Examine individual changes
This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.
Variables generated for this change
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '139.5.45.81' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmywatchlist',
6 => 'editmywatchlist',
7 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
8 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
9 => 'editmyoptions',
10 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
11 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
12 => 'centralauth-merge',
13 => 'abusefilter-view',
14 => 'abusefilter-log',
15 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | true |
Page ID (page_id) | 55657392 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Ezhuthachan (caste)' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Ezhuthachan (caste)' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => 'ZI Jony',
1 => 'Mtb-za',
2 => 'Citation bot',
3 => 'ClueBot NG',
4 => '2409:4073:482:62F4:0:0:1323:C8B1',
5 => 'Lamro',
6 => 'Quuxplusone',
7 => 'MB',
8 => 'Mehak.Khurana 15',
9 => 'BD2412'
] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 139137237 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '/* Notable people */Updated information' |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Caste native to Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
'''Ezhuthachan'''({{Audio|Ml-in-Ezhuthachan.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{lang-ml|എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|eḻuttacchan}}''), also known as '''Kadupattan'''({{Audio|Ml-in-Kaduppattan.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{lang-ml|കടുപട്ടൻ}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|kaṭupaṭṭan}}'') is a caste native to the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="census of British India">{{cite book
| year = 1883
| title = Report on the census of British India taken on 17th February 1881(Vol.3)
| pages = 53, 54
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RwEJAAAAQAAJ
| location = London
| publisher = [[Eyre & Spottiswoode]]
}}</ref><ref name = "William Logan">
{{cite book
| author = William Logan
| author-link = William Logan (author)
| orig-year = 1887
| year = 1951
| title = Malabar manual(Republished)
| page = 139
| url = https://archive.org/stream/MalabarLogan/Malabar%20Logan#page/n151/mode/2up
| location = Madras
| publisher = Govt Press Madras
| quote = A caste who are hardly to be distinguished from the Nayars except by their inheritance customs, is that of the Kadupattar or Eluttachchans, that is, professional village schoolmasters.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author = [[Kumar Suresh Singh]]
| title = Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ
| year = 1996
| publisher = Anthropological Survey of India
| isbn = 978-0-19-563357-3
| page = 1377 }}</ref>{{efn|Kadupattan sometimes referred to as Kadupottan(Member of Kadupotta clan), It is the combination of place names [[Kaduru]] and [[Patancheru|Pottalakkare(Also known as Patancheru)]].<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon">{{cite book
| author = A. Sreedhara Menon
| author-link = A. Sreedhara Menon
| year = 1962
| title = Kerala District Gazetteers, Trichur
| page = 208
| url = http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/402/402%20-%20GI%20-%20Kerala%20District%20Gazetteers%20-%2011-02-2013.pdf
| location = Trivandrum
| publisher = The Government of Kerala
| quote = Ezhuthachans otherwise known as Kadupottans who follow the patriarchal system of inheritance are supposed to be the descendants of Pattar Brahmans degraded for having eaten a kind of fish. They are hereditary village school masters.}}</ref><ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/>}} It is classified as an [[Other Backward Class]] by the Government of India under its system of [[positive discrimination]].<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Kerala PSC website
| url = https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&itemid=198=
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045256/https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&Itemid=198
| archive-date = 5 March 2016
}}</ref>
They mainly belong to the districts of [[Thrissur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Malappuram]] and [[Kozhikode]] of [[Kerala]], has also presence outside and other parts of India. There are more people in the teaching sector in the community. Ezhuthachan is a caste who have teaching as a traditional profession.<ref name = "William Logan"/> There is an organization representing the community as ''Ezhuthachan Samajam''.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = 'എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ' നാടകാവതരണം 20-ന്
| url = http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/malayalam-news/article-1.2311300
| access-date = 21 December 2017
| newspaper = Mathrubhumi online
| date = 15 October 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171221062350/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/malayalam-news/article-1.2311300
| archive-date = 21 December 2017}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ സമാജം സംസ്ഥാന സമ്മേളനം സമാപിച്ചു
| url = http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-201121542.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130630173441/http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-201121542.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 30 June 2013
| access-date = 25 April 2013
| newspaper = Manorama online
| date = 12 December 2011
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = എയ്ഡഡ് സ്കൂളുകളിൽ പുതിയ തസ്തികകൾ; സമുദായ പ്രീണനമെന്ന് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ സമാജം
| url = http://www.janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=1034853&cid=41
| access-date = 25 April 2013
| newspaper = Janayugam Online
| date = 17 April 2013
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = ജാതി സംഘടനകൾ ഭിക്ഷ യാചിച്ചു നടക്കരുത്
| url = http://www.metrovaartha.com/2012/05/08052137/cn-balakrishnan20120508.html
| access-date = 25 April 2013
| newspaper = Metrovartha
| date = 8 May 2012
| archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6G90Ynt5a?url=http://www.metrovaartha.com/2012/05/08052137/cn-balakrishnan20120508.html
| archive-date = 25 April 2013}}</ref>
==Genesis==
There are two main beliefs about the origin of the Kadupattan people.<blockquote>1. ''Pattar(Bhattar)'' [[Brahmin]]s who were boycotted from ''Kadu'' village of medieval [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] region, Due to the introduction of [[Buddhism]]. From the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin's]] Kovilakam (Ambadi Kovilakam) the elder Thamburatti(Senior princess) asserted the title ''Ezhuthachan'' and assigned as village school master.<ref name="Edgar Thurston">
{{cite book
| author-link = Edgar Thurston
| last = Thurston
| first = Edgar
| title = Tribes and castes of Southern India(volume 3)
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso03thuriala/page/30 30], 31
| url = https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso03thuriala
| year = 1909}}</ref><ref name="L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer">
{{cite book
| author-link = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer
| last = Iyer
| first = L.K.Anantha Krishna
| title = The tribes and castes of cochin(volume 2)
| year = 1912
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378/page/n149 103]–114
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378}}
</ref><ref name="S. N. Sadasivan">
{{cite book
| author-link = S. N. Sadasivan
| last = Sadasivan
| first = S.N.
| title = A Social History of India
| year = 2000
| publisher = A.P.H. Publishing
| location = New Delhi
| pages = 366, 367, 371
| isbn = 9788176481700
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=kaduppattan}}
</ref><ref name="Calicut_City_of_truth"/></blockquote><blockquote>2. A [[Jainism|Jain]] guild, who was prominent in teaching, came to [[Kerala]] and became [[Village]] school teachers. With the influence of the [[Bhakthi movement]], they came under [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal">
{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| pages = 15–40
}}</ref></blockquote>
==History==
The [[Kaduru]] (In present [[Karnataka]]) of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] was a [[Jainism|Jainite]] [[Human settlement|settlement]]; From 8th to 10th centuries [[Jainism]] was the prominent [[religion]] in the [[Western Ganga dynasty]].<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Adiga
| first = Malini
| title = The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400-1030
| orig-year = 2006
| year = 2006
| publisher = Orient Longman
| location = Chennai
| isbn = 81-250-2912-5}}, Page 253</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf#page=131
| title = Page 131, Places of Interest Gazetteer of karnataka, 1983
| url-status = dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212175826/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf
| archive-date = 2015-02-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Moraes
| first = George M
| title = The Kadamba Kula A history of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka
| year = 1931
| publisher = B X Furtado And Sons
| location = Bombay
| url = https://archive.org/stream/kadambakula035210mbp#page/n0/mode/2up
| page = 255}}</ref> From 9th to 13th [[century|centuries]] today's the [[Patancheru]] or [[Patancheru|Pottalakkare]] in [[Telangana]] was the principal Jain hub in [[South India]].<ref>
{{cite web
| title = A Brief History of Patancheru or Pottalakere Andhra Pradesh
| url = http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf
| work = Journal of Andhra historical research society, XXXVI, (II - IV parts)
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024157/http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf
| archive-date = 7 November 2017
}}</ref><ref name="Pandurang Bhimarao Desai">
[[P. B. Desai|Pandurang Bhimarao Desai]], [[Gulabchand Hirachand|Gulabchand Hirachand Doshi]],
{{cite book
| title = Jainism in South India and some Jaina Epigraphs
| year = 1957}}</ref> In [[Jainism]], there was a tradition of using the [[province]] name once abandoned as [[clan]] name.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Dwivedi
| first = R.C.
| title = Contribution of Jainism to Indian culture
| year = 1975
| publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]] Indological Publishers and Book sellers
}}</ref> Evidence suggests that ''Kadupattan'' was a Jain [[guild]] that formed [[Kaduru]] and [[Patancheru]] which was prominent in the teaching profession.
After the twelfth century, Prominence of [[Jainism]] in [[South India]] decreased significantly, Many followers of [[Jainism]] abandoned their settlements and moved to the south (Today's [[Tamil Nadu]]). ''Kadupattigal'' one among thirteenth century rulers of the southern [[Arcot, Vellore|Arcot]] who were present on the banks of [[Kaveri|Kaveri River]] should have been the ancestors of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan).<ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal" /><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Burton_Stein
| first = Burton
| last = Stein
| title = Peasant state and society in medieval South India
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ
| year = 1980
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| page = 115| isbn = 9780195635072
}}</ref>{{efn|There are mentions about ''Kadupattigal'' in [[South Indian Inscriptions]]. Who had marriage alliance with [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava King]], Who made donation to temples like [[Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi|Apatsahayesvarar Temple]], [[Thirumarperu|Thirumarperu Manikandeswarar Temple]], [[Vedaranyeswarar temple]], [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur|Mahalingeswarar Temple]] etc., And About prime minister of [[Nandivarman II]] who bore the title ''Kadupattigal Tamilapperaraiyan'' (Feudatories of [[Pallava dynasty|pallava kingdom]] also had this title).<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Ramasamy
| first = R.
| date = 2003
| title = Saptar̥ṣīśvara Temple in the Lower Kaveri Delta: A Study of History, Architecture, and Sculpture
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ&q=kadupattigal
| publisher = Book India Publishing Company
| page = 83
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Srinivasan
| first = K. R.
| date = 1964
| title = Cave-temples of the Pallavas(Republished)
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ&q=kadupattigal
| publisher = Archaeological Survey of India
| page = 17
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = R. Nagaswamy
| last = Nagaswamy
| first = Ramachandran
| date = 1982
| title = Tantric Cult of South India
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7IPXAAAAMAAJ&q=kadupattigal
| page = 219
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = H. Krishna Sastri
| last = H. Krishna Sastri(Editor,Translator)
| first = Rao Sahib
| date = 1920
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol.3)
| url = https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf
| location = Madras
| publisher = Govt. Press Madras
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171215060124/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf
| archive-date= 15 December 2017
| page = 373
| quote = No.197. On the North Wall of the Central Shrine<br />[[Thirumarperu|Manikanthesvara Temple]] at Tirumalpuram.<br />This record, which is dated in the 13th year of Parthivendradivarman who took the head of [[Pandyan dynasty|Vira-Pandya]], registers a gift of twenty-five ''Kalanju'' of gold marked and weighed by the standard weight(''dharmakattalai-tulai-nirai'') for burning two lamps in the temple of Siva at Tirumalperu. The assembly of Pattalam ''alias'' Elunurruva-chaturvedimangalam in Damar-nadu accepted the gold and agreed to maintain the two lamps from the interest thereon. It is interesting to note that the lamps were the gift of Vijjavai-Mahadeviyar or Vajjavaiyar who was related to Nandivarman Kadupattigal, perhaps, as his queen. Nandivarman Kadupattigal is clearly a Pallava name; but we cannot definitely identify the king nor fix his relationship to the ruling sovereign Parthivendradivarman.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Srinivasa Rao(Editor)
| first = G.V
| date = 1952
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol.13)
| url = https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf
| location = Madras
| publisher = Govt. Press Madras
| pages = 162, 186
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171215073507/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf
| archive-date= 15 December 2017
| quote = Tiruppalanam, Tanjaore Talun, Tanjaore District.<br />On the South Wall of the Central Shrine, [[Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi|Apatsahayesvara Temple]].<br />This is an inscription of [[Aditya I]]. It is damaged in places and the portion at the end is peeled off. It records a gift of 20 ''Kalanju'' of gold for a perpetual lamp in the temple at Tiruppalanam in Virai-kurram, by Kadupattigal Tamarmettiyar the mother of Vayiri-Ak[kan] ''alias'' Tribhuvanamadeviyar the queen of Solaperumanadigal([[Chola dynasty|Chola king]]). The name of the donatrix indicates that she was of the [[Pallava dynasty|pallava family]] with whom the king should have contracted marriage relationship.}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Dineshchandra Sircar
| last = Sircar
| first = Dineshchandra(General editor)
| date = 1964
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol. 17)
| url = https://archive.org/stream/SouthIndianInscriptionsVol.17#page/n0/mode/2up/search/kadu
| pages = 212, 213, Introduction page 2
| location = Madras
| publisher = Manager of publications, Delhi, Madras Govt. Press
| quote = No.517(A.R. No. 475-C of 1904.)<br />[[Vedaranyam]], Tirutturaeippundi Taluk, Tanjore District. On the seventh pillar in the ''mandapa'' in front of the Tyagaraja shrine in the [[Vedaranyeswarar temple|Vedaranyesvara temple]].<br />[[Parantaka I]]. Year 38:944-45 A.D.<br />This inscription records the gift of a [[fly-whisk]] coated with gold and silver, by Muttakilanadigal, the daughter of Kadupattigal.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Dineshchandra Sircar
| last = Sircar
| first = Dineshchandra(General editor)
| date = 1970
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol. 19)
| url = https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf
| location = Madras
| publisher = Madras Govt. Press
| page = 46
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171215075053/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf
| archive-date = 15 December 2017
| quote = This inscription has been published in ''S.I.I'' Vol. III. This is stated to be a record of all the gifts of gold made in earlier times for lamps to the temple which were now re-engraved on renovation from stones kept underground.The inscription is however left incomplete after the 4th line. Only one such item finds mention here viz. a gift made by Kadupattigal Nandippottaraiyar, obviously Pallava [[Nandivarman III]](and not Pallavamalla as supposed), for burning a lamp(after his surname) Kumaramarttanda, The authorities responsible for this reengraving viz. the assembly of Tiraimur, the ''nagarattar'' of Tiruvidaimarudil, the temple executives, the accountant and the manager are said to have met for their deliberation in the theatre hall of the temple, This early reference to the theatre in temples is noteworthy.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = E. Hultzsch
| last = Theodor Hultzsch
| first = Eugen Julius
| date = 1983
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol. 22, Issue 1)
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C4ZmKaSRLWQC&q=Kadupattigal
| publisher = Manager of Publications(Archaeological Survey of India)
| page = 209
| quote = in the temple of [[Thirumarperu|Tirumalperru-Mahadevar]], one on behalf of (queen?) VijjavaiMahadeviyar daughter of Vallamanar([[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]) Nandipanma-Kadupattigal, and the other on behalf of a retainer of the latter. The shepherds appointed to make the daily supply of ghee were to receive a portion of the sacred offered food from the temple.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = T. V. Mahalingam
| last = Venkataraman Mahalingam
| first = Therazhundur
| date = 1988
| title = A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: South Arcot District
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CGJmAAAAMAAJ&q=Kadupattigal
| publisher = Indian Council of Historical Research
| page = 369
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Krishna
| first = Nandha
| date = 1992
| title = Kanchi A Heritage Of Arts And Religion
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203595
| publisher = The C.P.Ramaswamy Aiyar Institute of Indological Research
| page = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203595/page/n98 78]
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = C. Minakshi
| last = Minakshi
| first = Cadambi
| date = 1938
| title = Administration And Social Life Under The Pallavas
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39468
| publisher = [[University of Madras]]
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39468/page/n40 17], 18, 47, 51, 52
}}
</ref>}}
[[War]]s that took place during the course of thirteenth and fourteenth centuries ([[Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I]] and [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]), Caused Kadupattans came to [[Kerala]] through the path which was present from banks of [[Kaveri]] through the [[Nilgiri mountains]], and with the influence of the [[Bhakti movement]] they were [[Hinduism|Hinduised]] as [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava(Ramanuja)]], [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Shaktism|Shaktheya]]; In Occupation ''Ezhuthachan'' (Village school master), Teachers who practiced Shakthi worship became known as ''Gurukkal''. [[Historian]] [[K. Balakrishna kurup|K. Balakrishna Kurup]] concludes history of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) caste as this.<ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Vilas Adinath Sangave
| first = Vilas Adinath
| last = Sangave
| title = Jain Community a social survey
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FWdWrRGV_t8C
| year = 1980
| publisher = Popular Book depot Bombay| isbn = 9780317123463
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Steven J. Rosen
| first = Steven.J.
| last = Rosen
| title = Archeology and the Vaishnava Tradition
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fWrXAAAAMAAJ
| year = 1989
| publisher = Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = John Faithfull Fleet
| first = John Faithfull
| last = Fleet
| title = Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts
| url = https://archive.org/details/dynastieskanare00fleegoog
| year = 1882
| publisher = Bombay Govt. Central press}}
</ref><ref name="Pandurang Bhimarao Desai"/><ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>
It is believed that the Kadupattans reached [[Malabar region|Malabar]] by the fifteenth century({{circa}} [[Common Era|C.E]] 1447).<ref name = "K.V.Krishna Iyer">
{{cite book
| author-link = K. V. Krishna Iyer
| last = Iyer
| first = K.V.Krishna
| date = 1938
| title = Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to A D 1806
| url = https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54985/2015.54985.Zamorins-Of-Calicut-From-The-Earliest-Times-Down-To-Ad-1806#page/n61/mode/2up/search/kadu
| location = Calicut
| publisher = Norman Printing Bureau
| page = 51
| quote = The (Kali day) of their arrival is expressed by the [[chrono-gram]] Ka-tu-ka-ste-yal-tya-ktah(കടുകസ്തയാൽത്യക്തഃ)
}}
</ref><ref name= "P.C.M.Raja">{{cite book
| last = Raja B.A.L.T
| first = P. C. M.
| script-title= ml:സാമൂതിരിയും കോഴിക്കോടും
| title = sāmūtiriyum kōḻikkōṭum
| page = 298
| quote = ഭാഷയിലും വേഷഭൂഷാദികളിലും മറ്റും ഇവർ തനി മലയാളികളാണെങ്കിലും മക്കത്തായികളും ഏതാണ്ട് തമിഴാചാരങ്ങൾ കൈക്കൊള്ളുന്നവരുമാണ്. 1442 ന്നടുത്ത് അഭയാർഥികളായി തമിഴ്നാട്ടിൽ നിന്നു വന്ന ഇവർക്ക് രക്ഷയും എഴുത്തച്ഛസ്ഥാനവും കൊടുത്തിരുത്തിയത് സാമൂതിരിയാണ്. കടു(കടുസ്സ) ഭട്ടന്മാരാകയാൽ ഇവരെ കടുപ്പട്ടന്മാർ എന്നു വിളിച്ചു.
}}</ref><ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Although the [[Aithihyamala]] says about a magician([[:ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ|Chembra Makku Ezhuthachan]]) who belonged to Kadupattan caste a disciple of the [[:ml:കാക്കശ്ശേരി ഭട്ടതിരി|Kakkassery Bhattathiri]] and member of a family who had been a teacher of traditional heritage, his lifespan is unclear.<ref name="Kottarathil Shankunni">
{{cite book
| author-link = Kottarathil Sankunni
| last = Sankunni
| first = Kottarathil
| script-title= ml:ഐതിഹ്യമാല, ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ
| title = aitihyamāla, cemprayeḻuttacchanmāra
| url = https://ml.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC
}}</ref>{{efn|[[Palm-leaf manuscript]]s collected from various places of [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]], Which dates back mid 19th century contain mention about ''Kadupattan'' and ''Ezhuthachan''. From [[Common Era|C.E]] 1849 and [[Common Era|C.E]] 1833 respectively.<ref>
{{cite book
| first = S.
| last = Rajendu
| script-title= ml:വള്ളുവനാട് ഗ്രന്ഥവരി
| title = vaḷḷuvanāṭ granthavari
| publisher = K. Sankaranarayanan, [[Perinthalmanna]]
| date = February 2015
| location = Calicut
| page = 91
| quote = ഓല - 65 പുറം - 1(ബാക്കി)<br />പുതിയ പണം 5-ം ഇനിക്ക തന്ന ... യും ... ള്ളതില് ... ത്തില് രാമന്മെനൊനും ഊരംകൊടീല് കുഞ്ചു എഴുത്തച്ചനും സാക്ഷിയാകെ 1008 -ാമത മെട മാസം 18-ന എഴുതിയത -}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| first = S.
| last = Rajendu
| script-title= ml:വള്ളുവനാട് ഗ്രന്ഥവരി
| title = vaḷḷuvanāṭ granthavari
| publisher = K. Sankaranarayanan, [[Perinthalmanna]]
| date = February 2015
| location = Calicut
| pages = 96, 97
| quote = ഓല - 74 പുറം - 1<br />- പെരുന്തൽമണ്ണ ദേശത്തിരിക്കും കടുപട്ടൻ മാരെങ്ങൻ നീലകണ്ഠൻ എഴുതിയ മുറി - വെട്ടമണ്ണ ഗോവിന്ദമേനോനച്ചൻ വായിച്ച തമ്പുരാനെ ഉണർത്തിക്കെണ്ടും കാർയ്യം - എന്നാൽ കടന്നമണ്ണ കൊവിലകം ചെരിക്കല്ല ജെന്മം മെപ്പടി ദെശത്തെ അടിയത്ത ഗൊവിന്നൻ നായരൊടെ എണക്ക പിടിച്ച വക ആൽക്കൽ വടക്കെതിൽ കുടിയിരുപ്പ 22 പണം കാണമായും അർത്ഥപലിശയും സർക്കാരനികുതിയുംകഴിച്ച കൊല്ലം 16 ...പണം പൊറപ്പാടായും കൊല്ലം 1024 ആ<br />ഓല - 74 പുറം - 2<br />മത മകരമാസം 3 -ന പൊളിച്ചെഴുതി ചാർത്തി തിരുവെഴുത്ത വാങ്ങിയിട്ടുള്ളതിന്മെല് മെൽപ്രകാരം പൊറപ്പാട പണം ഒന്നും കാലം ന്തോറും പണ്ടാരത്തിൽ കൊണ്ടുവന്നതന്ന തിരുവെഴുത്ത വാങ്ങിക്കൊള്ളുന്നതും ഉണ്ട - ഇതിന്ന പാലൊള്ളി മനക്കൽ നമ്പൂതിരിയും കരുമത്തിൽ വെലുനായരും സാക്ഷിയായി 1024 ആമത മകരം 3 - ന എഴുതിയത -}}</ref>}} One of the first government records which mentions the Ezhutachan caste is the [[British Raj|British India]] census taken on 17 February 1881.<ref name="census of British India"/>
Kadupattans entered [[Kerala]] through [[Palakkad Gap]], Their migration took place as number of groups of families. First group of eight families(''Ettu veettukar'') came and settled near [[Tirunavaya]] in [[Malabar region]], some of their family names were ''Thekkeppattu'', ''Vadakkeppattu'', ''Kizhakkeppattu'', ''Padinjareppattu'', ''Meleppattu'', ''Keezheppattu''.<ref name = "Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam"/> Family of ''[[:ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ|Chembra Ezhuthachan]]'' belongs to the tradition of ''Ettu veettukar''.<ref name="Kottarathil Shankunni"/><ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/> And the second group of thirty two families(''Muppaththirandu veettukaar'') settled in [[Thrissur]] region. Soon after another group of close relatives of ''Ettu veettukar'' and ''Muppaththirandu veettukaar'' settled in [[Palakkad]] region. Gradually they spread to other areas. Clashes between soldiers of [[Zamorin]] and [[Portuguese India Armadas]] that took place during sixteenth century on coastal areas of [[Malabar region]], caused many Kadupattans who were inhabitants of coastal areas of [[Kingdom of Tanur]] to move to Kanniyampuram of [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)]](In present [[Ottappalam|Ottappalam taluk]]), [[Chittur-Thathamangalam|Chittur]] and other parts of [[Kingdom of Cochin]] and settle there.<ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/><ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>
[[File:Palm leaf manuscripts which were used by Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan).jpg|thumb|Almost hundred years old [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s which deals with [[astrology]] and [[Education|teaching]], Were used by Nanu Ezhuthachan, [[Avinissery]], [[Thrissur]]]]
Kadupattans played major role in spreading [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vattezhuthu]] in [[Palakkad]], [[Malabar region|Malabar]] regions and [[Kingdom of Cochin]]. Usually they were well-versed in [[sanskrit]] too.<ref name="Calicut_City_of_truth">
{{cite book
| author-link = M. G. S. Narayanan
| first = M.G.S.
| last = Narayanan
| title = Calicut:The City of truth revisited
| publisher = Mathrubhumi Books
| orig-year = 2006
| date = July 2018
| location = [[Calicut]]
| pages = 158, 159
| isbn = 978-81-8267-551-3
| quote = By the sixteenth century we find a class of tutors called ''Ezhuthachans'' attached to the [[Kovilakam|''Kovilakams'']] of Thampurans and the big [[Tharavad|''tharavads'']] of [[Nair|Nayars]]. They were scholars in [[Sanskrit]], staying in the [[Nair|Nayar]] houses. They imparted elementary education to the [[Nair|Nayar]] boys and girls, instructing them in [[arithmetic]], teaching them the alphabet and telling them stories from the [[Puranas|puranic literature]]. The term ''Ezhuthachan'' literally means 'father of language'.<br />We have a tradition to the effect that a group of people known as ''Kadupattar'', who were originally [[Brahmin]]s called Bhattacharyas, belonging to the village of Kadu in [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyadesa]], became [[Buddhism|buddhists]], and were forced to leave the country on account of persecution. They came to [[Calicut]] in 1447 AD. As refugees; and the Valiya Thampuratti(Seniormost lady of the palace) took pity on them and gave them asylum. They were rehabilitated as ''Ezhuthachans,'' teachers of alphabet, attached to the palace and the houses of nobles. The year their arrival is expressed by a chronogram in [[Katapayadi system|''kadapayaadi'']] style''-katukasteyaltyaktaah''-which yields the equivalent of the year AD.1447 when decoded. This tradition, cherished by the ''Ezhuthachan'' community, who made a livelihood by teaching in [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthupalli]], mostly attached to the palaces or [[Nair|Nayar]] [[Tharavad|''Tharavads,'']] might contain some historical truth. They are treated as [[Shudra|''Sudras,'']] but unlike other [[Shudra|''Sudra'']] groups they are usually well-versed in [[Sanskrit]] literature. It is quite probable that they are descended from some [[Brahmin]] group ostracized and excommunicated on an account of some misadventure. The story of [[Brahmin|Buddhist]] connection need not be literally true, since any unorthodox view was labelled as 'Bauddha'-Buddhist- in the traditional society of [[Kerala]]. The period of their arrival in [[Calicut]] suggested in the story is quite significant, since a school of translators of [[Sanskrit]] classics into [[Malayalam]] appeared on the scene within a century after this. The greatest of Scribes and teachers was [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchath Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] of the 16th century.
}}</ref> Kadupattans used the prayer of [[Tirthankara|Jain Tirthankara]] ''jina dheva''(''Namosthu jeenathe'') in their [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthupalli]]({{Audio|Ml-in-Ezhuthupalli.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{lang-ml|എഴുത്തുപള്ളി}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|eḻuttupaḷḷi}}''), And taught [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vattezhuthu]], [[Mathematics]] etc.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Vidhyarambha charithram
| url = http://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/article-malayalam-news-1.611752
| access-date = 11 December 2017
| newspaper = Manorama online
| date = 18 October 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151020012545/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/article-malayalam-news-1.611752
| archive-date = 20 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/>
According to [[historian]] [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] the literary activities of [[Zamorin of Calicut|Malabar]], especially in [[Shudra|Sudras]] got strengthened after the arrival of Kadupattars. Translation of many texts from [[Sanskrit]] to [[Malayalam]] took place in the age after the arrival of them.<ref name="Calicut_City_of_truth"/>
In [[Kerala]] they were treated as [[shudra]]. But it was permitted to go and pray until the ''Sacrificial stone(Balikkallu)'' of temple.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Some of the other communities called the men of the community ''Pattarappan''({{Audio|Ml-in-Pattarappan.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{lang-ml|പട്ടരപ്പൻ}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|paṭṭarappan}}'') and the women as ''Pattathiyaramma''({{Audio|Ml-in-Pattathiyaramma.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{lang-ml|പട്ടത്തിയാരമ്മ}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|paṭṭattiyaramma}}'').<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> In government records Kadupattans referred as the ''Choular''(People from the [[Chola dynasty|Chola country]]).<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>
It is believed that [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]] had placed them in a high position in society . The envy of the Zamorin's minister (Mangattachan) have put them under the burden of low class [[shudra]] in society.<ref name = "Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam">
{{cite web
| title = Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam Website
| url = http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/aboutus.php
| access-date = 11 December 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022453/http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/aboutus.php
| archive-date = 7 November 2017}}</ref> ''Pattanam pizhaithavar''(Those who lost status)Kadupattans were called by the other community like that.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Although Ezhuthachan caste very similar to those of [[Nair]](Even though some records classify them as [[Nair]]), they have nothing to do with the Nair community. Perhaps they have adopted to the traditional methods present in Kerala after arrival.<ref name="jstor.org">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3629883 The Internal Structure of the Nayar Caste, C. J. Fuller</ref><ref name = "William Logan"/><ref>
{{cite book
| first = F.
| last = Fawcett
| title = Nâyars of Malabar
| url = https://archive.org/stream/nayarsofmalabarv032656mbp#page/n11/mode/2up/search/187
| orig-year = 1901
| year = 1915
| publisher = Printed by the Superintendent, Government press.
| location = Madras
| page = 187}}</ref>
Till the introduction of [[State school|public education]] system in [[Kerala]], Kadupattans were present in [[Kingdom of Cochin]] and [[Malabar region|Malabar]] as Ezhuthachan(Village school master) and they ran [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthupallis]](Traditional village school).<ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Edgar Thurston
| last = Thurston
| first = Edgar
| title = Tribes and castes of Southern India(volume 2)
| url = https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso02thuriala#page/208/mode/2up/search/kadup
| year = 1909
| page = 209
| quote = Eluttacchan.— Eluttacchan or Ezhuttacchan, meaning teacher or master of learning, is the name for educated Kadupattans of Malabar employed as schoolmasters.}}
</ref> They taught wealthy people by staying at their home and this practice was called ''Ezhuthachan thamasikkuka''({{Audio|Ml-in-Ezhuthachan_Thamasikkuka.ogg |pronunciation|help=no}}, {{lang-ml|എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ താമസിക്കുക}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|eḻuttacchan tamasikkuka}}'').<ref name= "K.P.Padhmanabha Menon">
{{cite book
| author-link = K.P.Padhmanabha Menon
| last = Menon
| first = K.P.Padhmanabha
| title = History of Kerala(Vol 3)
| page = 243
}}</ref><ref name="Kanippayyur">
{{cite book
| author-link = Kanippayyur Shankaran Namboodiripad
| first = Kanippayyur Shankaran
| last = Namboodiripad
| script-title= ml:നായന്മാരുടെ പൂർവ്വചരിത്രം (ഭാഗം 1)
| title = nāyanmāruṭe pūrvvacaritr̲aṃ (bhāgam 1)
| publisher = Panchangam books
| location = [[Kunnamkulam]], [[Thrissur]]
| edition = 5
| orig-year = December 2015
| year = 1962
| page = 184
| quote = നാട്ടെഴുത്തശ്ശാന്മാരായിരുന്നു കുട്ടികളെ വിദ്യ അഭ്യസിപ്പിച്ചിരുന്നത്. അതിന്നായി വലിയ തറവാടുകളിൽ തറവാട്ടുചിലവിന്മേൽ എഴുത്തശ്ശന്മാരെ പാർപ്പിക്കും കുട്ടികൾക്കു ഈ എഴുത്തശ്ശന്മാരെ വലിയ ഭക്തിയും ഭയവുമായിരുന്നു. കുട്ടികളെ പഠിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിന്നു പുറമെ മറ്റു വല്ല ജോലിക്കും എഴുത്തശ്ശന്മാരെ നിയോഗിക്കുക അസാധാരണമായിരുന്നില്ല.
}}</ref>
Traditionally, although caste gave importance to teaching, other tasks such as [[Litter (vehicle)|palanquin]] bearing, carrying [[salt]], [[Oil]], and their marketing, [[Agriculture]] etc. were also Present.<ref>{{cite book
| author-link = Jervoise Athelstane Baines
| last = Jervoise Athelstane Baines
| first = Sir
| title = Ethnography (castes and tribes)
| url = https://archive.org/stream/ethnographycaste00bainuoft#page/70
| location = Strassburg
| publisher = Karl J. Trübner
| year = 1912
| access-date = 26 July 2018
| page = 70
| quote = Whilst the Uppiliyan and Kaduppattan, originally of the same trade, have added the profession of hedge-school keeping to their means of subsistence.}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author-link = Hermann Gundert
| last = Gundert
| first = Hermann
| title = A Malayalam and English Dictionary
| url = https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog
| year = 1872
| publisher = C. Stolz for Basel Mission Book Tract Depository
| location = Mangalore
| page = [https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog/page/n230 194]
| quote = കടുപ്പട്ടർ a caste of embalers and carriers(=കുടുമ്പർ), below vāṇiyar; also schoolmasters(loc.)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| first = E. P. Bhaskara
| last = Guptan
| orig-year = 2004
| script-title= ml:ദേശായനം(ദേശചരിത്രകഥകൾ)
| title = dēśāyanam(dēśacaritrakathakaḷa)
| publisher = Samabhavini Books, [[Kadampazhipuram]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| edition = 2
| date = 2013
| page = 48
| quote = ക്ഷേത്രങ്ങളിലേക്കാവശ്യമായ ശുദ്ധമായ എള്ളെണ്ണ നൽകുന്നത് കടുപ്പട്ടന്മാരുടെ അവകാശമായിരുന്നു. നല്ല മിനുസവാകപ്പൊടിയും ഇവർ തയ്യാറാക്കിയിരുന്നു, വാകച്ചാർത്തിനും മറ്റും ഉപയോഗിക്കുവാൻ.}}</ref>
Famous [[Magic (paranormal)|Magicians]], [[Physician]]s, [[Astrology|Astrologers]] and [[Sanskrit]] scholars have been emerged from this caste.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/165316/1/10%20%20chapter%204%20smitha%20j.pdf
| title = The Contribution of Punnasseri Kalari to Kerala Culture
| publisher = [[Shodhganga|Shodhganga:a reservoir of Indian theses]]
| access-date = 28 April 2018}}</ref> ''Panikkar'' was the title which used by some kadupattans.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>
After the introduction of modern [[State school|public education system]], traditional teaching methods were less important in the society. Many [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthupallis]](Traditional Village school) that ran by Ezhuthachans(Kadupattan) were converted to public school with modern teaching method.<ref>{{cite document
| title = Dr.BAIJU K.NATH Assistant Professor Dept. of Education University of Calicut and Divya.K.T M.Ed(2014-2015)Batch, 'History of Ayyappan Ezhuthachan Aided upper primary school'
| url = https://www.academia.edu/26736651
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171216035059/http://www.academia.edu/26736651/HISTORY_OF_AYYAPPAN_EZHUTHACHAN_AIDED_UPPER_PRIMARY_BASIC_SCHOOL
| archive-date = 16 December 2017| last1 = Nath
| first1 = Baiju K.
}}
</ref> In the 19th century when British rule introduced public education in [[Malabar region|Malabar]], Ezhuthachan community made major contributions in the field of public education of [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]].<ref>
{{cite book
| first = S.
| last = Rajendu
| title = maisūr paṭayōṭṭam - irunnūṟṟiyanpat varṣaṅṅaḷ
| script-title= ml:മൈസൂര് പടയോട്ടം - ഇരുന്നൂറ്റിയന്പത് വര്ഷങ്ങള്
| publisher = Vallathol vidyapeetham, Sukapuram, [[Edappal]]
| date = January 2017
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| page = 47
| isbn = 978-93-83570-66-9
| quote = പടയോട്ടങ്ങളെ തുടര്ന്നുള്ള ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് നിയമവ്യവസ്ഥയുടെ അവതരണം ഏതാണ്ടു നൂറുവര്ഷത്തിലധികം നീണ്ടുനില്ക്കുന്ന സാമ്പത്തിക-സാമൂഹ്യ അരക്ഷിതാവസ്ഥയിലേക്ക് വലിയൊരു വിഭാഗം കേരളജനതയെ തള്ളിവിട്ടു. ജനങ്ങളില് നായന്മാര്ക്കും ഈഴവര്ക്കും മറ്റും ആധൂനിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിനു അവസരമുണ്ടാവുകയും ചിലര് അധികാരികളും മേനോന്മാരുമായി ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഭരണത്തില് പങ്കാളികളാവുകയും ചെയ്തു. എ.ഡി. 1850-നടുത്ത് എഴുത്തച്ഛന് സമുദായത്തിന്റെ നേതൃത്വത്തില് വള്ളുവനാട്ടിലും നെടുങ്ങനാട്ടിലും താഴെത്തട്ടിലുള്ള ജനങ്ങള്ക്കായി അനേകം സ്കൂളുകള് സ്ഥാപിക്കപ്പെട്ടു.}}</ref>
== Physical Appearance ==
The [[Human skin color|skin complexion]] of Ezhuthachans(Kaduppattan) varies from dark to inter linked black and white. [[Edgar Thurston]] observes that they are 'dark & white skinned people, medium in stature, with simple nose and curly or wavy [[hair]]'.<ref>{{cite thesis
|type=Survey Research
|last=M
|first=Manoj Dathan
|date= July 2019
|title=Socio Economic Condition of Ezhuthachan Community In Kerala
|publisher=International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Management Studies (IJAHMS)
|url = http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/02.08.2019.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200715064417/http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/02.08.2019.pdf
|archive-date = 15 July 2020
}}</ref>
==Customs, Inheritance and Worship methods==
[[File:Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) worshipping his deity.png|thumb|right|Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) worshipping his deity]]
Though there are little differences in [[Tradition|customs]] locally, Nearly [[Tamils|Tamil]] practices followed.<ref name= "P.C.M.Raja"/><ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> According to [[William Logan (author)|William logan's]] Malabar manual this caste followed a Modified ''Makkathayam'' ([[Patriarchy]] / Patrilineal system of inheritance) in which the property descends from father to son but not from father to daughter.<ref name = "William Logan"/> At the wedding ceremonies there are rituals like ''Ganapathy homam''(ritual dedicated to Lord [[Ganesha]], performed to seek his blessings), ''Dhakshina giving''(Give donation to elders and seek blessings) and ''Panigrahanam''(The groom holds the hand of the bride).<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> There was no [[Polygamy]] and [[Polyandry]] prevailed, but [[widow]] remarried.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Peculiarities in death rituals of Ezhuthachan caste, Points they were foreign caste.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Ezhuthachan caste worshiped [[Ganesha|Ganapathy]], [[Vettakkorumakan]], [[Shakti]], [[Bhagavati]], [[Vishnumaya]].<ref name="Kottarathil Shankunni"/>
It is believed that [[Adi Shankara]] instructed Kadupattans in [[Shakti]] worship; Even now their descendants follow this tradition and claim it is inherited from their forefathers.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>
==Ezhuthachan Samajam==
[[File:One of the oldest Ezhuthachan samajam office.jpg|thumb|One of the oldest Ezhuthachan samajam office built during 1920s situated at [[Avinissery]], [[Thrissur]]]][[File:എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ യുവജന രക്ഷാസംഘം.jpg|thumb|Ezhuthachan yuvajana raksha samgham [[Avinissery|Perinchery]] in 1937]]
Ezhuthachan Samajam started functioning from 1906 onwards. The first organizer was a [[Sanskrit]] scholar and a teacher Mr.Chakkulliyal Kunjunni Ezhuthachan who was a disciple of legendary [[Sanskrit]] scholar and teacher. [[Punnasseri Nambi Neelakanta Sharma|Revered Punnasseri Nambi Neelakanta Sharma]]. He named the organization as ''Adhyapaka Samajam''. Though ''Adhyapaka Samajam'' made several reformations in caste customs and rituals, Kunjunni Ezhuthachan's efforts were not successful and he abandoned his project.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Ezhuthachan samajam came in to being as a reality when Late [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Vakil P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]] entered the arena. He was the real founder of the Ezhuthachan Samajam and architect of the present day Ezhuthachan community. He was also a [[Indian independence movement|freedom fighter]], a member of the [[Indian National Congress|congress party]] and also in [[Kochi rajya prajamandalam|Cochin State Prajamandal]], whose founder was [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan|Sri.V.R.Krishnan Ezhuthachan]], his son-in-law. Later [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan|Mr.Krishnan Ezhuthachan]] stepped into the shoes of his mentor and father-in-law, [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Mr. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]] as Ezhuthachan Samajam president. Since both were immersed in [[Indian National Congress|Congress politics]], [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement]], [[Peasant movement|peasant struggles]] and also in [[Kochi rajya prajamandalam|Cochin state Prajamandal]], they found it difficult to continue in the [[Kochi rajya prajamandalam|Ezhuthachan Samajam movement]]. Towards late 1940s [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan|Krishnan Ezhuthachan]] left the movement, so also [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Vakil. P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]]. [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Kumaran Ezhuthachan]] left the movement after a personal tragedy - The death of his son P.Lakshmanakumar. After 1947 the Ezhuthachan community was orphaned and community became rudderless. There were some attempts to revitalize the community by some spirited people, but it didn't reach anywhere. The services of Adv. Late M. Krishnankutty is to be mentioned in this context. In the Post era, from 1990s onwards there was some resurgence in the community. From late 1990s new thinking is visible in the community. From 2002, [[T. G. Ravi|Mr.T.G.Ravi]] came into the scene and revitalized the samajam activities. The present president Prof. Dr. Lakshmanakumar is the grandson of [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Vakil. P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]] and son of [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan|V R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]].<ref name = "Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam"/><ref>{{cite news
| title = Ezhuthachan's contributions recalled - KERALA - The Hindu
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ezhuthachans-contributions-recalled/article14955913.ece
| access-date = 27 July 2018
| newspaper = The Hindu online
| date = 21 March 2011
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20180727114957/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ezhuthachans-contributions-recalled/article14955913.ece
| archive-date = 27 July 2018}}</ref>
There are educational institutions under Ezhuthachan Samajam.<ref name = "Thunchath Ezhuthachan College">
{{cite web
| title = Thunchath Ezhuthachan College Website
| url = http://www.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com/
| access-date = 1 July 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180422152411/http://www.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com/
| archive-date = 22 April 2018}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = Palakkad gets its first law college
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/palakkad-gets-its-first-law-college/article6487350.ece
| access-date = 17 February 2018
| newspaper = The Hindu online
| date = 13 May 2004
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180217093402/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/palakkad-gets-its-first-law-college/article6487350.ece
| archive-date = 17 February 2018}}
</ref>
Then the organizations on behalf of ezhuthachan community were formed and functioned from all India to regional level. The last organization to be formed in that category is the ''Palakkad Ezhuthachan samudhaya trust'' based in [[Palakkad]].<ref name = "Ezhuthachan samudhaya trust">
{{cite news
|title=എഴുത്തച്ഛന് ട്രസ്റ്റ് വിജയികളെ അനുമോദിക്കും
|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/--1.257988
|access-date=15 August 2020
|newspaper= Mathrubhumi online
|date=29 May 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815130653/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/--1.257988
|archive-date=15 August 2020}}
</ref>
==Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan==
{{main|Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan}}
There is no clear history about birth or life of [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]]. However, there is a belief prevails as [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchathth Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] was a member of Ezhuthachan (Kadupattan) community.<ref>{{cite book
| author-link = Arthur Coke Burnell
| first = Arthur Coke
| last = Burnell
| title = Elements of South Indian Paleography
| publisher = Trubner and Co., 57 & 59 [[Ludgate Hill]], London
| edition = Second enlarged and improved
| date = 1878
| page = 42
| url = https://archive.org/details/SouthIndianPalaeographyAcBurnell1878
| quote = The application of the Arya-eluttu to the vernacular Malayalam was the work of a low-caste man who goes under the name of Tunjatta Eluttacchan, a native of Trikkandi-yur in the present district of Malabar. He lived in the seventeenth century, but his real name is forgotten; Tunjatta being his 'house' or family-name, and Eluttacchan(=schoolmaster) indicating his caste.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Top award denied after pressure: C Radhakrishnan
| url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/220116/top-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html
| access-date = 5 March 2018
| newspaper = [[Deccan Chronicle|Deccan Chronicle online]]
| date = 22 January 2016
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20180305154550/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/220116/top-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html
| archive-date = 5 March 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ പുരസ്കാര നിർണയത്തിൽ സി.രാധാകൃഷ്ണനെ തഴഞ്ഞതെന്തിന്?
| url = https://www.madhyamam.com/literature/literature-articles/2016/feb/09/177028
| access-date = 13 August 2020
| newspaper = [[Madhyamam]]
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = സി രാധാകൃഷ്ണനെതിരെ അഖില കേരള എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ സമാജത്തിന്റെ പ്രതിഷേധം
| url = http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/21/148817.html
| access-date = 5 March 2018
| newspaper = [[Reporter TV|Reporter online]]
| date = 21 December 2014
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20180305155107/http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/21/148817.html
| archive-date = 5 March 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Being a [[Vaishnavism|vaishnava(Ramanuja)]] sect member he was called as Ramanujan.<ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| page = 33
| quote = ചിറ്റൂരിൽ ആശ്രമം സ്ഥാപിച്ചു അന്തേവാസികളോടൊപ്പം കഴിഞ്ഞുകൂടിയ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ രാമാനുജൻ എന്ന പേരിൽ പ്രശസ്തനായിത്തീർന്നു .(രാമാനുജ സെക്റ്റിൽ പെട്ടവർ രാമാനുജൻ എന്നു വിളിക്കപ്പെടുന്നതു സാധാരണമായിരുന്നു. അയ്യപ്പ സെക്റ്റിലോ, കൾട്ടിലോ പെട്ടവർ അയ്യപ്പന്മാർ എന്നു അറിയപ്പെടുന്നതുപോലെ.)
}}</ref> And his real name was ''Thunchan''(The youngest child).<ref>{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| page = 34
| quote = അദ്ദേഹം ജനിച്ച സ്ഥലത്തിന്നു തുഞ്ചൻപറമ്പ് എന്നാണ് ഇപ്പോഴും പേർ പറഞ്ഞുവരുന്നത്. എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ പേർ തുഞ്ചൻ എന്നായിരുന്നില്ലെങ്കിൽ 'തുഞ്ചൻപറമ്പ്' 'തുഞ്ചത്തുപറമ്പ്' എന്നറിയപ്പെടുമായിരുന്നു.}}</ref> According to [[K. Balakrishna Kurup]], Thunchchath Ezhuthachan was a member of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) community and Ezhuthachan led his life as a teacher by following [[celibacy]] throughout his life.
<ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| page = 23
}}"മലബാർ ഭാഗത്ത് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ പ്രചാരണത്തിൽ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻമാർ മുന്നിട്ടിറങ്ങിയപ്പോൾ തിരുവിതാംകൂർ ഭാഗത്തു ഗണകന്മാർ ആ ദൗത്യം നിർവഹിച്ചു. എഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ വട്ടെഴുത്ത് പ്രചരിപ്പിച്ചതു മൂലവും മലയാളത്തിലെ രാമായണാദി ഗ്രന്ഥങ്ങൾ വട്ടെഴുത്തിൽ(ഗ്രന്ഥാക്ഷരത്തിൽ-)എഴുതപ്പെട്ടത് മൂലവുമാവാം തുഞ്ചത്തെഴുത്തച്ഛനാണ് മലയാളഭാഷയുടെ പിതാവ് എന്ന് പറഞ്ഞുവരാൻ ഇടയായത്. ഭക്തി പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ പ്രേരണക്ക് വിധേയമായി രാമായണമെഴുതിയ കണ്ണശ്ശൻ ഗണകവംശത്തിലും(പണിക്കർ) അധ്യാത്മരാമായണം രചിച്ച തുഞ്ചൻ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ വംശത്തിലും പെട്ടവരായിരുന്നുവെന്നത് യാദൃശ്ചിക സംഭവമല്ല."</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| orig-year = May 1998
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| edition = 2
| date = January 2000
| page = 39}}
"അദ്ദേഹം(എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ) ബ്രഹ്മചാരിയായിരുന്നു എന്ന് ഒരുകൂട്ടരും ഗൃഹസ്ഥാശ്രമി ആയിരുന്നുവെന്ന് മറ്റൊരു കൂട്ടരും വിശ്വസിക്കുന്നു. ഗൃഹസ്ഥാശ്രമി ആയിരുന്നുവെന്നതിന്നു അനുകൂലമായ സാഹചര്യതെളിവുകളൊന്നും കാണാനില്ല മറിച്ച് സന്യാസ ജീവിതമാണ് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ നയിച്ചിരുന്നതെന്നതിന്ന് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റ ചിറ്റൂരിലെ ആശ്രമവും അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ കവിതകളിലെ ധാരാളം പ്രയോഗങ്ങളും സാക്ഷ്യം വഹിക്കുന്നു.
{{Cquote|ഇന്ദ്രിയനിഗ്രഹമുള്ള പുരുഷന്നു
വന്നുകൂടും നിജസൗഖ്യങ്ങളോക്കവേ}}
എന്നും
{{Cquote|സത്സംഗംകൊണ്ടു ലഭിച്ചീടിന ഭക്തിയോടും
തൽസേവാരതന്മാരാം മാനുഷർ മെല്ലെ മെല്ലെ
ത്വന്മയാരചിതമാം സംസാരപാരാവാരം
തന്മറുകരയേറിടുന്നു കാലം കൊണ്ടേ
ത്വൽജ്ഞാനപരന്മാരാം മാനുഷ ജനങ്ങൾക്കു-
ള്ള ജ്ഞാനം നീക്കുവൊരു സല്ഗുരു ലഭിച്ചിടും}}
എന്നും പറയുന്ന എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ അധ്യാത്മകാചാര്യപദവിയിൽ ശിഷ്യഗണങ്ങൾക്കു ഉപദേശം നല്കിക്കൊണ്ടു ജീവിച്ചുവെന്നുതന്നെ കരുതാം.
{{Cquote|ഭക്തി സംയുക്തന്മാരാം യോഗീന്ദ്രന്മാർക്കു നൂനം
ഹസ്തസംസ്ഥിതിയല്ലോ മുക്തിയെന്നറിഞ്ഞാലും}} എന്നും
{{Cquote|രമിച്ചുവസിച്ചോളം വിരക്തിവരുമെന്ന-
തൊരുത്തൻ ധരിക്കേണ്ട വർധിക്കും ദിനം പ്രതി}}
എന്നു രാമായണത്തിലും
{{Cquote|സേവിച്ചോളവും നന്നായ് വർധിച്ചു വരും കാമം}}
എന്ന് ഭാരതത്തിലും എഴുതിയ മഹാത്മാവ് ഗൃഹസ്ഥാശ്രമിയായിരിക്കാനിടയില്ല എന്നേ പറയാൻ വയ്ക്കു."</ref> E. P. Bhaskara Guptan a writer and
independent researcher in local history from [[Kadampazhipuram]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]; supports conclusion of [[K. Balakrishna Kurup]] about [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchathth Ezhuthachan's]] caste.<ref>{{cite book
| first = E. P. Bhaskara
| last = Guptan
| orig-year = 2004
| script-title= ml:ദേശായനം(ദേശചരിത്രകഥകൾ)
| title = dēśāyanam(dēśacaritrakathakaḷa)
| publisher = Samabhavini Books
| location = [[Kadampazhipuram]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| edition = 2
| date = 2013
| page = 47
| quote = തുഞ്ചൻ കടുപ്പട്ടഎഴുത്തച്ഛനായിരുന്നുവെന്ന് ശ്രീ. കെ.ബാലകൃഷ്ണക്കുറുപ്പ് വാദിക്കുന്നു. ആചാര്യൻ ചക്കാലനായർ വിഭാഗമായിരുന്നുവെന്നാണ് പണ്ട് പരക്കെ ധരിച്ചിരുന്നത്. അങ്ങനെയായിരുന്നാൽ പോലും അദ്ദേഹം ജനിതകമായി കടുപ്പട്ടഎഴുത്തച്ഛനല്ല എന്ന് വന്നുകൂടുന്നില്ല.}}</ref> Historian [[:ml:വേലായുധൻ പണിക്കശ്ശേരി|Velayudhan Panikkassery]] also expressing the same opinion.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Ezhuthachan opposed social evils: Vysakhan
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm
| access-date = 4 September 2018
| date = 3 January 2005
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180904082457/https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| archive-date = 4 September 2018}}</ref>
Historian [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] point out mention about [[Digambara|Jain monks]] in [[Adhyathmaramayanam|''Adhyathma ramayanam kilippattu'']] as proof for [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchaththu ezhuthachan's]] familiarity with [[Digambara|Jain monks]].<ref>{{cite book
| author-link = M. G. S. Narayanan
| first = M. G. S
| last = Narayanan
| script-title= ml:കേരളം ചരിത്രവഴിയിലെ വെളിച്ചങ്ങൾ
| title = kēraḷaṁ caritravaḻiyile veḷiccaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = Sahithya pravarthaka co-operative society
| location = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| date = 2017
| page = 106
| isbn = 978-93-87439-08-5
}} {{Cquote|<br />''നാണമെന്നിയെ മുദാ നാവിന്മേൽ നടനംചെയ്-''<br />
''കേണാങ്കാനനേ യഥാ കാനനേ ദിഗംബരൻ''}} എന്നു പ്രാർത്ഥിക്കുന്നതിൽ നിന്ന് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്([[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|എഴുത്തച്ഛന്]]) കാടുകളിൽ ജീവിക്കുന്ന [[Digambara|ദിഗംബരന്മാരായ]] ജൈനമുനിമാരെപ്പറ്റി അറിവുണ്ടായിരുന്നുവെന്ന് അനുമാനിക്കാം.</ref>
==Notable people==
*[[T. G. Ravi]]
*[[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]
*[[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]]
*[[K. N. Ezhuthachan]]
*[[E. K. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]
*[[:ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ|Chembra Ezhuthachanmar]]
==References==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| pages = 15–40
}}
*{{cite book
| author-link = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer
| last = Iyer
| first = L.K.Anantha Krishna
| title = The tribes and castes of cochin(volume 2)
| year = 1912
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378/page/n149 103]–114
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*[https://archive.org/details/VishwasathinteKanappurangal_201809 Read Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ(വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ)]
*[http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/ Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam Website]
*[http://ezhuthachanscaste.blogspot.com/ Articles about Thunchathth Ezhuthachan's caste]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Caste native to Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
'''Ezhuthachan'''({{Audio|Ml-in-Ezhuthachan.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{lang-ml|എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|eḻuttacchan}}''), also known as '''Kadupattan'''({{Audio|Ml-in-Kaduppattan.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{lang-ml|കടുപട്ടൻ}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|kaṭupaṭṭan}}'') is a caste native to the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="census of British India">{{cite book
| year = 1883
| title = Report on the census of British India taken on 17th February 1881(Vol.3)
| pages = 53, 54
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RwEJAAAAQAAJ
| location = London
| publisher = [[Eyre & Spottiswoode]]
}}</ref><ref name = "William Logan">
{{cite book
| author = William Logan
| author-link = William Logan (author)
| orig-year = 1887
| year = 1951
| title = Malabar manual(Republished)
| page = 139
| url = https://archive.org/stream/MalabarLogan/Malabar%20Logan#page/n151/mode/2up
| location = Madras
| publisher = Govt Press Madras
| quote = A caste who are hardly to be distinguished from the Nayars except by their inheritance customs, is that of the Kadupattar or Eluttachchans, that is, professional village schoolmasters.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author = [[Kumar Suresh Singh]]
| title = Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ
| year = 1996
| publisher = Anthropological Survey of India
| isbn = 978-0-19-563357-3
| page = 1377 }}</ref>{{efn|Kadupattan sometimes referred to as Kadupottan(Member of Kadupotta clan), It is the combination of place names [[Kaduru]] and [[Patancheru|Pottalakkare(Also known as Patancheru)]].<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon">{{cite book
| author = A. Sreedhara Menon
| author-link = A. Sreedhara Menon
| year = 1962
| title = Kerala District Gazetteers, Trichur
| page = 208
| url = http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/402/402%20-%20GI%20-%20Kerala%20District%20Gazetteers%20-%2011-02-2013.pdf
| location = Trivandrum
| publisher = The Government of Kerala
| quote = Ezhuthachans otherwise known as Kadupottans who follow the patriarchal system of inheritance are supposed to be the descendants of Pattar Brahmans degraded for having eaten a kind of fish. They are hereditary village school masters.}}</ref><ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/>}} It is classified as an [[Other Backward Class]] by the Government of India under its system of [[positive discrimination]].<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Kerala PSC website
| url = https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&itemid=198=
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045256/https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&Itemid=198
| archive-date = 5 March 2016
}}</ref>
They mainly belong to the districts of [[Thrissur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Malappuram]] and [[Kozhikode]] of [[Kerala]], has also presence outside and other parts of India. There are more people in the teaching sector in the community. Ezhuthachan is a caste who have teaching as a traditional profession.<ref name = "William Logan"/> There is an organization representing the community as ''Ezhuthachan Samajam''.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = 'എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ' നാടകാവതരണം 20-ന്
| url = http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/malayalam-news/article-1.2311300
| access-date = 21 December 2017
| newspaper = Mathrubhumi online
| date = 15 October 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171221062350/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/malayalam-news/article-1.2311300
| archive-date = 21 December 2017}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ സമാജം സംസ്ഥാന സമ്മേളനം സമാപിച്ചു
| url = http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-201121542.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130630173441/http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-201121542.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 30 June 2013
| access-date = 25 April 2013
| newspaper = Manorama online
| date = 12 December 2011
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = എയ്ഡഡ് സ്കൂളുകളിൽ പുതിയ തസ്തികകൾ; സമുദായ പ്രീണനമെന്ന് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ സമാജം
| url = http://www.janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=1034853&cid=41
| access-date = 25 April 2013
| newspaper = Janayugam Online
| date = 17 April 2013
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = ജാതി സംഘടനകൾ ഭിക്ഷ യാചിച്ചു നടക്കരുത്
| url = http://www.metrovaartha.com/2012/05/08052137/cn-balakrishnan20120508.html
| access-date = 25 April 2013
| newspaper = Metrovartha
| date = 8 May 2012
| archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6G90Ynt5a?url=http://www.metrovaartha.com/2012/05/08052137/cn-balakrishnan20120508.html
| archive-date = 25 April 2013}}</ref>
==Genesis==
There are two main beliefs about the origin of the Kadupattan people.<blockquote>1. ''Pattar(Bhattar)'' [[Brahmin]]s who were boycotted from ''Kadu'' village of medieval [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] region, Due to the introduction of [[Buddhism]]. From the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin's]] Kovilakam (Ambadi Kovilakam) the elder Thamburatti(Senior princess) asserted the title ''Ezhuthachan'' and assigned as village school master.<ref name="Edgar Thurston">
{{cite book
| author-link = Edgar Thurston
| last = Thurston
| first = Edgar
| title = Tribes and castes of Southern India(volume 3)
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso03thuriala/page/30 30], 31
| url = https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso03thuriala
| year = 1909}}</ref><ref name="L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer">
{{cite book
| author-link = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer
| last = Iyer
| first = L.K.Anantha Krishna
| title = The tribes and castes of cochin(volume 2)
| year = 1912
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378/page/n149 103]–114
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378}}
</ref><ref name="S. N. Sadasivan">
{{cite book
| author-link = S. N. Sadasivan
| last = Sadasivan
| first = S.N.
| title = A Social History of India
| year = 2000
| publisher = A.P.H. Publishing
| location = New Delhi
| pages = 366, 367, 371
| isbn = 9788176481700
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=kaduppattan}}
</ref><ref name="Calicut_City_of_truth"/></blockquote><blockquote>2. A [[Jainism|Jain]] guild, who was prominent in teaching, came to [[Kerala]] and became [[Village]] school teachers. With the influence of the [[Bhakthi movement]], they came under [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal">
{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| pages = 15–40
}}</ref></blockquote>
==History==
The [[Kaduru]] (In present [[Karnataka]]) of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] was a [[Jainism|Jainite]] [[Human settlement|settlement]]; From 8th to 10th centuries [[Jainism]] was the prominent [[religion]] in the [[Western Ganga dynasty]].<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Adiga
| first = Malini
| title = The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400-1030
| orig-year = 2006
| year = 2006
| publisher = Orient Longman
| location = Chennai
| isbn = 81-250-2912-5}}, Page 253</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf#page=131
| title = Page 131, Places of Interest Gazetteer of karnataka, 1983
| url-status = dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212175826/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf
| archive-date = 2015-02-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Moraes
| first = George M
| title = The Kadamba Kula A history of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka
| year = 1931
| publisher = B X Furtado And Sons
| location = Bombay
| url = https://archive.org/stream/kadambakula035210mbp#page/n0/mode/2up
| page = 255}}</ref> From 9th to 13th [[century|centuries]] today's the [[Patancheru]] or [[Patancheru|Pottalakkare]] in [[Telangana]] was the principal Jain hub in [[South India]].<ref>
{{cite web
| title = A Brief History of Patancheru or Pottalakere Andhra Pradesh
| url = http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf
| work = Journal of Andhra historical research society, XXXVI, (II - IV parts)
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024157/http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf
| archive-date = 7 November 2017
}}</ref><ref name="Pandurang Bhimarao Desai">
[[P. B. Desai|Pandurang Bhimarao Desai]], [[Gulabchand Hirachand|Gulabchand Hirachand Doshi]],
{{cite book
| title = Jainism in South India and some Jaina Epigraphs
| year = 1957}}</ref> In [[Jainism]], there was a tradition of using the [[province]] name once abandoned as [[clan]] name.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Dwivedi
| first = R.C.
| title = Contribution of Jainism to Indian culture
| year = 1975
| publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass]] Indological Publishers and Book sellers
}}</ref> Evidence suggests that ''Kadupattan'' was a Jain [[guild]] that formed [[Kaduru]] and [[Patancheru]] which was prominent in the teaching profession.
After the twelfth century, Prominence of [[Jainism]] in [[South India]] decreased significantly, Many followers of [[Jainism]] abandoned their settlements and moved to the south (Today's [[Tamil Nadu]]). ''Kadupattigal'' one among thirteenth century rulers of the southern [[Arcot, Vellore|Arcot]] who were present on the banks of [[Kaveri|Kaveri River]] should have been the ancestors of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan).<ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal" /><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Burton_Stein
| first = Burton
| last = Stein
| title = Peasant state and society in medieval South India
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ
| year = 1980
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| page = 115| isbn = 9780195635072
}}</ref>{{efn|There are mentions about ''Kadupattigal'' in [[South Indian Inscriptions]]. Who had marriage alliance with [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava King]], Who made donation to temples like [[Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi|Apatsahayesvarar Temple]], [[Thirumarperu|Thirumarperu Manikandeswarar Temple]], [[Vedaranyeswarar temple]], [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur|Mahalingeswarar Temple]] etc., And About prime minister of [[Nandivarman II]] who bore the title ''Kadupattigal Tamilapperaraiyan'' (Feudatories of [[Pallava dynasty|pallava kingdom]] also had this title).<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Ramasamy
| first = R.
| date = 2003
| title = Saptar̥ṣīśvara Temple in the Lower Kaveri Delta: A Study of History, Architecture, and Sculpture
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ&q=kadupattigal
| publisher = Book India Publishing Company
| page = 83
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Srinivasan
| first = K. R.
| date = 1964
| title = Cave-temples of the Pallavas(Republished)
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ&q=kadupattigal
| publisher = Archaeological Survey of India
| page = 17
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = R. Nagaswamy
| last = Nagaswamy
| first = Ramachandran
| date = 1982
| title = Tantric Cult of South India
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7IPXAAAAMAAJ&q=kadupattigal
| page = 219
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = H. Krishna Sastri
| last = H. Krishna Sastri(Editor,Translator)
| first = Rao Sahib
| date = 1920
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol.3)
| url = https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf
| location = Madras
| publisher = Govt. Press Madras
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171215060124/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf
| archive-date= 15 December 2017
| page = 373
| quote = No.197. On the North Wall of the Central Shrine<br />[[Thirumarperu|Manikanthesvara Temple]] at Tirumalpuram.<br />This record, which is dated in the 13th year of Parthivendradivarman who took the head of [[Pandyan dynasty|Vira-Pandya]], registers a gift of twenty-five ''Kalanju'' of gold marked and weighed by the standard weight(''dharmakattalai-tulai-nirai'') for burning two lamps in the temple of Siva at Tirumalperu. The assembly of Pattalam ''alias'' Elunurruva-chaturvedimangalam in Damar-nadu accepted the gold and agreed to maintain the two lamps from the interest thereon. It is interesting to note that the lamps were the gift of Vijjavai-Mahadeviyar or Vajjavaiyar who was related to Nandivarman Kadupattigal, perhaps, as his queen. Nandivarman Kadupattigal is clearly a Pallava name; but we cannot definitely identify the king nor fix his relationship to the ruling sovereign Parthivendradivarman.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Srinivasa Rao(Editor)
| first = G.V
| date = 1952
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol.13)
| url = https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf
| location = Madras
| publisher = Govt. Press Madras
| pages = 162, 186
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171215073507/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf
| archive-date= 15 December 2017
| quote = Tiruppalanam, Tanjaore Talun, Tanjaore District.<br />On the South Wall of the Central Shrine, [[Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi|Apatsahayesvara Temple]].<br />This is an inscription of [[Aditya I]]. It is damaged in places and the portion at the end is peeled off. It records a gift of 20 ''Kalanju'' of gold for a perpetual lamp in the temple at Tiruppalanam in Virai-kurram, by Kadupattigal Tamarmettiyar the mother of Vayiri-Ak[kan] ''alias'' Tribhuvanamadeviyar the queen of Solaperumanadigal([[Chola dynasty|Chola king]]). The name of the donatrix indicates that she was of the [[Pallava dynasty|pallava family]] with whom the king should have contracted marriage relationship.}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Dineshchandra Sircar
| last = Sircar
| first = Dineshchandra(General editor)
| date = 1964
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol. 17)
| url = https://archive.org/stream/SouthIndianInscriptionsVol.17#page/n0/mode/2up/search/kadu
| pages = 212, 213, Introduction page 2
| location = Madras
| publisher = Manager of publications, Delhi, Madras Govt. Press
| quote = No.517(A.R. No. 475-C of 1904.)<br />[[Vedaranyam]], Tirutturaeippundi Taluk, Tanjore District. On the seventh pillar in the ''mandapa'' in front of the Tyagaraja shrine in the [[Vedaranyeswarar temple|Vedaranyesvara temple]].<br />[[Parantaka I]]. Year 38:944-45 A.D.<br />This inscription records the gift of a [[fly-whisk]] coated with gold and silver, by Muttakilanadigal, the daughter of Kadupattigal.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Dineshchandra Sircar
| last = Sircar
| first = Dineshchandra(General editor)
| date = 1970
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol. 19)
| url = https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf
| location = Madras
| publisher = Madras Govt. Press
| page = 46
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171215075053/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf
| archive-date = 15 December 2017
| quote = This inscription has been published in ''S.I.I'' Vol. III. This is stated to be a record of all the gifts of gold made in earlier times for lamps to the temple which were now re-engraved on renovation from stones kept underground.The inscription is however left incomplete after the 4th line. Only one such item finds mention here viz. a gift made by Kadupattigal Nandippottaraiyar, obviously Pallava [[Nandivarman III]](and not Pallavamalla as supposed), for burning a lamp(after his surname) Kumaramarttanda, The authorities responsible for this reengraving viz. the assembly of Tiraimur, the ''nagarattar'' of Tiruvidaimarudil, the temple executives, the accountant and the manager are said to have met for their deliberation in the theatre hall of the temple, This early reference to the theatre in temples is noteworthy.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = E. Hultzsch
| last = Theodor Hultzsch
| first = Eugen Julius
| date = 1983
| title = The South Indian inscriptions(Vol. 22, Issue 1)
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C4ZmKaSRLWQC&q=Kadupattigal
| publisher = Manager of Publications(Archaeological Survey of India)
| page = 209
| quote = in the temple of [[Thirumarperu|Tirumalperru-Mahadevar]], one on behalf of (queen?) VijjavaiMahadeviyar daughter of Vallamanar([[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]) Nandipanma-Kadupattigal, and the other on behalf of a retainer of the latter. The shepherds appointed to make the daily supply of ghee were to receive a portion of the sacred offered food from the temple.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = T. V. Mahalingam
| last = Venkataraman Mahalingam
| first = Therazhundur
| date = 1988
| title = A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: South Arcot District
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CGJmAAAAMAAJ&q=Kadupattigal
| publisher = Indian Council of Historical Research
| page = 369
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Krishna
| first = Nandha
| date = 1992
| title = Kanchi A Heritage Of Arts And Religion
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203595
| publisher = The C.P.Ramaswamy Aiyar Institute of Indological Research
| page = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203595/page/n98 78]
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = C. Minakshi
| last = Minakshi
| first = Cadambi
| date = 1938
| title = Administration And Social Life Under The Pallavas
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39468
| publisher = [[University of Madras]]
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39468/page/n40 17], 18, 47, 51, 52
}}
</ref>}}
[[War]]s that took place during the course of thirteenth and fourteenth centuries ([[Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I]] and [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]), Caused Kadupattans came to [[Kerala]] through the path which was present from banks of [[Kaveri]] through the [[Nilgiri mountains]], and with the influence of the [[Bhakti movement]] they were [[Hinduism|Hinduised]] as [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava(Ramanuja)]], [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Shaktism|Shaktheya]]; In Occupation ''Ezhuthachan'' (Village school master), Teachers who practiced Shakthi worship became known as ''Gurukkal''. [[Historian]] [[K. Balakrishna kurup|K. Balakrishna Kurup]] concludes history of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) caste as this.<ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Vilas Adinath Sangave
| first = Vilas Adinath
| last = Sangave
| title = Jain Community a social survey
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FWdWrRGV_t8C
| year = 1980
| publisher = Popular Book depot Bombay| isbn = 9780317123463
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Steven J. Rosen
| first = Steven.J.
| last = Rosen
| title = Archeology and the Vaishnava Tradition
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fWrXAAAAMAAJ
| year = 1989
| publisher = Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = John Faithfull Fleet
| first = John Faithfull
| last = Fleet
| title = Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts
| url = https://archive.org/details/dynastieskanare00fleegoog
| year = 1882
| publisher = Bombay Govt. Central press}}
</ref><ref name="Pandurang Bhimarao Desai"/><ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>
It is believed that the Kadupattans reached [[Malabar region|Malabar]] by the fifteenth century({{circa}} [[Common Era|C.E]] 1447).<ref name = "K.V.Krishna Iyer">
{{cite book
| author-link = K. V. Krishna Iyer
| last = Iyer
| first = K.V.Krishna
| date = 1938
| title = Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to A D 1806
| url = https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54985/2015.54985.Zamorins-Of-Calicut-From-The-Earliest-Times-Down-To-Ad-1806#page/n61/mode/2up/search/kadu
| location = Calicut
| publisher = Norman Printing Bureau
| page = 51
| quote = The (Kali day) of their arrival is expressed by the [[chrono-gram]] Ka-tu-ka-ste-yal-tya-ktah(കടുകസ്തയാൽത്യക്തഃ)
}}
</ref><ref name= "P.C.M.Raja">{{cite book
| last = Raja B.A.L.T
| first = P. C. M.
| script-title= ml:സാമൂതിരിയും കോഴിക്കോടും
| title = sāmūtiriyum kōḻikkōṭum
| page = 298
| quote = ഭാഷയിലും വേഷഭൂഷാദികളിലും മറ്റും ഇവർ തനി മലയാളികളാണെങ്കിലും മക്കത്തായികളും ഏതാണ്ട് തമിഴാചാരങ്ങൾ കൈക്കൊള്ളുന്നവരുമാണ്. 1442 ന്നടുത്ത് അഭയാർഥികളായി തമിഴ്നാട്ടിൽ നിന്നു വന്ന ഇവർക്ക് രക്ഷയും എഴുത്തച്ഛസ്ഥാനവും കൊടുത്തിരുത്തിയത് സാമൂതിരിയാണ്. കടു(കടുസ്സ) ഭട്ടന്മാരാകയാൽ ഇവരെ കടുപ്പട്ടന്മാർ എന്നു വിളിച്ചു.
}}</ref><ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Although the [[Aithihyamala]] says about a magician([[:ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ|Chembra Makku Ezhuthachan]]) who belonged to Kadupattan caste a disciple of the [[:ml:കാക്കശ്ശേരി ഭട്ടതിരി|Kakkassery Bhattathiri]] and member of a family who had been a teacher of traditional heritage, his lifespan is unclear.<ref name="Kottarathil Shankunni">
{{cite book
| author-link = Kottarathil Sankunni
| last = Sankunni
| first = Kottarathil
| script-title= ml:ഐതിഹ്യമാല, ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ
| title = aitihyamāla, cemprayeḻuttacchanmāra
| url = https://ml.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC
}}</ref>{{efn|[[Palm-leaf manuscript]]s collected from various places of [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]], Which dates back mid 19th century contain mention about ''Kadupattan'' and ''Ezhuthachan''. From [[Common Era|C.E]] 1849 and [[Common Era|C.E]] 1833 respectively.<ref>
{{cite book
| first = S.
| last = Rajendu
| script-title= ml:വള്ളുവനാട് ഗ്രന്ഥവരി
| title = vaḷḷuvanāṭ granthavari
| publisher = K. Sankaranarayanan, [[Perinthalmanna]]
| date = February 2015
| location = Calicut
| page = 91
| quote = ഓല - 65 പുറം - 1(ബാക്കി)<br />പുതിയ പണം 5-ം ഇനിക്ക തന്ന ... യും ... ള്ളതില് ... ത്തില് രാമന്മെനൊനും ഊരംകൊടീല് കുഞ്ചു എഴുത്തച്ചനും സാക്ഷിയാകെ 1008 -ാമത മെട മാസം 18-ന എഴുതിയത -}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| first = S.
| last = Rajendu
| script-title= ml:വള്ളുവനാട് ഗ്രന്ഥവരി
| title = vaḷḷuvanāṭ granthavari
| publisher = K. Sankaranarayanan, [[Perinthalmanna]]
| date = February 2015
| location = Calicut
| pages = 96, 97
| quote = ഓല - 74 പുറം - 1<br />- പെരുന്തൽമണ്ണ ദേശത്തിരിക്കും കടുപട്ടൻ മാരെങ്ങൻ നീലകണ്ഠൻ എഴുതിയ മുറി - വെട്ടമണ്ണ ഗോവിന്ദമേനോനച്ചൻ വായിച്ച തമ്പുരാനെ ഉണർത്തിക്കെണ്ടും കാർയ്യം - എന്നാൽ കടന്നമണ്ണ കൊവിലകം ചെരിക്കല്ല ജെന്മം മെപ്പടി ദെശത്തെ അടിയത്ത ഗൊവിന്നൻ നായരൊടെ എണക്ക പിടിച്ച വക ആൽക്കൽ വടക്കെതിൽ കുടിയിരുപ്പ 22 പണം കാണമായും അർത്ഥപലിശയും സർക്കാരനികുതിയുംകഴിച്ച കൊല്ലം 16 ...പണം പൊറപ്പാടായും കൊല്ലം 1024 ആ<br />ഓല - 74 പുറം - 2<br />മത മകരമാസം 3 -ന പൊളിച്ചെഴുതി ചാർത്തി തിരുവെഴുത്ത വാങ്ങിയിട്ടുള്ളതിന്മെല് മെൽപ്രകാരം പൊറപ്പാട പണം ഒന്നും കാലം ന്തോറും പണ്ടാരത്തിൽ കൊണ്ടുവന്നതന്ന തിരുവെഴുത്ത വാങ്ങിക്കൊള്ളുന്നതും ഉണ്ട - ഇതിന്ന പാലൊള്ളി മനക്കൽ നമ്പൂതിരിയും കരുമത്തിൽ വെലുനായരും സാക്ഷിയായി 1024 ആമത മകരം 3 - ന എഴുതിയത -}}</ref>}} One of the first government records which mentions the Ezhutachan caste is the [[British Raj|British India]] census taken on 17 February 1881.<ref name="census of British India"/>
Kadupattans entered [[Kerala]] through [[Palakkad Gap]], Their migration took place as number of groups of families. First group of eight families(''Ettu veettukar'') came and settled near [[Tirunavaya]] in [[Malabar region]], some of their family names were ''Thekkeppattu'', ''Vadakkeppattu'', ''Kizhakkeppattu'', ''Padinjareppattu'', ''Meleppattu'', ''Keezheppattu''.<ref name = "Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam"/> Family of ''[[:ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ|Chembra Ezhuthachan]]'' belongs to the tradition of ''Ettu veettukar''.<ref name="Kottarathil Shankunni"/><ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/> And the second group of thirty two families(''Muppaththirandu veettukaar'') settled in [[Thrissur]] region. Soon after another group of close relatives of ''Ettu veettukar'' and ''Muppaththirandu veettukaar'' settled in [[Palakkad]] region. Gradually they spread to other areas. Clashes between soldiers of [[Zamorin]] and [[Portuguese India Armadas]] that took place during sixteenth century on coastal areas of [[Malabar region]], caused many Kadupattans who were inhabitants of coastal areas of [[Kingdom of Tanur]] to move to Kanniyampuram of [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)]](In present [[Ottappalam|Ottappalam taluk]]), [[Chittur-Thathamangalam|Chittur]] and other parts of [[Kingdom of Cochin]] and settle there.<ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/><ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>
[[File:Palm leaf manuscripts which were used by Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan).jpg|thumb|Almost hundred years old [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s which deals with [[astrology]] and [[Education|teaching]], Were used by Nanu Ezhuthachan, [[Avinissery]], [[Thrissur]]]]
Kadupattans played major role in spreading [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vattezhuthu]] in [[Palakkad]], [[Malabar region|Malabar]] regions and [[Kingdom of Cochin]]. Usually they were well-versed in [[sanskrit]] too.<ref name="Calicut_City_of_truth">
{{cite book
| author-link = M. G. S. Narayanan
| first = M.G.S.
| last = Narayanan
| title = Calicut:The City of truth revisited
| publisher = Mathrubhumi Books
| orig-year = 2006
| date = July 2018
| location = [[Calicut]]
| pages = 158, 159
| isbn = 978-81-8267-551-3
| quote = By the sixteenth century we find a class of tutors called ''Ezhuthachans'' attached to the [[Kovilakam|''Kovilakams'']] of Thampurans and the big [[Tharavad|''tharavads'']] of [[Nair|Nayars]]. They were scholars in [[Sanskrit]], staying in the [[Nair|Nayar]] houses. They imparted elementary education to the [[Nair|Nayar]] boys and girls, instructing them in [[arithmetic]], teaching them the alphabet and telling them stories from the [[Puranas|puranic literature]]. The term ''Ezhuthachan'' literally means 'father of language'.<br />We have a tradition to the effect that a group of people known as ''Kadupattar'', who were originally [[Brahmin]]s called Bhattacharyas, belonging to the village of Kadu in [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyadesa]], became [[Buddhism|buddhists]], and were forced to leave the country on account of persecution. They came to [[Calicut]] in 1447 AD. As refugees; and the Valiya Thampuratti(Seniormost lady of the palace) took pity on them and gave them asylum. They were rehabilitated as ''Ezhuthachans,'' teachers of alphabet, attached to the palace and the houses of nobles. The year their arrival is expressed by a chronogram in [[Katapayadi system|''kadapayaadi'']] style''-katukasteyaltyaktaah''-which yields the equivalent of the year AD.1447 when decoded. This tradition, cherished by the ''Ezhuthachan'' community, who made a livelihood by teaching in [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthupalli]], mostly attached to the palaces or [[Nair|Nayar]] [[Tharavad|''Tharavads,'']] might contain some historical truth. They are treated as [[Shudra|''Sudras,'']] but unlike other [[Shudra|''Sudra'']] groups they are usually well-versed in [[Sanskrit]] literature. It is quite probable that they are descended from some [[Brahmin]] group ostracized and excommunicated on an account of some misadventure. The story of [[Brahmin|Buddhist]] connection need not be literally true, since any unorthodox view was labelled as 'Bauddha'-Buddhist- in the traditional society of [[Kerala]]. The period of their arrival in [[Calicut]] suggested in the story is quite significant, since a school of translators of [[Sanskrit]] classics into [[Malayalam]] appeared on the scene within a century after this. The greatest of Scribes and teachers was [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchath Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] of the 16th century.
}}</ref> Kadupattans used the prayer of [[Tirthankara|Jain Tirthankara]] ''jina dheva''(''Namosthu jeenathe'') in their [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthupalli]]({{Audio|Ml-in-Ezhuthupalli.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{lang-ml|എഴുത്തുപള്ളി}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|eḻuttupaḷḷi}}''), And taught [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vattezhuthu]], [[Mathematics]] etc.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Vidhyarambha charithram
| url = http://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/article-malayalam-news-1.611752
| access-date = 11 December 2017
| newspaper = Manorama online
| date = 18 October 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151020012545/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/article-malayalam-news-1.611752
| archive-date = 20 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Viswasathinte kanappurangal"/>
According to [[historian]] [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] the literary activities of [[Zamorin of Calicut|Malabar]], especially in [[Shudra|Sudras]] got strengthened after the arrival of Kadupattars. Translation of many texts from [[Sanskrit]] to [[Malayalam]] took place in the age after the arrival of them.<ref name="Calicut_City_of_truth"/>
In [[Kerala]] they were treated as [[shudra]]. But it was permitted to go and pray until the ''Sacrificial stone(Balikkallu)'' of temple.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Some of the other communities called the men of the community ''Pattarappan''({{Audio|Ml-in-Pattarappan.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{lang-ml|പട്ടരപ്പൻ}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|paṭṭarappan}}'') and the women as ''Pattathiyaramma''({{Audio|Ml-in-Pattathiyaramma.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}, {{lang-ml|പട്ടത്തിയാരമ്മ}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|paṭṭattiyaramma}}'').<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> In government records Kadupattans referred as the ''Choular''(People from the [[Chola dynasty|Chola country]]).<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>
It is believed that [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]] had placed them in a high position in society . The envy of the Zamorin's minister (Mangattachan) have put them under the burden of low class [[shudra]] in society.<ref name = "Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam">
{{cite web
| title = Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam Website
| url = http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/aboutus.php
| access-date = 11 December 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022453/http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/aboutus.php
| archive-date = 7 November 2017}}</ref> ''Pattanam pizhaithavar''(Those who lost status)Kadupattans were called by the other community like that.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Although Ezhuthachan caste very similar to those of [[Nair]](Even though some records classify them as [[Nair]]), they have nothing to do with the Nair community. Perhaps they have adopted to the traditional methods present in Kerala after arrival.<ref name="jstor.org">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3629883 The Internal Structure of the Nayar Caste, C. J. Fuller</ref><ref name = "William Logan"/><ref>
{{cite book
| first = F.
| last = Fawcett
| title = Nâyars of Malabar
| url = https://archive.org/stream/nayarsofmalabarv032656mbp#page/n11/mode/2up/search/187
| orig-year = 1901
| year = 1915
| publisher = Printed by the Superintendent, Government press.
| location = Madras
| page = 187}}</ref>
Till the introduction of [[State school|public education]] system in [[Kerala]], Kadupattans were present in [[Kingdom of Cochin]] and [[Malabar region|Malabar]] as Ezhuthachan(Village school master) and they ran [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthupallis]](Traditional village school).<ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = Edgar Thurston
| last = Thurston
| first = Edgar
| title = Tribes and castes of Southern India(volume 2)
| url = https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso02thuriala#page/208/mode/2up/search/kadup
| year = 1909
| page = 209
| quote = Eluttacchan.— Eluttacchan or Ezhuttacchan, meaning teacher or master of learning, is the name for educated Kadupattans of Malabar employed as schoolmasters.}}
</ref> They taught wealthy people by staying at their home and this practice was called ''Ezhuthachan thamasikkuka''({{Audio|Ml-in-Ezhuthachan_Thamasikkuka.ogg |pronunciation|help=no}}, {{lang-ml|എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ താമസിക്കുക}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|eḻuttacchan tamasikkuka}}'').<ref name= "K.P.Padhmanabha Menon">
{{cite book
| author-link = K.P.Padhmanabha Menon
| last = Menon
| first = K.P.Padhmanabha
| title = History of Kerala(Vol 3)
| page = 243
}}</ref><ref name="Kanippayyur">
{{cite book
| author-link = Kanippayyur Shankaran Namboodiripad
| first = Kanippayyur Shankaran
| last = Namboodiripad
| script-title= ml:നായന്മാരുടെ പൂർവ്വചരിത്രം (ഭാഗം 1)
| title = nāyanmāruṭe pūrvvacaritr̲aṃ (bhāgam 1)
| publisher = Panchangam books
| location = [[Kunnamkulam]], [[Thrissur]]
| edition = 5
| orig-year = December 2015
| year = 1962
| page = 184
| quote = നാട്ടെഴുത്തശ്ശാന്മാരായിരുന്നു കുട്ടികളെ വിദ്യ അഭ്യസിപ്പിച്ചിരുന്നത്. അതിന്നായി വലിയ തറവാടുകളിൽ തറവാട്ടുചിലവിന്മേൽ എഴുത്തശ്ശന്മാരെ പാർപ്പിക്കും കുട്ടികൾക്കു ഈ എഴുത്തശ്ശന്മാരെ വലിയ ഭക്തിയും ഭയവുമായിരുന്നു. കുട്ടികളെ പഠിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിന്നു പുറമെ മറ്റു വല്ല ജോലിക്കും എഴുത്തശ്ശന്മാരെ നിയോഗിക്കുക അസാധാരണമായിരുന്നില്ല.
}}</ref>
Traditionally, although caste gave importance to teaching, other tasks such as [[Litter (vehicle)|palanquin]] bearing, carrying [[salt]], [[Oil]], and their marketing, [[Agriculture]] etc. were also Present.<ref>{{cite book
| author-link = Jervoise Athelstane Baines
| last = Jervoise Athelstane Baines
| first = Sir
| title = Ethnography (castes and tribes)
| url = https://archive.org/stream/ethnographycaste00bainuoft#page/70
| location = Strassburg
| publisher = Karl J. Trübner
| year = 1912
| access-date = 26 July 2018
| page = 70
| quote = Whilst the Uppiliyan and Kaduppattan, originally of the same trade, have added the profession of hedge-school keeping to their means of subsistence.}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author-link = Hermann Gundert
| last = Gundert
| first = Hermann
| title = A Malayalam and English Dictionary
| url = https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog
| year = 1872
| publisher = C. Stolz for Basel Mission Book Tract Depository
| location = Mangalore
| page = [https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog/page/n230 194]
| quote = കടുപ്പട്ടർ a caste of embalers and carriers(=കുടുമ്പർ), below vāṇiyar; also schoolmasters(loc.)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| first = E. P. Bhaskara
| last = Guptan
| orig-year = 2004
| script-title= ml:ദേശായനം(ദേശചരിത്രകഥകൾ)
| title = dēśāyanam(dēśacaritrakathakaḷa)
| publisher = Samabhavini Books, [[Kadampazhipuram]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| edition = 2
| date = 2013
| page = 48
| quote = ക്ഷേത്രങ്ങളിലേക്കാവശ്യമായ ശുദ്ധമായ എള്ളെണ്ണ നൽകുന്നത് കടുപ്പട്ടന്മാരുടെ അവകാശമായിരുന്നു. നല്ല മിനുസവാകപ്പൊടിയും ഇവർ തയ്യാറാക്കിയിരുന്നു, വാകച്ചാർത്തിനും മറ്റും ഉപയോഗിക്കുവാൻ.}}</ref>
Famous [[Magic (paranormal)|Magicians]], [[Physician]]s, [[Astrology|Astrologers]] and [[Sanskrit]] scholars have been emerged from this caste.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/165316/1/10%20%20chapter%204%20smitha%20j.pdf
| title = The Contribution of Punnasseri Kalari to Kerala Culture
| publisher = [[Shodhganga|Shodhganga:a reservoir of Indian theses]]
| access-date = 28 April 2018}}</ref> ''Panikkar'' was the title which used by some kadupattans.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>
After the introduction of modern [[State school|public education system]], traditional teaching methods were less important in the society. Many [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthupallis]](Traditional Village school) that ran by Ezhuthachans(Kadupattan) were converted to public school with modern teaching method.<ref>{{cite document
| title = Dr.BAIJU K.NATH Assistant Professor Dept. of Education University of Calicut and Divya.K.T M.Ed(2014-2015)Batch, 'History of Ayyappan Ezhuthachan Aided upper primary school'
| url = https://www.academia.edu/26736651
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171216035059/http://www.academia.edu/26736651/HISTORY_OF_AYYAPPAN_EZHUTHACHAN_AIDED_UPPER_PRIMARY_BASIC_SCHOOL
| archive-date = 16 December 2017| last1 = Nath
| first1 = Baiju K.
}}
</ref> In the 19th century when British rule introduced public education in [[Malabar region|Malabar]], Ezhuthachan community made major contributions in the field of public education of [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]].<ref>
{{cite book
| first = S.
| last = Rajendu
| title = maisūr paṭayōṭṭam - irunnūṟṟiyanpat varṣaṅṅaḷ
| script-title= ml:മൈസൂര് പടയോട്ടം - ഇരുന്നൂറ്റിയന്പത് വര്ഷങ്ങള്
| publisher = Vallathol vidyapeetham, Sukapuram, [[Edappal]]
| date = January 2017
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| page = 47
| isbn = 978-93-83570-66-9
| quote = പടയോട്ടങ്ങളെ തുടര്ന്നുള്ള ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് നിയമവ്യവസ്ഥയുടെ അവതരണം ഏതാണ്ടു നൂറുവര്ഷത്തിലധികം നീണ്ടുനില്ക്കുന്ന സാമ്പത്തിക-സാമൂഹ്യ അരക്ഷിതാവസ്ഥയിലേക്ക് വലിയൊരു വിഭാഗം കേരളജനതയെ തള്ളിവിട്ടു. ജനങ്ങളില് നായന്മാര്ക്കും ഈഴവര്ക്കും മറ്റും ആധൂനിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിനു അവസരമുണ്ടാവുകയും ചിലര് അധികാരികളും മേനോന്മാരുമായി ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഭരണത്തില് പങ്കാളികളാവുകയും ചെയ്തു. എ.ഡി. 1850-നടുത്ത് എഴുത്തച്ഛന് സമുദായത്തിന്റെ നേതൃത്വത്തില് വള്ളുവനാട്ടിലും നെടുങ്ങനാട്ടിലും താഴെത്തട്ടിലുള്ള ജനങ്ങള്ക്കായി അനേകം സ്കൂളുകള് സ്ഥാപിക്കപ്പെട്ടു.}}</ref>
== Physical Appearance ==
The [[Human skin color|skin complexion]] of Ezhuthachans(Kaduppattan) varies from dark to inter linked black and white. [[Edgar Thurston]] observes that they are 'dark & white skinned people, medium in stature, with simple nose and curly or wavy [[hair]]'.<ref>{{cite thesis
|type=Survey Research
|last=M
|first=Manoj Dathan
|date= July 2019
|title=Socio Economic Condition of Ezhuthachan Community In Kerala
|publisher=International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Management Studies (IJAHMS)
|url = http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/02.08.2019.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200715064417/http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/02.08.2019.pdf
|archive-date = 15 July 2020
}}</ref>
==Customs, Inheritance and Worship methods==
[[File:Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) worshipping his deity.png|thumb|right|Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) worshipping his deity]]
Though there are little differences in [[Tradition|customs]] locally, Nearly [[Tamils|Tamil]] practices followed.<ref name= "P.C.M.Raja"/><ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> According to [[William Logan (author)|William logan's]] Malabar manual this caste followed a Modified ''Makkathayam'' ([[Patriarchy]] / Patrilineal system of inheritance) in which the property descends from father to son but not from father to daughter.<ref name = "William Logan"/> At the wedding ceremonies there are rituals like ''Ganapathy homam''(ritual dedicated to Lord [[Ganesha]], performed to seek his blessings), ''Dhakshina giving''(Give donation to elders and seek blessings) and ''Panigrahanam''(The groom holds the hand of the bride).<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> There was no [[Polygamy]] and [[Polyandry]] prevailed, but [[widow]] remarried.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Peculiarities in death rituals of Ezhuthachan caste, Points they were foreign caste.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Ezhuthachan caste worshiped [[Ganesha|Ganapathy]], [[Vettakkorumakan]], [[Shakti]], [[Bhagavati]], [[Vishnumaya]].<ref name="Kottarathil Shankunni"/>
It is believed that [[Adi Shankara]] instructed Kadupattans in [[Shakti]] worship; Even now their descendants follow this tradition and claim it is inherited from their forefathers.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/>
==Ezhuthachan Samajam==
[[File:One of the oldest Ezhuthachan samajam office.jpg|thumb|One of the oldest Ezhuthachan samajam office built during 1920s situated at [[Avinissery]], [[Thrissur]]]][[File:എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ യുവജന രക്ഷാസംഘം.jpg|thumb|Ezhuthachan yuvajana raksha samgham [[Avinissery|Perinchery]] in 1937]]
Ezhuthachan Samajam started functioning from 1906 onwards. The first organizer was a [[Sanskrit]] scholar and a teacher Mr.Chakkulliyal Kunjunni Ezhuthachan who was a disciple of legendary [[Sanskrit]] scholar and teacher. [[Punnasseri Nambi Neelakanta Sharma|Revered Punnasseri Nambi Neelakanta Sharma]]. He named the organization as ''Adhyapaka Samajam''. Though ''Adhyapaka Samajam'' made several reformations in caste customs and rituals, Kunjunni Ezhuthachan's efforts were not successful and he abandoned his project.<ref name= "L.K.Anantha Krishna Iyer"/> Ezhuthachan samajam came in to being as a reality when Late [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Vakil P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]] entered the arena. He was the real founder of the Ezhuthachan Samajam and architect of the present day Ezhuthachan community. He was also a [[Indian independence movement|freedom fighter]], a member of the [[Indian National Congress|congress party]] and also in [[Kochi rajya prajamandalam|Cochin State Prajamandal]], whose founder was [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan|Sri.V.R.Krishnan Ezhuthachan]], his son-in-law. Later [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan|Mr.Krishnan Ezhuthachan]] stepped into the shoes of his mentor and father-in-law, [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Mr. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]] as Ezhuthachan Samajam president. Since both were immersed in [[Indian National Congress|Congress politics]], [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement]], [[Peasant movement|peasant struggles]] and also in [[Kochi rajya prajamandalam|Cochin state Prajamandal]], they found it difficult to continue in the [[Kochi rajya prajamandalam|Ezhuthachan Samajam movement]]. Towards late 1940s [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan|Krishnan Ezhuthachan]] left the movement, so also [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Vakil. P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]]. [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Kumaran Ezhuthachan]] left the movement after a personal tragedy - The death of his son P.Lakshmanakumar. After 1947 the Ezhuthachan community was orphaned and community became rudderless. There were some attempts to revitalize the community by some spirited people, but it didn't reach anywhere. The services of Adv. Late M. Krishnankutty is to be mentioned in this context. In the Post era, from 1990s onwards there was some resurgence in the community. From late 1990s new thinking is visible in the community. From 2002, [[T. G. Ravi|Mr.T.G.Ravi]] came into the scene and revitalized the samajam activities. The present president Prof. Dr. Lakshmanakumar is the grandson of [[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan|Vakil. P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]] and son of [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan|V R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]].<ref name = "Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam"/><ref>{{cite news
| title = Ezhuthachan's contributions recalled - KERALA - The Hindu
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ezhuthachans-contributions-recalled/article14955913.ece
| access-date = 27 July 2018
| newspaper = The Hindu online
| date = 21 March 2011
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20180727114957/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ezhuthachans-contributions-recalled/article14955913.ece
| archive-date = 27 July 2018}}</ref>
There are educational institutions under Ezhuthachan Samajam.<ref name = "Thunchath Ezhuthachan College">
{{cite web
| title = Thunchath Ezhuthachan College Website
| url = http://www.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com/
| access-date = 1 July 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180422152411/http://www.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com/
| archive-date = 22 April 2018}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = Palakkad gets its first law college
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/palakkad-gets-its-first-law-college/article6487350.ece
| access-date = 17 February 2018
| newspaper = The Hindu online
| date = 13 May 2004
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180217093402/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/palakkad-gets-its-first-law-college/article6487350.ece
| archive-date = 17 February 2018}}
</ref>
Then the organizations on behalf of ezhuthachan community were formed and functioned from all India to regional level. The last organization to be formed in that category is the ''Palakkad Ezhuthachan samudhaya trust'' based in [[Palakkad]].<ref name = "Ezhuthachan samudhaya trust">
{{cite news
|title=എഴുത്തച്ഛന് ട്രസ്റ്റ് വിജയികളെ അനുമോദിക്കും
|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/--1.257988
|access-date=15 August 2020
|newspaper= Mathrubhumi online
|date=29 May 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815130653/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/--1.257988
|archive-date=15 August 2020}}
</ref>
==Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan==
{{main|Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan}}
There is no clear history about birth or life of [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]]. However, there is a belief prevails as [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchathth Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] was a member of Ezhuthachan (Kadupattan) community.<ref>{{cite book
| author-link = Arthur Coke Burnell
| first = Arthur Coke
| last = Burnell
| title = Elements of South Indian Paleography
| publisher = Trubner and Co., 57 & 59 [[Ludgate Hill]], London
| edition = Second enlarged and improved
| date = 1878
| page = 42
| url = https://archive.org/details/SouthIndianPalaeographyAcBurnell1878
| quote = The application of the Arya-eluttu to the vernacular Malayalam was the work of a low-caste man who goes under the name of Tunjatta Eluttacchan, a native of Trikkandi-yur in the present district of Malabar. He lived in the seventeenth century, but his real name is forgotten; Tunjatta being his 'house' or family-name, and Eluttacchan(=schoolmaster) indicating his caste.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Top award denied after pressure: C Radhakrishnan
| url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/220116/top-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html
| access-date = 5 March 2018
| newspaper = [[Deccan Chronicle|Deccan Chronicle online]]
| date = 22 January 2016
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20180305154550/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/220116/top-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html
| archive-date = 5 March 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ പുരസ്കാര നിർണയത്തിൽ സി.രാധാകൃഷ്ണനെ തഴഞ്ഞതെന്തിന്?
| url = https://www.madhyamam.com/literature/literature-articles/2016/feb/09/177028
| access-date = 13 August 2020
| newspaper = [[Madhyamam]]
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = സി രാധാകൃഷ്ണനെതിരെ അഖില കേരള എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ സമാജത്തിന്റെ പ്രതിഷേധം
| url = http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/21/148817.html
| access-date = 5 March 2018
| newspaper = [[Reporter TV|Reporter online]]
| date = 21 December 2014
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20180305155107/http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/21/148817.html
| archive-date = 5 March 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Being a [[Vaishnavism|vaishnava(Ramanuja)]] sect member he was called as Ramanujan.<ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| page = 33
| quote = ചിറ്റൂരിൽ ആശ്രമം സ്ഥാപിച്ചു അന്തേവാസികളോടൊപ്പം കഴിഞ്ഞുകൂടിയ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ രാമാനുജൻ എന്ന പേരിൽ പ്രശസ്തനായിത്തീർന്നു .(രാമാനുജ സെക്റ്റിൽ പെട്ടവർ രാമാനുജൻ എന്നു വിളിക്കപ്പെടുന്നതു സാധാരണമായിരുന്നു. അയ്യപ്പ സെക്റ്റിലോ, കൾട്ടിലോ പെട്ടവർ അയ്യപ്പന്മാർ എന്നു അറിയപ്പെടുന്നതുപോലെ.)
}}</ref> And his real name was ''Thunchan''(The youngest child).<ref>{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| page = 34
| quote = അദ്ദേഹം ജനിച്ച സ്ഥലത്തിന്നു തുഞ്ചൻപറമ്പ് എന്നാണ് ഇപ്പോഴും പേർ പറഞ്ഞുവരുന്നത്. എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ പേർ തുഞ്ചൻ എന്നായിരുന്നില്ലെങ്കിൽ 'തുഞ്ചൻപറമ്പ്' 'തുഞ്ചത്തുപറമ്പ്' എന്നറിയപ്പെടുമായിരുന്നു.}}</ref> According to [[K. Balakrishna Kurup]], Thunchchath Ezhuthachan was a member of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) community and Ezhuthachan led his life as a teacher by following [[celibacy]] throughout his life.
<ref>
{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| page = 23
}}"മലബാർ ഭാഗത്ത് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ പ്രചാരണത്തിൽ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻമാർ മുന്നിട്ടിറങ്ങിയപ്പോൾ തിരുവിതാംകൂർ ഭാഗത്തു ഗണകന്മാർ ആ ദൗത്യം നിർവഹിച്ചു. എഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ വട്ടെഴുത്ത് പ്രചരിപ്പിച്ചതു മൂലവും മലയാളത്തിലെ രാമായണാദി ഗ്രന്ഥങ്ങൾ വട്ടെഴുത്തിൽ(ഗ്രന്ഥാക്ഷരത്തിൽ-)എഴുതപ്പെട്ടത് മൂലവുമാവാം തുഞ്ചത്തെഴുത്തച്ഛനാണ് മലയാളഭാഷയുടെ പിതാവ് എന്ന് പറഞ്ഞുവരാൻ ഇടയായത്. ഭക്തി പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ പ്രേരണക്ക് വിധേയമായി രാമായണമെഴുതിയ കണ്ണശ്ശൻ ഗണകവംശത്തിലും(പണിക്കർ) അധ്യാത്മരാമായണം രചിച്ച തുഞ്ചൻ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ വംശത്തിലും പെട്ടവരായിരുന്നുവെന്നത് യാദൃശ്ചിക സംഭവമല്ല."</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| orig-year = May 1998
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| edition = 2
| date = January 2000
| page = 39}}
"അദ്ദേഹം(എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ) ബ്രഹ്മചാരിയായിരുന്നു എന്ന് ഒരുകൂട്ടരും ഗൃഹസ്ഥാശ്രമി ആയിരുന്നുവെന്ന് മറ്റൊരു കൂട്ടരും വിശ്വസിക്കുന്നു. ഗൃഹസ്ഥാശ്രമി ആയിരുന്നുവെന്നതിന്നു അനുകൂലമായ സാഹചര്യതെളിവുകളൊന്നും കാണാനില്ല മറിച്ച് സന്യാസ ജീവിതമാണ് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ നയിച്ചിരുന്നതെന്നതിന്ന് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റ ചിറ്റൂരിലെ ആശ്രമവും അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ കവിതകളിലെ ധാരാളം പ്രയോഗങ്ങളും സാക്ഷ്യം വഹിക്കുന്നു.
{{Cquote|ഇന്ദ്രിയനിഗ്രഹമുള്ള പുരുഷന്നു
വന്നുകൂടും നിജസൗഖ്യങ്ങളോക്കവേ}}
എന്നും
{{Cquote|സത്സംഗംകൊണ്ടു ലഭിച്ചീടിന ഭക്തിയോടും
തൽസേവാരതന്മാരാം മാനുഷർ മെല്ലെ മെല്ലെ
ത്വന്മയാരചിതമാം സംസാരപാരാവാരം
തന്മറുകരയേറിടുന്നു കാലം കൊണ്ടേ
ത്വൽജ്ഞാനപരന്മാരാം മാനുഷ ജനങ്ങൾക്കു-
ള്ള ജ്ഞാനം നീക്കുവൊരു സല്ഗുരു ലഭിച്ചിടും}}
എന്നും പറയുന്ന എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ അധ്യാത്മകാചാര്യപദവിയിൽ ശിഷ്യഗണങ്ങൾക്കു ഉപദേശം നല്കിക്കൊണ്ടു ജീവിച്ചുവെന്നുതന്നെ കരുതാം.
{{Cquote|ഭക്തി സംയുക്തന്മാരാം യോഗീന്ദ്രന്മാർക്കു നൂനം
ഹസ്തസംസ്ഥിതിയല്ലോ മുക്തിയെന്നറിഞ്ഞാലും}} എന്നും
{{Cquote|രമിച്ചുവസിച്ചോളം വിരക്തിവരുമെന്ന-
തൊരുത്തൻ ധരിക്കേണ്ട വർധിക്കും ദിനം പ്രതി}}
എന്നു രാമായണത്തിലും
{{Cquote|സേവിച്ചോളവും നന്നായ് വർധിച്ചു വരും കാമം}}
എന്ന് ഭാരതത്തിലും എഴുതിയ മഹാത്മാവ് ഗൃഹസ്ഥാശ്രമിയായിരിക്കാനിടയില്ല എന്നേ പറയാൻ വയ്ക്കു."</ref> E. P. Bhaskara Guptan a writer and
independent researcher in local history from [[Kadampazhipuram]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]; supports conclusion of [[K. Balakrishna Kurup]] about [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchathth Ezhuthachan's]] caste.<ref>{{cite book
| first = E. P. Bhaskara
| last = Guptan
| orig-year = 2004
| script-title= ml:ദേശായനം(ദേശചരിത്രകഥകൾ)
| title = dēśāyanam(dēśacaritrakathakaḷa)
| publisher = Samabhavini Books
| location = [[Kadampazhipuram]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| edition = 2
| date = 2013
| page = 47
| quote = തുഞ്ചൻ കടുപ്പട്ടഎഴുത്തച്ഛനായിരുന്നുവെന്ന് ശ്രീ. കെ.ബാലകൃഷ്ണക്കുറുപ്പ് വാദിക്കുന്നു. ആചാര്യൻ ചക്കാലനായർ വിഭാഗമായിരുന്നുവെന്നാണ് പണ്ട് പരക്കെ ധരിച്ചിരുന്നത്. അങ്ങനെയായിരുന്നാൽ പോലും അദ്ദേഹം ജനിതകമായി കടുപ്പട്ടഎഴുത്തച്ഛനല്ല എന്ന് വന്നുകൂടുന്നില്ല.}}</ref> Historian [[:ml:വേലായുധൻ പണിക്കശ്ശേരി|Velayudhan Panikkassery]] also expressing the same opinion.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Ezhuthachan opposed social evils: Vysakhan
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm
| access-date = 4 September 2018
| date = 3 January 2005
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180904082457/https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| archive-date = 4 September 2018}}</ref>
Historian [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] point out mention about [[Digambara|Jain monks]] in [[Adhyathmaramayanam|''Adhyathma ramayanam kilippattu'']] as proof for [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchaththu ezhuthachan's]] familiarity with [[Digambara|Jain monks]].<ref>{{cite book
| author-link = M. G. S. Narayanan
| first = M. G. S
| last = Narayanan
| script-title= ml:കേരളം ചരിത്രവഴിയിലെ വെളിച്ചങ്ങൾ
| title = kēraḷaṁ caritravaḻiyile veḷiccaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = Sahithya pravarthaka co-operative society
| location = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| date = 2017
| page = 106
| isbn = 978-93-87439-08-5
}} {{Cquote|<br />''നാണമെന്നിയെ മുദാ നാവിന്മേൽ നടനംചെയ്-''<br />
''കേണാങ്കാനനേ യഥാ കാനനേ ദിഗംബരൻ''}} എന്നു പ്രാർത്ഥിക്കുന്നതിൽ നിന്ന് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്([[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|എഴുത്തച്ഛന്]]) കാടുകളിൽ ജീവിക്കുന്ന [[Digambara|ദിഗംബരന്മാരായ]] ജൈനമുനിമാരെപ്പറ്റി അറിവുണ്ടായിരുന്നുവെന്ന് അനുമാനിക്കാം.</ref>
==Notable people==
*[[T. G. Ravi]]
*[[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]
*[[P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan]]
*[[K. N. Ezhuthachan]]
*[[E. K. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]
*[[:ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ|Chembra Ezhuthachanmar]]
*[[Nitin Arvindakshan]]
==References==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| author-link = K. Balakrishna Kurup
| first = K. Balakrishna
| last = Kurup
| script-title= ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| title = Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ
| publisher = [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Publications]]
| title-link = :ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ
| location = Calicut
| edition = 2
| orig-year = May 1998
| date = January 2000
| pages = 15–40
}}
*{{cite book
| author-link = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer
| last = Iyer
| first = L.K.Anantha Krishna
| title = The tribes and castes of cochin(volume 2)
| year = 1912
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378/page/n149 103]–114
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*[https://archive.org/details/VishwasathinteKanappurangal_201809 Read Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ(വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ)]
*[http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/ Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam Website]
*[http://ezhuthachanscaste.blogspot.com/ Articles about Thunchathth Ezhuthachan's caste]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -735,4 +735,5 @@
*[[E. K. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]
*[[:ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ|Chembra Ezhuthachanmar]]
+*[[Nitin Arvindakshan]]
==References==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 69079 |
Old page size (old_size) | 69055 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 24 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '*[[Nitin Arvindakshan]]'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=RwEJAAAAQAAJ',
1 => 'https://archive.org/stream/MalabarLogan/Malabar%20Logan#page/n151/mode/2up',
2 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ',
3 => 'http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/402/402%20-%20GI%20-%20Kerala%20District%20Gazetteers%20-%2011-02-2013.pdf',
4 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045256/https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&Itemid=198',
5 => 'https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&itemid=198=',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171221062350/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/malayalam-news/article-1.2311300',
7 => 'http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/malayalam-news/article-1.2311300',
8 => 'https://archive.today/20130630173441/http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-201121542.html',
9 => 'http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-201121542.html',
10 => 'http://www.janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=1034853&cid=41',
11 => 'https://www.webcitation.org/6G90Ynt5a?url=http://www.metrovaartha.com/2012/05/08052137/cn-balakrishnan20120508.html',
12 => 'http://www.metrovaartha.com/2012/05/08052137/cn-balakrishnan20120508.html',
13 => 'https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso03thuriala',
14 => 'https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso03thuriala/page/30',
15 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378',
16 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378/page/n149',
17 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=kaduppattan',
18 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150212175826/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf',
19 => 'http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf#page=131',
20 => 'https://archive.org/stream/kadambakula035210mbp#page/n0/mode/2up',
21 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024157/http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf',
22 => 'http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf',
23 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ',
24 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ&q=kadupattigal',
25 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=7IPXAAAAMAAJ&q=kadupattigal',
26 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171215060124/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf',
27 => 'https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf',
28 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171215073507/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf',
29 => 'https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf',
30 => 'https://archive.org/stream/SouthIndianInscriptionsVol.17#page/n0/mode/2up/search/kadu',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171215075053/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf',
32 => 'https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf',
33 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=C4ZmKaSRLWQC&q=Kadupattigal',
34 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=CGJmAAAAMAAJ&q=Kadupattigal',
35 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203595',
36 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203595/page/n98',
37 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39468',
38 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39468/page/n40',
39 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=FWdWrRGV_t8C',
40 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fWrXAAAAMAAJ',
41 => 'https://archive.org/details/dynastieskanare00fleegoog',
42 => 'https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54985/2015.54985.Zamorins-Of-Calicut-From-The-Earliest-Times-Down-To-Ad-1806#page/n61/mode/2up/search/kadu',
43 => 'https://ml.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC',
44 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022453/http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/aboutus.php',
45 => 'http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/aboutus.php',
46 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151020012545/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/article-malayalam-news-1.611752',
47 => 'http://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/article-malayalam-news-1.611752',
48 => 'https://archive.org/stream/nayarsofmalabarv032656mbp#page/n11/mode/2up/search/187',
49 => 'https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso02thuriala#page/208/mode/2up/search/kadup',
50 => 'https://archive.org/stream/ethnographycaste00bainuoft#page/70',
51 => 'https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog',
52 => 'https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog/page/n230',
53 => 'http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/165316/1/10%20%20chapter%204%20smitha%20j.pdf',
54 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171216035059/http://www.academia.edu/26736651/HISTORY_OF_AYYAPPAN_EZHUTHACHAN_AIDED_UPPER_PRIMARY_BASIC_SCHOOL',
55 => 'https://www.academia.edu/26736651',
56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200715064417/http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/02.08.2019.pdf',
57 => 'http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/02.08.2019.pdf',
58 => 'https://archive.today/20180727114957/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ezhuthachans-contributions-recalled/article14955913.ece',
59 => 'https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ezhuthachans-contributions-recalled/article14955913.ece',
60 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180422152411/http://www.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com/',
61 => 'http://www.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com/',
62 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180217093402/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/palakkad-gets-its-first-law-college/article6487350.ece',
63 => 'http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/palakkad-gets-its-first-law-college/article6487350.ece',
64 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200815130653/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/--1.257988',
65 => 'https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/--1.257988',
66 => 'https://archive.org/details/SouthIndianPalaeographyAcBurnell1878',
67 => 'https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/220116/top-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html',
68 => 'https://archive.today/20180305154550/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/220116/top-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html',
69 => 'https://www.madhyamam.com/literature/literature-articles/2016/feb/09/177028',
70 => 'http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/21/148817.html',
71 => 'https://archive.today/20180305155107/http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/21/148817.html',
72 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180904082457/https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm',
73 => 'https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm',
74 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/3629883',
75 => 'https://archive.org/details/VishwasathinteKanappurangal_201809',
76 => 'http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/',
77 => 'http://ezhuthachanscaste.blogspot.com/'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://ezhuthachanscaste.blogspot.com/',
1 => 'http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf#page=131',
2 => 'http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf',
3 => 'http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/02.08.2019.pdf',
4 => 'http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/402/402%20-%20GI%20-%20Kerala%20District%20Gazetteers%20-%2011-02-2013.pdf',
5 => 'http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-201121542.html',
6 => 'http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/165316/1/10%20%20chapter%204%20smitha%20j.pdf',
7 => 'http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/',
8 => 'http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/aboutus.php',
9 => 'http://www.janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=1034853&cid=41',
10 => 'http://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/article-malayalam-news-1.611752',
11 => 'http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/malayalam-news/article-1.2311300',
12 => 'http://www.metrovaartha.com/2012/05/08052137/cn-balakrishnan20120508.html',
13 => 'http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/21/148817.html',
14 => 'http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/palakkad-gets-its-first-law-college/article6487350.ece',
15 => 'http://www.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com/',
16 => 'https://archive.org/details/SouthIndianPalaeographyAcBurnell1878',
17 => 'https://archive.org/details/VishwasathinteKanappurangal_201809',
18 => 'https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog',
19 => 'https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog/page/n230',
20 => 'https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso03thuriala',
21 => 'https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso03thuriala/page/30',
22 => 'https://archive.org/details/dynastieskanare00fleegoog',
23 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378',
24 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203595',
25 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39468',
26 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378/page/n149',
27 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203595/page/n98',
28 => 'https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39468/page/n40',
29 => 'https://archive.org/stream/MalabarLogan/Malabar%20Logan#page/n151/mode/2up',
30 => 'https://archive.org/stream/SouthIndianInscriptionsVol.17#page/n0/mode/2up/search/kadu',
31 => 'https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso02thuriala#page/208/mode/2up/search/kadup',
32 => 'https://archive.org/stream/ethnographycaste00bainuoft#page/70',
33 => 'https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54985/2015.54985.Zamorins-Of-Calicut-From-The-Earliest-Times-Down-To-Ad-1806#page/n61/mode/2up/search/kadu',
34 => 'https://archive.org/stream/kadambakula035210mbp#page/n0/mode/2up',
35 => 'https://archive.org/stream/nayarsofmalabarv032656mbp#page/n11/mode/2up/search/187',
36 => 'https://archive.today/20130630173441/http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-201121542.html',
37 => 'https://archive.today/20180305154550/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/220116/top-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html',
38 => 'https://archive.today/20180305155107/http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/21/148817.html',
39 => 'https://archive.today/20180727114957/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ezhuthachans-contributions-recalled/article14955913.ece',
40 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ',
41 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=7IPXAAAAMAAJ&q=kadupattigal',
42 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=kaduppattan',
43 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=C4ZmKaSRLWQC&q=Kadupattigal',
44 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=CGJmAAAAMAAJ&q=Kadupattigal',
45 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=FWdWrRGV_t8C',
46 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=RwEJAAAAQAAJ',
47 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ&q=kadupattigal',
48 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ',
49 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fWrXAAAAMAAJ',
50 => 'https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf',
51 => 'https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf',
52 => 'https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf',
53 => 'https://ml.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC',
54 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150212175826/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf',
55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151020012545/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/article-malayalam-news-1.611752',
56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045256/https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&Itemid=198',
57 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022453/http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/aboutus.php',
58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024157/http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf',
59 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171215060124/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf',
60 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171215073507/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf',
61 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171215075053/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf',
62 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171216035059/http://www.academia.edu/26736651/HISTORY_OF_AYYAPPAN_EZHUTHACHAN_AIDED_UPPER_PRIMARY_BASIC_SCHOOL',
63 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171221062350/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/malayalam-news/article-1.2311300',
64 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180217093402/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/palakkad-gets-its-first-law-college/article6487350.ece',
65 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180422152411/http://www.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com/',
66 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180904082457/https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm',
67 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200715064417/http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/02.08.2019.pdf',
68 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200815130653/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/--1.257988',
69 => 'https://www.academia.edu/26736651',
70 => 'https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/220116/top-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html',
71 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/3629883',
72 => 'https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&itemid=198=',
73 => 'https://www.madhyamam.com/literature/literature-articles/2016/feb/09/177028',
74 => 'https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/--1.257988',
75 => 'https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm',
76 => 'https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ezhuthachans-contributions-recalled/article14955913.ece',
77 => 'https://www.webcitation.org/6G90Ynt5a?url=http://www.metrovaartha.com/2012/05/08052137/cn-balakrishnan20120508.html'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Caste native to Kerala, India</div>
<p>
<b>Ezhuthachan</b>(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ml-in-Ezhuthachan.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="audio speaker icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Ml-in-Ezhuthachan.ogg" class="internal" title="Ml-in-Ezhuthachan.ogg">pronunciation</a></span></span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ</span>, <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Malayalam language) transliteration"><i lang="ml-Latn">eḻuttacchan</i></span></i>), also known as <b>Kadupattan</b>(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ml-in-Kaduppattan.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="audio speaker icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Ml-in-Kaduppattan.ogg" class="internal" title="Ml-in-Kaduppattan.ogg">pronunciation</a></span></span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">കടുപട്ടൻ</span>, <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Malayalam language) transliteration"><i lang="ml-Latn">kaṭupaṭṭan</i></span></i>) is a caste native to the Indian state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-census_of_British_India_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_of_British_India-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-William_Logan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Logan-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a></sup> It is classified as an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Class</a> by the Government of India under its system of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Positive_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive discrimination">positive discrimination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>They mainly belong to the districts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, has also presence outside and other parts of India. There are more people in the teaching sector in the community. Ezhuthachan is a caste who have teaching as a traditional profession.<sup id="cite_ref-William_Logan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Logan-2">[2]</a></sup> There is an organization representing the community as <i>Ezhuthachan Samajam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Genesis"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Genesis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Physical_Appearance"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Physical Appearance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Customs,_Inheritance_and_Worship_methods"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Customs, Inheritance and Worship methods</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ezhuthachan_Samajam"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Ezhuthachan Samajam</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Genesis">Genesis</span></h2><p>
There are two main beliefs about the origin of the Kadupattan people.</p><blockquote><p>1. <i>Pattar(Bhattar)</i> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> who were boycotted from <i>Kadu</i> village of medieval <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a> region, Due to the introduction of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. From the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin's</a> Kovilakam (Ambadi Kovilakam) the elder Thamburatti(Senior princess) asserted the title <i>Ezhuthachan</i> and assigned as village school master.<sup id="cite_ref-Edgar_Thurston_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edgar_Thurston-12">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S._N._Sadasivan_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._N._Sadasivan-14">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Calicut_City_of_truth_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calicut_City_of_truth-15">[14]</a></sup></p></blockquote><blockquote><p>2. A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> guild, who was prominent in teaching, came to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Village" title="Village">Village</a> school teachers. With the influence of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhakthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakthi movement">Bhakthi movement</a>, they came under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal-5">[5]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaduru" title="Kaduru">Kaduru</a> (In present <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>) of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a> was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainite</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlement</a>; From 8th to 10th centuries <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> was the prominent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> From 9th to 13th <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Century" title="Century">centuries</a> today's the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patancheru" title="Patancheru">Patancheru</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patancheru" title="Patancheru">Pottalakkare</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> was the principal Jain hub in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pandurang_Bhimarao_Desai_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandurang_Bhimarao_Desai-20">[19]</a></sup> In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, there was a tradition of using the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a> name once abandoned as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> name.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> Evidence suggests that <i>Kadupattan</i> was a Jain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> that formed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaduru" title="Kaduru">Kaduru</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patancheru" title="Patancheru">Patancheru</a> which was prominent in the teaching profession.
</p><p>After the twelfth century, Prominence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> decreased significantly, Many followers of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> abandoned their settlements and moved to the south (Today's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>). <i>Kadupattigal</i> one among thirteenth century rulers of the southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arcot,_Vellore" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcot, Vellore">Arcot</a> who were present on the banks of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri River</a> should have been the ancestors of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan).<sup id="cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[b]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War" title="War">Wars</a> that took place during the course of thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadayavarman_Sundara_Pandyan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I">Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>), Caused Kadupattans came to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> through the path which was present from banks of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nilgiri_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri mountains">Nilgiri mountains</a>, and with the influence of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> they were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduised</a> as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava(Ramanuja)</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktheya</a>; In Occupation <i>Ezhuthachan</i> (Village school master), Teachers who practiced Shakthi worship became known as <i>Gurukkal</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historian</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/K._Balakrishna_kurup" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Balakrishna kurup">K. Balakrishna Kurup</a> concludes history of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) caste as this.<sup id="cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pandurang_Bhimarao_Desai_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandurang_Bhimarao_Desai-20">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>It is believed that the Kadupattans reached <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar</a> by the fifteenth century(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">C.E</a> 1447).<sup id="cite_ref-K.V.Krishna_Iyer_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.V.Krishna_Iyer-38">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-P.C.M.Raja_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P.C.M.Raja-39">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup> Although the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aithihyamala" title="Aithihyamala">Aithihyamala</a> says about a magician(<a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" class="extiw" title="ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ">Chembra Makku Ezhuthachan</a>) who belonged to Kadupattan caste a disciple of the <a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" class="extiw" title="ml:കാക്കശ്ശേരി ഭട്ടതിരി">Kakkassery Bhattathiri</a> and member of a family who had been a teacher of traditional heritage, his lifespan is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-Kottarathil_Shankunni_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottarathil_Shankunni-40">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[c]</a></sup> One of the first government records which mentions the Ezhutachan caste is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> census taken on 17 February 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-census_of_British_India_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_of_British_India-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kadupattans entered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a>, Their migration took place as number of groups of families. First group of eight families(<i>Ettu veettukar</i>) came and settled near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar region</a>, some of their family names were <i>Thekkeppattu</i>, <i>Vadakkeppattu</i>, <i>Kizhakkeppattu</i>, <i>Padinjareppattu</i>, <i>Meleppattu</i>, <i>Keezheppattu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Akhila_Kerala_Ezhuthachan_Samajam_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akhila_Kerala_Ezhuthachan_Samajam-44">[41]</a></sup> Family of <i><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" class="extiw" title="ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ">Chembra Ezhuthachan</a></i> belongs to the tradition of <i>Ettu veettukar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kottarathil_Shankunni_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottarathil_Shankunni-40">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal-5">[5]</a></sup> And the second group of thirty two families(<i>Muppaththirandu veettukaar</i>) settled in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a> region. Soon after another group of close relatives of <i>Ettu veettukar</i> and <i>Muppaththirandu veettukaar</i> settled in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> region. Gradually they spread to other areas. Clashes between soldiers of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a> that took place during sixteenth century on coastal areas of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar region</a>, caused many Kadupattans who were inhabitants of coastal areas of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a> to move to Kanniyampuram of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valluvanad_(southern_Malabar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvanad (southern Malabar)">Valluvanad (southern Malabar)</a>(In present <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottappalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottappalam">Ottappalam taluk</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a> and other parts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> and settle there.<sup id="cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Palm_leaf_manuscripts_which_were_used_by_Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Palm_leaf_manuscripts_which_were_used_by_Ezhuthachan%28Kadupattan%29.jpg/220px-Palm_leaf_manuscripts_which_were_used_by_Ezhuthachan%28Kadupattan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4290" data-file-height="4170" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Palm_leaf_manuscripts_which_were_used_by_Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Almost hundred years old <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf manuscripts</a> which deals with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education" title="Education">teaching</a>, Were used by Nanu Ezhuthachan, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avinissery" title="Avinissery">Avinissery</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></div></div></div>
<p>Kadupattans played major role in spreading <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatteluttu_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatteluttu alphabet">Vattezhuthu</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar</a> regions and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a>. Usually they were well-versed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a> too.<sup id="cite_ref-Calicut_City_of_truth_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calicut_City_of_truth-15">[14]</a></sup> Kadupattans used the prayer of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jain Tirthankara</a> <i>jina dheva</i>(<i>Namosthu jeenathe</i>) in their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ezhuthu_Kalari" title="Ezhuthu Kalari">Ezhuthupalli</a>(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ml-in-Ezhuthupalli.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="audio speaker icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Ml-in-Ezhuthupalli.ogg" class="internal" title="Ml-in-Ezhuthupalli.ogg">pronunciation</a></span></span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">എഴുത്തുപള്ളി</span>, <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Malayalam language) transliteration"><i lang="ml-Latn">eḻuttupaḷḷi</i></span></i>), And taught <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatteluttu_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatteluttu alphabet">Vattezhuthu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan" title="M. G. S. Narayanan">M. G. S. Narayanan</a> the literary activities of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Malabar</a>, especially in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Sudras</a> got strengthened after the arrival of Kadupattars. Translation of many texts from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> took place in the age after the arrival of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Calicut_City_of_truth_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calicut_City_of_truth-15">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> they were treated as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">shudra</a>. But it was permitted to go and pray until the <i>Sacrificial stone(Balikkallu)</i> of temple.<sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup> Some of the other communities called the men of the community <i>Pattarappan</i>(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ml-in-Pattarappan.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="audio speaker icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Ml-in-Pattarappan.ogg" class="internal" title="Ml-in-Pattarappan.ogg">pronunciation</a></span></span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">പട്ടരപ്പൻ</span>, <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Malayalam language) transliteration"><i lang="ml-Latn">paṭṭarappan</i></span></i>) and the women as <i>Pattathiyaramma</i>(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ml-in-Pattathiyaramma.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="audio speaker icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Ml-in-Pattathiyaramma.ogg" class="internal" title="Ml-in-Pattathiyaramma.ogg">pronunciation</a></span></span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">പട്ടത്തിയാരമ്മ</span>, <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Malayalam language) transliteration"><i lang="ml-Latn">paṭṭattiyaramma</i></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup> In government records Kadupattans referred as the <i>Choular</i>(People from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola country</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup>
It is believed that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin</a> had placed them in a high position in society . The envy of the Zamorin's minister (Mangattachan) have put them under the burden of low class <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">shudra</a> in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Akhila_Kerala_Ezhuthachan_Samajam_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akhila_Kerala_Ezhuthachan_Samajam-44">[41]</a></sup> <i>Pattanam pizhaithavar</i>(Those who lost status)Kadupattans were called by the other community like that.<sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup> Although Ezhuthachan caste very similar to those of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a>(Even though some records classify them as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a>), they have nothing to do with the Nair community. Perhaps they have adopted to the traditional methods present in Kerala after arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-46">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-William_Logan_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Logan-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>Till the introduction of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public education</a> system in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, Kadupattans were present in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar</a> as Ezhuthachan(Village school master) and they ran <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ezhuthu_Kalari" title="Ezhuthu Kalari">Ezhuthupallis</a>(Traditional village school).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a></sup> They taught wealthy people by staying at their home and this practice was called <i>Ezhuthachan thamasikkuka</i>(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ml-in-Ezhuthachan_Thamasikkuka.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="audio speaker icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Ml-in-Ezhuthachan_Thamasikkuka.ogg" class="internal" title="Ml-in-Ezhuthachan Thamasikkuka.ogg">pronunciation</a></span></span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ താമസിക്കുക</span>, <i><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Malayalam language) transliteration"><i lang="ml-Latn">eḻuttacchan tamasikkuka</i></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-K.P.Padhmanabha_Menon_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.P.Padhmanabha_Menon-49">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kanippayyur_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanippayyur-50">[47]</a></sup>
Traditionally, although caste gave importance to teaching, other tasks such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">palanquin</a> bearing, carrying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oil</a>, and their marketing, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> etc. were also Present.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a></sup>
Famous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">Magicians</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physicians</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrologers</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scholars have been emerged from this caste.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a></sup> <i>Panikkar</i> was the title which used by some kadupattans.<sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the introduction of modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public education system</a>, traditional teaching methods were less important in the society. Many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ezhuthu_Kalari" title="Ezhuthu Kalari">Ezhuthupallis</a>(Traditional Village school) that ran by Ezhuthachans(Kadupattan) were converted to public school with modern teaching method.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a></sup> In the 19th century when British rule introduced public education in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar</a>, Ezhuthachan community made major contributions in the field of public education of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valluvanad_(southern_Malabar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvanad (southern Malabar)">Valluvanad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Physical_Appearance">Physical Appearance</span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">skin complexion</a> of Ezhuthachans(Kaduppattan) varies from dark to inter linked black and white. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edgar_Thurston" title="Edgar Thurston">Edgar Thurston</a> observes that they are 'dark & white skinned people, medium in stature, with simple nose and curly or wavy <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="Customs.2C_Inheritance_and_Worship_methods"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Customs,_Inheritance_and_Worship_methods">Customs, Inheritance and Worship methods</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan)_worshipping_his_deity.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ezhuthachan%28Kadupattan%29_worshipping_his_deity.png/220px-Ezhuthachan%28Kadupattan%29_worshipping_his_deity.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan)_worshipping_his_deity.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) worshipping his deity</div></div></div>
<p>Though there are little differences in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">customs</a> locally, Nearly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> practices followed.<sup id="cite_ref-P.C.M.Raja_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P.C.M.Raja-39">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup> According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Logan_(author)" title="William Logan (author)">William logan's</a> Malabar manual this caste followed a Modified <i>Makkathayam</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> / Patrilineal system of inheritance) in which the property descends from father to son but not from father to daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-William_Logan_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Logan-2">[2]</a></sup> At the wedding ceremonies there are rituals like <i>Ganapathy homam</i>(ritual dedicated to Lord <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, performed to seek his blessings), <i>Dhakshina giving</i>(Give donation to elders and seek blessings) and <i>Panigrahanam</i>(The groom holds the hand of the bride).<sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup> There was no <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a> prevailed, but <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widow</a> remarried.<sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup> Peculiarities in death rituals of Ezhuthachan caste, Points they were foreign caste.<sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup> Ezhuthachan caste worshiped <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganapathy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vettakkorumakan" title="Vettakkorumakan">Vettakkorumakan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhagavati" title="Bhagavati">Bhagavati</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vishnumaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnumaya">Vishnumaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kottarathil_Shankunni_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottarathil_Shankunni-40">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>It is believed that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> instructed Kadupattans in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> worship; Even now their descendants follow this tradition and claim it is inherited from their forefathers.<sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ezhuthachan_Samajam">Ezhuthachan Samajam</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:One_of_the_oldest_Ezhuthachan_samajam_office.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/One_of_the_oldest_Ezhuthachan_samajam_office.jpg/220px-One_of_the_oldest_Ezhuthachan_samajam_office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:One_of_the_oldest_Ezhuthachan_samajam_office.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>One of the oldest Ezhuthachan samajam office built during 1920s situated at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avinissery" title="Avinissery">Avinissery</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%82.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%82.jpg/220px-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3665" data-file-height="2329" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%82.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ezhuthachan yuvajana raksha samgham <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avinissery" title="Avinissery">Perinchery</a> in 1937</div></div></div>
<p>Ezhuthachan Samajam started functioning from 1906 onwards. The first organizer was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scholar and a teacher Mr.Chakkulliyal Kunjunni Ezhuthachan who was a disciple of legendary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scholar and teacher. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punnasseri_Nambi_Neelakanta_Sharma" title="Punnasseri Nambi Neelakanta Sharma">Revered Punnasseri Nambi Neelakanta Sharma</a>. He named the organization as <i>Adhyapaka Samajam</i>. Though <i>Adhyapaka Samajam</i> made several reformations in caste customs and rituals, Kunjunni Ezhuthachan's efforts were not successful and he abandoned his project.<sup id="cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13">[12]</a></sup> Ezhuthachan samajam came in to being as a reality when Late <a href="/enwiki/wiki/P._Kumaran_Ezhuthachan" title="P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan">Vakil P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan</a> entered the arena. He was the real founder of the Ezhuthachan Samajam and architect of the present day Ezhuthachan community. He was also a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">freedom fighter</a>, a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">congress party</a> and also in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kochi_rajya_prajamandalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochi rajya prajamandalam">Cochin State Prajamandal</a>, whose founder was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/V._R._Krishnan_Ezhuthachan" title="V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan">Sri.V.R.Krishnan Ezhuthachan</a>, his son-in-law. Later <a href="/enwiki/wiki/V._R._Krishnan_Ezhuthachan" title="V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan">Mr.Krishnan Ezhuthachan</a> stepped into the shoes of his mentor and father-in-law, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/P._Kumaran_Ezhuthachan" title="P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan">Mr. Kumaran Ezhuthachan</a> as Ezhuthachan Samajam president. Since both were immersed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress politics</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">freedom movement</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peasant_movement" title="Peasant movement">peasant struggles</a> and also in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kochi_rajya_prajamandalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochi rajya prajamandalam">Cochin state Prajamandal</a>, they found it difficult to continue in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kochi_rajya_prajamandalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochi rajya prajamandalam">Ezhuthachan Samajam movement</a>. Towards late 1940s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/V._R._Krishnan_Ezhuthachan" title="V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan">Krishnan Ezhuthachan</a> left the movement, so also <a href="/enwiki/wiki/P._Kumaran_Ezhuthachan" title="P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan">Vakil. P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/P._Kumaran_Ezhuthachan" title="P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan">Kumaran Ezhuthachan</a> left the movement after a personal tragedy - The death of his son P.Lakshmanakumar. After 1947 the Ezhuthachan community was orphaned and community became rudderless. There were some attempts to revitalize the community by some spirited people, but it didn't reach anywhere. The services of Adv. Late M. Krishnankutty is to be mentioned in this context. In the Post era, from 1990s onwards there was some resurgence in the community. From late 1990s new thinking is visible in the community. From 2002, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/T._G._Ravi" title="T. G. Ravi">Mr.T.G.Ravi</a> came into the scene and revitalized the samajam activities. The present president Prof. Dr. Lakshmanakumar is the grandson of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/P._Kumaran_Ezhuthachan" title="P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan">Vakil. P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan</a> and son of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/V._R._Krishnan_Ezhuthachan" title="V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan">V R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Akhila_Kerala_Ezhuthachan_Samajam_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akhila_Kerala_Ezhuthachan_Samajam-44">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are educational institutions under Ezhuthachan Samajam.<sup id="cite_ref-Thunchath_Ezhuthachan_College_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunchath_Ezhuthachan_College-59">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a></sup>
</p><p>Then the organizations on behalf of ezhuthachan community were formed and functioned from all India to regional level. The last organization to be formed in that category is the <i>Palakkad Ezhuthachan samudhaya trust</i> based in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ezhuthachan_samudhaya_trust_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ezhuthachan_samudhaya_trust-61">[58]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a></div>
<p>There is no clear history about birth or life of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a>. However, there is a belief prevails as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchathth Ramanujan Ezhuthachan</a> was a member of Ezhuthachan (Kadupattan) community.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a></sup> Being a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">vaishnava(Ramanuja)</a> sect member he was called as Ramanujan.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a></sup> And his real name was <i>Thunchan</i>(The youngest child).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a></sup> According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/K._Balakrishna_Kurup" title="K. Balakrishna Kurup">K. Balakrishna Kurup</a>, Thunchchath Ezhuthachan was a member of Ezhuthachan(Kadupattan) community and Ezhuthachan led his life as a teacher by following <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> throughout his life.
<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a></sup> E. P. Bhaskara Guptan a writer and
independent researcher in local history from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kadampazhipuram" title="Kadampazhipuram">Kadampazhipuram</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a>; supports conclusion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/K._Balakrishna_Kurup" title="K. Balakrishna Kurup">K. Balakrishna Kurup</a> about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchathth Ezhuthachan's</a> caste.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a></sup> Historian <a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" class="extiw" title="ml:വേലായുധൻ പണിക്കശ്ശേരി">Velayudhan Panikkassery</a> also expressing the same opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a></sup>
</p><p>Historian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan" title="M. G. S. Narayanan">M. G. S. Narayanan</a> point out mention about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Jain monks</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adhyathmaramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhyathmaramayanam"><i>Adhyathma ramayanam kilippattu</i></a> as proof for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu ezhuthachan's</a> familiarity with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Jain monks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_people">Notable people</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T._G._Ravi" title="T. G. Ravi">T. G. Ravi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/V._R._Krishnan_Ezhuthachan" title="V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan">V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/P._Kumaran_Ezhuthachan" title="P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan">P. Kumaran Ezhuthachan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K._N._Ezhuthachan" title="K. N. Ezhuthachan">K. N. Ezhuthachan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E._K._Krishnan_Ezhuthachan" title="E. K. Krishnan Ezhuthachan">E. K. Krishnan Ezhuthachan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" class="extiw" title="ml:ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ">Chembra Ezhuthachanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nitin_Arvindakshan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitin Arvindakshan (page does not exist)">Nitin Arvindakshan</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kadupattan sometimes referred to as Kadupottan(Member of Kadupotta clan), It is the combination of place names <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaduru" title="Kaduru">Kaduru</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patancheru" title="Patancheru">Pottalakkare(Also known as Patancheru)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A._Sreedhara_Menon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._Sreedhara_Menon-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal-5">[5]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are mentions about <i>Kadupattigal</i> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Indian_Inscriptions" title="South Indian Inscriptions">South Indian Inscriptions</a>. Who had marriage alliance with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava King</a>, Who made donation to temples like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apatsahayesvarar_Temple,_Alangudi" title="Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi">Apatsahayesvarar Temple</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirumarperu" title="Thirumarperu">Thirumarperu Manikandeswarar Temple</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vedaranyeswarar_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedaranyeswarar temple">Vedaranyeswarar temple</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahalingeswarar_Temple,_Thiruvidaimarudur" title="Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur">Mahalingeswarar Temple</a> etc., And About prime minister of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nandivarman_II" title="Nandivarman II">Nandivarman II</a> who bore the title <i>Kadupattigal Tamilapperaraiyan</i> (Feudatories of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">pallava kingdom</a> also had this title).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">Palm-leaf manuscripts</a> collected from various places of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valluvanad_(southern_Malabar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvanad (southern Malabar)">Valluvanad</a>, Which dates back mid 19th century contain mention about <i>Kadupattan</i> and <i>Ezhuthachan</i>. From <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">C.E</a> 1849 and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">C.E</a> 1833 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-census_of_British_India-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_of_British_India_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_of_British_India_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwEJAAAAQAAJ"><i>Report on the census of British India taken on 17th February 1881(Vol.3)</i></a>. London: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eyre_%26_Spottiswoode" title="Eyre & Spottiswoode">Eyre & Spottiswoode</a>. 1883. pp. 53, 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+census+of+British+India+taken+on+17th+February+1881%28Vol.3%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=53%2C+54&rft.pub=Eyre+%26+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1883&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwEJAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-William_Logan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_Logan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_Logan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_Logan_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_Logan_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Logan1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Logan_(author)" title="William Logan (author)">William Logan</a> (1951) [1887]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MalabarLogan/Malabar%20Logan#page/n151/mode/2up"><i>Malabar manual(Republished)</i></a>. Madras: Govt Press Madras. p. 139. <q>A caste who are hardly to be distinguished from the Nayars except by their inheritance customs, is that of the Kadupattar or Eluttachchans, that is, professional village schoolmasters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+manual%28Republished%29&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Govt+Press+Madras&rft.date=1951&rft.au=William+Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FMalabarLogan%2FMalabar%2520Logan%23page%2Fn151%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKumar_Suresh_Singh1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumar_Suresh_Singh" title="Kumar Suresh Singh">Kumar Suresh Singh</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles</i></a>. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1377. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563357-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563357-3"><bdi>978-0-19-563357-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communities%2C+Segments%2C+Synonyms%2C+Surnames+and+Titles&rft.pages=1377&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563357-3&rft.au=Kumar+Suresh+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbfAMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-A._Sreedhara_Menon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A._Sreedhara_Menon_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFA._Sreedhara_Menon1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A._Sreedhara_Menon" title="A. Sreedhara Menon">A. Sreedhara Menon</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/402/402%20-%20GI%20-%20Kerala%20District%20Gazetteers%20-%2011-02-2013.pdf"><i>Kerala District Gazetteers, Trichur</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Trivandrum: The Government of Kerala. p. 208. <q>Ezhuthachans otherwise known as Kadupottans who follow the patriarchal system of inheritance are supposed to be the descendants of Pattar Brahmans degraded for having eaten a kind of fish. They are hereditary village school masters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kerala+District+Gazetteers%2C+Trichur&rft.place=Trivandrum&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=The+Government+of+Kerala&rft.date=1962&rft.au=A.+Sreedhara+Menon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipindiaservices.gov.in%2FGI_DOC%2F402%2F402%2520-%2520GI%2520-%2520Kerala%2520District%2520Gazetteers%2520-%252011-02-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viswasathinte_kanappurangal_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKurup2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K._Balakrishna_Kurup" title="K. Balakrishna Kurup">Kurup, K. Balakrishna</a> (January 2000) [May 1998]. <a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" class="extiw" title="ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ"><i>Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ</i> <bdi lang="ml">വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ</bdi></a> (2 ed.). Calicut: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi Publications</a>. pp. 15–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81sattinte+K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81ppu%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B9%85%E1%B9%85a%E1%B8%B7+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE&rft.place=Calicut&rft.pages=15-40&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Mathrubhumi+Publications&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Kurup&rft.aufirst=K.+Balakrishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045256/https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&Itemid=198">"Kerala PSC website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&itemid=198=">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerala+PSC+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralapsc.gov.in%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26id%3D338%26itemid%3D198%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171221062350/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/malayalam-news/article-1.2311300">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ' നാടകാവതരണം 20-ന്"</a>. <i>Mathrubhumi online</i>. 15 October 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/malayalam-news/article-1.2311300">the original</a> on 21 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathrubhumi+online&rft.atitle=%27%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B5%BB%27+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82+20-%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D&rft.date=2017-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathrubhumi.com%2Fthrissur%2Fmalayalam-news%2Farticle-1.2311300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130630173441/http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-201121542.html">"എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ സമാജം സംസ്ഥാന സമ്മേളനം സമാപിച്ചു"</a>. <i>Manorama online</i>. 12 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-201121542.html">the original</a> on 30 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manorama+online&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B5%BB+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81&rft.date=2011-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalayalam.yahoo.com%2F%25E0%25B4%258E%25E0%25B4%25B4%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259B%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%258D-%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B4%2582-%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%2582%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A5%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25A8-%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%2587%25E0%25B4%25B3%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%2582-%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B5%2581-201121542.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=1034853&cid=41">"എയ്ഡഡ് സ്കൂളുകളിൽ പുതിയ തസ്തികകൾ; സമുദായ പ്രീണനമെന്ന് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ സമാജം"</a>. <i>Janayugam Online</i>. 17 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Janayugam+Online&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF+%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE%3B+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B5%BB+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janayugomonline.com%2Fphp%2FnewsDetails.php%3Fnid%3D1034853%26cid%3D41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6G90Ynt5a?url=http://www.metrovaartha.com/2012/05/08052137/cn-balakrishnan20120508.html">"ജാതി സംഘടനകൾ ഭിക്ഷ യാചിച്ചു നടക്കരുത്"</a>. <i>Metrovartha</i>. 8 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metrovaartha.com/2012/05/08052137/cn-balakrishnan20120508.html">the original</a> on 25 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metrovartha&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE+%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7+%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrovaartha.com%2F2012%2F05%2F08052137%2Fcn-balakrishnan20120508.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Edgar_Thurston-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edgar_Thurston_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFThurston1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edgar_Thurston" title="Edgar Thurston">Thurston, Edgar</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso03thuriala"><i>Tribes and castes of Southern India(volume 3)</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso03thuriala/page/30">30</a>, 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribes+and+castes+of+Southern+India%28volume+3%29&rft.pages=30%2C+31&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcastestribesofso03thuriala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.K.Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_13-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFIyer1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L._K._Ananthakrishna_Iyer" title="L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer">Iyer, L.K.Anantha Krishna</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378"><i>The tribes and castes of cochin(volume 2)</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378/page/n149">103</a>–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tribes+and+castes+of+cochin%28volume+2%29&rft.pages=103-114&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=L.K.Anantha+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.108378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-S._N._Sadasivan-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S._N._Sadasivan_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSadasivan2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S._N._Sadasivan" title="S. N. Sadasivan">Sadasivan, S.N.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=kaduppattan"><i>A Social History of India</i></a>. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing. pp. 366, 367, 371. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176481700" title="Special:BookSources/9788176481700"><bdi>9788176481700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=366%2C+367%2C+371&rft.pub=A.P.H.+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788176481700&rft.aulast=Sadasivan&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBe3PCvzf-BYC%26q%3Dkaduppattan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Calicut_City_of_truth-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calicut_City_of_truth_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calicut_City_of_truth_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calicut_City_of_truth_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan" title="M. G. S. Narayanan">Narayanan, M.G.S.</a> (July 2018) [2006]. <i>Calicut:The City of truth revisited</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a>: Mathrubhumi Books. pp. 158, 159. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8267-551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8267-551-3"><bdi>978-81-8267-551-3</bdi></a>. <q>By the sixteenth century we find a class of tutors called <i>Ezhuthachans</i> attached to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kovilakam" title="Kovilakam"><i>Kovilakams</i></a> of Thampurans and the big <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tharavad" title="Tharavad"><i>tharavads</i></a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nayars</a>. They were scholars in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, staying in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nayar</a> houses. They imparted elementary education to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nayar</a> boys and girls, instructing them in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, teaching them the alphabet and telling them stories from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">puranic literature</a>. The term <i>Ezhuthachan</i> literally means 'father of language'.<br />We have a tradition to the effect that a group of people known as <i>Kadupattar</i>, who were originally <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> called Bhattacharyas, belonging to the village of Kadu in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyadesa</a>, became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">buddhists</a>, and were forced to leave the country on account of persecution. They came to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> in 1447 AD. As refugees; and the Valiya Thampuratti(Seniormost lady of the palace) took pity on them and gave them asylum. They were rehabilitated as <i>Ezhuthachans,</i> teachers of alphabet, attached to the palace and the houses of nobles. The year their arrival is expressed by a chronogram in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system"><i>kadapayaadi</i></a> style<i>-katukasteyaltyaktaah</i>-which yields the equivalent of the year AD.1447 when decoded. This tradition, cherished by the <i>Ezhuthachan</i> community, who made a livelihood by teaching in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ezhuthu_Kalari" title="Ezhuthu Kalari">Ezhuthupalli</a>, mostly attached to the palaces or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nayar</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tharavad" title="Tharavad"><i>Tharavads,</i></a> might contain some historical truth. They are treated as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra"><i>Sudras,</i></a> but unlike other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra"><i>Sudra</i></a> groups they are usually well-versed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> literature. It is quite probable that they are descended from some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> group ostracized and excommunicated on an account of some misadventure. The story of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Buddhist</a> connection need not be literally true, since any unorthodox view was labelled as 'Bauddha'-Buddhist- in the traditional society of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. The period of their arrival in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> suggested in the story is quite significant, since a school of translators of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> classics into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> appeared on the scene within a century after this. The greatest of Scribes and teachers was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchath Ramanujan Ezhuthachan</a> of the 16th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calicut%3AThe+City+of+truth+revisited&rft.place=Calicut&rft.pages=158%2C+159&rft.pub=Mathrubhumi+Books&rft.date=2018-07&rft.isbn=978-81-8267-551-3&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=M.G.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAdiga2006" class="citation book cs1">Adiga, Malini (2006) [2006]. <i>The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400-1030</i>. Chennai: Orient Longman. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-2912-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-2912-5"><bdi>81-250-2912-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Southern+Karnataka%3A+Society%2C+Polity+and+Culture+in+the+early+medieval+period%2C+AD+400-1030&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=81-250-2912-5&rft.aulast=Adiga&rft.aufirst=Malini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span>, Page 253</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212175826/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf">"Page 131, Places of Interest Gazetteer of karnataka, 1983"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/State%20Gazetteer%20Vol%202%201983/Kar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf#page=131">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Page+131%2C+Places+of+Interest+Gazetteer+of+karnataka%2C+1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazetteer.kar.nic.in%2Fgazetteer%2FState%2520Gazetteer%2520Vol%25202%25201983%2FKar_Gaz_1983_Vol2_Chapter12_Places_of_Interest.pdf%23page%3D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMoraes1931" class="citation book cs1">Moraes, George M (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/kadambakula035210mbp#page/n0/mode/2up"><i>The Kadamba Kula A history of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka</i></a>. Bombay: B X Furtado And Sons. p. 255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kadamba+Kula+A+history+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+Karnataka&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=B+X+Furtado+And+Sons&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Moraes&rft.aufirst=George+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fkadambakula035210mbp%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024157/http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf">"A Brief History of Patancheru or Pottalakere Andhra Pradesh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Andhra historical research society, XXXVI, (II - IV parts)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hiebertglobalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Andhra+historical+research+society%2C+XXXVI%2C+%28II+-+IV+parts%29&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Patancheru+or+Pottalakere+Andhra+Pradesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhiebertglobalcenter.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F03%2F6.-1977.-A-Brief-History-of-Patancheru-or-Pottalakere-Andhra-Pradesh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pandurang_Bhimarao_Desai-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pandurang_Bhimarao_Desai_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pandurang_Bhimarao_Desai_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/P._B._Desai" title="P. B. Desai">Pandurang Bhimarao Desai</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulabchand_Hirachand" title="Gulabchand Hirachand">Gulabchand Hirachand Doshi</a>,
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Jainism in South India and some Jaina Epigraphs</i>. 1957.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism+in+South+India+and+some+Jaina+Epigraphs&rft.date=1957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDwivedi1975" class="citation book cs1">Dwivedi, R.C. (1975). <i>Contribution of Jainism to Indian culture</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a> Indological Publishers and Book sellers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contribution+of+Jainism+to+Indian+culture&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Indological+Publishers+and+Book+sellers&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Dwivedi&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFStein1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, Burton</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SsKAQAAIAAJ"><i>Peasant state and society in medieval South India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 115. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195635072" title="Special:BookSources/9780195635072"><bdi>9780195635072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasant+state+and+society+in+medieval+South+India&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780195635072&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4SsKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRamasamy2003" class="citation book cs1">Ramasamy, R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ&q=kadupattigal"><i>Saptar̥ṣīśvara Temple in the Lower Kaveri Delta: A Study of History, Architecture, and Sculpture</i></a>. Book India Publishing Company. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saptar%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%C5%9Bvara+Temple+in+the+Lower+Kaveri+Delta%3A+A+Study+of+History%2C+Architecture%2C+and+Sculpture&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Book+India+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ramasamy&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZNdOAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dkadupattigal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1964" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, K. R. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ&q=kadupattigal"><i>Cave-temples of the Pallavas(Republished)</i></a>. Archaeological Survey of India. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cave-temples+of+the+Pallavas%28Republished%29&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZNdOAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dkadupattigal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNagaswamy1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R._Nagaswamy" title="R. Nagaswamy">Nagaswamy, Ramachandran</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IPXAAAAMAAJ&q=kadupattigal"><i>Tantric Cult of South India</i></a>. p. 219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Cult+of+South+India&rft.pages=219&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Nagaswamy&rft.aufirst=Ramachandran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IPXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkadupattigal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFH._Krishna_Sastri(Editor,Translator)1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/H._Krishna_Sastri" title="H. Krishna Sastri">H. Krishna Sastri(Editor,Translator), Rao Sahib</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215060124/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf"><i>The South Indian inscriptions(Vol.3)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Madras: Govt. Press Madras. p. 373. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 December 2017. <q>No.197. On the North Wall of the Central Shrine<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirumarperu" title="Thirumarperu">Manikanthesvara Temple</a> at Tirumalpuram.<br />This record, which is dated in the 13th year of Parthivendradivarman who took the head of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Vira-Pandya</a>, registers a gift of twenty-five <i>Kalanju</i> of gold marked and weighed by the standard weight(<i>dharmakattalai-tulai-nirai</i>) for burning two lamps in the temple of Siva at Tirumalperu. The assembly of Pattalam <i>alias</i> Elunurruva-chaturvedimangalam in Damar-nadu accepted the gold and agreed to maintain the two lamps from the interest thereon. It is interesting to note that the lamps were the gift of Vijjavai-Mahadeviyar or Vajjavaiyar who was related to Nandivarman Kadupattigal, perhaps, as his queen. Nandivarman Kadupattigal is clearly a Pallava name; but we cannot definitely identify the king nor fix his relationship to the ruling sovereign Parthivendradivarman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Indian+inscriptions%28Vol.3%29&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Govt.+Press+Madras&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=H.+Krishna+Sastri%28Editor%2CTranslator%29&rft.aufirst=Rao+Sahib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F03%2F99999990040081-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-3-pt-3-and-pt-4-360p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1987.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasa_Rao(Editor)1952" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasa Rao(Editor), G.V (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215073507/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf"><i>The South Indian inscriptions(Vol.13)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Madras: Govt. Press Madras. pp. 162, 186. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 December 2017. <q>Tiruppalanam, Tanjaore Talun, Tanjaore District.<br />On the South Wall of the Central Shrine, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apatsahayesvarar_Temple,_Alangudi" title="Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi">Apatsahayesvara Temple</a>.<br />This is an inscription of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aditya_I" title="Aditya I">Aditya I</a>. It is damaged in places and the portion at the end is peeled off. It records a gift of 20 <i>Kalanju</i> of gold for a perpetual lamp in the temple at Tiruppalanam in Virai-kurram, by Kadupattigal Tamarmettiyar the mother of Vayiri-Ak[kan] <i>alias</i> Tribhuvanamadeviyar the queen of Solaperumanadigal(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola king</a>). The name of the donatrix indicates that she was of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">pallava family</a> with whom the king should have contracted marriage relationship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Indian+inscriptions%28Vol.13%29&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=162%2C+186&rft.pub=Govt.+Press+Madras&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Srinivasa+Rao%28Editor%29&rft.aufirst=G.V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F03%2F99999990040483-south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-13-rao-g-v-srinivasa-230p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1952.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSircar1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">Sircar, Dineshchandra(General editor)</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/SouthIndianInscriptionsVol.17#page/n0/mode/2up/search/kadu"><i>The South Indian inscriptions(Vol. 17)</i></a>. Madras: Manager of publications, Delhi, Madras Govt. Press. pp. 212, 213, Introduction page 2. <q>No.517(A.R. No. 475-C of 1904.)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vedaranyam" title="Vedaranyam">Vedaranyam</a>, Tirutturaeippundi Taluk, Tanjore District. On the seventh pillar in the <i>mandapa</i> in front of the Tyagaraja shrine in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vedaranyeswarar_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedaranyeswarar temple">Vedaranyesvara temple</a>.<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parantaka_I" title="Parantaka I">Parantaka I</a>. Year 38:944-45 A.D.<br />This inscription records the gift of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">fly-whisk</a> coated with gold and silver, by Muttakilanadigal, the daughter of Kadupattigal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Indian+inscriptions%28Vol.+17%29&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=212%2C+213%2C+Introduction+page+2&rft.pub=Manager+of+publications%2C+Delhi%2C+Madras+Govt.+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=Dineshchandra%28General+editor%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FSouthIndianInscriptionsVol.17%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fkadu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSircar1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">Sircar, Dineshchandra(General editor)</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215075053/https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf"><i>The South Indian inscriptions(Vol. 19)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Madras: Madras Govt. Press. p. 46. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 December 2017. <q>This inscription has been published in <i>S.I.I</i> Vol. III. This is stated to be a record of all the gifts of gold made in earlier times for lamps to the temple which were now re-engraved on renovation from stones kept underground.The inscription is however left incomplete after the 4th line. Only one such item finds mention here viz. a gift made by Kadupattigal Nandippottaraiyar, obviously Pallava <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nandivarman_III" title="Nandivarman III">Nandivarman III</a>(and not Pallavamalla as supposed), for burning a lamp(after his surname) Kumaramarttanda, The authorities responsible for this reengraving viz. the assembly of Tiraimur, the <i>nagarattar</i> of Tiruvidaimarudil, the temple executives, the accountant and the manager are said to have met for their deliberation in the theatre hall of the temple, This early reference to the theatre in temples is noteworthy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Indian+inscriptions%28Vol.+19%29&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Madras+Govt.+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=Dineshchandra%28General+editor%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianhistorybooks4.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F03%2F99999990040850-south-indian-inscriptions-vol-19-gai-g-s-296p-inscriptions-south-india-english-1970.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTheodor_Hultzsch1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E._Hultzsch" title="E. Hultzsch">Theodor Hultzsch, Eugen Julius</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C4ZmKaSRLWQC&q=Kadupattigal"><i>The South Indian inscriptions(Vol. 22, Issue 1)</i></a>. Manager of Publications(Archaeological Survey of India). p. 209. <q>in the temple of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirumarperu" title="Thirumarperu">Tirumalperru-Mahadevar</a>, one on behalf of (queen?) VijjavaiMahadeviyar daughter of Vallamanar(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a>) Nandipanma-Kadupattigal, and the other on behalf of a retainer of the latter. The shepherds appointed to make the daily supply of ghee were to receive a portion of the sacred offered food from the temple.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Indian+inscriptions%28Vol.+22%2C+Issue+1%29&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Manager+of+Publications%28Archaeological+Survey+of+India%29&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Theodor+Hultzsch&rft.aufirst=Eugen+Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC4ZmKaSRLWQC%26q%3DKadupattigal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFVenkataraman_Mahalingam1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T._V._Mahalingam" title="T. V. Mahalingam">Venkataraman Mahalingam, Therazhundur</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGJmAAAAMAAJ&q=Kadupattigal"><i>A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: South Arcot District</i></a>. Indian Council of Historical Research. p. 369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Topographical+List+of+Inscriptions+in+the+Tamil+Nadu+and+Kerala+States%3A+South+Arcot+District&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Indian+Council+of+Historical+Research&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Venkataraman+Mahalingam&rft.aufirst=Therazhundur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGJmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DKadupattigal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKrishna1992" class="citation book cs1">Krishna, Nandha (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203595"><i>Kanchi A Heritage Of Arts And Religion</i></a>. The C.P.Ramaswamy Aiyar Institute of Indological Research. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203595/page/n98">78</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kanchi+A+Heritage+Of+Arts+And+Religion&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=The+C.P.Ramaswamy+Aiyar+Institute+of+Indological+Research&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Nandha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.203595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMinakshi1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C._Minakshi" title="C. Minakshi">Minakshi, Cadambi</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39468"><i>Administration And Social Life Under The Pallavas</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39468/page/n40">17</a>, 18, 47, 51, 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administration+And+Social+Life+Under+The+Pallavas&rft.pages=17%2C+18%2C+47%2C+51%2C+52&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Minakshi&rft.aufirst=Cadambi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.39468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSangave1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vilas_Adinath_Sangave" title="Vilas Adinath Sangave">Sangave, Vilas Adinath</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWdWrRGV_t8C"><i>Jain Community a social survey</i></a>. Popular Book depot Bombay. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780317123463" title="Special:BookSources/9780317123463"><bdi>9780317123463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jain+Community+a+social+survey&rft.pub=Popular+Book+depot+Bombay&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780317123463&rft.aulast=Sangave&rft.aufirst=Vilas+Adinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFWdWrRGV_t8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRosen1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steven_J._Rosen" title="Steven J. Rosen">Rosen, Steven.J.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWrXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Archeology and the Vaishnava Tradition</i></a>. Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archeology+and+the+Vaishnava+Tradition&rft.pub=Firma+KLM+Pvt.+Ltd.+Calcutta&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Steven.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWrXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFleet1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Faithfull_Fleet" title="John Faithfull Fleet">Fleet, John Faithfull</a> (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dynastieskanare00fleegoog"><i>Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts</i></a>. Bombay Govt. Central press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynasties+of+the+Kanarese+Districts&rft.pub=Bombay+Govt.+Central+press&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=John+Faithfull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdynastieskanare00fleegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-K.V.Krishna_Iyer-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K.V.Krishna_Iyer_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFIyer1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K._V._Krishna_Iyer" title="K. V. Krishna Iyer">Iyer, K.V.Krishna</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54985/2015.54985.Zamorins-Of-Calicut-From-The-Earliest-Times-Down-To-Ad-1806#page/n61/mode/2up/search/kadu"><i>Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to A D 1806</i></a>. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau. p. 51. <q>The (Kali day) of their arrival is expressed by the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chrono-gram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrono-gram (page does not exist)">chrono-gram</a> Ka-tu-ka-ste-yal-tya-ktah(കടുകസ്തയാൽത്യക്തഃ)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zamorins+of+Calicut%3A+From+the+earliest+times+to+A+D+1806&rft.place=Calicut&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Norman+Printing+Bureau&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=K.V.Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.54985%2F2015.54985.Zamorins-Of-Calicut-From-The-Earliest-Times-Down-To-Ad-1806%23page%2Fn61%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fkadu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-P.C.M.Raja-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P.C.M.Raja_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P.C.M.Raja_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRaja_B.A.L.T" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Raja B.A.L.T, P. C. M. <i>sāmūtiriyum kōḻikkōṭum</i> <bdi lang="ml">സാമൂതിരിയും കോഴിക്കോടും</bdi>. p. 298. <q>ഭാഷയിലും വേഷഭൂഷാദികളിലും മറ്റും ഇവർ തനി മലയാളികളാണെങ്കിലും മക്കത്തായികളും ഏതാണ്ട് തമിഴാചാരങ്ങൾ കൈക്കൊള്ളുന്നവരുമാണ്. 1442 ന്നടുത്ത് അഭയാർഥികളായി തമിഴ്നാട്ടിൽ നിന്നു വന്ന ഇവർക്ക് രക്ഷയും എഴുത്തച്ഛസ്ഥാനവും കൊടുത്തിരുത്തിയത് സാമൂതിരിയാണ്. കടു(കടുസ്സ) ഭട്ടന്മാരാകയാൽ ഇവരെ കടുപ്പട്ടന്മാർ എന്നു വിളിച്ചു.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=s%C4%81m%C5%ABtiriyum+k%C5%8D%E1%B8%BBikk%C5%8D%E1%B9%ADum+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82&rft.pages=298&rft.aulast=Raja+B.A.L.T&rft.aufirst=P.+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kottarathil_Shankunni-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kottarathil_Shankunni_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kottarathil_Shankunni_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kottarathil_Shankunni_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSankunni" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kottarathil_Sankunni" title="Kottarathil Sankunni">Sankunni, Kottarathil</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ml.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC"><i>aitihyamāla, cemprayeḻuttacchanmāra</i> <bdi lang="ml">ഐതിഹ്യമാല, ചെമ്പ്രയെഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=aitihyam%C4%81la%2C+cempraye%E1%B8%BButtacchanm%C4%81ra+%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%2C+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC&rft.aulast=Sankunni&rft.aufirst=Kottarathil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fml.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B4%2590%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B9%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B2%2F%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B5%2586%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%2586%25E0%25B4%25B4%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259B%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B5%25BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRajendu2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Rajendu, S. (February 2015). <i>vaḷḷuvanāṭ granthavari</i> <bdi lang="ml">വള്ളുവനാട് ഗ്രന്ഥവരി</bdi>. Calicut: K. Sankaranarayanan, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a>. p. 91. <q>ഓല - 65 പുറം - 1(ബാക്കി)<br />പുതിയ പണം 5-ം ഇനിക്ക തന്ന ... യും ... ള്ളതില് ... ത്തില് രാമന്മെനൊനും ഊരംകൊടീല് കുഞ്ചു എഴുത്തച്ചനും സാക്ഷിയാകെ 1008 -ാമത മെട മാസം 18-ന എഴുതിയത -</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=va%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uvan%C4%81%E1%B9%AD+granthavari+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF&rft.place=Calicut&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=K.+Sankaranarayanan%2C+Perinthalmanna&rft.date=2015-02&rft.aulast=Rajendu&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRajendu2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Rajendu, S. (February 2015). <i>vaḷḷuvanāṭ granthavari</i> <bdi lang="ml">വള്ളുവനാട് ഗ്രന്ഥവരി</bdi>. Calicut: K. Sankaranarayanan, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a>. pp. 96, 97. <q>ഓല - 74 പുറം - 1<br />- പെരുന്തൽമണ്ണ ദേശത്തിരിക്കും കടുപട്ടൻ മാരെങ്ങൻ നീലകണ്ഠൻ എഴുതിയ മുറി - വെട്ടമണ്ണ ഗോവിന്ദമേനോനച്ചൻ വായിച്ച തമ്പുരാനെ ഉണർത്തിക്കെണ്ടും കാർയ്യം - എന്നാൽ കടന്നമണ്ണ കൊവിലകം ചെരിക്കല്ല ജെന്മം മെപ്പടി ദെശത്തെ അടിയത്ത ഗൊവിന്നൻ നായരൊടെ എണക്ക പിടിച്ച വക ആൽക്കൽ വടക്കെതിൽ കുടിയിരുപ്പ 22 പണം കാണമായും അർത്ഥപലിശയും സർക്കാരനികുതിയുംകഴിച്ച കൊല്ലം 16 ...പണം പൊറപ്പാടായും കൊല്ലം 1024 ആ<br />ഓല - 74 പുറം - 2<br />മത മകരമാസം 3 -ന പൊളിച്ചെഴുതി ചാർത്തി തിരുവെഴുത്ത വാങ്ങിയിട്ടുള്ളതിന്മെല് മെൽപ്രകാരം പൊറപ്പാട പണം ഒന്നും കാലം ന്തോറും പണ്ടാരത്തിൽ കൊണ്ടുവന്നതന്ന തിരുവെഴുത്ത വാങ്ങിക്കൊള്ളുന്നതും ഉണ്ട - ഇതിന്ന പാലൊള്ളി മനക്കൽ നമ്പൂതിരിയും കരുമത്തിൽ വെലുനായരും സാക്ഷിയായി 1024 ആമത മകരം 3 - ന എഴുതിയത -</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=va%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uvan%C4%81%E1%B9%AD+granthavari+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF&rft.place=Calicut&rft.pages=96%2C+97&rft.pub=K.+Sankaranarayanan%2C+Perinthalmanna&rft.date=2015-02&rft.aulast=Rajendu&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Akhila_Kerala_Ezhuthachan_Samajam-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akhila_Kerala_Ezhuthachan_Samajam_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akhila_Kerala_Ezhuthachan_Samajam_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akhila_Kerala_Ezhuthachan_Samajam_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022453/http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/aboutus.php">"Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/aboutus.php">the original</a> on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Akhila+Kerala+Ezhuthachan+Samajam+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezhuthachansamajam.com%2Faboutus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020012545/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/article-malayalam-news-1.611752">"Vidhyarambha charithram"</a>. <i>Manorama online</i>. 18 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/weekend/article-malayalam-news-1.611752">the original</a> on 20 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manorama+online&rft.atitle=Vidhyarambha+charithram&rft.date=2015-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathrubhumi.com%2Ffeatures%2Fweekend%2Farticle-malayalam-news-1.611752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-jstor.org-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3629883">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3629883</a> The Internal Structure of the Nayar Caste, C. J. Fuller</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFawcett1915" class="citation book cs1">Fawcett, F. (1915) [1901]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/nayarsofmalabarv032656mbp#page/n11/mode/2up/search/187"><i>Nâyars of Malabar</i></a>. Madras: Printed by the Superintendent, Government press. p. 187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C3%A2yars+of+Malabar&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Printed+by+the+Superintendent%2C+Government+press.&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnayarsofmalabarv032656mbp%23page%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2F187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFThurston1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edgar_Thurston" title="Edgar Thurston">Thurston, Edgar</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/castestribesofso02thuriala#page/208/mode/2up/search/kadup"><i>Tribes and castes of Southern India(volume 2)</i></a>. p. 209. <q>Eluttacchan.— Eluttacchan or Ezhuttacchan, meaning teacher or master of learning, is the name for educated Kadupattans of Malabar employed as schoolmasters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribes+and+castes+of+Southern+India%28volume+2%29&rft.pages=209&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcastestribesofso02thuriala%23page%2F208%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fkadup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-K.P.Padhmanabha_Menon-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K.P.Padhmanabha_Menon_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMenon" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K.P.Padhmanabha_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="K.P.Padhmanabha Menon">Menon, K.P.Padhmanabha</a>. <i>History of Kerala(Vol 3)</i>. p. 243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kerala%28Vol+3%29&rft.pages=243&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=K.P.Padhmanabha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kanippayyur-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kanippayyur_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNamboodiripad1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanippayyur_Shankaran_Namboodiripad" title="Kanippayyur Shankaran Namboodiripad">Namboodiripad, Kanippayyur Shankaran</a> (1962) [December 2015]. <i>nāyanmāruṭe pūrvvacaritr̲aṃ (bhāgam 1)</i> <bdi lang="ml">നായന്മാരുടെ പൂർവ്വചരിത്രം (ഭാഗം 1)</bdi> (5 ed.). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a>: Panchangam books. p. 184. <q>നാട്ടെഴുത്തശ്ശാന്മാരായിരുന്നു കുട്ടികളെ വിദ്യ അഭ്യസിപ്പിച്ചിരുന്നത്. അതിന്നായി വലിയ തറവാടുകളിൽ തറവാട്ടുചിലവിന്മേൽ എഴുത്തശ്ശന്മാരെ പാർപ്പിക്കും കുട്ടികൾക്കു ഈ എഴുത്തശ്ശന്മാരെ വലിയ ഭക്തിയും ഭയവുമായിരുന്നു. കുട്ടികളെ പഠിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിന്നു പുറമെ മറ്റു വല്ല ജോലിക്കും എഴുത്തശ്ശന്മാരെ നിയോഗിക്കുക അസാധാരണമായിരുന്നില്ല.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=n%C4%81yanm%C4%81ru%E1%B9%ADe+p%C5%ABrvvacaritr%CC%B2a%E1%B9%83+%28bh%C4%81gam+1%29+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82+%28%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82+1%29&rft.place=Kunnamkulam%2C+Thrissur&rft.pages=184&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Panchangam+books&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Namboodiripad&rft.aufirst=Kanippayyur+Shankaran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJervoise_Athelstane_Baines1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jervoise_Athelstane_Baines" title="Jervoise Athelstane Baines">Jervoise Athelstane Baines, Sir</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ethnographycaste00bainuoft#page/70"><i>Ethnography (castes and tribes)</i></a>. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner. p. 70<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>Whilst the Uppiliyan and Kaduppattan, originally of the same trade, have added the profession of hedge-school keeping to their means of subsistence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnography+%28castes+and+tribes%29&rft.place=Strassburg&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Karl+J.+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Jervoise+Athelstane+Baines&rft.aufirst=Sir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fethnographycaste00bainuoft%23page%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGundert1872" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_Gundert" title="Hermann Gundert">Gundert, Hermann</a> (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog"><i>A Malayalam and English Dictionary</i></a>. Mangalore: C. Stolz for Basel Mission Book Tract Depository. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog/page/n230">194</a>. <q>കടുപ്പട്ടർ a caste of embalers and carriers(=കുടുമ്പർ), below vāṇiyar; also schoolmasters(loc.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Malayalam+and+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Mangalore&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=C.+Stolz+for+Basel+Mission+Book+Tract+Depository&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Gundert&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famalayalamanden00gundgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGuptan2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Guptan, E. P. Bhaskara (2013) [2004]. <i>dēśāyanam(dēśacaritrakathakaḷa)</i> <bdi lang="ml">ദേശായനം(ദേശചരിത്രകഥകൾ)</bdi> (2 ed.). Samabhavini Books, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kadampazhipuram" title="Kadampazhipuram">Kadampazhipuram</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a>. p. 48. <q>ക്ഷേത്രങ്ങളിലേക്കാവശ്യമായ ശുദ്ധമായ എള്ളെണ്ണ നൽകുന്നത് കടുപ്പട്ടന്മാരുടെ അവകാശമായിരുന്നു. നല്ല മിനുസവാകപ്പൊടിയും ഇവർ തയ്യാറാക്കിയിരുന്നു, വാകച്ചാർത്തിനും മറ്റും ഉപയോഗിക്കുവാൻ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=d%C4%93%C5%9B%C4%81yanam%28d%C4%93%C5%9Bacaritrakathaka%E1%B8%B7a%29+%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82%28%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE%29&rft.pages=48&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Samabhavini+Books%2C+Kadampazhipuram%2C+Palakkad&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Guptan&rft.aufirst=E.+P.+Bhaskara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/165316/1/10%20%20chapter%204%20smitha%20j.pdf">"The Contribution of Punnasseri Kalari to Kerala Culture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shodhganga" title="Shodhganga">Shodhganga:a reservoir of Indian theses</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Contribution+of+Punnasseri+Kalari+to+Kerala+Culture&rft.pub=Shodhganga%3Aa+reservoir+of+Indian+theses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F165316%2F1%2F10%2520%2520chapter%25204%2520smitha%2520j.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNath" class="citation journal cs1">Nath, Baiju K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216035059/http://www.academia.edu/26736651/HISTORY_OF_AYYAPPAN_EZHUTHACHAN_AIDED_UPPER_PRIMARY_BASIC_SCHOOL">"Dr.BAIJU K.NATH Assistant Professor Dept. of Education University of Calicut and Divya.K.T M.Ed(2014-2015)Batch, 'History of Ayyappan Ezhuthachan Aided upper primary school'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26736651">the original</a> on 16 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dr.BAIJU+K.NATH+Assistant+Professor+Dept.+of+Education+University+of+Calicut+and+Divya.K.T+M.Ed%282014-2015%29Batch%2C+%27History+of+Ayyappan+Ezhuthachan+Aided+upper+primary+school%27&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=Baiju+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26736651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRajendu2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Rajendu, S. (January 2017). <i>maisūr paṭayōṭṭam - irunnūṟṟiyanpat varṣaṅṅaḷ</i> <bdi lang="ml">മൈസൂര് പടയോട്ടം - ഇരുന്നൂറ്റിയന്പത് വര്ഷങ്ങള്</bdi>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>: Vallathol vidyapeetham, Sukapuram, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a>. p. 47. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83570-66-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83570-66-9"><bdi>978-93-83570-66-9</bdi></a>. <q>പടയോട്ടങ്ങളെ തുടര്ന്നുള്ള ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് നിയമവ്യവസ്ഥയുടെ അവതരണം ഏതാണ്ടു നൂറുവര്ഷത്തിലധികം നീണ്ടുനില്ക്കുന്ന സാമ്പത്തിക-സാമൂഹ്യ അരക്ഷിതാവസ്ഥയിലേക്ക് വലിയൊരു വിഭാഗം കേരളജനതയെ തള്ളിവിട്ടു. ജനങ്ങളില് നായന്മാര്ക്കും ഈഴവര്ക്കും മറ്റും ആധൂനിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിനു അവസരമുണ്ടാവുകയും ചിലര് അധികാരികളും മേനോന്മാരുമായി ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഭരണത്തില് പങ്കാളികളാവുകയും ചെയ്തു. എ.ഡി. 1850-നടുത്ത് എഴുത്തച്ഛന് സമുദായത്തിന്റെ നേതൃത്വത്തില് വള്ളുവനാട്ടിലും നെടുങ്ങനാട്ടിലും താഴെത്തട്ടിലുള്ള ജനങ്ങള്ക്കായി അനേകം സ്കൂളുകള് സ്ഥാപിക്കപ്പെട്ടു.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=mais%C5%ABr+pa%E1%B9%ADay%C5%8D%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADam+-+irunn%C5%AB%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fiyanpat+var%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%85%E1%B9%85a%E1%B8%B7+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82+-+%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D&rft.place=Malappuram&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Vallathol+vidyapeetham%2C+Sukapuram%2C+Edappal&rft.date=2017-01&rft.isbn=978-93-83570-66-9&rft.aulast=Rajendu&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFM2019" class="citation thesis cs1">M, Manoj Dathan (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715064417/http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/02.08.2019.pdf"><i>Socio Economic Condition of Ezhuthachan Community In Kerala</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Survey Research). International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Management Studies (IJAHMS). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijahms.com/upcomingissue/02.08.2019.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Socio+Economic+Condition+of+Ezhuthachan+Community+In+Kerala&rft.inst=International+Journal+of+Arts%2C+Humanities+and+Management+Studies+%28IJAHMS%29&rft.date=2019-07&rft.aulast=M&rft.aufirst=Manoj+Dathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijahms.com%2Fupcomingissue%2F02.08.2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180727114957/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ezhuthachans-contributions-recalled/article14955913.ece">"Ezhuthachan's contributions recalled - KERALA - The Hindu"</a>. <i>The Hindu online</i>. 21 March 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ezhuthachans-contributions-recalled/article14955913.ece">the original</a> on 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+online&rft.atitle=Ezhuthachan%27s+contributions+recalled+-+KERALA+-+The+Hindu&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-kerala%2FEzhuthachans-contributions-recalled%2Farticle14955913.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Thunchath_Ezhuthachan_College-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thunchath_Ezhuthachan_College_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422152411/http://www.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com/">"Thunchath Ezhuthachan College Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com/">the original</a> on 22 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thunchath+Ezhuthachan+College+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thunchathezhuthachancollege.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217093402/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/palakkad-gets-its-first-law-college/article6487350.ece">"Palakkad gets its first law college"</a>. <i>The Hindu online</i>. 13 May 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/palakkad-gets-its-first-law-college/article6487350.ece">the original</a> on 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+online&rft.atitle=Palakkad+gets+its+first+law+college&rft.date=2004-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-kerala%2Fpalakkad-gets-its-first-law-college%2Farticle6487350.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ezhuthachan_samudhaya_trust-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ezhuthachan_samudhaya_trust_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815130653/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/--1.257988">"എഴുത്തച്ഛന് ട്രസ്റ്റ് വിജയികളെ അനുമോദിക്കും"</a>. <i>Mathrubhumi online</i>. 29 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/--1.257988">the original</a> on 15 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathrubhumi+online&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathrubhumi.com%2Fpalakkad%2Fnews%2F--1.257988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBurnell1878" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_Coke_Burnell" title="Arthur Coke Burnell">Burnell, Arthur Coke</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SouthIndianPalaeographyAcBurnell1878"><i>Elements of South Indian Paleography</i></a> (Second enlarged and improved ed.). Trubner and Co., 57 & 59 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ludgate_Hill" title="Ludgate Hill">Ludgate Hill</a>, London. p. 42. <q>The application of the Arya-eluttu to the vernacular Malayalam was the work of a low-caste man who goes under the name of Tunjatta Eluttacchan, a native of Trikkandi-yur in the present district of Malabar. He lived in the seventeenth century, but his real name is forgotten; Tunjatta being his 'house' or family-name, and Eluttacchan(=schoolmaster) indicating his caste.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+South+Indian+Paleography&rft.pages=42&rft.edition=Second+enlarged+and+improved&rft.pub=Trubner+and+Co.%2C+57+%26+59+Ludgate+Hill%2C+London&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Burnell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Coke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSouthIndianPalaeographyAcBurnell1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/220116/top-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html">"Top award denied after pressure: C Radhakrishnan"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle online</a></i>. 22 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180305154550/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/220116/top-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle+online&rft.atitle=Top+award+denied+after+pressure%3A+C+Radhakrishnan&rft.date=2016-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fcurrent-affairs%2F220116%2Ftop-award-denied-after-pressure-c-radhakrishnan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.madhyamam.com/literature/literature-articles/2016/feb/09/177028">"എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ പുരസ്കാര നിർണയത്തിൽ സി.രാധാകൃഷ്ണനെ തഴഞ്ഞതെന്തിന്?"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madhyamam" title="Madhyamam">Madhyamam</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madhyamam&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B5%BB+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0+%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.madhyamam.com%2Fliterature%2Fliterature-articles%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F09%2F177028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/21/148817.html">"സി രാധാകൃഷ്ണനെതിരെ അഖില കേരള എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ സമാജത്തിന്റെ പ്രതിഷേധം"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reporter_TV" title="Reporter TV">Reporter online</a></i>. 21 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180305155107/http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/21/148817.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reporter+online&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2+%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B5%BB+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82&rft.date=2014-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reporterlive.com%2F2014%2F12%2F21%2F148817.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKurup2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K._Balakrishna_Kurup" title="K. Balakrishna Kurup">Kurup, K. Balakrishna</a> (January 2000) [May 1998]. <a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" class="extiw" title="ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ"><i>Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ</i> <bdi lang="ml">വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ</bdi></a> (2 ed.). Calicut: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi Publications</a>. p. 33. <q>ചിറ്റൂരിൽ ആശ്രമം സ്ഥാപിച്ചു അന്തേവാസികളോടൊപ്പം കഴിഞ്ഞുകൂടിയ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ രാമാനുജൻ എന്ന പേരിൽ പ്രശസ്തനായിത്തീർന്നു .(രാമാനുജ സെക്റ്റിൽ പെട്ടവർ രാമാനുജൻ എന്നു വിളിക്കപ്പെടുന്നതു സാധാരണമായിരുന്നു. അയ്യപ്പ സെക്റ്റിലോ, കൾട്ടിലോ പെട്ടവർ അയ്യപ്പന്മാർ എന്നു അറിയപ്പെടുന്നതുപോലെ.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81sattinte+K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81ppu%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B9%85%E1%B9%85a%E1%B8%B7+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE&rft.place=Calicut&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Mathrubhumi+Publications&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Kurup&rft.aufirst=K.+Balakrishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKurup2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K._Balakrishna_Kurup" title="K. Balakrishna Kurup">Kurup, K. Balakrishna</a> (January 2000) [May 1998]. <a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" class="extiw" title="ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ"><i>Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ</i> <bdi lang="ml">വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ</bdi></a> (2 ed.). Calicut: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi Publications</a>. p. 34. <q>അദ്ദേഹം ജനിച്ച സ്ഥലത്തിന്നു തുഞ്ചൻപറമ്പ് എന്നാണ് ഇപ്പോഴും പേർ പറഞ്ഞുവരുന്നത്. എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ പേർ തുഞ്ചൻ എന്നായിരുന്നില്ലെങ്കിൽ 'തുഞ്ചൻപറമ്പ്' 'തുഞ്ചത്തുപറമ്പ്' എന്നറിയപ്പെടുമായിരുന്നു.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81sattinte+K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81ppu%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B9%85%E1%B9%85a%E1%B8%B7+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE&rft.place=Calicut&rft.pages=34&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Mathrubhumi+Publications&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Kurup&rft.aufirst=K.+Balakrishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKurup2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K._Balakrishna_Kurup" title="K. Balakrishna Kurup">Kurup, K. Balakrishna</a> (January 2000) [May 1998]. <a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" class="extiw" title="ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ"><i>Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ</i> <bdi lang="ml">വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ</bdi></a> (2 ed.). Calicut: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi Publications</a>. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81sattinte+K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81ppu%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B9%85%E1%B9%85a%E1%B8%B7+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE&rft.place=Calicut&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Mathrubhumi+Publications&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Kurup&rft.aufirst=K.+Balakrishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span>"മലബാർ ഭാഗത്ത് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ പ്രചാരണത്തിൽ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻമാർ മുന്നിട്ടിറങ്ങിയപ്പോൾ തിരുവിതാംകൂർ ഭാഗത്തു ഗണകന്മാർ ആ ദൗത്യം നിർവഹിച്ചു. എഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ വട്ടെഴുത്ത് പ്രചരിപ്പിച്ചതു മൂലവും മലയാളത്തിലെ രാമായണാദി ഗ്രന്ഥങ്ങൾ വട്ടെഴുത്തിൽ(ഗ്രന്ഥാക്ഷരത്തിൽ-)എഴുതപ്പെട്ടത് മൂലവുമാവാം തുഞ്ചത്തെഴുത്തച്ഛനാണ് മലയാളഭാഷയുടെ പിതാവ് എന്ന് പറഞ്ഞുവരാൻ ഇടയായത്. ഭക്തി പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ പ്രേരണക്ക് വിധേയമായി രാമായണമെഴുതിയ കണ്ണശ്ശൻ ഗണകവംശത്തിലും(പണിക്കർ) അധ്യാത്മരാമായണം രചിച്ച തുഞ്ചൻ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ വംശത്തിലും പെട്ടവരായിരുന്നുവെന്നത് യാദൃശ്ചിക സംഭവമല്ല."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKurup2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K._Balakrishna_Kurup" title="K. Balakrishna Kurup">Kurup, K. Balakrishna</a> (January 2000) [May 1998]. <a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" class="extiw" title="ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ"><i>Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ</i> <bdi lang="ml">വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ</bdi></a> (2 ed.). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi Publications</a>. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81sattinte+K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81ppu%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B9%85%E1%B9%85a%E1%B8%B7+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Mathrubhumi+Publications&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Kurup&rft.aufirst=K.+Balakrishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span>
"അദ്ദേഹം(എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ) ബ്രഹ്മചാരിയായിരുന്നു എന്ന് ഒരുകൂട്ടരും ഗൃഹസ്ഥാശ്രമി ആയിരുന്നുവെന്ന് മറ്റൊരു കൂട്ടരും വിശ്വസിക്കുന്നു. ഗൃഹസ്ഥാശ്രമി ആയിരുന്നുവെന്നതിന്നു അനുകൂലമായ സാഹചര്യതെളിവുകളൊന്നും കാണാനില്ല മറിച്ച് സന്യാസ ജീവിതമാണ് എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ നയിച്ചിരുന്നതെന്നതിന്ന് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റ ചിറ്റൂരിലെ ആശ്രമവും അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ കവിതകളിലെ ധാരാളം പ്രയോഗങ്ങളും സാക്ഷ്യം വഹിക്കുന്നു.
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>ഇന്ദ്രിയനിഗ്രഹമുള്ള പുരുഷന്നു
വന്നുകൂടും നിജസൗഖ്യങ്ങളോക്കവേ</p></blockquote>
<p>എന്നും
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>സത്സംഗംകൊണ്ടു ലഭിച്ചീടിന ഭക്തിയോടും
</p><p>തൽസേവാരതന്മാരാം മാനുഷർ മെല്ലെ മെല്ലെ
ത്വന്മയാരചിതമാം സംസാരപാരാവാരം
തന്മറുകരയേറിടുന്നു കാലം കൊണ്ടേ
ത്വൽജ്ഞാനപരന്മാരാം മാനുഷ ജനങ്ങൾക്കു-
</p><p>
ള്ള ജ്ഞാനം നീക്കുവൊരു സല്ഗുരു ലഭിച്ചിടും</p></blockquote>
<p>എന്നും പറയുന്ന എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ അധ്യാത്മകാചാര്യപദവിയിൽ ശിഷ്യഗണങ്ങൾക്കു ഉപദേശം നല്കിക്കൊണ്ടു ജീവിച്ചുവെന്നുതന്നെ കരുതാം.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>ഭക്തി സംയുക്തന്മാരാം യോഗീന്ദ്രന്മാർക്കു നൂനം
ഹസ്തസംസ്ഥിതിയല്ലോ മുക്തിയെന്നറിഞ്ഞാലും</p></blockquote> എന്നും
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>രമിച്ചുവസിച്ചോളം വിരക്തിവരുമെന്ന-
തൊരുത്തൻ ധരിക്കേണ്ട വർധിക്കും ദിനം പ്രതി</p></blockquote>
<p>എന്നു രാമായണത്തിലും
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>സേവിച്ചോളവും നന്നായ് വർധിച്ചു വരും കാമം</p></blockquote>
<p>എന്ന് ഭാരതത്തിലും എഴുതിയ മഹാത്മാവ് ഗൃഹസ്ഥാശ്രമിയായിരിക്കാനിടയില്ല എന്നേ പറയാൻ വയ്ക്കു."
</p>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGuptan2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Guptan, E. P. Bhaskara (2013) [2004]. <i>dēśāyanam(dēśacaritrakathakaḷa)</i> <bdi lang="ml">ദേശായനം(ദേശചരിത്രകഥകൾ)</bdi> (2 ed.). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kadampazhipuram" title="Kadampazhipuram">Kadampazhipuram</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a>: Samabhavini Books. p. 47. <q>തുഞ്ചൻ കടുപ്പട്ടഎഴുത്തച്ഛനായിരുന്നുവെന്ന് ശ്രീ. കെ.ബാലകൃഷ്ണക്കുറുപ്പ് വാദിക്കുന്നു. ആചാര്യൻ ചക്കാലനായർ വിഭാഗമായിരുന്നുവെന്നാണ് പണ്ട് പരക്കെ ധരിച്ചിരുന്നത്. അങ്ങനെയായിരുന്നാൽ പോലും അദ്ദേഹം ജനിതകമായി കടുപ്പട്ടഎഴുത്തച്ഛനല്ല എന്ന് വന്നുകൂടുന്നില്ല.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=d%C4%93%C5%9B%C4%81yanam%28d%C4%93%C5%9Bacaritrakathaka%E1%B8%B7a%29+%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82%28%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE%29&rft.place=Kadampazhipuram%2C+Palakkad&rft.pages=47&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Samabhavini+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Guptan&rft.aufirst=E.+P.+Bhaskara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904082457/https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm">"Ezhuthachan opposed social evils: Vysakhan"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 3 January 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm">the original</a> on 4 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Ezhuthachan+opposed+social+evils%3A+Vysakhan&rft.date=2005-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2F2005%2F01%2F03%2Fstories%2F2005010306150300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan" title="M. G. S. Narayanan">Narayanan, M. G. S</a> (2017). <i>kēraḷaṁ caritravaḻiyile veḷiccaṅṅaḷ</i> <bdi lang="ml">കേരളം ചരിത്രവഴിയിലെ വെളിച്ചങ്ങൾ</bdi>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>: Sahithya pravarthaka co-operative society. p. 106. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-87439-08-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-87439-08-5"><bdi>978-93-87439-08-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=k%C4%93ra%E1%B8%B7a%E1%B9%81+caritrava%E1%B8%BBiyile+ve%E1%B8%B7icca%E1%B9%85%E1%B9%85a%E1%B8%B7+%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE&rft.place=Kottayam%2C+Kerala&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Sahithya+pravarthaka+co-operative+society&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-93-87439-08-5&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=M.+G.+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><br /><i>നാണമെന്നിയെ മുദാ നാവിന്മേൽ നടനംചെയ്-</i><br />
<i>കേണാങ്കാനനേ യഥാ കാനനേ ദിഗംബരൻ</i></p></blockquote> എന്നു പ്രാർത്ഥിക്കുന്നതിൽ നിന്ന് അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">എഴുത്തച്ഛന്</a>) കാടുകളിൽ ജീവിക്കുന്ന <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">ദിഗംബരന്മാരായ</a> ജൈനമുനിമാരെപ്പറ്റി അറിവുണ്ടായിരുന്നുവെന്ന് അനുമാനിക്കാം.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKurup2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K._Balakrishna_Kurup" title="K. Balakrishna Kurup">Kurup, K. Balakrishna</a> (January 2000) [May 1998]. <a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" class="extiw" title="ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ"><i>Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ</i> <bdi lang="ml">വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ</bdi></a> (2 ed.). Calicut: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi Publications</a>. pp. 15–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81sattinte+K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81ppu%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B9%85%E1%B9%85a%E1%B8%B7+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86+%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE&rft.place=Calicut&rft.pages=15-40&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Mathrubhumi+Publications&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Kurup&rft.aufirst=K.+Balakrishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFIyer1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L._K._Ananthakrishna_Iyer" title="L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer">Iyer, L.K.Anantha Krishna</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378"><i>The tribes and castes of cochin(volume 2)</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108378/page/n149">103</a>–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tribes+and+castes+of+cochin%28volume+2%29&rft.pages=103-114&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=L.K.Anantha+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.108378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEzhuthachan+%28caste%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VishwasathinteKanappurangal_201809">Read Viśvāsattinte Kāṇāppuṟaṅṅaḷ(വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ezhuthachansamajam.com/">Akhila Kerala Ezhuthachan Samajam Website</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ezhuthachanscaste.blogspot.com/">Articles about Thunchathth Ezhuthachan's caste</a></li></ul></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1648405946 |