Examine individual changes

'@@ -6,14 +6,15 @@ | alma_mater = [[University of Manchester]] <br> [[Paterson Institute for Cancer Research]] }} -'''Lindy Durrant''' is a British immunologist who is Professor of Cancer Immunotherapy and Chief Scientific Office of Scancell Ltd. She developed a panel of [[Monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]], recognised tumour associated glycans, and pioneered a novel antibody engineering technology to enhance the avidity of monoclonal antibodies and new antibody engineering technologies. Her research has been used for anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies. +'''Lindy Durrant''' is a British immunologist who is Professor of Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of Nottingham and Chief Scientific Officer and Chief Executive Officer of the UK AIM listed biotech company Scancell Ltd. Durrants work focusses on harnessing the immune system to treat cancer and infectious disease. Across her career Durrant has developed a panel of [[Monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]] which recognise tumour associated [[Glycan|glycans]], pioneered novel antibody engineering technology to enhance the avidity of monoclonal antibodies as well as developed a number of different cancer vaccine platforms to target cancers such as [[melanoma]], [[Triple-negative breast cancer|triple negative breast cancer]], [[head and neck cancer]] amongst others. == Early life and education == {{no refs|section|date=April 2022}} -Durrant was an undergraduate student at the [[University of Manchester]], where she studied biochemistry. She moved to the medical school, where she started working on cancer chemotherapy at the [[Paterson Institute for Cancer Research]]. After earning her doctorate, she was appointed as a postdoctoral scholar. +Durrant was an undergraduate student at the [[University of Manchester]], where she studied biochemistry. She moved to the medical school, where she started working on cancer chemotherapy at the [[Paterson Institute for Cancer Research]]. == Research and career == -In 1981, Durrant joined the [[University of Nottingham]]. Durrant founded the company Scancell in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMPANY - Scancell |url=https://www.scancell.co.uk/company |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.scancell.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-01 |title=From flying taxis to painless vaccines: seven businesses to watch this year |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/jan/01/from-flying-taxis-to-painless-vaccines-seven-businesses-to-watch-this-year |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Scancell has developed a [[DNA vaccine]] platform that can stimulate [[T cell]]s which kills tumour cells. Durrant has developed two vaccine platforms, ImmunoBody^TM and Moditope^TM. These vaccines induce killer [[CD8]] T cells and [[Cytotoxicity|cytotoxic]] [[CD4+ T cells and antitumor immunity|CD4 T cells]]. ImmunoBody^TM has been successfully used to treat patients with melanoma.{{cn|date=April 2022}} +In 1983, Durrant joined the [[University of Nottingham]] as a postdoctoral scientist and continues to work at the University. She now holds the position of Professor of Cancer Immunotherapy as well as heading up the Nottingham University Therapeutic Antibody Centre (NUTAC) which produces monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. In 1997 Durrant founded the company Scancell - a biotechnology company focussed on harnessing the immune system to treat cancer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMPANY - Scancell |url=https://www.scancell.co.uk/company |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.scancell.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-01 |title=From flying taxis to painless vaccines: seven businesses to watch this year |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/jan/01/from-flying-taxis-to-painless-vaccines-seven-businesses-to-watch-this-year |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Through her work at Scancell, Durrant has gone on to develop two separate platforms to treat cancer through the stimulation of [[T cell|T cells]] to kill tumour cells. Firstly, a modular [[DNA vaccine]] platform ImmunoBody^TM which was successfully trialled in melanoma (see [[SCIB1]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=ClinicalTrials.gov |title=SCIB1 clinical trial. |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04079166}}</ref> as well as a peptide based cancer vaccine Moditope^TM which targets stress-induced [[post-translational modification]]<nowiki/>s<ref>{{Cite web |title=MODI-1 Clinical Trial |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05329532?term=scancell&draw=2&rank=1}}</ref>. Both of these vaccines harness the immune system by inducing killer [[CD8]] T cells and [[Cytotoxicity|cytotoxic]] [[CD4+ T cells and antitumor immunity|CD4 T cells]] to clear cancer cells from the body. She has also developed a number of different monoclonal antibodies which target tumour associated glycans<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tivadar |first=Silvana T. |last2=McIntosh |first2=Richard S. |last3=Chua |first3=Jia Xin |last4=Moss |first4=Robert |last5=Parsons |first5=Tina |last6=Zaitoun |first6=Abed M. |last7=Madhusudan |first7=Srinivasan |last8=Durrant |first8=Lindy G. |last9=Vankemmelbeke |first9=Mireille |date=2020-03 |title=Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Sialyl-di-Lewisa-Containing Internalizing and Noninternalizing Glycoproteins with Cancer Immunotherapy Development Potential |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31871270/#:~:text=Immunotherapy%20Development%20Potential-,Monoclonal%20Antibody%20Targeting%20Sialyl-di-Lewis%20a-Containing%20Internalizing,:%2010.1158/1535-7163. |journal=Molecular Cancer Therapeutics |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=790–801 |doi=10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-19-0221 |issn=1538-8514 |pmid=31871270}}</ref>, as well as identifying unique sequence residues in the [[Fragment crystallizable region|Fc region]] that enable monoclonal antibodies to self-associate upon target recognition, resulting in more potent, high avidity antibodies<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vankemmelbeke |first=Mireille |last2=McIntosh |first2=Richard S. |last3=Chua |first3=Jia Xin |last4=Kirk |first4=Thomas |last5=Daniels |first5=Ian |last6=Patsalidou |first6=Marilena |last7=Moss |first7=Robert |last8=Parsons |first8=Tina |last9=Scott |first9=David |last10=Harris |first10=Gemma |last11=Ramage |first11=Judith M. |date=2020-08-15 |title=Engineering the Human Fc Region Enables Direct Cell Killing by Cancer Glycan-Targeting Antibodies without the Need for Immune Effector Cells or Complement |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32532823/#:~:text=Cells%20or%20Complement-,Engineering%20the%20Human%20Fc%20Region%20Enables%20Direct%20Cell%20Killing%20by,:%2010.1158/0008-5472. |journal=Cancer Research |volume=80 |issue=16 |pages=3399–3412 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-3599 |issn=1538-7445 |pmc=7611157 |pmid=32532823}}</ref>. -Scancell created two [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Locker |first=Joseph |date=2020-04-26 |title=Nottingham scientists identify parts of coronavirus which may lead to vaccine |url=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/scientists-nottingham-universities-identify-parts-4079052 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=NottinghamshireLive |language=en}}</ref> which induce antibody and T-cell responses against [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] and its variants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-11 |title=As Covid mutates, the vaccine makers are adapting too |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/dec/11/as-covid-mutates-the-vaccine-makers-are-adapting-too |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID-19: New vaccine in development has 'insurance' against coronavirus mutations |url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-new-vaccine-in-development-has-insurance-against-virus-mutations-12217119 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-14 |title=British scientists to trial new Covid vaccine with 'insurance' against mutant variants |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/british-scientists-trial-new-covid-vaccine-mutant-variants-871438 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> It is expected that vaccines that induce a strong T-cell response would achieve longer lasting immunity.{{cn|date=April 2022}} The vaccines, which were supported by the [[University of Nottingham]] and [[Nottingham Trent University]], underwent clinical trials in 2021.<ref name=":0" /> They are administered via spring-powered injectors which deliver a stream of fluid.<ref name=":0" /> + +During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] Durrant and collaborators from the [[University of Nottingham]] and [[Nottingham Trent University]] created two [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s<ref>{{Cite web |last=Locker |first=Joseph |date=2020-04-26 |title=Nottingham scientists identify parts of coronavirus which may lead to vaccine |url=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/nottingham-news/scientists-nottingham-universities-identify-parts-4079052 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=NottinghamshireLive |language=en}}</ref> based on the ImmunoBody DNA vaccine platform. These vaccines were designed to induce both [[Neutralizing antibody|neutralising antibody]] and T-cell responses directly against the covid-19 [[Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein|N-]] and [[Coronavirus spike protein|S-proteins]] which in comparison to first-generation vaccines could help protect patients against different variants of Covid-19 as well as more broadly against other beta-coronaviruses.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-11 |title=As Covid mutates, the vaccine makers are adapting too |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/dec/11/as-covid-mutates-the-vaccine-makers-are-adapting-too |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID-19: New vaccine in development has 'insurance' against coronavirus mutations |url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-new-vaccine-in-development-has-insurance-against-virus-mutations-12217119 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-14 |title=British scientists to trial new Covid vaccine with 'insurance' against mutant variants |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/british-scientists-trial-new-covid-vaccine-mutant-variants-871438 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> The vaccines are administered via spring-powered injectors which deliver a stream of fluid.<ref name=":0" /> It is expected that these vaccines would be able to induce a strong T-cell response against the conserved N-protein which would help achieve longer lasting immunity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Le Bert |first=Nina |last2=Tan |first2=Anthony T. |last3=Kunasegaran |first3=Kamini |last4=Tham |first4=Christine Y. L. |last5=Hafezi |first5=Morteza |last6=Chia |first6=Adeline |last7=Chng |first7=Melissa Hui Yen |last8=Lin |first8=Meiyin |last9=Tan |first9=Nicole |last10=Linster |first10=Martin |last11=Chia |first11=Wan Ni |date=2020-08 |title=SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2550-z |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=584 |issue=7821 |pages=457–462 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> The vaccines, which were supported by InnovateUK funding underwent clinical trials in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Covid-19 DNA vaccine trial |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05047445?term=scancell&draw=2&rank=2}}</ref><ref name=":0" />. == Awards and honours == '