.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} Saskatchewan became the first jurisdiction in North America and the first province in Canada to recognize the Holodomor as a genocide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saskatchewan.ca/government/news-and-media/2013/november/14/saskatchewan-recognizes-genocide-during-holodomor-remembrance-week |title=Saskatchewan recognises genocide during Holodomor Remembrance Week &#124; News and Media &#124; Government of Saskatchewan |publisher=Saskatchewan.ca |date=14 November 2013 |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506034809/http://www.saskatchewan.ca/government/news-and-media/2013/november/14/saskatchewan-recognizes-genocide-during-holodomor-remembrance-week |archive-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Ukrainian Famine and Genocide (Holodomor) Memorial Day Act was introduced in the Saskatchewan Legislature on 6 May 2008,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Saskatchewan first province to recognize Holodomor as genocide |url=http://www.ucc.sk.ca/oldsite/pdf/visnykv22no2.pdf |publisher=Visnyk (Весник) |journal=Visnyk|volume=XXII |issue=2 |year=2008 |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203819/http://www.ucc.sk.ca/oldsite/pdf/visnykv22no2.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and received royal assent on 14 May 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holodomor |url=http://www.ucc.sk.ca/oldsite/new/2008/Holodomor/index.htm |publisher=Ucc.sk.ca |date=2008 |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305115506/http://www.ucc.sk.ca/oldsite/new/2008/Holodomor/index.htm}}</ref> On 9 April 2009, the Province of [[Ontario]] unanimously passed bill 147, "The Holodomor Memorial Day Act", which calls for the fourth Saturday in November to be a day of remembrance. This was the first piece of legislation in the Province's history to be introduced with Tri-Partisan sponsorship: the joint initiators of the bill were [[Dave Levac]], MPP for Brant (Liberal Party); [[Cheri DiNovo]], MPP for Parkdale–High Park (NDP); and [[Frank Klees]], MPP for Newmarket–Aurora (PC). MPP Levac was made a chevalier of [[Order of Merit (Ukraine)|Ukraine's Order of Merit]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Ontario MPP gets Ukrainian knighthood for bill honouring victims of famine |url= http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2181600-ontario-mpp-gets-ukrainian-knighthood-for-bill-honouring-victims-of-famine/ |agency= [[The Canadian Press]] |date= 20 November 2010 |access-date= 22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150519051222/http://www.thespec.com/news-story/2181600-ontario-mpp-gets-ukrainian-knighthood-for-bill-honouring-victims-of-famine/ |archive-date= 19 May 2015}}</ref> On 2 June 2010, the Province of [[Quebec]] unanimously passed bill 390, "Memorial Day Act on the great Ukrainian famine and genocide (the Holodomor)".<ref>{{cite web |title= Quebec Passes Bill Recognizing Holodomor as a Genocide |url= http://www.ucc.ca/2010/06/03/quebec-passes-bill-recognizing-holodomor-as-a-genocide/ |publisher= Ukrainian Canadian Congress |date= 3 June 2010 |access-date= 22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130212134207/http://www.ucc.ca/2010/06/03/quebec-passes-bill-recognizing-holodomor-as-a-genocide/ |archive-date= 12 February 2013}}</ref> On 25 September 2010, a new Holodomor monument was unveiled at St. Mary's Ukrainian Catholic Church, [[Mississauga]], Ontario, Canada, bearing the inscription "Holodomor: Genocide By Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933" and a section in Ukrainian bearing mention of the 10 million victims.<ref>{{cite web |title= Holodomor Monument – Пам'ятник Голодомору 1932–33 |url= http://www.stmaryscawthra.com/holodomor-monument.php |publisher= St. Mary's Ukrainian Catholic Church |access-date= 22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130106234945/http://www.stmaryscawthra.com/holodomor-monument.php |archive-date= 6 January 2013}}</ref> On 21 September 2014, a statue entitled "Bitter Memories of Childhood" was unveiled outside the [[Manitoba Legislative Building]] in [[Winnipeg]] to memorialize the Holodomor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrainianwinnipeg.ca/holodomor-monument-unveiling/|title=Unveiling of the Holodomor monument "Bitter Memories of Childhood"|publisher=UkrainianWinnipeg.ca|date=22 September 2014|access-date=22 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108061605/http://www.ukrainianwinnipeg.ca/holodomor-monument-unveiling/|archive-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> A monument to the Holodomor has been erected on Calgary's [[Memorial Drive (Calgary)|Memorial Drive]], itself originally designated to honour Canadian servicemen of the First World War. The monument is located in the district of [[Renfrew, Calgary|Renfrew]] near Ukrainian Pioneer Park, which pays tribute to the contributions of Ukrainian immigrants to Canada.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} On 21 October 2018, a memorial statue was unveiled on Canada Boulevard in [[Exhibition Place]] of Toronto. The site provides a place for an annual memorial on the fourth Saturday of November.<ref>{{cite web |website=www.explace.on.ca |publisher=Canadian National Exhibition Association |url=https://www.explace.on.ca/about/blog/the-holodomor-memorial-project |title=The Holodomor Memorial Project |access-date=19 June 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231204105/https://www.explace.on.ca/about/blog/the-holodomor-memorial-project |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Poland === On 16 March 2006, the [[Senate of Poland|Senate of the Republic of Poland]] paid tribute to the victims of the ''Great Famine'' and declared it an act of genocide, expressing solidarity with the Ukrainian nation and its efforts to commemorate this crime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uchwała Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 16 marca 2006 r. w sprawie rocznicy Wielkiego Głodu na Ukrainie|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20060210234|access-date=2021-03-09|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> On 22 January 2015, a Holodomor monument was erected in the city of [[Lublin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wpolityce.pl/historia/230797-odslonieto-pomnik-ofiar-wielkiego-glodu-na-ukrainie|title=Odsłonięto pomnik ofiar Wielkiego Głodu na Ukrainie|trans-title=Monument unveiled to victims of the Great Famine in Ukraine|language=pl|newspaper=wPolityce.pl|date=22 January 2015|access-date=22 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122045429/http://wpolityce.pl/historia/230797-odslonieto-pomnik-ofiar-wielkiego-glodu-na-ukrainie|archive-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> === United States === ''The Ukrainian Weekly'' reported a meeting taking place on 27 February 1982 in the parish center of the [[Ukrainian Catholic National Shrine of the Holy Family]] in commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Great Famine caused by the Soviet authorities. On 20 March 1982, the ''Ukrainian Weekly'' also reported a multi-ethnic community meeting that was held on 15 February on the North Shore Drive at the [[Ukrainian Village, Chicago|Ukrainian Village]] in Chicago to commemorate the famine which took the lives of seven million Ukrainians. Other events in commemoration were held in other places around the United States as well.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} On 29 May 2008, the city of [[History of the Ukrainians in Baltimore|Baltimore]] held a candlelight commemoration for the Holodomor at the War Memorial Plaza in front of City Hall. This ceremony was part of the larger international journey of the "International Holodomor Remembrance Torch", which began in Kyiv and made its way through thirty-three countries. Twenty-two other US cities were also visited during the tour. Then-Mayor [[Sheila Dixon]] presided over the ceremony and declared 29 May to be "Ukrainian Genocide Remembrance Day in Baltimore". She referred to the Holodomor "among the worst cases of man's inhumanity towards man".<ref>{{cite web |last=Berg |first=Tabitha |date=6 June 2008 |title=International Holodomor Remembrance Torch in Baltimore Commemorates Ukrainian Genocide |url=http://enewschannels.com/2008/06/06/enc3223_160145.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105031558/http://enewschannels.com/2008/06/06/enc3223_160145.php |archive-date=5 January 2010 |publisher=eNewsChannels |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> On 2 December 2008, a ceremony was held in [[Washington, D.C.]], for the Holodomor Memorial.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bihun |first=Yaro |date=7 December 2008 |title=Site of Ukrainian Genocide Memorial in D.C. is dedicated |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2008/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2008-49.pdf |journal=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |volume=76 |issue=49 |pages=1, 8 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302003959/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2008/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2008-49.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2014 }}</ref> On 13 November 2009, [[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] released a statement on Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day. In this, he said that "remembering the victims of the man-made catastrophe of Holodomor provides us an opportunity to reflect upon the plight of all those who have suffered the consequences of extremism and tyranny around the world".<ref>{{cite news |title=Remembrance of Holodomor in Ukraine will help prevent such tragedy in future, says Obama |url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/24889.html |agency=[[Interfax-Ukraine]] |date=14 November 2009 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301234647/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/24889.html |archive-date=1 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/statement-president-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day Statement by the President on the Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216173640/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/statement-president-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day |date=16 February 2017 }}, [[whitehouse.gov]] (13 November 2009)</ref> NSC Spokesman Mike Hammer released a similar statement on 20 November 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement by the NSC Spokesman Mike Hammer on Ukraine's Holodomor Remembrance Day |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/20/statement-nsc-spokesman-mike-hammer-ukraines-holodomor-remembrance-day |date=20 November 2010 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216170823/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/20/statement-nsc-spokesman-mike-hammer-ukraines-holodomor-remembrance-day |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-date=16 February 2017 }}</ref> In 2011, the American day of remembrance of Holodomor was held on 19 November. The statement released by the White House Press Secretary reflects on the significance of this date, stating that "in the wake of this brutal and deliberate attempt to break the will of the people of Ukraine, Ukrainians showed great courage and resilience. The establishment of a proud and independent Ukraine twenty years ago shows the remarkable depth of the Ukrainian people's love of freedom and independence".<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement by the Press Secretary on Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/19/statement-press-secretary-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day |date=19 November 2011 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216163838/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/19/statement-press-secretary-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-date=16 February 2017 }}</ref> On 7 November 2015, the [[Holodomor Genocide Memorial, Washington, DC|Holodomor Genocide Memorial]] was opened in Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.unian.info/world/1108244-holodomor-memorial-presented-in-washington.html|title=Holodomor Memorial presented in Washington|work=UNIAN|date=5 August 2015|access-date=7 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023032/http://www.unian.info/world/1108244-holodomor-memorial-presented-in-washington.html|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Andrea K.|last=McDaniels|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-ukraine-holodomor-memorial-20151107-story.html|title=Organizers, including Timonium man, hope to educate with Ukrainian memorial in D.C.|work=The Baltimore Sun|date=7 November 2015|access-date=7 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031940/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-ukraine-holodomor-memorial-20151107-story.html|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> In the [[115th Congress]], both the [[United States Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives]] adopted resolutions commemorating the 85th anniversary of the Holodomor, "the Soviet Union's manmade famine that it committed against the people of Ukraine in 1932 and 1933."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-resolution/74/text|title=Text - S.Res.74 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): A resolution marking the fifth anniversary of Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity by honoring the bravery, determination, and sacrifice of the people of Ukraine during and since the Revolution, and condemning continued Russian aggression against Ukraine|website=www.congress.gov|date=16 July 2019|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> The Senate Resolution, S. Res. 435 (115th Congress)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-resolution/435/text|title=Text – S.Res.435 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that the 85th anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933, known as the Holodomor, should serve as a reminder of repressive Soviet policies against the people of Ukraine|website=www.congress.gov|date=3 October 2018|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> was adopted on 3 October 2018 and stated that the U.S. Senate "solemnly remembers the 85th anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 and extends its deepest sympathies to the victims, survivors, and families of this tragedy." On 11 December 2018, the United States House of Representatives adopted H. Res. 931 (115th Congress),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/931/text|title=Text – H.Res.931 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the 85th anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933, known as the Holodomor, should serve as a reminder of repressive Soviet policies against the people of Ukraine|website=www.congress.gov|date=11 December 2018|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> a resolution extending the House's "deepest sympathies to the victims and survivors of the Holodomor of 1932–1933, and their families" and condemned "the systematic violations of human rights, including the freedom of self-determination and freedom of speech, of the Ukrainian people by the Soviet Government."{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} === Holodomor memorials === <gallery> File:Holodomor education van.jpg|A touring van devoted to Holodomor education, seen in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 2017 File:HolodomorKyivSvichky.jpg|"Light the candle" event at a Holodomor memorial in Kyiv File:HolodomorKharkiv.jpg|Memorial cross in [[Kharkiv]], Ukraine File:Голодомор у Долотецькому.jpg|Memorial cross in Dolotetske, [[Vinnytsia Oblast]], Ukraine File:Голодомор у Довгалівці.jpg|Holodomor Memorial in Dovhalivka, [[Vinnytsia Oblast]], Ukraine File:Holodomor-andrushivka.jpg|Memorial at the Andrushivka village cemetery, [[Vinnytsia Oblast]], Ukraine File:HolodomormonumentPoltava.jpg|Memorial in [[Poltava Oblast]], Ukraine File:Holodomor in Ukraine 1933.jpg|"Barrow of Sorrows" monument in Mhar, [[Poltava Oblast]], Ukraine File:Monument to victims of Holodomor in Novoaydar.jpg|Monument to victims of Holodomor in Novoaydar, [[Luhansk Oblast]], Ukraine File:Pomnik ofiar Wielkiego Głodu w Lublinie.jpg|Monument to the Victims of the Holodomor, [[Lublin]], Poland File:Roman Kowal's Holodomor Memorial in Winnipeg, Canada.jpg|Roman Kowal's Holodomor Memorial in [[Winnipeg]], Canada File:Edmonton Holodomor Memorial 2020.jpg|1983 Holodomor Monument in [[Edmonton]], Canada (first in the world) File:Holodomormemorialbloomingdale.jpg|Monument near [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States File:Holodomor Plaque Los Angeles.jpg|Plaque in [[Grand Park]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States File:HolodomorWindsor.jpg|Holodomor Memorial in [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[Ontario]], Canada File:HolodomorCalgary.jpg|Holodomor Monument in [[Calgary]], Canada File:Holomor Art Denysenko 1.jpg|Poster by Australian artist [[Leonid Denysenko]] File:Golodomor Stamps of Ukraine.JPG|Stamp of Ukraine, 1993 File:Monument dedicated to victims of years 1932-33 famine.jpg|Monument dedicated to victims of years 1932–33 famine in Vyshhorod, Ukraine. The authors are [[Boris Krylov]] and Oles Sydoruk File:Holodomor memorial, Kiev.jpg|Holodomor memorial, Mykhailivska Square, Kyiv </gallery> == In popular culture == === Cinema === {{unreferenced section|date=November 2020}} * ''[[Harvest of Despair]]'' (1984), directed by [[Slavko Nowytski]] ([[documentary film]]) * ''[[Famine-33]]'' (1991), directed by Oles Yanchuk * ''[[The Guide (film)|The Guide]]'' (2014), directed by [[Oles Sanin]] * ''[[Child 44 (film)|Child 44]]'' (2015), directed by [[Daniel Espinosa]] based on the book by [[Tom Rob Smith]] briefly describes the Holodomor * ''[[Bitter Harvest (2017 film)|Bitter Harvest]]'' (2017), directed by [[George Mendeluk]] * ''[[Mr. Jones (2019 film)|Mr. Jones]]'' (2019), directed by [[Agnieszka Holland]] === Literature === [[Ulas Samchuk]]'s novel ''[[Maria (Ulas Samchuk novel)|Maria]]'' (1934) is dedicated to the Holodomor, (English translation, ''Maria. A Chronicle of a Life'' 1952).<ref>{{cite book |last=Samchuk |first=U. |year=1952 |url=http://www.languagelanterns.com/maria_samchuk_bio.htm |title=Maria. A Chronicle of a Life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325045524/http://languagelanterns.com/maria_samchuk_bio.htm |archive-date=25 March 2017 |publisher=Language Lantern Publications |location=Toronto}}, (Engl. transl.)</ref> === Theatre === The play ''Holodomor'' premiered in Tehran, Iran in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-20|title="Holodomor" reveals how Stalin starved millions in Ukrainian famine|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/458345/Holodomor-reveals-how-Stalin-starved-millions-in-Ukrainian|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Tehran Times|language=en}}</ref> == See also == {{Portal|Ukraine|Soviet Union|Genocide}} * ''[[Bloodlands]]'' * [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union]] ** [[1921–22 famine in Tatarstan]] ** [[Russian famine of 1921–1922]] ** [[Soviet famine of 1946–1947]] * [[Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin]] * ''[[Famine-33]]'' * ''[[Holodomor: The Unknown Ukrainian Tragedy (1932-1933)]]'' * [[Hunger Plan]] * [[List of famines]] ** [[Great Famine of 1315–1317]] ** [[Russian famine of 1601–1603]] ** [[Russian famine of 1891–1892]] ** [[Great Chinese Famine]] * [[List of Holodomor memorials and monuments]] * [[Mass killings under communist regimes]] ** [[Khmer Rouge]] * [[National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide]] * ''[[The Soviet Story]]'' == Notes == {{notelist}} <!-- Dead note "SovietDoc": [http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/soviet.exhibit/famine.html U.S. Congress Library Exhibit on Ukrainian Famine], ''"Resolution of the Council Of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic And of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) Of Ukraine On Blacklisting Villages That Maliciously Sabotage The Collection Of Grain"'', 6 December 1932. --> <!-- Dead note "Dalrymple": Dana G. Dalrymple, ''"The Soviet famine of 1932–1934"'' [http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1983/158321.shtml] in ''Soviet Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 3 (Jan. 1964). Pages 250-284. --> <!-- Dead note "Serczyk": {{in lang|pl}} Władysław A. Serczyk, ''"Historia Ukrainy"'', 3rd ed., Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław 2001, {{ISBN|83-04-04530-3}} --> <!-- Dead note "Schiller": Dr. Otto Schiller, ''"Famine's Return to Russia, Death and Depopulation in Wide Areas of the Grain Country"'' [http://www.colley.co.uk/garethjones/otto_schiller_daily_telegraph_1.htm], The Daily Telegraph, 25 August 1933, as well as [http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/british.html British Diplomatic Reports on the Ukrainian Famine]. --> <!-- Dead note "DaviesWheatcroft": R.W. Davies & Stephen G. Wheatcroft, ''"The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–33"'', Palgrave 2004. --> <!-- Dead note "Rajca": Czesław Rajca, ''"Głód na Ukrainie"'', Werset, Lublin/Toronto 2005, {{ISBN|83-60133-04-2}} --> <!-- Dead note "Mace": James Mace, ''"The Man-Made Famine of 1933 in Soviet Ukraine"'' in "Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933", p. 1-14, Edmonton 1986 --> <!-- Dead note "Hrycak": Ярослав Грицак (Jarosław Hrycak), ''"Historia Ukrainy 1772–1999. Narodziny nowoczesnego narodu"'', Lublin 2000, {{ISBN|83-85854-50-9}}, [http://www.vesna.org.ua/txt/grytsakj/formuv/ available online in Ukrainian language] --> <!-- Dead note "Shapoval": Yuri Shapoval, ''"The famine-genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine"'', Kashtan Press, Ontario 2005, {{ISBN|1-896354-38-6}} (a collection of source documents) --> <!-- Dead note "Graziosi": Andrea Graziosi, ''[http://krytyka.kiev.ua/conference/resume/Graziosi(article)ng+.html "The Soviet 1931–33 Famines and the Ukrainian Holodomor: Is A New Interpretation Possible, What Would Its Consequences Be?"]'', September 2005 --> <!-- Dead note O.M. Asatkin National Economy of Ukrainian SRR statistical compendium, Kyiv 1935--> == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Bibliography == {{See also|Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union#Terror, famine and the Gulag}} {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book |author-link1=Anne Applebaum| last1 = Applebaum| first1 = Anne| title= [[Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine]] | publisher = [[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]]| year = 2017 | isbn= 9780385538862}} * {{cite book |last= Baumeister |first= Roy |author-link= Roy Baumeister |year= 1999 |title= Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty |location= New York|publisher= [[Henry Holt and Company]] |isbn= 978-0-8050-7165-8 }} * {{cite journal |last= Bilinsky |first= Yaroslav |year= 1999 |title= Was the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 Genocide? |url= http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/bilinsky.html |journal= [[Journal of Genocide Research]] |volume= 1 |issue= 2 |pages= 147–156 |doi= 10.1080/14623529908413948 |access-date= 5 June 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080615023457/http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/uscongr4.htm |archive-date= 15 June 2008 |url-status= dead }} * {{cite journal |last= Conquest |first= Robert |author-link= Robert Conquest |year= 1999 |title= Comment on Wheatcroft |journal= [[Europe-Asia Studies]] |volume= 51 |issue= 8 |pages= 1479–1483 |jstor= 153839 |doi=10.1080/09668139998426}} * {{cite book |last= Conquest |first= Robert |year= 2001 |title= Reflections on a Ravaged Century |edition= New |location= New York |publisher= [[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn= 978-0-393-32086-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Conquest |first=Robert |year=2002 |orig-year=1986 |title=The Harvest Of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine |location=London |publisher=Pimlico |isbn=978-0-7126-9750-7}} * {{cite book |last1= Davies |first1= Robert W. |author-link1= Robert William Davies |last2= Wheatcroft |first2= Stephen G. |author-link2= Stephen G. Wheatcroft |year= 2002 |chapter= The Soviet Famine of 1932–33 and the Crisis in Agriculture |chapter-url= http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/Davies_Wheatcroft_ch.4_Famine.pdf |editor-first= Stephen G. |editor-last= Wheatcroft |title= Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History |location= Houndmills |publisher= [[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn= 978-0-333-75461-0 }} * {{cite journal |last1= Davies |first= Robert W. |last2= Wheatcroft |first2= Stephen G. |year= 2006 |title= Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman |journal= Europe-Asia Studies |volume= 58 |issue= 4 |pages= 625–633 |jstor= 20451229 |url=http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/iakh/HIS2319/h16/pensumliste/stalin-and-the-soviet-famine-of-1932-33_-a-reply-to-ellman.pdf|doi=10.1080/09668130600652217|s2cid= 145729808 }} * {{cite book |last1= Davies |first1= Robert W. |last2= Wheatcroft |first2= Stephen G. |year= 2010 |title= The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933 |location= Houndmills |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |isbn= 978-0-230-23855-8 }} * {{cite book |last= Davies |first= Norman |author-link= Norman Davies |year= 2006 |title= Europe East and West |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4yWin1-ckYgC |location= London |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |isbn= 978-0-224-06924-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Dolot |first=Miron |year= 1985 |title= Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/executionbyhunge00dolo_0 |url-access=registration |location= New York |publisher= [[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn= 978-0-393-30416-9 }} * {{cite journal |last= Ellman |first= Michael |author-link= Michael Ellman |year= 2005 |title = The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934 |url= http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman.pdf |journal= Europe-Asia Studies |volume= 57 |issue= 6 |pages= 823–41 |doi=10.1080/09668130500199392|s2cid= 13880089 }} * {{cite journal |last= Ellman |first= Michael |year= 2007 |title= Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited |url= http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman1933.pdf |journal= Europe-Asia Studies |volume= 59 |issue= 4 |pages= 663–693 |doi=10.1080/09668130701291899|s2cid= 53655536 }} * {{cite book |last= Engerman |first= David |year= 2003 |title= Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UkFlO7hoxOMC |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-01151-9 }} * {{cite book |editor1-last= Hadzewycz |editor1-first= Roma |editor2-last= Zarycky |editor2-first= George B. |editor3-last= Kolomayets |editor3-first= Martha |year= 1983 |title= The Great Famine in Ukraine: The Unknown Holocaust |location= Jersey City,&nbsp;NJ |publisher= [[Ukrainian National Association]] }} * {{cite book |last= Hryshko |first= Vasyl |year= 1978 |title= Ukrains'kyi 'Holokast', 1933 |publisher= New York: DOBRUS; Toronto: SUZHERO }} * {{cite book |last= Jones |first= Adam |author-link= Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) |year= 2010 |title= Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdVudSuTRIC |edition= 2nd |location= Milton Park |publisher= [[Routledge]] |isbn= 978-0-415-48619-4 }} * {{cite book |last1=Kotkin |first1=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Kotkin |title=Stalin (volume 2): Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941 |date=2017 |publisher=Penguin Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1594203800}} * {{cite book |last1= Kulchytsky |first1= Stanislav |last2= Yefimenko |first2= Hennadiy |year= 2003 |title= Демографічні наслідки голодомору 1933 р. в Україні. Всесоюзний перепис 1937 р. в Україні: документи та матеріали |language=uk |trans-title= Demographic consequences of the 1933 Holodomor in Ukraine. The all-Union census of 1937 in Ukraine: Documents and Materials |url= http://www.history.org.ua/index.php?litera&id=2027 |location= Kyiv |publisher= Institute of History |isbn= 978-966-02-3014-9 |ref= KulYef }} * {{cite book|first=Mart|last=Laar|author-link=Mart Laar|title=The Power of Freedom – Central and Eastern Europe after 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CM9QCOrlyOMC|access-date=2 November 2015|year=2010|publisher=Unitas Foundation|isbn=978-9949-21-479-2}} * Liber, George. ''Total wars and the making of modern Ukraine, 1914-1954'' ( U of Toronto Press, 2016). * Luciuk, Lubomyr, editor, Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine, Kashtan Press, Kingston, 2008 * {{cite book |last= Mace |first= James E. |author-link= James Mace |chapter= Soviet Man-Made Famine in Ukraine |editor1-last= Totten |editor1-first= Samuel |editor2-last= Parsons |editor2-first= William S. |editor3-last= Charny |editor3-first= Israel W. |year= 2004 |title= Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C |location= London |publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-94430-4 }} * {{cite book |last= Mace |first= James E. |year= 2008 |title= Ваші мертві вибрали мене&nbsp;... |trans-title= Your dead chose me&nbsp;... |location= Kyiv |publisher= Vyd-vo ZAT "Ukraïns'ka pres-hrupa" |isbn= 978-966-8152-13-9 }} (A collection of Mace's articles and columns published in ''[[Den (newspaper)|Den]]'' from 1993 to 2004). * {{cite book |last= Marples |first= David R. |year= 2007 |title= Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bGPjqNGPc40C |location= Budapest |publisher= [[Central European University Press]] |isbn= 978-963-7326-98-1 }} * {{cite journal|last1=Meslé |first1=France |last2=Pison |first2=Gilles |last3=Vallin |first3=Jacques |year=2005 |title=France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History |url=http://www.ined.fr/fichier/t_publication/47/publi_pdf2_pop.and.soc.english.413.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526011152/http://www.ined.fr/fichier/t_publication/47/publi_pdf2_pop.and.soc.english.413.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2011 |journal=Population and Societies |issue=413 |pages=1–4 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last1=Montefiore |first1=Simon Sebag |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore |title=Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar |date=2003 |publisher=Alfre |location=New York |isbn=978-0307291448}} * {{cite book |last1=Mordini |first1=Emilio |last2=Green |first2=Manfred |year=2009 |title=Identity, Security and Democracy: The Wider Social and Ethical Implications of Automated Systems for Human Identification |url=http://www.cssc.eu/public/NATO%20BOOK.pdf |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |publisher=[[IOS Press]] |isbn=978-1-58603-940-0 }} * {{cite book |last= Naimark |first= Norman M. |author-link= Norman Naimark |year= 2010 |title= Stalin's Genocides |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F3UwF1eqb0AC |location= Princeton,&nbsp;NJ |publisher= [[Princeton University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-691-14784-0 }} * {{cite book |last= Pipes |first= Richard |author-link= Richard Pipes |year= 1995 |title= Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime |location= New York |publisher= [[Vintage Books]] |isbn= 978-0-679-76184-6 }} * {{cite book |last= Potocki |first= Robert |year= 2003 |title= Polityka państwa polskiego wobec zagadnienia ukraińskiego w latach 1930–1939 |language= pl, en |location= Lublin |publisher= Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej |isbn= 978-83-917615-4-0 }} * {{cite book |last= Pourchot |first= Georgeta |year= 2008 |title= Eurasia Rising: Democracy and Independence in the Post-Soviet Space |location= Santa Barbara,&nbsp;CA |publisher= [[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn= 978-0-275-99916-2 }} * {{cite book |last= Radzinsky |first= Edvard |author-link= Edvard Radzinsky |year= 1996 |title= Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives |location= London |publisher= [[Hodder & Stoughton]] |isbn= 978-0-340-60619-3 |title-link= Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives }} * {{cite journal |last= Rosefielde |first= Steven |author-link= Steven Rosefielde |year= 1983 |title= Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929–1949 |journal= [[Soviet Studies]] |volume= 35 |issue= 3 |pages= 385–409 |jstor= 151363 |doi=10.1080/09668138308411488|pmid= 11636006 }} * {{cite book |last= Rosefielde |first= Steven |year= 2009 |title= Red Holocaust |location= Milton Park |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-0-415-77756-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D1QH38Cxn74C }} * {{cite book |last= Snyder |first= Timothy |author-link= Timothy D. Snyder |year= 2010 |title= Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin |location= New York |publisher= [[Basic Books]] |isbn= 978-0-465-00239-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n856VkLmF34C |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222065021/https://books.google.com/books?id=n856VkLmF34C&pg=&dq&hl=en |archive-date=2013-02-22}} * {{cite book |last1= Sternberg |first1= Robert J. |author-link1= Robert Sternberg |last2= Sternberg |first2= Karin |year= 2008 |title= The Nature of Hate |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TFT2l-RH9FIC |location= New York |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-72179-0 }} * {{cite journal |last= Tauger |first= Mark B. |year= 1991 |title= The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933 |journal= [[Slavic Review]] |volume= 50 |issue= 1 |pages= 70–89 |doi= 10.2307/2500600 |jstor= 2500600 |url= http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/Faculty/Tauger/Tauger,%20%27The%201932%20Harvest%20and%20the%20Famine%20of%201933,%20SR%2091.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160114211744/http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/Faculty/Tauger/Tauger,%20%27The%201932%20Harvest%20and%20the%20Famine%20of%201933,%20SR%2091.pdf |archive-date= 14 January 2016 }} * {{cite journal |last= Tauger |first= Mark B. |year= 2001 |title= Natural Disasters and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933 |journal= The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies |issue= 1506 |pages= 67 |doi= 10.5195/CBP.2001.89 |doi-access= free }} * {{cite journal |last1= Vallin |first1= Jacques |last2= Meslé |first2= France |last3= Adamets |first3= Serguei |last4= Pyrozhkov |first4= Serhii |title= A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s |url= http://ncua.inform-decisions.com/eng/files/VallinNewEstimate.pdf |journal= [[Population Studies]] |volume= 56 |issue= 3 |year= 2002 |pages= 249–264 |doi=10.1080/00324720215934 |pmid=12553326|s2cid= 21128795 }} * {{cite journal |last1= Várdy |first1= Steven Béla |last2= Várdy |first2= Agnes Huszár |year= 2007 |title= Cannibalism in Stalin's Russia and Mao's China |url= http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cannibalism.pdf |journal= East European Quarterly |volume= 41 |issue= 2 |pages= 223–238 }} * {{cite journal |last= Weiss-Wendt |first= Anton |year= 2005 |title= Hostage of Politics: Raphael Lemkin on 'Soviet Genocide' |url= http://www.inogs.com/JGRFullText/WeissWendt.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070610031348/http://www.inogs.com/JGRFullText/WeissWendt.pdf |archive-date= 10 June 2007 |journal= Journal of Genocide Research |volume= 7 |issue= 4 |pages= 551–559 |doi=10.1080/14623520500350017|s2cid= 144612446 }} * {{cite book |last= Werth |first= Nicolas |year= 2010 |chapter= Mass deportations, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocidal Politics in the Latter Russian Empire and the USSR |editor-first= Donald |editor-last= Bloxham |editor2= A. Dirk Moses |title= The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xCHMFHQRNtYC |location= Oxford |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-19-923211-6 }} <!-- --> * {{cite book |last= Wheatcroft |first= Stephen G. |year= 2001 |chapter= Current knowledge of the level and nature of mortality in the Ukrainian famine of 1931–3 |chapter-url= http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/SGW-UkranianFamine_mortality.pdf |editor= V. Vasil'ev |editor2= Y. Shapovala |title= Komandiri velikogo golodu: Poizdki V.Molotova I L.Kaganovicha v Ukrainu ta na Pivnichnii Kavkaz, 1932–1933 rr. |location= Kyiv |publisher= Geneza }} * {{cite journal |last= Wheatcroft |first= Stephen G. |year= 2004 |title= Towards Explaining the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933: Political and Natural Factors in Perspective |journal= Food and Foodways |volume= 12 |issue= 2–3 |pages= 107–136 |doi=10.1080/07409710490491447|s2cid= 155003439 }} * {{cite journal | first1=Stephen G.| last1=Wheatcroft | year=2018 |title=The Turn Away from Economic Explanations for Soviet Famines | journal=[[Contemporary European History]] | volume=27 | issue=3 | pages=465–469 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326562364| doi=10.1017/S0960777318000358| doi-access=free }} * {{cite book |last= Wilson |first= Andrew |author-link= Andrew Wilson (historian) |year= 2002 |title= The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4f324_LVBL4C |edition= 2nd |location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-09309-4}} * {{cite book |last=Уиткрофт |first=С. |year=2001 |chapter=О демографических свидетельствах трагедии советской деревни в 1931–1933 гг. |trans-chapter=On demographic evidence of the tragedy of the Soviet village in 1931–1933 |editor=V.P. Danilov |display-editors=etal |script-title=ru:Трагедия советской деревни: Коллективизация и раскулачивание 1927–1939 гг.: Документы и материалы |trans-title=The Tragedy of the Soviet Village: Collectivization and Dekulakization 1927–39: Documents and Materials |volume=3 |location=Moscow |publisher=[[ROSSPEN]] |isbn=978-5-8243-0225-7 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010655/http://lj.streamclub.ru/history/tragedy.html |archive-date=20 March 2008 |url=http://lj.streamclub.ru/history/tragedy.html}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== === Declarations and legal acts === * [[U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine]]. 19 April 1988. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604055926/http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/findings.html Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine]" (Report to Congress). * [[United Nations]]. 2003. [[s:Joint Statement on Holodomor|Joint Statement on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor)]] * [http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/789-15 Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932–1933 (in Ukrainian)] === Books and articles === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{not a typo|Ammende}}, Ewald, ''Human life in Russia'', (Cleveland: J.T. Zubal, 1984), Reprint, Originally published: London: Allen & Unwin, 1936. * ''The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: a white book'', S.O. Pidhainy, Editor-In-Chief, (Toronto: Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian-Communist Terror, 1953), (Vol. 1 Book of testimonies. Vol. 2. The Great Famine in Ukraine in 1932–1933). * {{cite book|first=Jan Jacek|last=Bruski|title=Hołodomor 1932–1933. Wielki Głód na Ukrainie w dokumentach polskiej dyplomacji i wywiadu|publisher=Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych|location=Warszawa|year=2008|language=pl|isbn=978-83-89607-56-0}} * Marco Carynnyk, Lubomyr Luciuk and Bohdan S Kordan, eds, ''The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932–1933'', foreword by Michael Marrus (Kingston: Limestone Press, 1988) * Boriak, H. (2001). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036832 The Publication of Sources on the History of the 1932–1933 Famine-Genocide: History, Current State, and Prospects]. ''Harvard Ukrainian Studies'', ''25''(3/4), 167–186. * Chastushka ''Journal of American folklore, Volume 89'' Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., 1976 * Curran, Declan with L Luciuk & A G Newby, co-eds, "Famines in European Economic History: The last great European famines reconsidered," Routledge, 2015 * Davies, R.W., ''The Socialist offensive: the collectivization of Soviet agriculture, 1929–1930'', (London: Macmillan, 1980). * ''Der ukrainische Hunger-Holocaust: Stalins verschwiegener Völkermord 1932/33 an 7 Millionen ukrainischen Bauern im Spiegel geheimgehaltener Akten des deutschen Auswärtigen Amtes'', (Sonnebühl: H. Wild, 1988), By Dmytro Zlepko. [eine Dokumentation, herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Dmytro Zlepko]. * Dolot, Miron, ''Who killed them and why?: in remembrance of those killed in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine'', (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1984); "Execution By Hunger, The Hidden Holocaust" (W.W. Norton & Company, 1985). * Dushnyk, Walter, ''50 years ago: the famine holocaust in Ukraine'', (New York: Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, 1983). * Barbara Falk, ''Sowjetische Städte in der Hungersnot 1932/33. Staatliche Ernährungspolitik und städtisches Alltagsleben'' (= Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas 38), Köln: Böhlau Verlag 2005 {{ISBN|3-412-10105-2}} * Fürst, Juliane. ''Stalin's Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism'' Oxford University Press. 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-19-957506-0}} * Gregorovich, Andrew, "Black Famine in Ukraine 1932–33: A Struggle for Existence", ''Forum: A Ukrainian Review'', No. 24, (Scranton: Ukrainian Workingmen's Association, 1974). * Kowalski, Ludwik. ''Hell on Earth: Brutality and Violence Under the Stalinist Regime'' Wasteland Press. 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-60047-232-9}} * Luciuk, L. Y. (ed), "Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine" (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 2009) * Halii, Mykola, ''Organized famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933'', (Chicago: Ukrainian Research and Information Institute, 1963). * Hlushanytsia, Pavlo, "Tretia svitova viina Pavla Hlushanytsi == The third world war of Pavlo Hlushanytsia", translated by Vera Moroz, (Toronto: Anabasis Magazine, 1986). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English]. * ''Holod na Ukraini, 1932–1933: vybrani statti'', uporiadkuvala Nadiia Karatnyts'ka, (New York: Suchasnist', 1985). * ''Holod 1932–33 rokiv na Ukraini: ochyma istorykiv, movoij dokumentiv'', (Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo politychnoyi literatury Ukrainy, 1990). * Hryshko, Vasyl, ''The Ukrainian Holocaust of 1933'', Edited and translated by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Bahrianyi Foundation, Suzhero, Dobrus, 1983). * ''Holodomor: The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933'' (Warsaw–Kyiv, 2009) ** {{cite web|url=http://ipn.gov.pl/en/list-of-publications-in-english/holodomor.-the-great-famine-in-ukraine-1932-1933|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100640/http://ipn.gov.pl/en/list-of-publications-in-english/holodomor.-the-great-famine-in-ukraine-1932-1933|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2015|title=The Institute of National Remembrance &#124; Holodomor. The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933|publisher=Ipn.gov.pl|date=2009|access-date=6 July 2015}} * ''International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine, Proceedings [transcript]'', 23–27 May 1988, Brussels, Belgium, Jakob W.F. Sundberg, President; Legal Counsel, World Congress of Free Ukrainians: John Sopinka, Alexandra Chyczij; Legal Council for the Commission, Ian A. Hunter, 1988. * ''International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine. Proceedings [transcript]'', 21 October – 5 November 1988, New York City, [Jakob W.F. Sundberg, President; Counsel for the Petitioner, William Liber; General Counsel, Ian A. Hunter], 1988. * ''International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–1933 Famine in Ukraine. Final report'', [Jacob W.F. Sundberg, President], 1990. [Proceedings of the International Commission of Inquiry and its Final report are in typescript, contained in 6 vols. Copies available from the World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Toronto]. * Kalynyk, Oleksa, ''Communism, the enemy of mankind: documents about the methods and practise of Russian Bolshevik occupation in Ukraine'', (London: The Ukrainian Youth Association in Great Britain, 1955). * Klady, Leonard, "Famine Film ''Harvest of Despair''", ''Forum: A Ukrainian Review'', No. 61, Spring 1985, (Scranton: Ukrainian Fraternal Association, 1985). * ''Kolektyvizatsia і Holod na Ukraini 1929–1933: Zbirnyk documentiv і materialiv'', Z.M. Mychailycenko, E.P. Shatalina, S.V. Kulcycky, eds., (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1992). * Kostiuk, Hryhory, ''Stalinist rule in Ukraine: a study of the decade of mass terror, 1929–1939'', (Munich: Institut zur Erforschung der UdSSSR, 1960). * Kovalenko, L.B. & Maniak, B.A., eds., ''Holod 33: Narodna knyha-memorial'', (Kyiv: Radians'kyj pys'mennyk, 1991). * Krawchenko, Bohdan, ''Social change and national consciousness in twentieth-century Ukraine'', (Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with St. Anthony's College, Oxford, 1985). * R. Kuśnierz, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160109000523/http://www.robertkusnierz.pl//wielkiglodpokazslajdow.html Ukraina w latach kolektywizacji i Wielkiego Glodu (1929–1933)]'',[http://www.marszalek.com.pl/index.php?m=0 Torun], 2005 * Leonard Leshuk, ed., ''Days of Famine, Nights of Terror: Firsthand Accounts of Soviet Collectivization, 1928–1934'' (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 1995) * Luciuk, Lubomyr (and L Grekul), Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine (Kashtan Press, Kingston, 2008.) * Lubomyr Luciuk, ed., ''Not Worthy: Walter Duranty's Pulitzer Prize and The New York Times'' (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 2004) * ''Lettere da Kharkov: la carestia in Ucraina e nel Caucaso del Nord nei rapporti dei diplomatici italiani, 1932–33'', a cura di Andrea Graziosi, (Torino: Einaudi, 1991). * Mace, James E., ''Communism and the dilemma of national liberation: national communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918–1933'', (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Ukrainian Research Institute and the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., 1983). * Makohon, P., ''Svidok: Spohady pro 33-ho'', (Toronto: Anabasis Magazine, 1983). * Martchenko, Borys, ''La famine-genocide en Ukraine: 1932–1933'', (Paris: Publications de l'Est europeen, 1983). * Marunchak, Mykhailo H., ''Natsiia v borot'bi za svoie isnuvannia: 1932 і 1933 v Ukraini і diiaspori'', (Winnipeg: Nakl. Ukrains'koi vil'noi akademii nauk v Kanadi, 1985). * ''Memorial'', compiled by Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Alexandra Chyczij; translated into English by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Published by Kashtan Press for Canadian Friends of "Memorial", 1989). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English. this is a selection of resolutions, aims and objectives, and other documents, pertaining to the activities of the Memorial Society in Ukraine]. * Mishchenko, Oleksandr, ''Bezkrovna viina: knyha svidchen''', (Kyiv: Molod', 1991). * Oleksiw, Stephen, ''The agony of a nation: the great man-made famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933'', (London: The National Committee to Commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Artificial Famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, 1983). * ''Pavel P. Postyshev, envoy of Moscow in Ukraine 1933–1934'', [selected newspaper articles, documents, and sections in books], (Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Secretariat, [1988], The 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine research documentation). * Pidnayny, Alexandra, ''A bibliography of the great famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933'', (Toronto: New Review Books, 1975). * Pravoberezhnyi, Fedir, ''8,000,000: 1933-i rik na Ukraini'', (Winnipeg: Kultura і osvita, 1951). * {{cite book|first=Czesław|last=Rajca|title=Głód na Ukrainie|publisher=Werset|location=Lublin/Toronto|year=2005|isbn=978-83-60133-04-0}} * Senyshyn, Halyna, ''Bibliohrafia holody v Ukraini 1932–1933'', (Ottawa: Montreal: Umman, 1983). * Solovei, Dmytro, ''The Golgotha of Ukraine: eye-witness accounts of the famine in Ukraine'', compiled by Dmytro Soloviy, (New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1953). * Stradnyk, Petro, ''Pravda pro soviets'ku vladu v Ukraini'', (New York: N. Chyhyryns'kyi, 1972). * Taylor, S.J., ''Stalin's apologist: Walter Duranty, the New York Times's Man in Moscow'', (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). * ''The Foreign Office and the famine: British documents on Ukraine and the great famine of 1932–1933'', edited by Marco Carynnyk, Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Bohdan Kor. * ''The man-made famine in Ukraine'' (Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1984). [Seminar. Participants: Robert Conquest, Dana Dalrymple, James Mace, Michael Nowak]. * United States, ''Commission on the Ukraine Famine. Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: report to Congress / Commission on the Ukraine Famine'', [Daniel E. Mica, chairman; James E. Mace, Staff Director]. (Washington D.C.: U.S. G.P.O. 1988). * United States, ''Commission on the Ukrainian Famine. Oral history project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine'', James E. Mace and Leonid Heretz, eds. (Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs, U.S. G.P.O., 1990). * ''Velykyi holod v Ukraini, 1932–33: zbirnyk svidchen', spohadiv, dopovidiv ta stattiv, vyholoshenykh ta drukovanykh v 1983 rotsi na vidznachennia 50-littia holodu v Ukraini – The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933: a collection of memoirs, speeches and essays prepared in 1983 in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Famine in Ukraine during 1932–33'', [Publication Committee members: V. Rudenko, T. Khokhitva, P. Makohon, F. Podopryhora], (Toronto: Ukrains'ke Pravoslavne Bratstvo Sv. Volodymyra, 1988), [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English]. * Verbyts'kyi, M., ''Naibil'shyi zlochyn Kremlia: zaplianovanyi shtuchnyi holod v Ukraini 1932–1933 rokiv'', (London: Dobrus, 1952). * Voropai, Oleksa, ''V deviatim kruzi'', (London, England: Sum, 1953). * Voropai, Oleksa, '' The Ninth Circle: In Commemoration of the Victims of the Famine of 1933'', Olexa Woropay; edited with an introduction by James E. Mace, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1983). * {{cite journal|last1=Wheatcroft|first1=S. G.|author-link=Stephen G. Wheatcroft|url=http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-Comments_KEP_CNQ.pdf|title=The Scale and Nature of Stalinist Repression and its Demographic Significance: On Comments by Keep and Conquest|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|volume=52|issue=6|year=2000|pages=1143–1159|issn=0966-8136|doi=10.1080/09668130050143860|pmid=19326595|s2cid=205667754}} * {{Cite book|last=Krawchenko|first=Bohdan|title=Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933|last2=Serbyn|first2=Roman|publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies|year=1986|isbn=9780920862438|location=Canada|pages=208|language=English|author-link=Bohdan Krawchenko}} {{refend}} == External links == {{Commons category}} {{Wikisource|Joint Statement on Holodomor}} <!-- Please consult the following guidelines before placing any external links: [[Wikipedia:External links#Links normally to be avoided]] --> {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite web|title=Holodomor Museum website|url=https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/|access-date=20 January 2021}} * {{cite web|title=Holodomor survivors share their stories|url=http://www.sharethestory.ca/|access-date=20 January 2021}} * {{cite web|title=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute's MAPA Digital Atlas of Ukraine focus on the history of the Holodomor|url=https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/|access-date=20 January 2021}} * {{cite web| title =Gareth Jones' international exposure of the Holodomor, plus many related background articles| url =http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/| access-date =5 July 2006}} * {{in lang|uk}} [https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/index.php Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207075342/https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/index.php |date=7 February 2020 }} at the Central State Archive of Ukraine ([https://web.archive.org/web/20170701220910/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/photos.php photos], [https://web.archive.org/web/20170702013703/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Resources.php links]) * Stanislav Kulchytsky, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609061545/http://www.orangerevolution.us/blog/_archives/2005/10/25/1321907.html ''Italian Research on the Holodomor''], October 2005. * Stanislav Kulchytsky, ''"Why did Stalin exterminate the Ukrainians? Comprehending the Holodomor. The position of Soviet historians"''{{spaced ndash}}Six-part series from ''[[Den (newspaper)|Den]]'': [https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-4 Part 1], [https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-3 Part 2], [https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-2 Part 3], [https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-1 Part 4], [https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-0 Part 5], [https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians Part 6]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609061545/http://www.orangerevolution.us/blog/_archives/2005/12/18/1454373.html Kulchytsky on Holodomor 1–6] * {{in lang|uk|ru}} Valeriy Soldatenko, ''"A starved 1933: subjective thoughts on objective processes"'', [[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]], Kyiv, Ukraine, 28 June{{spaced ndash}}4 July 2003. [https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/golodniy_tridtsyat_tretiy_subektivni_dumki_pro_obektivni_protsesi.html Available online] * {{in lang|uk|ru}} Stanislav Kulchytsky's articles in [[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]], Kyiv, Ukraine ** ''"How many of us perish in Holodomor on 1933"'', 23 November 2002&nbsp;– 29 November 2002. [https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/skilki_nas_zaginulo_pid_golodomoru_1933_roku.html Available online] ** ''"Reasons of the 1933 famine in Ukraine. Through the pages of one almost forgotten book"'' 16–22 August 2003. [https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/prichini_golodu_1933_roku_v_ukrayini_po_storinkah_odnieyi_prizabutoyi_knigi.html Available online] ** ''"Reasons of the 1933 famine in Ukraine-2"'', 4 October 2003&nbsp;– 10 October 2003. [https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/prichini_golodu_1933_roku_v_ukrayini-2.html Available online] ** ''"Demographic losses in Ukraine in the twentieth century"'', 2 October 2004&nbsp;– 8 October 2004. [https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/demografichni_vtrati_ukrayini_v_hh_stolitti.html Available online] ** ''"Holodomor-33: Why and how?"'' 25 November{{spaced ndash}}1 December. [https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/golodomor-33_chomu_i_yak.html Available online] * [https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/ukra.html Ukraine Famine] Revelations from the Russian Archives at the [[Library of Congress]] * Sergei Melnikoff, [http://gulag.ipvnews.org/article20061131.php Photos of Holodomor] ''gulag.ipvnews.org'' * [https://www.un.org/press/en/2008/ga10727.doc.htm The General Committee decided this afternoon not to recommend the inclusion of an item on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–1933 in Ukraine.] ''www.un.org'' * Nicolas Werth [http://www.massviolence.org/The-1932-1933-Great-Famine-in-Ukraine?artpage=1-5 Case Study: The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933] / CNRS{{spaced ndash}}France * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081209085548/http://kiev.usembassy.gov/files/famine.pdf Holodomor{{spaced ndash}}Famine in Soviet Ukraine 1932–1933] archived from ''kiev.usembassy.gov'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110703070434/http://rusarchives.ru/publication/famine/famine-ussr.pdf Famine in the Soviet Union 1929–1934]{{spaced ndash}}collection of archive materials ''rusarchives.ru'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727200811/http://www.sbu.gov.ua/sbu/control/en/publish/article?art_id=84758&cat_id=83648 Holodomor: The Secret Holocaust in Ukraine]{{spaced ndash}}official site of the [[Security Service of Ukraine]], ''www.sbu.gov.ua'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100725021110/http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2010/04/08/the-great-hunger-part-1-2/ CBC program about the Great Hunger] archived from ''www.cbc.ca'' * {{cite news |first=Caryle |last=Murphy |title=Ukrainian Americans Commemorate Famine in Homeland 50 Years Ago |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=1 October 1983 |url=http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/wash_march2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315235640/http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/wash_march2.htm |archive-date=15 March 2012 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110214220458/http://www.narodnaviyna.org.ua/eng/index.html People's war 1917–1932 by Kyiv city organization "Memorial"] archived from ''www.narodnaviyna.org.ua'' * Oksana Kis, [https://www.academia.edu/3720178/Defying_Death_Women_s_Experience_of_the_Holodomor_1932_1933 Defying Death Women's Experience of the Holodomor, 1932–1933] ''www.academia.edu'' {{refend}} {{Ukraine topics}} {{Soviet Union topics}} {{Joseph Stalin}} {{genocide topics}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Holodomor| ]] [[Category:1932 disasters]] [[Category:1932 in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:1932 in Ukraine]] [[Category:1933 disasters]] [[Category:1933 in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:1933 in Ukraine]] [[Category:Agriculture in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Agriculture in Ukraine]] [[Category:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment]] [[Category:Crimes of the communist regime in Ukraine against Ukrainians]] [[Category:Famines in Europe]] [[Category:Famines in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Genocides]] [[Category:Genocides in Europe]] [[Category:Incidents of cannibalism]] [[Category:Joseph Stalin]] [[Category:Stalinism in Ukraine]] [[Category:20th-century famines]]'