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{{About|the site in the USA|the one in the UK|Skelmorlie|the one in Canada|Serpent Mounds Park}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Great Serpent Mound
| nrhp_type = nhl
| image = The Great Serpent Mound.jpg
| caption = The Great Serpent Mound<br />ancient [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] effigy
| nearest_city = [[Peebles, Ohio]]
| coordinates = {{coord|39|01|35|N|83|25|51|W|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{Cite GNIS|1062580|Serpent Mound}}</ref>
| locmapin = Ohio#USA
| area =
| architect =
| architecture =
| added = October 15, 1966
| refnum = 66000602<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
}}
The '''Great Serpent Mound''' is a {{convert|1348|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}},<ref>Glotzhober and Lepper, ''Serpent Mound: Ohio's Enigmatic Effigy Mound'', Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1994, p. 3</ref> three-foot-high prehistoric [[effigy mound]] on a plateau of the [[Serpent Mound crater]] along [[Ohio Brush Creek]] in [[Adams County, Ohio]]. Maintained within a park by [[Ohio History Connection]], it has been designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] by the [[United States Department of Interior]]. The Serpent Mound of Ohio was first reported from surveys by Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis in their historic volume ''Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley'', published in 1848 by the newly founded [[Smithsonian Museum]]. The Serpent Mound is the largest serpent effigy in the world.<ref name="MNSU">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/serpent.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813224500/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/serpent.html|url-status=dead|title="Serpent Mound", MNSU (dead link)|archive-date=13 August 2004|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
==Description==
[[File:Serpent Mound Plaque.jpg|thumb|left|Ohio [[historical marker]]]]
Including all three parts, the Serpent Mound extends about {{convert|1376|ft|m}}, varies in height from less than a foot to more than three feet (30–100 cm), and has a width of 20 to 25 feet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/serp/hd_serp.htm|title=Great Serpent Mound |website=metmuseum.org|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref> Conforming to the curve of the land on which it rests, with its head approaching a cliff above a stream, the serpent winds back and forth for more than eight hundred feet and seven coils, and ends in a triple-coiled tail. The shape itself consisted mostly of a layer of yellowish [[clay]] and [[ash]] that was reinforced with a layer of rocks, and then covered with a layer of soil.<ref>{{cite web| title= The Ancient Ohio Trail : Serpent Mound | publisher= CERHAS - University of Cincinnati |url= http://www.ancientohiotrail.org/sites/serpent-mound | access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Putnam, F. W.|date=1889|title=The Serpent Mound of Ohio|url=http://scienceviews.com/indian/the_serpent_mound_of_ohio.html|journal=[[The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine]]|volume=39|access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> The serpent head has an open mouth extending around the east end of a {{convert|120|ft|m|adj=on}}-long hollow oval feature that may represent the snake eating an egg,<ref>Landis, Don. "Monuments, Mounds, Pyramids..." The Genius of Ancient Man: Evolution's Nightmare. Green Forest, AR: Master, 2012. 67. Print.</ref> though some scholars posit that the oval feature symbolizes the sun, the body of a frog, or merely the remnant of a platform. The effigy's extreme western feature is a triangular mound approximately {{convert|31.6|ft|m}} at its base and long axis. There are similar serpent effigies in [[Serpent Mounds Park|Ontario]] and [[Scotland]].<ref name=MNSU/>
==Origin==
{{main|Prehistory of Ohio}}
Archaeologists are still debating the origin of Serpent Mound. The mound contains no [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] and no burials that would help establish the age of the mound. The two leading theories are that the mound was built by either the [[Adena Culture]] (800 BC to 100 AD) around 320 BC, or the [[Fort Ancient|Fort Ancient Culture]] (1000 to 1750 AD) around 1070 AD.
Archaeologists began attributing the mound to the Fort Ancient culture (circa 1070 AD) with the publication of "Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?" in 1996.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=Robert V.|last2=Cameron|first2=Terry L.|last3=Lepper|first3=Bradley T.|last4=Wymer|first4=Dee Anne|last5=Pickard|first5=William|date=1996|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=21|issue=1|pages=105–143|issn=0146-1109|jstor=20708387|title=Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?}}</ref><ref name=saraceni>{{cite journal |url=http://www.archaeology.org/9611/newsbriefs/serpentmound.html |first=Jessica E. |last=Saraceni |title=Redating Serpent Mound |journal=Archaeology |volume=49 |number=6|date=Nov–Dec 1996 |access-date=April 2, 2021}}</ref> A 2017 article, "Radiocarbon Dates Reveal Serpent Mound Is More than Two Thousand Years Old", argues for a construction by the Adena culture circa 320 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Romain|first1=William F.|last2=Herrmann|first2=Edward W.|last3=Monaghan|first3=G. William|last4=Burks|first4=Jarrod|date=2017-09-02|title=Radiocarbon Dates Reveal Serpent Mound Is More than Two Thousand Years Old|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|language=en|volume=42|issue=3|pages=201–222|doi=10.1080/01461109.2017.1371871|s2cid=134562935|issn=0146-1109}}</ref> The academic debate continues with multiple rebuttals to each theory published in the ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ymca20|title=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|website=Tandfonline.com|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01461109.2017.1419917|doi=10.1080/01461109.2017.1419917|title=On the Age of Serpent Mound: A Reply to Romain and Colleagues|year=2018|last1=Lepper|first1=Bradley T.|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=43|pages=62–75|s2cid=165388387}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01461109.2017.1403738|doi=10.1080/01461109.2017.1403738|title=Rejoinder to Lepper Concerning Serpent Mound|year=2018|last1=Romain|first1=William F.|last2=Herrmann|first2=Edward W.|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=43|pages=76–88|s2cid=165489600}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01461109.2018.1511155|doi=10.1080/01461109.2018.1511155|title=Serpent Mound in its Woodland Period Context: Second Rejoinder to Lepper|year=2019|last1=Romain|first1=William F.|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=44|pages=57–83|s2cid=165272228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806|doi=10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806|title=Debating the Age of Serpent Mound: A Reply to Romain and Herrmann's Rejoinder to Lepper Concerning Serpent Mound|year=2019|last1=Lepper|first1=Bradley T.|last2=Frolking|first2=Tod A.|last3=Pickard|first3=William H.|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=44|pages=42–56|s2cid=165322960}}</ref>
===Adena culture===
{{Main|Adena culture}}
Historically, researchers first attributed the mound to the Adena culture (1000 BC – 100 AD). [[William Snyder Webb|William Webb]], noted Adena exponent, found evidence through [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon dating]] for [[Kentucky]] Adena as early as 1200 BC. As there are Adena graves near the Serpent Mound, scholars thought the same people constructed the mound. The skeletal remains of the Adena type uncovered in the 1880s at Serpent Mound indicate that these people were unique among the ancient Ohio Valley peoples.
An eight-member team led by archaeologist [[William Romain (archaeologist)|William F Romain]] has been published in the [[Journal of Archaeological Science]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Herrmann Edward W|year=2014|title=A new multistage construction chronology for the Great Serpent Mound, USA|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=50|pages=117–125|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.07.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ancientearthworksproject.org/1/post/2014/07/new-radiocarbon-dates-suggest-serpent-mound-is-more-than-2000-years-old.html|title=New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old|date=July 26, 2014|website=ancientearthworksproject.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327153036/http://ancientearthworksproject.org/1/post/2014/07/new-radiocarbon-dates-suggest-serpent-mound-is-more-than-2000-years-old.html|archive-date=March 27, 2017}}</ref>
The team found much older [[Radiocarbon dating samples|charcoal samples]] in less-damaged sections of the mound. The investigators conjecture that the mound was originally built between 381 BC and 44 BC, with a mean date of 321 BC. They explain the more recent charcoal found in the 1990s as likely the result of a "repair" effort by indigenous people around 1070 AD, when the mound would already have been suffering from natural degradation.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}
===Fort Ancient culture===
{{Main|Fort Ancient}}
[[File:SD35 Serpent Mound Squier and Davis Plate XXXV gray-levels-cropped.png|thumb|upright|Squier and Davis's map from ''[[Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley]]'', published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 1848]]
In 1996, the team of Robert V. Fletcher and Terry L. Cameron (under the supervision of the [[Ohio History Connection|Ohio Historical Society]]'s Bradley T. Lepper) reopened a trench created by [[Frederic Ward Putnam]] of [[Harvard]] over 100 years before. They found a few pieces of [[charcoal]] in what was believed to be an undisturbed portion of the Serpent Mound. However, [[bioturbation]], including [[burrowing animals]], [[frost crack]]s, etc., can reverse the [[Structuralism|structural timeline]] of an earthen mound such as Serpent Mound. It can shift carbon left by a later culture on the surface to areas deep within the structure, making the earthwork appear younger.
When the team conducted [[carbon dating]] studies on the charcoal pieces, two yielded a date of ca. 1070 AD, with the third piece dating to the [[Late Archaic]] period some two thousand years earlier, specifically 2920+/-65 years BP (before the present). The third date, ca. 2900 BP, was recovered from a core sample below cultural modification level. The first two dates place the Serpent Mound within the realm of the Fort Ancient culture. The third dates the mound back to very early Adena culture or before.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'', Vol. 21, No.1, University of Iowa, 1996</ref>
The Fort Ancient people could have been the builders of the Serpent Mound. Alternatively, they may have refurbished the earthwork for their own use in the same way that people today fix up old houses to make them suitable for occupation again. The [[rattlesnake]] is significant as a [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex#Great Serpent|symbol in the Mississippian culture]], which would help explain the image of the mound. However, there is no sign or indication of a rattle.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
If this mound was built by the Fort Ancient people, it was uncharacteristic for that group. For example, the mound does not contain [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]], although, like the Adena people, the Fort Ancient culture typically buried many artifacts in its mounds. In another difference, the Fort Ancient people did not usually bury their dead in the manner of the burials found in proximity to the [[effigy]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
One of the only other [[effigy mound]]s in Ohio, the [[Alligator Effigy Mound]] in [[Granville, Ohio|Granville]], was carbon dated to the Fort Ancient period.
==Purpose==
===Astronomical significance===
[[File:Chromesun serpent mound spiral01.jpg|thumb|The spiral tail at the end of the Serpent Mound]]
In 1987, [[Clark Hardman|Clark]] and [[Marjorie Hardman]] published their finding that the oval-to-head area of the serpent is aligned to the summer [[solstice]] sunset.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hardman |title=A Map Of The Great Serpent Effigy Mound |year=1987 |url=https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/55881/1/OHIO_ARCHAEOLOGIST_37_1_WINTER_1987.pdf |publisher=Ohio State |access-date=3 February 2022 |page=34|hdl=1811/55881 }}</ref><ref>Glotzhober and Lepper, ''Serpent Mound: Ohio's Enigmatic Effigy Mound'', Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1994 p. 11</ref> <ref name=OHS/>
[[File:Serpent Mound - The Century.gif|thumb|left|A depiction of the serpent mound that appeared in ''The Century'' periodical in April 1890, drawn by [[William Jacob Baer]].]]
If 1070 AD is accurate as the construction year, building the mound could theoretically have been influenced by two astronomical events: the light from the [[supernova]] that created the [[Crab Nebula]] in 1054, and the appearance of [[Halley's Comet]] in 1066.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Fletcher, Robert V.|author2=Terry L. Cameron|author3= Bradley T. Lepper|author4=Dee Anne Wymer|author5=William Pickard|title=Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=21|number=1|date=Spring 1996}}</ref> The supernova light would have been visible for two weeks after it first reached earth, even during the day. The Halley's Comet's tail has always appeared as a long, straight line and does not resemble the curves of the Serpent Mound. Halley's comet appears every 76 years. Numerous other supernovas may have occurred over the centuries that span the possible construction dates of the effigy.
==Serpent Mound Impact structure==
The mound is located on the site of a classic [[astrobleme]], an ancient meteorite [[impact structure]].
One of the strongest clues to the impact origin of this structure is in the pattern of disruption of [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] [[Stratum|strata]]. In the center of the structure, strata have been uplifted several hundred feet, in much the same way that the central uplifts of lunar craters such as [[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]] were formed. In 2003 geologists from [[Ohio State University]] and the [[University of Glasgow]] (Scotland) corroborated the meteorite impact origin of the structure at Serpent Mound. They had studied core samples collected at the site in the 1970s. Further analyses of the rock core samples indicated the impact occurred during the [[Permian|Permian Period]], about 248 to 286 million years ago; thus, the topographic expression of this impact, an [[impact crater]], has been completely erased by [[erosion]].<ref name="EIDb">{{cite Earth Impact DB | name = Serpent Mound| linkname = serpentmound| access-date = 2012-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Ohio_GS">''"Subsurface Geology of the Serpent Mound Disturbance of Adams, Highland, and Pike Counties, Ohio."'' Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. [https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/80256 PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128095623/http://ohiodnr.com/portals/10/pdf/ri146.pdf |date=2010-11-28 }} (accessed 10 April 2007)</ref>
==Recent history==
The Serpent Mound was first mapped by Euro-Americans as early as 1815. In 1846 it was surveyed for the [[Smithsonian Institution]] by two [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]] men, [[E. G. Squier|Ephraim G. Squier]] and [[Edwin Hamilton Davis]]. Their book ''[[Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley]]'' (1848), published by the Smithsonian, included a detailed description and map of the serpent mound.
[[Summer solstice|Summer Solstice]] 2021 marked the [[Shawnee]] people's official return to the mound.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-12|title=Shawnee Citizens Officially Invited Back To Great Serpent Mound|url=https://www.wyso.org/local-and-statewide-news/2021-07-12/shawnee-citizens-officially-invited-to-return-to-great-serpent-mound|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=[[WYSO]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ohio's Serpent Mound - An American Indian Story Written in the Earth|url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/learn/collections/history/history-blog/june-2021/ohio-serpent-mound-blog|url-status=live|archive-date=2021-06-07|access-date=2021-10-13|website=[[Ohio History Connection]]}}</ref> Representatives of the [[Shawnee Tribe]] and the [[Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma]] spent the weekend interacting with visitors, and explaining the Shawnees' traditional connections to the mound and to other locations in Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pember|first=Mary Annette|title=Shawnee reclaim the great Serpent Mound|url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/shawnee-relcaim-great-serpent-mound|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Indian Country Today|language=en}}</ref>
==Preservation==
''Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley'' fascinated many across the country, including [[Frederic Ward Putnam]] of the [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]] at [[Harvard University]]. Putnam spent much of his career lecturing and publishing on the Ohio mounds, specifically the Serpent Mound. When he visited the Midwest in 1885, he found that plowing and development were destroying many of the mounds.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022|reason=There is no source for this claim or reference to whom was destroying Serpent Mound or who even owned it before it was purchased by Harvard Anthropology}} In 1886, with help from a group of wealthy women in [[Boston]] (such as the noted [[Glass Flowers]]' patroness [[Mary Lee Ware]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Mary L. Ware and the Early Funding of Harvard Anthropology: Private Sources of Funding in the Nineteenth Century (Paper)|author=D. Wes Beattie|url=http://eraven.franklinpierce.edu/academicshowcase/2017/marulli.htm|website=Eraven.franklinpierce.edu}}</ref> Putnam raised funds to purchase {{convert|60|acre|m2}} at the Serpent Mound site for preservation. The purchase also contained three conical mounds, a village site and a burial place.<ref>Ralph W. Dexter, "Contributions of Frederic Ward Putnam to Ohio Archaeology", ''The Ohio Journal of Science'' 65(3): 110, May, 1965</ref> Serpent Mound is listed as a "Great Wonder Of the Ancient World" by ''National Geographic Magazine''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nbc4i.com/news/2010/nov/10/serpent-mound-ar-286661/|title=Serpent Mound Recognized As Great Wonder Of Ancient World|publisher=NBC4I.com|access-date=2011-03-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110043219/http://www2.nbc4i.com/news/2010/nov/10/serpent-mound-ar-286661/|archive-date=2011-01-10}}</ref>
Originally purchased on behalf of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum, in 1900 the land and its ownership were granted to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society (a predecessor of the present [[Ohio Historical Society]]).
The [[Ohio Historical Society]] designated the Arc of Appalachia Preserves system, a project of [[Highlands Sanctuary]], Inc., as the managing agency of Serpent Mound from 2010 until March 2021.<ref name=OHS>{{cite web|url=http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/places/sw16/index.shtml|title=Serpent Mound|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|access-date=2011-03-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227142625/http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/places/sw16/index.shtml|archive-date=2010-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highlandssanctuary.org/Serpent_Mound_Visitors_Guide.htm|title=Serpent_Mound_Visitors_Guide|access-date=2011-03-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222200737/http://www.highlandssanctuary.org/Serpent_Mound_Visitors_Guide.htm|archive-date=2011-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Spring 2010 Highlands Nature Sanctuary Protecting The Region's Woodlands|url=http://www.ohiohillcountry.org/PDF/VoiceSpring2010.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727141736/http://www.ohiohillcountry.org/PDF/VoiceSpring2010.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|access-date=2011-03-05}}</ref> In March 2021 the Ohio History Connection took back active management of the site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/about-us/newsroom/february-2021-(1)/serpent-mound-management-update|title=Newsroom Blog Posts | Ohio History Connection|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
Following an instance of vandalism in 2015, more security cameras and protective gates were added.<ref>[http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2015/11/06/serpent-mound-vandalism-joyride-ohio-adams-county/75212758/ "Man who took joyride at Serpent Mound sentenced"], Carrie Blackmore Smith. Cincinnati Enquirer. November 6, 2016. Retrieved 9 jan 2017</ref><ref>[http://www.wlwt.com/article/severe-weather-strikes-across-country/8574727 "Man faces felony charges after Serpent Mound Park vandalism"], Brian Hamrick. WLWT5. July 15, 2015. Retrieved 9 jan 2017</ref>
===Excavation===
[[File:Hopewell SerpMd pipe points earspool HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|Hopewell pipe, points, and earspool on display at Serpent Mound]]
[[File:Adena SerpMd gorget points HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gorget]]s and points from the [[Adena culture]], found at Serpent Mound]]
After raising sufficient funds, in 1886 Putnam returned to the same site. He worked for four years excavating the contents and burial sequences of both the Serpent Mound and two nearby conical mounds. After his work was completed and his findings documented, Putnam worked on restoring the mounds to their original state.
One of the conical mounds that was excavated by Putnam (1890)<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Serpent Mound of Ohio|first=F.W.|last=Putnam|journal=The Century Magazine|date=April 1890|pages=871–887}}</ref> yielded a principal burial which has grave goods that associate it with the Adena period (800 BC-100 BC). He also found and excavated nine intrusive burials in the mound. Additionally, Putnam discovered an ash bed north of the conical mound that contained many prehistoric artifacts. After the excavation, the conical mound was reconstructed and is today standing south of the parking lot at Serpent Mound State Memorial.
In 2011, excavations were undertaken prior to installation of utility lines at Serpent Mound State Memorial. The excavations focused on three sides of the conical mound that Putnam (1890) had excavated. In addition to concentrations of artifacts, an ashy soil horizon was excavated north of the conical mound. The ashy soil horizon had prehistoric artifacts associated with them. It is believed that the ashy deposit is a remnant of the ash bed that Putnam (1890) excavated. Wood charcoal from within the remnant ash bed was carbon dated to 1041-1211 AD, the Fort Ancient period. Because the burials in the conical mound dated to the Early Woodland period, the Fort Ancient period dating of the remnant ash bed is suggestive of ritual reuse of the circum mound area.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/6699348|title=Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memor.|first=Kevin|last=Schwarz|website=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/43589203|title=Use and Continuity on the Plateau: Recent Archaeological Investigations at Serpent Mound State Memorial, Ohio|first=Kevin|last=Schwarz|date=1 January 2020|journal=Journal of Ohio Archaeology|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
===Serpent Mound Museum===
{{Main|Ohio Historical Society}}
[[File:Serpent Mound.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A digital [[GIS|GIS map]] of Ohio's Great Serpent Mound, created by Timothy A. Price and Nichole I. Stump in March 2002]]
In 1901, the Ohio Historical Society hired engineer Clinton Cowan to survey newly acquired lands. Cowan created a 56 by {{convert|72|in|mm|adj=on}} map that depicted the outline of the Serpent Mound in relation to nearby landmarks, such as rivers. Cowan also made specific geographical surveys of the area, and he discovered the unique astrobleme on which the mound is based. He found that the mound is at the convergence of three distinctly different soil types. Cowan's information, in conjunction with Putnam's archaeological discoveries, has been the basis for all modern investigations of the Serpent Mound.
In 1967, the Ohio Historical Society opened the '''Serpent Mound Museum''', built near the mound. A pathway was constructed around the base of the mound to help visitors. The museum features exhibits that include interpretations of the effigy's form, description of the processes of constructing the mound, the geographical history of the area, and an exhibit on the Adena culture, historically credited as the creators of the mound.
Serpent Mound State Memorial is currently being operated on behalf of the Ohio Historical Society by the Arc of Appalachia Preserve System. It is a non-profit organization specializing in the preservation and protection of native [[biodiversity]] and prehistoric [[indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] sites in southern Ohio.
==See also==
* [[Cahokia]]
* [[Crooks mound]]
* [[Glades culture]]
* [[Hopewell Culture National Historical Park]]
* [[Indian Mounds Park (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mound builder (people)]]
* [[Nazca Lines]]
* [[Spiro Mounds]]
* [[Marree Man]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Fletcher, Robert V., Terry L. Cameron, Bradley T. Lepper, Dee Anne Wymer, and William Pickard, "Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'', Vol 21, No. 1, Spring 1996, University of Iowa.
*Putnam, Frederic Ward, "The Serpent Mound of Ohio: Site Excavation and Park Reconstruction.", ''Century Magazine'' Vol 39: 871–888. Illustrations by William Jacob Baer.
* Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis, ''[[Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley]]'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., 1998. Reprint of 1848 edition with a new introduction by David J. Meltzer.
*Weintraub, Daniel and Kevin R. Schwarz, "Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memorial", ''Current Research in Ohio Archaeology'' 2013. The Ohio Archaeological Council.
* Woodward, Susan L. and Jerry N. McDonald, ''Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley'', Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, 1986
==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/museum-and-site-locator/serpent-mound Serpent Mound], Ohio Historical Society
* [http://arcofappalachia.org/serpent-mound/ Arc of Appalachia: Serpent Mound]
* [http://www.nps.gov/hocu/ "Hopewell Culture National Historical Park"], National Park Service
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040113195022/http://www.ohiohistoryteachers.org/03/04/sw07.shtml Ohio History Teachers - Field Trips: Serpent Mound]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040813224500/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/serpent.html "Archaeological Sites: Serpent Mound"], Minnesota State University Mankato
* [http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2223 Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society]
* [http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110329/NEWS01/103300319/Scientists-try-unlock-Serpent-Mound-secrets?odyssey=tab|topnews|text|FRONTPAGE Scientists try to unlock Serpent Mound secrets]
{{Fort Ancient culture}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Fort Ancient culture]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Ohio]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Ohio]]
[[Category:Museums in Adams County, Ohio]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Adams County, Ohio]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Ohio]]
[[Category:Archaeological museums in Ohio]]
[[Category:Ohio History Connection]]
[[Category:History museums in Ohio]]
[[Category:Snakes]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Adams County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Parks in Ohio]]
[[Category:Geoglyphs]]
[[Category:Mounds in Ohio]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Prehistoric effigy mound in Ohio, United States}}
{{About|the site in the USA|the one in the UK|Skelmorlie|the one in Canada|Serpent Mounds Park}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Great Serpent Mound
| nrhp_type = nhl
| image = The Great Serpent Mound.jpg
| caption = The Great Serpent Mound<br />ancient [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] effigy
| nearest_city = [[Peebles, Ohio]]
| coordinates = {{coord|39|01|35|N|83|25|51|W|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{Cite GNIS|1062580|Serpent Mound}}</ref>
| locmapin = Ohio#USA
| area =
| architect =
| architecture =
| added = October 15, 1966
| refnum = 66000602<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
}}
==Description==
[[File:Serpent Mound Plaque.jpg|thumb|left|Ohio [[historical marker]]]]
The '''Great Serpent Mound''' is a 1,348-foot-long (411 m), three-foot-high prehistoric [[effigy mound]] located in Peebles, Ohio. The mound itself resides on the [[Serpent Mound crater]] plateau, running along the [[Ohio Brush Creek]] in [[Adams County, Ohio]]. The mound is maintained through the [[Ohio History Connection]], a non profit organization dedicated to preserving historical sites throughout Ohio. The [[United States Department of Interior]] later designated the mound as a [[National Historic Landmark]] of The United States. The Serpent Mound was first reported through surveys by Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis. It was featured in their historic volume ''Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley'', published in 1848 by the newly founded [[Smithsonian Museum]]. The mound has received a lot of attention, being the largest serpent effigy in the world to this day.
Effigy mounds can be traced back throughout several civilizations. The significance of The Serpent Mound stems greatly from its size and historical relevance. Made up of three parts, The Serpent Mound extends over 1,376 feet (419 m) in length, varying from 9" to over 3' (30–100 cm) in height. The mound stands with a width varying between 20 and 25 feet based on the section.The Serpent Mound conforms to the surrounding land, as it rests on the bank of the [[Ohio Brush Creek]]. The mound itself winds back and forth for more than eight hundred feet, with its tail coiling in seven areas throughout the mound itself. The mound features a triple-coiled tail at the end of the structure, often viewed as a benchmark of the mound. Yellowish [[clay]] and [[ash]] acts as the main constituent of the mound, with layer of rocks and soil reinforcing the outer layer. The open-mouth head of the serpent itself wraps around an east facing, 120-foot (37 m)-long, hollow oval feature. The feature is representative of an egg, with an apparent depiction of the snake consuming it. Many scholars presume that the oval in a representation of the sun, the body of a frog, or merely the remnant of a platform. The western side of the effigy features a triangular mound approximately 31.6 feet (9.6 m) at its base and long axis, reminiscent of other serpent effigies in [[Serpent Mounds Park|Ontario]] and [[Scotland]].
==Origin==
{{main|Prehistory of Ohio}}
The civilization responsible for the creation of The Serpent Mound is highly disputed amongst archaeologists, with its constructing often being attributed to several civilizations. Very little additional evidence, such as [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] and burials, can be found at the site of the mound, leaving it hard for archaeologists to trace its construction back to one civilization. Archaeologists predominantly acknowledge the [[Adena Culture]] (800 BC to 100 AD) and the [[Fort Ancient|Fort Ancient Culture]] (1000 to 1750 AD) as the main contributors to the mounds creation. They believe that The Adena Culture completed a majority of their contribution to the mound around 320 BC, while The Fort Ancient Culture attributed their efforts around 1070 AD.
The mound's lack of physical artifacts has led archaeologists to rely on radiocarbon dating to determine when the mound was created. An article published in July of 2014, titled "''New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old''" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-27 |title=New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old - The Ancient Earthworks Project |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327153036/http://ancientearthworksproject.org/1/post/2014/07/new-radiocarbon-dates-suggest-serpent-mound-is-more-than-2000-years-old.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>, provides evidence supporting the mounds creation by The Adena Culture in 320 BC. The article references the radiocarbon data that was published in October of 2014 by "''The Journal of Archaeological Science''" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=A new multistage construction chronology for the Great Serpent Mound, USA - ScienceDirect |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727235820/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440314002465 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>. Their radiocarbon evidence attributes the creation of the mound to The Adena Culture around 2300 years ago, while having been renovated 1400 by The Fort Ancient Culture. Although this evidence is supported through radiocarbon dating, it remains heavily disputed through theories published by "''The Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology"'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monaghan |first=G. William |last2=Herrmann |first2=Edward W. |date=2019-01-01 |title=Serpent MoundStill Built by the Adena, and Still Rebuilt During the Fort Ancient Period |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/mcja/article/44/1/84/217212/Serpent-MoundStill-Built-by-the-Adena-and-Still |journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=84–93 |doi=10.2307/26599989 |issn=0146-1109}}</ref> in April of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/serp/hd_serp.htm |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref>
=== The Prehistory of Ohio ===
''Main article: [[Prehistory of Ohio]]''
[[File:Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg|thumb|244x244px|The spiral at the of The Serpent Mound]]
Several groups of [[Paleo-Indians]] (13000 B.C. to 7000 B.C.) occupied the land in Ohio prior to The Adena and [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]]<nowiki/>cultures. Evidence shows that numerous civilizations of Paleo-Indians occupied the land in Ohio, thriving through [[hunter-gatherer]] techniques that ranged throughout the land. The Paleo-Indians hunted large game such as [[mastodon]]. Archaeologists have found remains of [[Burning Tree Mastodon|The Burning Tree Mastodon]] throughout Ohio, as well as remains from other large game. [[Clovis point|Clovis points]] have been found that indicate interaction with other groups of Paleo-Indians that also hunted large game. The [[Paleo Crossing Site]] and [[Nobles Pond Site Tools, like [[Spear-thrower|spear-throwers]], were more sophisticated. Base camps were established for winter lodging. The [[Glacial Kame Culture|Glacial Kame culture]], a late Archaic group, traded for sea shell and copper with other groups and were used as a sign of prestige within the group, for respected healers and hunters. The objects were buried with their owners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shelby County Historical Society - Indians - About the Paleo-Indians |url=https://www.shelbycountyhistory.org/schs/indians/paleoindians.htm |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=www.shelbycountyhistory.org}}</ref>
Following the ancient Paleo-Indians, the [[Woodland period|Woodland Period]] (800 B.C. to A.D. 1200) of the Post-Archaic Period is known for its rich ritual and artistic life and well-developed villages. The Woodland Period is well known for the emergence of [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] and [[Mound|mounds]], which were commonly used for burials as well. Along with hunted and gathered for their food and game, many civilizations cultivated crops such as [[maize]], [[Cucurbita|squash]] and [[Bean|beans]]. The [[Adena culture|Adena]] and [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] cultures flourished during the Early and Middle Woodland periods, while the population of the Woodland people expanded dramatically. Several groups of the Woodland people lived in larger villages, surrounded by defensive walls or ditches that were built for protection. Ritual and artistic endeavors waned during the Late Woodland period, as well as trading amongst other groups. Many of the earthworks and effigy mounds were built early on in this period, while these cultures lack construction of new mounds after their inception.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lepper |first=Bradley T. |last2=Frolking |first2=Tod A. |last3=Pickard |first3=William H. |date=2019-01-02 |title=Debating the Age of Serpent Mound: A Reply to Romain and Herrmann’s Rejoinder to Lepper Concerning Serpent Mound |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806 |journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=42–56 |doi=10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806 |issn=0146-1109}}</ref>
During the late prehistoric period (900 A.D. to 1650 A.D.) the villages of civilizations such as the Adena people and the Fort Ancient people were much larger. These villages were often built on a higher ground near a river, commonly surrounded by a wooden stockade. After a long hiatus, civilizations returned to building earthworks and effigy mounds, but not as frequenctly as during the Woodland period.<ref name=":0" />
== Civilizations of The Midwest ==
=== The Adena Culture ===
The [[Adena culture|Adena Culture]] consists of the pre-contact American Indian culture that lived throughout the midwest in states such as Kentucky, Indiana, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and most predominently Ohio. The majority of these civilizations inhabited the Scioto River and Hocking Valleys in southern Ohio, as well as the Kanawha Valley near Charleston, West Virginia. This period is often referred to as The Early Woodland Period, ranging between 800 B.C. and 1 A.D. The name “Adena” refers to the culture that once inhabited this land rather than a singular group or tribe. The name originates from the estate of Ohio Governor Thomas Worthington, which can be found about one and a half miles northwest of [[Chillicothe, Ohio]]. The estate itself belongs to a small town in Ohio called [[Ross County, Ohio|Ross County]], which Worthington referred to as “Adena”, a Hebrew name that “was given to places for the delightfulness of their situations”. Worthington's estate was previously home to an ancient burial mound, standing 26 feet tall, hence the name "The Adena Mound".
Archaeologists attribute the creation of these civilizations to The Adena Culture as a whole, though are unsure of the specific tribes that inhabited the land. The title is used out of archaeological convenience, that encompasses similarities in artifact style, architecture, and other cultural practices, allowing archaeologists to distinguish the Adena culture from other cultures in the region at different time periods. The Adena Mound site became the "type site" of the culture itself due to its exemplification of all the culture's significant features. In light of this, the site's title was later applied to the entire culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adena Culture - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/enwiki/w/Adena_Culture |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=ohiohistorycentral.org}}</ref>
As were many of the tribes of the Woodland period, the Adena people were hunter-gatherers. As well as hunting large game and reaping the lands crop, the Adena people survived through domesticating various crops such as squash, sunflower, sumpweed, goosefoot, knotweed, maygrass, and tobacco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Indians - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/enwiki/w/American_Indians#:~:text=From%20these%20missionaries,%20historians%20know,Myaamia%20(in%20western%20Ohio). |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=ohiohistorycentral.org}}</ref> They often lived in small villages with surrounding gardens but moved frequently to follow various animal herds while planting and feeding on various types of nuts along the way. In addition to undertaking small-scale horticultural production, the Adena people are also known for their production of clay pottery, having been one of the first to cultures to bring it to Ohio. Observed through remains found at the type site, achaeologists characterize the Adena's clay pottery through it's large, thick-walled vessels, resembling a modern day bowl. Archaeologists believe that this clay pottery was used to cook ground seeds into an oatmeal-like substance.
The Adena were known for their burial practices, having buried their dead in prominent mounds throughout the midwest. Many archaeologists believe that these structures served as territorial markers for the Adena people. The mounds themselves were often accompanied by small circular earthen enclosures that many archaeologists believe were once used for rituals. The Miamisburg Mound in [[Montgomery County, Ohio]], is home to the largest Adena burial mound in the state. Mounds such as this hosted multiple burials, characterized by the rituals performed and the funerary objects worn such as bracelets, ear spools, gorgets and other ornaments. Larger ornaments such as bones and stone tools were often worn around the neck. The deceased individual was either cremated or placed on their back in timber-lined tombs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Webb |first=William S. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03744 |title=The Adena people |date=2001 |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-0-87049-159-7 |language=en}}</ref>
By around the time of A.D. 1, the Adena culture began to decline and their civilizations began to evolve into what is known as [[Hopewell culture|The Hopewell Culture]]. Numerous Adena groups began to build larger earthworks and effigy mounds, expanding their efforts to acquire exotic raw materials such as copper and mica. Many people of The Hopewell Culture continued to follow the old ways of the Adena people. In some regions, including Southwestern Ohio, the Adena way of life persisted well into the first century A.D. through the efforts of these people.
=== The Fort Ancient Culture ===
''Main Article: [[Fort Ancient culture|Fort Ancient Culture]]''
[[File:Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif|thumb|Map of Fort Ancient from 1848]]
The Fort Ancient Culture refers to the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Archaeological culture|Cultures]] that flourished from 1000 C.E. to 1750 C.E., predominantly inhabiting land near the [[Ohio River]] valley. These civilizations flourished in the modern-day regions of southern [[Ohio]], northern [[Kentucky]], southeastern [[Indiana]] and western [[West Virginia]]. The Fort Ancient tribes are often referred to as a "sister culture" of the[[Mississippian culture|Mississippian Culture]], though can be distinguished through the time period in which they thrived and their many cultural differences. Along with their relation to the Mississippian Culture, evidence suggests that the Fort Ancient Culture were not the direct descendants of the [[Hopewellian culture|Hopewellian Culture]]. Despite what many believe, the tribes of the Fort Ancient Culture were not responsible for the creation of The Great Serpent Mound, though contributed to its physical appearance through maintenance around 200 A.D.
The name of the culture originates from the [[Fort Ancient, Ohio]] archeological site. However, the Fort Ancient Site is now thought to have been built by [[Ohio Hopewell|Ohio Hopewellian]] people, having later been occupied later by the succeeding Fort Ancient culture. The site is located on a hill above the [[Little Miami River]], close to [[Lebanon, Ohio]]. Despite its name, most [[Archaeologist|archaeologists]] do not believe that Fort Ancient was used primarily as a fortress by either the Ohio Hopewell Culture or the Fort Ancient Culture. Archaeologists believe that it was more likely used as a ceremonial location.
[[File:Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg|thumb|Fort Ancient tools found in Maysville, KY]]
In 1996, the team of Robert V. Fletcher and Terry L. Cameron (under the supervision of the [[Ohio History Connection|Ohio Historical Society]]'s Bradley T. Lepper) reopened a trench created by [[Frederic Ward Putnam]] of [[Harvard]] over 100 years before. They found a few pieces of [[charcoal]] in what was believed to be an undisturbed portion of the Serpent Mound. However, [[bioturbation]], including [[burrowing animals]], [[Frost crack|frost cracks]], etc., can reverse the [[Structuralism|structural timeline]] of an earthen mound such as Serpent Mound. It can shift carbon left by a later culture on the surface to areas deep within the structure, making the earthwork appear younger.
When the team conducted [[carbon dating]] studies on the charcoal pieces, two yielded a date of ca. 1070 AD, with the third piece dating to the [[Late Archaic]] period some two thousand years earlier, specifically 2920+/-65 years BP (before the present). The third date, ca. 2900 BP, was recovered from a core sample below cultural modification level. The first two dates place the Serpent Mound within the realm of the Fort Ancient culture. The third dates the mound back to very early Adena culture or before.<ref name="ReferenceA2">"Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'', Vol. 21, No.1, University of Iowa, 1996</ref>
The Fort Ancient people contributed to maintaining and refurbishing The Great Serpent Mound though were not responsible for its creation. The [[rattlesnake]] is significant as a [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex#Great Serpent|symbol in the Mississippian culture]], helping us to understand the significance of the mound's shape. When attempting to identify the species of snake, there is no sign or indication of a rattle.<ref name="ReferenceA2" />
Very few, if any, artifacts from The Fort Ancient people can be found at the site of The Great Serpent Mound. As just like the Adena people, the Fort Ancient Culture often buried artifacts in its mounds. Along with a lack of artifacts found, the Fort Ancient people were not known to bury their dead in the same manner as the Adena Culture, especially in proximity to the [[effigy]].<ref name="ReferenceA2" />
Another [[effigy mound]] found in Ohio, the [[Alligator Effigy Mound]] in [[Granville, Ohio]], was carbon dated to the Fort Ancient period.
==Meaning of The Mound==
[[File:Serpent_mound_8438.jpg|thumb|The curvature of The Serpent Mound]]
Having been built around 1070 A.D., many archaeologists believe that the the mound's creation could have been influenced by two different astronomical events: the light from the [[supernova]] that created the [[Crab Nebula]] in the year 1054 A.D. and the appearance of [[Halley's Comet]] in 1066 A.D. The light of the supernova would have been visible for two weeks after it first reached earth, which could even be seen in broad day light. As a secondary theory, archaeologists assumed that the tail of Halley's Comet could have influenced the shape of the mound. Through through observation, the tail of the comet has always appeared as a long, straight line and does not resemble the curves of the Serpent Mound. Numerous other supernovas may have occurred over the centuries that span the possible construction dates of the effigy, though these two influences remain the most prominent theories.
The mound is located on the site of a classic [[astrobleme]], an ancient meteorite [[impact structure]]. When attempting to understand the impact origin of this structure, the pattern of disruption of [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] [[Stratum|strata]] has provided archaeologists with a lot of information. In the center of the structure, strata have been uplifted several hundred feet, resembling the central uplifts of lunar craters of the [[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]]. In 2003 geologists from [[Ohio State University]] and the [[University of Glasgow]] (Scotland) corroborated the meteorite impact origin of the structure at The Serpent Mound. They had previously studied core samples collected at the site in the 1970's, providing them with a background of information pertaining to the site. Further analyses of the rock core samples indicated that the impact occurred during the [[Permian|Permian Period]], about 248 to 286 million years ago. This has led archaeologists to believe that the topographic expression of this impact or the [[impact crater]], has been completely erased by [[erosion]].
In 1987, Clark and Marjorie Hardman published their finding that the oval-to-head area of the serpent is aligned to the summer [[solstice]] sunset. A depiction of the serpent mound that appeared in ''The Century'' periodical in April 1890, drawn by [[William Jacob Baer]].
==Preservation==
[[File:Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif|thumb|265x265px|A depiction of the serpent mound that appeared in ''The Century'' periodical in April 1890, drawn by [[William Jacob Baer]].]]
''Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley'' fascinated many across the country, including [[Frederic Ward Putnam]] of the [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]] at [[Harvard University]]. Putnam spent much of his career lecturing and publishing on the Ohio mounds, specifically the Serpent Mound. When he visited the Midwest in 1885, he found that plowing and development were destroying many of the mounds, removing significant history of these cultures and their burial sites. In 1886, with help from a group of wealthy women in [[Boston]], such as [[Glass Flowers|The Glass Flowers]]' patroness [[Mary Lee Ware]], Putnam raised funds to purchase 60 acres (240,000 m<sup>2</sup>) at the site of The Serpent Mound in hopes to ensure its preservation. Along with The Serpent Mound, the purchase also contained three conical mounds as well as a village site and burial place. The Serpent Mound is now listed as a "Great Wonder Of the Ancient World" by ''National Geographic Magazine''.
The mound was originally purchased on behalf of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum, in 1900 the land and its ownership were granted to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society (a predecessor of the present [[Ohio Historical Society]]). The [[Ohio Historical Society]] has designated the Arc of Appalachia Preserves system, a project of [[Highlands Sanctuary]], Inc., as the managing agency of Serpent Mound from 2010 until March 2021. In March of 2021, The Ohio History Connection took back active management of the site. Following an instance of vandalism in 2015, more security cameras and protective gates were added to ensure the protection of the site and surrounding area.
===Excavation===
[[File:Adena SerpMd gorget points HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gorget]]s and points from the [[Adena culture]], found at Serpent Mound]][[File:Hopewell SerpMd pipe points earspool HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|Hopewell pipe, points, and earspool on display at Serpent Mound]]During excavation of The Serpent Mound archaeologists uncovered pipes, points, and earspool from the Hopewell Culture as well as [[Gorget|Gorgets]] and points from the [[Adena culture]].
After raising sufficient funds, Putnam returned to the same site in 1886. He worked for four years to excavate the burial sequence contents of both The Serpent Mound and two nearby conical mounds. After completing his excavation and publishing his work, Putnam worked on restoring the mounds to their original state.
One of the conical mounds that was excavated by Putnam in 1890 yielded several artifacts of a principal burial hosted by during the period of the Adena people. Along with these findings, Putnam found and excavated nine intrusive burials in the mound through his discovery of an ash bed containing many prehistoric artifacts, north of the conical mound. After the excavation, the conical mound was reconstructed and currently stands just south of the parking lot at The Serpent Mound State Memorial.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Schwarz |first=Kevin |title=Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memor. |url=https://www.academia.edu/6699348/Long_Shadows_Over_the_Valley_Recent_Findings_from_ASC_Groups_Excavations_at_Serpent_Mound_State_Memor}}</ref>
In 2011, archaeologists took the opportunity to excavate the property prior to installation of utility lines at The Serpent Mound State Memorial. The excavations focused on three sides of the conical mound which had previously been excavated by Putnam in 1890. In addition to these concentrations of artifacts, an ashy soil horizon was excavated north of the conical mound, where archaeologists were able to uncover many prehistoric artifacts. It is believed that the ashy deposit of charcoal is the remainder of a Fort Ancient Culture ash bed. The wood charcoal from within the remnant bed was carbon dated back to the time of the Fort Ancient Culture, between the years of 1041 A.D. and 1211 A.D. Given the results found through carbon dating, burials in the conical mound dated to the Early Woodland and Fort Ancient periods, suggestive of ritual reuse of the circum mound area and ash bed.<ref name=":1" />
===Serpent Mound Museum===
''Main article: [[Ohio Historical Society]]''
[[File:Serpent_Mound.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Digital [[Geographic information system|Geographic Information System]] Map of The Serpent Mound]]
In 1901, the Ohio Historical Society hired engineer, Clinton Cowan, to survey newly acquired lands. Cowan created a 56 by 72-inch (1,800 mm) map that depicted the outline of The Serpent Mound in relation to nearby landmarks, such as hills and rivers. Along with this, Cowan made specific geographical surveys of the area, discovering a unique astrobleme on which the mound is based. He found that the mound is at the convergence of three distinctly different soil types. Cowan's information, in conjunction with Putnam's archaeological discoveries, has been the basis for all modern investigations of The Serpent Mound. Furthermore, a digital [[GIS|GIS map]] of Ohio's Great Serpent Mound was created by Timothy A. Price and Nichole I. Stump in March of 2002.
In 1967, The Ohio Historical Society opened '''The Serpent Mound Museum''', built very close to the site of the mound. A pathway was constructed around the base of the mound, guiding visitors through and around the site. The museum features exhibits that include explanations of the effigy's form, description of the constructing of the mound and the geographical history of the area. The museum also features an exhibit on the Adena culture, which they historically credited as the creators of the mound.
'''Serpent Mound State Memorial''' is currently being operated on behalf of the Ohio Historical Society by the Arc of Appalachia Preserve System. It is a non-profit organization that specializes in the preservation and protection of native [[biodiversity]] and prehistoric [[Indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] sites in southern Ohio.
==See also==
* [[Cahokia]]
* [[Crooks mound]]
* [[Glades culture]]
* [[Hopewell Culture National Historical Park]]
* [[Indian Mounds Park (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mound builder (people)]]
* [[Nazca Lines]]
* [[Spiro Mounds]]
* [[Marree Man]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Fletcher, Robert V., Terry L. Cameron, Bradley T. Lepper, Dee Anne Wymer, and William Pickard, "Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'', Vol 21, No. 1, Spring 1996, University of Iowa.
*Putnam, Frederic Ward, "The Serpent Mound of Ohio: Site Excavation and Park Reconstruction.", ''Century Magazine'' Vol 39: 871–888. Illustrations by William Jacob Baer.
* Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis, ''[[Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley]]'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., 1998. Reprint of 1848 edition with a new introduction by David J. Meltzer.
*Weintraub, Daniel and Kevin R. Schwarz, "Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memorial", ''Current Research in Ohio Archaeology'' 2013. The Ohio Archaeological Council.
* Woodward, Susan L. and Jerry N. McDonald, ''Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley'', Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, 1986
==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/museum-and-site-locator/serpent-mound Serpent Mound], Ohio Historical Society
* [http://arcofappalachia.org/serpent-mound/ Arc of Appalachia: Serpent Mound]
* [http://www.nps.gov/hocu/ "Hopewell Culture National Historical Park"], National Park Service
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040113195022/http://www.ohiohistoryteachers.org/03/04/sw07.shtml Ohio History Teachers - Field Trips: Serpent Mound]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040813224500/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/serpent.html "Archaeological Sites: Serpent Mound"], Minnesota State University Mankato
* [http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2223 Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society]
* [http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110329/NEWS01/103300319/Scientists-try-unlock-Serpent-Mound-secrets?odyssey=tab|topnews|text|FRONTPAGE Scientists try to unlock Serpent Mound secrets]
{{Fort Ancient culture}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Fort Ancient culture]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Ohio]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Ohio]]
[[Category:Museums in Adams County, Ohio]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Adams County, Ohio]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Ohio]]
[[Category:Archaeological museums in Ohio]]
[[Category:Ohio History Connection]]
[[Category:History museums in Ohio]]
[[Category:Snakes]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Adams County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Parks in Ohio]]
[[Category:Geoglyphs]]
[[Category:Mounds in Ohio]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -15,84 +15,91 @@
| refnum = 66000602<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
}}
-
-The '''Great Serpent Mound''' is a {{convert|1348|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}},<ref>Glotzhober and Lepper, ''Serpent Mound: Ohio's Enigmatic Effigy Mound'', Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1994, p. 3</ref> three-foot-high prehistoric [[effigy mound]] on a plateau of the [[Serpent Mound crater]] along [[Ohio Brush Creek]] in [[Adams County, Ohio]]. Maintained within a park by [[Ohio History Connection]], it has been designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] by the [[United States Department of Interior]]. The Serpent Mound of Ohio was first reported from surveys by Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis in their historic volume ''Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley'', published in 1848 by the newly founded [[Smithsonian Museum]]. The Serpent Mound is the largest serpent effigy in the world.<ref name="MNSU">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/serpent.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813224500/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/serpent.html|url-status=dead|title="Serpent Mound", MNSU (dead link)|archive-date=13 August 2004|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
==Description==
[[File:Serpent Mound Plaque.jpg|thumb|left|Ohio [[historical marker]]]]
-Including all three parts, the Serpent Mound extends about {{convert|1376|ft|m}}, varies in height from less than a foot to more than three feet (30–100 cm), and has a width of 20 to 25 feet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/serp/hd_serp.htm|title=Great Serpent Mound |website=metmuseum.org|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref> Conforming to the curve of the land on which it rests, with its head approaching a cliff above a stream, the serpent winds back and forth for more than eight hundred feet and seven coils, and ends in a triple-coiled tail. The shape itself consisted mostly of a layer of yellowish [[clay]] and [[ash]] that was reinforced with a layer of rocks, and then covered with a layer of soil.<ref>{{cite web| title= The Ancient Ohio Trail : Serpent Mound | publisher= CERHAS - University of Cincinnati |url= http://www.ancientohiotrail.org/sites/serpent-mound | access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Putnam, F. W.|date=1889|title=The Serpent Mound of Ohio|url=http://scienceviews.com/indian/the_serpent_mound_of_ohio.html|journal=[[The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine]]|volume=39|access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> The serpent head has an open mouth extending around the east end of a {{convert|120|ft|m|adj=on}}-long hollow oval feature that may represent the snake eating an egg,<ref>Landis, Don. "Monuments, Mounds, Pyramids..." The Genius of Ancient Man: Evolution's Nightmare. Green Forest, AR: Master, 2012. 67. Print.</ref> though some scholars posit that the oval feature symbolizes the sun, the body of a frog, or merely the remnant of a platform. The effigy's extreme western feature is a triangular mound approximately {{convert|31.6|ft|m}} at its base and long axis. There are similar serpent effigies in [[Serpent Mounds Park|Ontario]] and [[Scotland]].<ref name=MNSU/>
+The '''Great Serpent Mound''' is a 1,348-foot-long (411 m), three-foot-high prehistoric [[effigy mound]] located in Peebles, Ohio. The mound itself resides on the [[Serpent Mound crater]] plateau, running along the [[Ohio Brush Creek]] in [[Adams County, Ohio]]. The mound is maintained through the [[Ohio History Connection]], a non profit organization dedicated to preserving historical sites throughout Ohio. The [[United States Department of Interior]] later designated the mound as a [[National Historic Landmark]] of The United States. The Serpent Mound was first reported through surveys by Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis. It was featured in their historic volume ''Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley'', published in 1848 by the newly founded [[Smithsonian Museum]]. The mound has received a lot of attention, being the largest serpent effigy in the world to this day.
+
+
+Effigy mounds can be traced back throughout several civilizations. The significance of The Serpent Mound stems greatly from its size and historical relevance. Made up of three parts, The Serpent Mound extends over 1,376 feet (419 m) in length, varying from 9" to over 3' (30–100 cm) in height. The mound stands with a width varying between 20 and 25 feet based on the section.The Serpent Mound conforms to the surrounding land, as it rests on the bank of the [[Ohio Brush Creek]]. The mound itself winds back and forth for more than eight hundred feet, with its tail coiling in seven areas throughout the mound itself. The mound features a triple-coiled tail at the end of the structure, often viewed as a benchmark of the mound. Yellowish [[clay]] and [[ash]] acts as the main constituent of the mound, with layer of rocks and soil reinforcing the outer layer. The open-mouth head of the serpent itself wraps around an east facing, 120-foot (37 m)-long, hollow oval feature. The feature is representative of an egg, with an apparent depiction of the snake consuming it. Many scholars presume that the oval in a representation of the sun, the body of a frog, or merely the remnant of a platform. The western side of the effigy features a triangular mound approximately 31.6 feet (9.6 m) at its base and long axis, reminiscent of other serpent effigies in [[Serpent Mounds Park|Ontario]] and [[Scotland]].
==Origin==
{{main|Prehistory of Ohio}}
-Archaeologists are still debating the origin of Serpent Mound. The mound contains no [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] and no burials that would help establish the age of the mound. The two leading theories are that the mound was built by either the [[Adena Culture]] (800 BC to 100 AD) around 320 BC, or the [[Fort Ancient|Fort Ancient Culture]] (1000 to 1750 AD) around 1070 AD.
+The civilization responsible for the creation of The Serpent Mound is highly disputed amongst archaeologists, with its constructing often being attributed to several civilizations. Very little additional evidence, such as [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] and burials, can be found at the site of the mound, leaving it hard for archaeologists to trace its construction back to one civilization. Archaeologists predominantly acknowledge the [[Adena Culture]] (800 BC to 100 AD) and the [[Fort Ancient|Fort Ancient Culture]] (1000 to 1750 AD) as the main contributors to the mounds creation. They believe that The Adena Culture completed a majority of their contribution to the mound around 320 BC, while The Fort Ancient Culture attributed their efforts around 1070 AD.
-Archaeologists began attributing the mound to the Fort Ancient culture (circa 1070 AD) with the publication of "Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?" in 1996.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=Robert V.|last2=Cameron|first2=Terry L.|last3=Lepper|first3=Bradley T.|last4=Wymer|first4=Dee Anne|last5=Pickard|first5=William|date=1996|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=21|issue=1|pages=105–143|issn=0146-1109|jstor=20708387|title=Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?}}</ref><ref name=saraceni>{{cite journal |url=http://www.archaeology.org/9611/newsbriefs/serpentmound.html |first=Jessica E. |last=Saraceni |title=Redating Serpent Mound |journal=Archaeology |volume=49 |number=6|date=Nov–Dec 1996 |access-date=April 2, 2021}}</ref> A 2017 article, "Radiocarbon Dates Reveal Serpent Mound Is More than Two Thousand Years Old", argues for a construction by the Adena culture circa 320 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Romain|first1=William F.|last2=Herrmann|first2=Edward W.|last3=Monaghan|first3=G. William|last4=Burks|first4=Jarrod|date=2017-09-02|title=Radiocarbon Dates Reveal Serpent Mound Is More than Two Thousand Years Old|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|language=en|volume=42|issue=3|pages=201–222|doi=10.1080/01461109.2017.1371871|s2cid=134562935|issn=0146-1109}}</ref> The academic debate continues with multiple rebuttals to each theory published in the ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ymca20|title=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|website=Tandfonline.com|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01461109.2017.1419917|doi=10.1080/01461109.2017.1419917|title=On the Age of Serpent Mound: A Reply to Romain and Colleagues|year=2018|last1=Lepper|first1=Bradley T.|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=43|pages=62–75|s2cid=165388387}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01461109.2017.1403738|doi=10.1080/01461109.2017.1403738|title=Rejoinder to Lepper Concerning Serpent Mound|year=2018|last1=Romain|first1=William F.|last2=Herrmann|first2=Edward W.|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=43|pages=76–88|s2cid=165489600}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01461109.2018.1511155|doi=10.1080/01461109.2018.1511155|title=Serpent Mound in its Woodland Period Context: Second Rejoinder to Lepper|year=2019|last1=Romain|first1=William F.|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=44|pages=57–83|s2cid=165272228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806|doi=10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806|title=Debating the Age of Serpent Mound: A Reply to Romain and Herrmann's Rejoinder to Lepper Concerning Serpent Mound|year=2019|last1=Lepper|first1=Bradley T.|last2=Frolking|first2=Tod A.|last3=Pickard|first3=William H.|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=44|pages=42–56|s2cid=165322960}}</ref>
+The mound's lack of physical artifacts has led archaeologists to rely on radiocarbon dating to determine when the mound was created. An article published in July of 2014, titled "''New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old''" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-27 |title=New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old - The Ancient Earthworks Project |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327153036/http://ancientearthworksproject.org/1/post/2014/07/new-radiocarbon-dates-suggest-serpent-mound-is-more-than-2000-years-old.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>, provides evidence supporting the mounds creation by The Adena Culture in 320 BC. The article references the radiocarbon data that was published in October of 2014 by "''The Journal of Archaeological Science''" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=A new multistage construction chronology for the Great Serpent Mound, USA - ScienceDirect |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727235820/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440314002465 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>. Their radiocarbon evidence attributes the creation of the mound to The Adena Culture around 2300 years ago, while having been renovated 1400 by The Fort Ancient Culture. Although this evidence is supported through radiocarbon dating, it remains heavily disputed through theories published by "''The Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology"'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monaghan |first=G. William |last2=Herrmann |first2=Edward W. |date=2019-01-01 |title=Serpent MoundStill Built by the Adena, and Still Rebuilt During the Fort Ancient Period |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/mcja/article/44/1/84/217212/Serpent-MoundStill-Built-by-the-Adena-and-Still |journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=84–93 |doi=10.2307/26599989 |issn=0146-1109}}</ref> in April of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/serp/hd_serp.htm |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref>
-===Adena culture===
-{{Main|Adena culture}}
+=== The Prehistory of Ohio ===
+''Main article: [[Prehistory of Ohio]]''
+[[File:Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg|thumb|244x244px|The spiral at the of The Serpent Mound]]
+Several groups of [[Paleo-Indians]] (13000 B.C. to 7000 B.C.) occupied the land in Ohio prior to The Adena and [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]]<nowiki/>cultures. Evidence shows that numerous civilizations of Paleo-Indians occupied the land in Ohio, thriving through [[hunter-gatherer]] techniques that ranged throughout the land. The Paleo-Indians hunted large game such as [[mastodon]]. Archaeologists have found remains of [[Burning Tree Mastodon|The Burning Tree Mastodon]] throughout Ohio, as well as remains from other large game. [[Clovis point|Clovis points]] have been found that indicate interaction with other groups of Paleo-Indians that also hunted large game. The [[Paleo Crossing Site]] and [[Nobles Pond Site Tools, like [[Spear-thrower|spear-throwers]], were more sophisticated. Base camps were established for winter lodging. The [[Glacial Kame Culture|Glacial Kame culture]], a late Archaic group, traded for sea shell and copper with other groups and were used as a sign of prestige within the group, for respected healers and hunters. The objects were buried with their owners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shelby County Historical Society - Indians - About the Paleo-Indians |url=https://www.shelbycountyhistory.org/schs/indians/paleoindians.htm |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=www.shelbycountyhistory.org}}</ref>
-Historically, researchers first attributed the mound to the Adena culture (1000 BC – 100 AD). [[William Snyder Webb|William Webb]], noted Adena exponent, found evidence through [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon dating]] for [[Kentucky]] Adena as early as 1200 BC. As there are Adena graves near the Serpent Mound, scholars thought the same people constructed the mound. The skeletal remains of the Adena type uncovered in the 1880s at Serpent Mound indicate that these people were unique among the ancient Ohio Valley peoples.
+Following the ancient Paleo-Indians, the [[Woodland period|Woodland Period]] (800 B.C. to A.D. 1200) of the Post-Archaic Period is known for its rich ritual and artistic life and well-developed villages. The Woodland Period is well known for the emergence of [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] and [[Mound|mounds]], which were commonly used for burials as well. Along with hunted and gathered for their food and game, many civilizations cultivated crops such as [[maize]], [[Cucurbita|squash]] and [[Bean|beans]]. The [[Adena culture|Adena]] and [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] cultures flourished during the Early and Middle Woodland periods, while the population of the Woodland people expanded dramatically. Several groups of the Woodland people lived in larger villages, surrounded by defensive walls or ditches that were built for protection. Ritual and artistic endeavors waned during the Late Woodland period, as well as trading amongst other groups. Many of the earthworks and effigy mounds were built early on in this period, while these cultures lack construction of new mounds after their inception.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lepper |first=Bradley T. |last2=Frolking |first2=Tod A. |last3=Pickard |first3=William H. |date=2019-01-02 |title=Debating the Age of Serpent Mound: A Reply to Romain and Herrmann’s Rejoinder to Lepper Concerning Serpent Mound |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806 |journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=42–56 |doi=10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806 |issn=0146-1109}}</ref>
-An eight-member team led by archaeologist [[William Romain (archaeologist)|William F Romain]] has been published in the [[Journal of Archaeological Science]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Herrmann Edward W|year=2014|title=A new multistage construction chronology for the Great Serpent Mound, USA|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=50|pages=117–125|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.07.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ancientearthworksproject.org/1/post/2014/07/new-radiocarbon-dates-suggest-serpent-mound-is-more-than-2000-years-old.html|title=New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old|date=July 26, 2014|website=ancientearthworksproject.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327153036/http://ancientearthworksproject.org/1/post/2014/07/new-radiocarbon-dates-suggest-serpent-mound-is-more-than-2000-years-old.html|archive-date=March 27, 2017}}</ref>
-The team found much older [[Radiocarbon dating samples|charcoal samples]] in less-damaged sections of the mound. The investigators conjecture that the mound was originally built between 381 BC and 44 BC, with a mean date of 321 BC. They explain the more recent charcoal found in the 1990s as likely the result of a "repair" effort by indigenous people around 1070 AD, when the mound would already have been suffering from natural degradation.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}
+During the late prehistoric period (900 A.D. to 1650 A.D.) the villages of civilizations such as the Adena people and the Fort Ancient people were much larger. These villages were often built on a higher ground near a river, commonly surrounded by a wooden stockade. After a long hiatus, civilizations returned to building earthworks and effigy mounds, but not as frequenctly as during the Woodland period.<ref name=":0" />
-===Fort Ancient culture===
-{{Main|Fort Ancient}}
-[[File:SD35 Serpent Mound Squier and Davis Plate XXXV gray-levels-cropped.png|thumb|upright|Squier and Davis's map from ''[[Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley]]'', published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 1848]]
-In 1996, the team of Robert V. Fletcher and Terry L. Cameron (under the supervision of the [[Ohio History Connection|Ohio Historical Society]]'s Bradley T. Lepper) reopened a trench created by [[Frederic Ward Putnam]] of [[Harvard]] over 100 years before. They found a few pieces of [[charcoal]] in what was believed to be an undisturbed portion of the Serpent Mound. However, [[bioturbation]], including [[burrowing animals]], [[frost crack]]s, etc., can reverse the [[Structuralism|structural timeline]] of an earthen mound such as Serpent Mound. It can shift carbon left by a later culture on the surface to areas deep within the structure, making the earthwork appear younger.
+== Civilizations of The Midwest ==
-When the team conducted [[carbon dating]] studies on the charcoal pieces, two yielded a date of ca. 1070 AD, with the third piece dating to the [[Late Archaic]] period some two thousand years earlier, specifically 2920+/-65 years BP (before the present). The third date, ca. 2900 BP, was recovered from a core sample below cultural modification level. The first two dates place the Serpent Mound within the realm of the Fort Ancient culture. The third dates the mound back to very early Adena culture or before.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'', Vol. 21, No.1, University of Iowa, 1996</ref>
+=== The Adena Culture ===
+The [[Adena culture|Adena Culture]] consists of the pre-contact American Indian culture that lived throughout the midwest in states such as Kentucky, Indiana, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and most predominently Ohio. The majority of these civilizations inhabited the Scioto River and Hocking Valleys in southern Ohio, as well as the Kanawha Valley near Charleston, West Virginia. This period is often referred to as The Early Woodland Period, ranging between 800 B.C. and 1 A.D. The name “Adena” refers to the culture that once inhabited this land rather than a singular group or tribe. The name originates from the estate of Ohio Governor Thomas Worthington, which can be found about one and a half miles northwest of [[Chillicothe, Ohio]]. The estate itself belongs to a small town in Ohio called [[Ross County, Ohio|Ross County]], which Worthington referred to as “Adena”, a Hebrew name that “was given to places for the delightfulness of their situations”. Worthington's estate was previously home to an ancient burial mound, standing 26 feet tall, hence the name "The Adena Mound".
-The Fort Ancient people could have been the builders of the Serpent Mound. Alternatively, they may have refurbished the earthwork for their own use in the same way that people today fix up old houses to make them suitable for occupation again. The [[rattlesnake]] is significant as a [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex#Great Serpent|symbol in the Mississippian culture]], which would help explain the image of the mound. However, there is no sign or indication of a rattle.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
+Archaeologists attribute the creation of these civilizations to The Adena Culture as a whole, though are unsure of the specific tribes that inhabited the land. The title is used out of archaeological convenience, that encompasses similarities in artifact style, architecture, and other cultural practices, allowing archaeologists to distinguish the Adena culture from other cultures in the region at different time periods. The Adena Mound site became the "type site" of the culture itself due to its exemplification of all the culture's significant features. In light of this, the site's title was later applied to the entire culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adena Culture - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/enwiki/w/Adena_Culture |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=ohiohistorycentral.org}}</ref>
-If this mound was built by the Fort Ancient people, it was uncharacteristic for that group. For example, the mound does not contain [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]], although, like the Adena people, the Fort Ancient culture typically buried many artifacts in its mounds. In another difference, the Fort Ancient people did not usually bury their dead in the manner of the burials found in proximity to the [[effigy]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
+As were many of the tribes of the Woodland period, the Adena people were hunter-gatherers. As well as hunting large game and reaping the lands crop, the Adena people survived through domesticating various crops such as squash, sunflower, sumpweed, goosefoot, knotweed, maygrass, and tobacco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Indians - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/enwiki/w/American_Indians#:~:text=From%20these%20missionaries,%20historians%20know,Myaamia%20(in%20western%20Ohio). |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=ohiohistorycentral.org}}</ref> They often lived in small villages with surrounding gardens but moved frequently to follow various animal herds while planting and feeding on various types of nuts along the way. In addition to undertaking small-scale horticultural production, the Adena people are also known for their production of clay pottery, having been one of the first to cultures to bring it to Ohio. Observed through remains found at the type site, achaeologists characterize the Adena's clay pottery through it's large, thick-walled vessels, resembling a modern day bowl. Archaeologists believe that this clay pottery was used to cook ground seeds into an oatmeal-like substance.
-One of the only other [[effigy mound]]s in Ohio, the [[Alligator Effigy Mound]] in [[Granville, Ohio|Granville]], was carbon dated to the Fort Ancient period.
+The Adena were known for their burial practices, having buried their dead in prominent mounds throughout the midwest. Many archaeologists believe that these structures served as territorial markers for the Adena people. The mounds themselves were often accompanied by small circular earthen enclosures that many archaeologists believe were once used for rituals. The Miamisburg Mound in [[Montgomery County, Ohio]], is home to the largest Adena burial mound in the state. Mounds such as this hosted multiple burials, characterized by the rituals performed and the funerary objects worn such as bracelets, ear spools, gorgets and other ornaments. Larger ornaments such as bones and stone tools were often worn around the neck. The deceased individual was either cremated or placed on their back in timber-lined tombs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Webb |first=William S. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03744 |title=The Adena people |date=2001 |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-0-87049-159-7 |language=en}}</ref>
-==Purpose==
-===Astronomical significance===
-[[File:Chromesun serpent mound spiral01.jpg|thumb|The spiral tail at the end of the Serpent Mound]]
-In 1987, [[Clark Hardman|Clark]] and [[Marjorie Hardman]] published their finding that the oval-to-head area of the serpent is aligned to the summer [[solstice]] sunset.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hardman |title=A Map Of The Great Serpent Effigy Mound |year=1987 |url=https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/55881/1/OHIO_ARCHAEOLOGIST_37_1_WINTER_1987.pdf |publisher=Ohio State |access-date=3 February 2022 |page=34|hdl=1811/55881 }}</ref><ref>Glotzhober and Lepper, ''Serpent Mound: Ohio's Enigmatic Effigy Mound'', Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1994 p. 11</ref> <ref name=OHS/>
-[[File:Serpent Mound - The Century.gif|thumb|left|A depiction of the serpent mound that appeared in ''The Century'' periodical in April 1890, drawn by [[William Jacob Baer]].]]
+By around the time of A.D. 1, the Adena culture began to decline and their civilizations began to evolve into what is known as [[Hopewell culture|The Hopewell Culture]]. Numerous Adena groups began to build larger earthworks and effigy mounds, expanding their efforts to acquire exotic raw materials such as copper and mica. Many people of The Hopewell Culture continued to follow the old ways of the Adena people. In some regions, including Southwestern Ohio, the Adena way of life persisted well into the first century A.D. through the efforts of these people.
-If 1070 AD is accurate as the construction year, building the mound could theoretically have been influenced by two astronomical events: the light from the [[supernova]] that created the [[Crab Nebula]] in 1054, and the appearance of [[Halley's Comet]] in 1066.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Fletcher, Robert V.|author2=Terry L. Cameron|author3= Bradley T. Lepper|author4=Dee Anne Wymer|author5=William Pickard|title=Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=21|number=1|date=Spring 1996}}</ref> The supernova light would have been visible for two weeks after it first reached earth, even during the day. The Halley's Comet's tail has always appeared as a long, straight line and does not resemble the curves of the Serpent Mound. Halley's comet appears every 76 years. Numerous other supernovas may have occurred over the centuries that span the possible construction dates of the effigy.
+=== The Fort Ancient Culture ===
+''Main Article: [[Fort Ancient culture|Fort Ancient Culture]]''
+[[File:Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif|thumb|Map of Fort Ancient from 1848]]
+The Fort Ancient Culture refers to the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Archaeological culture|Cultures]] that flourished from 1000 C.E. to 1750 C.E., predominantly inhabiting land near the [[Ohio River]] valley. These civilizations flourished in the modern-day regions of southern [[Ohio]], northern [[Kentucky]], southeastern [[Indiana]] and western [[West Virginia]]. The Fort Ancient tribes are often referred to as a "sister culture" of the[[Mississippian culture|Mississippian Culture]], though can be distinguished through the time period in which they thrived and their many cultural differences. Along with their relation to the Mississippian Culture, evidence suggests that the Fort Ancient Culture were not the direct descendants of the [[Hopewellian culture|Hopewellian Culture]]. Despite what many believe, the tribes of the Fort Ancient Culture were not responsible for the creation of The Great Serpent Mound, though contributed to its physical appearance through maintenance around 200 A.D.
-==Serpent Mound Impact structure==
-The mound is located on the site of a classic [[astrobleme]], an ancient meteorite [[impact structure]].
-One of the strongest clues to the impact origin of this structure is in the pattern of disruption of [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] [[Stratum|strata]]. In the center of the structure, strata have been uplifted several hundred feet, in much the same way that the central uplifts of lunar craters such as [[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]] were formed. In 2003 geologists from [[Ohio State University]] and the [[University of Glasgow]] (Scotland) corroborated the meteorite impact origin of the structure at Serpent Mound. They had studied core samples collected at the site in the 1970s. Further analyses of the rock core samples indicated the impact occurred during the [[Permian|Permian Period]], about 248 to 286 million years ago; thus, the topographic expression of this impact, an [[impact crater]], has been completely erased by [[erosion]].<ref name="EIDb">{{cite Earth Impact DB | name = Serpent Mound| linkname = serpentmound| access-date = 2012-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Ohio_GS">''"Subsurface Geology of the Serpent Mound Disturbance of Adams, Highland, and Pike Counties, Ohio."'' Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. [https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/80256 PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128095623/http://ohiodnr.com/portals/10/pdf/ri146.pdf |date=2010-11-28 }} (accessed 10 April 2007)</ref>
+The name of the culture originates from the [[Fort Ancient, Ohio]] archeological site. However, the Fort Ancient Site is now thought to have been built by [[Ohio Hopewell|Ohio Hopewellian]] people, having later been occupied later by the succeeding Fort Ancient culture. The site is located on a hill above the [[Little Miami River]], close to [[Lebanon, Ohio]]. Despite its name, most [[Archaeologist|archaeologists]] do not believe that Fort Ancient was used primarily as a fortress by either the Ohio Hopewell Culture or the Fort Ancient Culture. Archaeologists believe that it was more likely used as a ceremonial location.
+[[File:Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg|thumb|Fort Ancient tools found in Maysville, KY]]
-==Recent history==
-The Serpent Mound was first mapped by Euro-Americans as early as 1815. In 1846 it was surveyed for the [[Smithsonian Institution]] by two [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]] men, [[E. G. Squier|Ephraim G. Squier]] and [[Edwin Hamilton Davis]]. Their book ''[[Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley]]'' (1848), published by the Smithsonian, included a detailed description and map of the serpent mound.
+In 1996, the team of Robert V. Fletcher and Terry L. Cameron (under the supervision of the [[Ohio History Connection|Ohio Historical Society]]'s Bradley T. Lepper) reopened a trench created by [[Frederic Ward Putnam]] of [[Harvard]] over 100 years before. They found a few pieces of [[charcoal]] in what was believed to be an undisturbed portion of the Serpent Mound. However, [[bioturbation]], including [[burrowing animals]], [[Frost crack|frost cracks]], etc., can reverse the [[Structuralism|structural timeline]] of an earthen mound such as Serpent Mound. It can shift carbon left by a later culture on the surface to areas deep within the structure, making the earthwork appear younger.
-[[Summer solstice|Summer Solstice]] 2021 marked the [[Shawnee]] people's official return to the mound.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-12|title=Shawnee Citizens Officially Invited Back To Great Serpent Mound|url=https://www.wyso.org/local-and-statewide-news/2021-07-12/shawnee-citizens-officially-invited-to-return-to-great-serpent-mound|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=[[WYSO]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ohio's Serpent Mound - An American Indian Story Written in the Earth|url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/learn/collections/history/history-blog/june-2021/ohio-serpent-mound-blog|url-status=live|archive-date=2021-06-07|access-date=2021-10-13|website=[[Ohio History Connection]]}}</ref> Representatives of the [[Shawnee Tribe]] and the [[Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma]] spent the weekend interacting with visitors, and explaining the Shawnees' traditional connections to the mound and to other locations in Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pember|first=Mary Annette|title=Shawnee reclaim the great Serpent Mound|url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/shawnee-relcaim-great-serpent-mound|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Indian Country Today|language=en}}</ref>
+When the team conducted [[carbon dating]] studies on the charcoal pieces, two yielded a date of ca. 1070 AD, with the third piece dating to the [[Late Archaic]] period some two thousand years earlier, specifically 2920+/-65 years BP (before the present). The third date, ca. 2900 BP, was recovered from a core sample below cultural modification level. The first two dates place the Serpent Mound within the realm of the Fort Ancient culture. The third dates the mound back to very early Adena culture or before.<ref name="ReferenceA2">"Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'', Vol. 21, No.1, University of Iowa, 1996</ref>
-==Preservation==
-''Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley'' fascinated many across the country, including [[Frederic Ward Putnam]] of the [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]] at [[Harvard University]]. Putnam spent much of his career lecturing and publishing on the Ohio mounds, specifically the Serpent Mound. When he visited the Midwest in 1885, he found that plowing and development were destroying many of the mounds.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022|reason=There is no source for this claim or reference to whom was destroying Serpent Mound or who even owned it before it was purchased by Harvard Anthropology}} In 1886, with help from a group of wealthy women in [[Boston]] (such as the noted [[Glass Flowers]]' patroness [[Mary Lee Ware]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Mary L. Ware and the Early Funding of Harvard Anthropology: Private Sources of Funding in the Nineteenth Century (Paper)|author=D. Wes Beattie|url=http://eraven.franklinpierce.edu/academicshowcase/2017/marulli.htm|website=Eraven.franklinpierce.edu}}</ref> Putnam raised funds to purchase {{convert|60|acre|m2}} at the Serpent Mound site for preservation. The purchase also contained three conical mounds, a village site and a burial place.<ref>Ralph W. Dexter, "Contributions of Frederic Ward Putnam to Ohio Archaeology", ''The Ohio Journal of Science'' 65(3): 110, May, 1965</ref> Serpent Mound is listed as a "Great Wonder Of the Ancient World" by ''National Geographic Magazine''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nbc4i.com/news/2010/nov/10/serpent-mound-ar-286661/|title=Serpent Mound Recognized As Great Wonder Of Ancient World|publisher=NBC4I.com|access-date=2011-03-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110043219/http://www2.nbc4i.com/news/2010/nov/10/serpent-mound-ar-286661/|archive-date=2011-01-10}}</ref>
+The Fort Ancient people contributed to maintaining and refurbishing The Great Serpent Mound though were not responsible for its creation. The [[rattlesnake]] is significant as a [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex#Great Serpent|symbol in the Mississippian culture]], helping us to understand the significance of the mound's shape. When attempting to identify the species of snake, there is no sign or indication of a rattle.<ref name="ReferenceA2" />
+
+Very few, if any, artifacts from The Fort Ancient people can be found at the site of The Great Serpent Mound. As just like the Adena people, the Fort Ancient Culture often buried artifacts in its mounds. Along with a lack of artifacts found, the Fort Ancient people were not known to bury their dead in the same manner as the Adena Culture, especially in proximity to the [[effigy]].<ref name="ReferenceA2" />
+
+Another [[effigy mound]] found in Ohio, the [[Alligator Effigy Mound]] in [[Granville, Ohio]], was carbon dated to the Fort Ancient period.
+
+==Meaning of The Mound==
+[[File:Serpent_mound_8438.jpg|thumb|The curvature of The Serpent Mound]]
+Having been built around 1070 A.D., many archaeologists believe that the the mound's creation could have been influenced by two different astronomical events: the light from the [[supernova]] that created the [[Crab Nebula]] in the year 1054 A.D. and the appearance of [[Halley's Comet]] in 1066 A.D. The light of the supernova would have been visible for two weeks after it first reached earth, which could even be seen in broad day light. As a secondary theory, archaeologists assumed that the tail of Halley's Comet could have influenced the shape of the mound. Through through observation, the tail of the comet has always appeared as a long, straight line and does not resemble the curves of the Serpent Mound. Numerous other supernovas may have occurred over the centuries that span the possible construction dates of the effigy, though these two influences remain the most prominent theories.
+
+The mound is located on the site of a classic [[astrobleme]], an ancient meteorite [[impact structure]]. When attempting to understand the impact origin of this structure, the pattern of disruption of [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] [[Stratum|strata]] has provided archaeologists with a lot of information. In the center of the structure, strata have been uplifted several hundred feet, resembling the central uplifts of lunar craters of the [[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]]. In 2003 geologists from [[Ohio State University]] and the [[University of Glasgow]] (Scotland) corroborated the meteorite impact origin of the structure at The Serpent Mound. They had previously studied core samples collected at the site in the 1970's, providing them with a background of information pertaining to the site. Further analyses of the rock core samples indicated that the impact occurred during the [[Permian|Permian Period]], about 248 to 286 million years ago. This has led archaeologists to believe that the topographic expression of this impact or the [[impact crater]], has been completely erased by [[erosion]].
-Originally purchased on behalf of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum, in 1900 the land and its ownership were granted to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society (a predecessor of the present [[Ohio Historical Society]]).
+In 1987, Clark and Marjorie Hardman published their finding that the oval-to-head area of the serpent is aligned to the summer [[solstice]] sunset. A depiction of the serpent mound that appeared in ''The Century'' periodical in April 1890, drawn by [[William Jacob Baer]].
-The [[Ohio Historical Society]] designated the Arc of Appalachia Preserves system, a project of [[Highlands Sanctuary]], Inc., as the managing agency of Serpent Mound from 2010 until March 2021.<ref name=OHS>{{cite web|url=http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/places/sw16/index.shtml|title=Serpent Mound|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|access-date=2011-03-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227142625/http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/places/sw16/index.shtml|archive-date=2010-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highlandssanctuary.org/Serpent_Mound_Visitors_Guide.htm|title=Serpent_Mound_Visitors_Guide|access-date=2011-03-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222200737/http://www.highlandssanctuary.org/Serpent_Mound_Visitors_Guide.htm|archive-date=2011-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Spring 2010 Highlands Nature Sanctuary Protecting The Region's Woodlands|url=http://www.ohiohillcountry.org/PDF/VoiceSpring2010.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727141736/http://www.ohiohillcountry.org/PDF/VoiceSpring2010.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|access-date=2011-03-05}}</ref> In March 2021 the Ohio History Connection took back active management of the site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/about-us/newsroom/february-2021-(1)/serpent-mound-management-update|title=Newsroom Blog Posts | Ohio History Connection|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
+==Preservation==
+[[File:Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif|thumb|265x265px|A depiction of the serpent mound that appeared in ''The Century'' periodical in April 1890, drawn by [[William Jacob Baer]].]]
+''Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley'' fascinated many across the country, including [[Frederic Ward Putnam]] of the [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]] at [[Harvard University]]. Putnam spent much of his career lecturing and publishing on the Ohio mounds, specifically the Serpent Mound. When he visited the Midwest in 1885, he found that plowing and development were destroying many of the mounds, removing significant history of these cultures and their burial sites. In 1886, with help from a group of wealthy women in [[Boston]], such as [[Glass Flowers|The Glass Flowers]]' patroness [[Mary Lee Ware]], Putnam raised funds to purchase 60 acres (240,000 m<sup>2</sup>) at the site of The Serpent Mound in hopes to ensure its preservation. Along with The Serpent Mound, the purchase also contained three conical mounds as well as a village site and burial place. The Serpent Mound is now listed as a "Great Wonder Of the Ancient World" by ''National Geographic Magazine''.
-Following an instance of vandalism in 2015, more security cameras and protective gates were added.<ref>[http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2015/11/06/serpent-mound-vandalism-joyride-ohio-adams-county/75212758/ "Man who took joyride at Serpent Mound sentenced"], Carrie Blackmore Smith. Cincinnati Enquirer. November 6, 2016. Retrieved 9 jan 2017</ref><ref>[http://www.wlwt.com/article/severe-weather-strikes-across-country/8574727 "Man faces felony charges after Serpent Mound Park vandalism"], Brian Hamrick. WLWT5. July 15, 2015. Retrieved 9 jan 2017</ref>
+The mound was originally purchased on behalf of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum, in 1900 the land and its ownership were granted to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society (a predecessor of the present [[Ohio Historical Society]]). The [[Ohio Historical Society]] has designated the Arc of Appalachia Preserves system, a project of [[Highlands Sanctuary]], Inc., as the managing agency of Serpent Mound from 2010 until March 2021. In March of 2021, The Ohio History Connection took back active management of the site. Following an instance of vandalism in 2015, more security cameras and protective gates were added to ensure the protection of the site and surrounding area.
===Excavation===
-[[File:Hopewell SerpMd pipe points earspool HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|Hopewell pipe, points, and earspool on display at Serpent Mound]]
-[[File:Adena SerpMd gorget points HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gorget]]s and points from the [[Adena culture]], found at Serpent Mound]]
+[[File:Adena SerpMd gorget points HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gorget]]s and points from the [[Adena culture]], found at Serpent Mound]][[File:Hopewell SerpMd pipe points earspool HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|Hopewell pipe, points, and earspool on display at Serpent Mound]]During excavation of The Serpent Mound archaeologists uncovered pipes, points, and earspool from the Hopewell Culture as well as [[Gorget|Gorgets]] and points from the [[Adena culture]].
-After raising sufficient funds, in 1886 Putnam returned to the same site. He worked for four years excavating the contents and burial sequences of both the Serpent Mound and two nearby conical mounds. After his work was completed and his findings documented, Putnam worked on restoring the mounds to their original state.
+After raising sufficient funds, Putnam returned to the same site in 1886. He worked for four years to excavate the burial sequence contents of both The Serpent Mound and two nearby conical mounds. After completing his excavation and publishing his work, Putnam worked on restoring the mounds to their original state.
-One of the conical mounds that was excavated by Putnam (1890)<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Serpent Mound of Ohio|first=F.W.|last=Putnam|journal=The Century Magazine|date=April 1890|pages=871–887}}</ref> yielded a principal burial which has grave goods that associate it with the Adena period (800 BC-100 BC). He also found and excavated nine intrusive burials in the mound. Additionally, Putnam discovered an ash bed north of the conical mound that contained many prehistoric artifacts. After the excavation, the conical mound was reconstructed and is today standing south of the parking lot at Serpent Mound State Memorial.
+One of the conical mounds that was excavated by Putnam in 1890 yielded several artifacts of a principal burial hosted by during the period of the Adena people. Along with these findings, Putnam found and excavated nine intrusive burials in the mound through his discovery of an ash bed containing many prehistoric artifacts, north of the conical mound. After the excavation, the conical mound was reconstructed and currently stands just south of the parking lot at The Serpent Mound State Memorial.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Schwarz |first=Kevin |title=Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memor. |url=https://www.academia.edu/6699348/Long_Shadows_Over_the_Valley_Recent_Findings_from_ASC_Groups_Excavations_at_Serpent_Mound_State_Memor}}</ref>
-In 2011, excavations were undertaken prior to installation of utility lines at Serpent Mound State Memorial. The excavations focused on three sides of the conical mound that Putnam (1890) had excavated. In addition to concentrations of artifacts, an ashy soil horizon was excavated north of the conical mound. The ashy soil horizon had prehistoric artifacts associated with them. It is believed that the ashy deposit is a remnant of the ash bed that Putnam (1890) excavated. Wood charcoal from within the remnant ash bed was carbon dated to 1041-1211 AD, the Fort Ancient period. Because the burials in the conical mound dated to the Early Woodland period, the Fort Ancient period dating of the remnant ash bed is suggestive of ritual reuse of the circum mound area.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/6699348|title=Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memor.|first=Kevin|last=Schwarz|website=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/43589203|title=Use and Continuity on the Plateau: Recent Archaeological Investigations at Serpent Mound State Memorial, Ohio|first=Kevin|last=Schwarz|date=1 January 2020|journal=Journal of Ohio Archaeology|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
+In 2011, archaeologists took the opportunity to excavate the property prior to installation of utility lines at The Serpent Mound State Memorial. The excavations focused on three sides of the conical mound which had previously been excavated by Putnam in 1890. In addition to these concentrations of artifacts, an ashy soil horizon was excavated north of the conical mound, where archaeologists were able to uncover many prehistoric artifacts. It is believed that the ashy deposit of charcoal is the remainder of a Fort Ancient Culture ash bed. The wood charcoal from within the remnant bed was carbon dated back to the time of the Fort Ancient Culture, between the years of 1041 A.D. and 1211 A.D. Given the results found through carbon dating, burials in the conical mound dated to the Early Woodland and Fort Ancient periods, suggestive of ritual reuse of the circum mound area and ash bed.<ref name=":1" />
===Serpent Mound Museum===
-{{Main|Ohio Historical Society}}
-[[File:Serpent Mound.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A digital [[GIS|GIS map]] of Ohio's Great Serpent Mound, created by Timothy A. Price and Nichole I. Stump in March 2002]]
-In 1901, the Ohio Historical Society hired engineer Clinton Cowan to survey newly acquired lands. Cowan created a 56 by {{convert|72|in|mm|adj=on}} map that depicted the outline of the Serpent Mound in relation to nearby landmarks, such as rivers. Cowan also made specific geographical surveys of the area, and he discovered the unique astrobleme on which the mound is based. He found that the mound is at the convergence of three distinctly different soil types. Cowan's information, in conjunction with Putnam's archaeological discoveries, has been the basis for all modern investigations of the Serpent Mound.
+''Main article: [[Ohio Historical Society]]''
+[[File:Serpent_Mound.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Digital [[Geographic information system|Geographic Information System]] Map of The Serpent Mound]]
+In 1901, the Ohio Historical Society hired engineer, Clinton Cowan, to survey newly acquired lands. Cowan created a 56 by 72-inch (1,800 mm) map that depicted the outline of The Serpent Mound in relation to nearby landmarks, such as hills and rivers. Along with this, Cowan made specific geographical surveys of the area, discovering a unique astrobleme on which the mound is based. He found that the mound is at the convergence of three distinctly different soil types. Cowan's information, in conjunction with Putnam's archaeological discoveries, has been the basis for all modern investigations of The Serpent Mound. Furthermore, a digital [[GIS|GIS map]] of Ohio's Great Serpent Mound was created by Timothy A. Price and Nichole I. Stump in March of 2002.
-In 1967, the Ohio Historical Society opened the '''Serpent Mound Museum''', built near the mound. A pathway was constructed around the base of the mound to help visitors. The museum features exhibits that include interpretations of the effigy's form, description of the processes of constructing the mound, the geographical history of the area, and an exhibit on the Adena culture, historically credited as the creators of the mound.
+In 1967, The Ohio Historical Society opened '''The Serpent Mound Museum''', built very close to the site of the mound. A pathway was constructed around the base of the mound, guiding visitors through and around the site. The museum features exhibits that include explanations of the effigy's form, description of the constructing of the mound and the geographical history of the area. The museum also features an exhibit on the Adena culture, which they historically credited as the creators of the mound.
-Serpent Mound State Memorial is currently being operated on behalf of the Ohio Historical Society by the Arc of Appalachia Preserve System. It is a non-profit organization specializing in the preservation and protection of native [[biodiversity]] and prehistoric [[indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] sites in southern Ohio.
+'''Serpent Mound State Memorial''' is currently being operated on behalf of the Ohio Historical Society by the Arc of Appalachia Preserve System. It is a non-profit organization that specializes in the preservation and protection of native [[biodiversity]] and prehistoric [[Indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] sites in southern Ohio.
==See also==
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0 => 'The '''Great Serpent Mound''' is a 1,348-foot-long (411 m), three-foot-high prehistoric [[effigy mound]] located in Peebles, Ohio. The mound itself resides on the [[Serpent Mound crater]] plateau, running along the [[Ohio Brush Creek]] in [[Adams County, Ohio]]. The mound is maintained through the [[Ohio History Connection]], a non profit organization dedicated to preserving historical sites throughout Ohio. The [[United States Department of Interior]] later designated the mound as a [[National Historic Landmark]] of The United States. The Serpent Mound was first reported through surveys by Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis. It was featured in their historic volume ''Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley'', published in 1848 by the newly founded [[Smithsonian Museum]]. The mound has received a lot of attention, being the largest serpent effigy in the world to this day.',
1 => '',
2 => '',
3 => 'Effigy mounds can be traced back throughout several civilizations. The significance of The Serpent Mound stems greatly from its size and historical relevance. Made up of three parts, The Serpent Mound extends over 1,376 feet (419 m) in length, varying from 9" to over 3' (30–100 cm) in height. The mound stands with a width varying between 20 and 25 feet based on the section.The Serpent Mound conforms to the surrounding land, as it rests on the bank of the [[Ohio Brush Creek]]. The mound itself winds back and forth for more than eight hundred feet, with its tail coiling in seven areas throughout the mound itself. The mound features a triple-coiled tail at the end of the structure, often viewed as a benchmark of the mound. Yellowish [[clay]] and [[ash]] acts as the main constituent of the mound, with layer of rocks and soil reinforcing the outer layer. The open-mouth head of the serpent itself wraps around an east facing, 120-foot (37 m)-long, hollow oval feature. The feature is representative of an egg, with an apparent depiction of the snake consuming it. Many scholars presume that the oval in a representation of the sun, the body of a frog, or merely the remnant of a platform. The western side of the effigy features a triangular mound approximately 31.6 feet (9.6 m) at its base and long axis, reminiscent of other serpent effigies in [[Serpent Mounds Park|Ontario]] and [[Scotland]].',
4 => 'The civilization responsible for the creation of The Serpent Mound is highly disputed amongst archaeologists, with its constructing often being attributed to several civilizations. Very little additional evidence, such as [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] and burials, can be found at the site of the mound, leaving it hard for archaeologists to trace its construction back to one civilization. Archaeologists predominantly acknowledge the [[Adena Culture]] (800 BC to 100 AD) and the [[Fort Ancient|Fort Ancient Culture]] (1000 to 1750 AD) as the main contributors to the mounds creation. They believe that The Adena Culture completed a majority of their contribution to the mound around 320 BC, while The Fort Ancient Culture attributed their efforts around 1070 AD.',
5 => 'The mound's lack of physical artifacts has led archaeologists to rely on radiocarbon dating to determine when the mound was created. An article published in July of 2014, titled "''New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old''" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-27 |title=New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old - The Ancient Earthworks Project |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327153036/http://ancientearthworksproject.org/1/post/2014/07/new-radiocarbon-dates-suggest-serpent-mound-is-more-than-2000-years-old.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>, provides evidence supporting the mounds creation by The Adena Culture in 320 BC. The article references the radiocarbon data that was published in October of 2014 by "''The Journal of Archaeological Science''" <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=A new multistage construction chronology for the Great Serpent Mound, USA - ScienceDirect |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727235820/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440314002465 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>. Their radiocarbon evidence attributes the creation of the mound to The Adena Culture around 2300 years ago, while having been renovated 1400 by The Fort Ancient Culture. Although this evidence is supported through radiocarbon dating, it remains heavily disputed through theories published by "''The Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology"'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monaghan |first=G. William |last2=Herrmann |first2=Edward W. |date=2019-01-01 |title=Serpent MoundStill Built by the Adena, and Still Rebuilt During the Fort Ancient Period |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/mcja/article/44/1/84/217212/Serpent-MoundStill-Built-by-the-Adena-and-Still |journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=84–93 |doi=10.2307/26599989 |issn=0146-1109}}</ref> in April of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/serp/hd_serp.htm |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref>',
6 => '=== The Prehistory of Ohio ===',
7 => '''Main article: [[Prehistory of Ohio]]''',
8 => '[[File:Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg|thumb|244x244px|The spiral at the of The Serpent Mound]]',
9 => 'Several groups of [[Paleo-Indians]] (13000 B.C. to 7000 B.C.) occupied the land in Ohio prior to The Adena and [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]]<nowiki/>cultures. Evidence shows that numerous civilizations of Paleo-Indians occupied the land in Ohio, thriving through [[hunter-gatherer]] techniques that ranged throughout the land. The Paleo-Indians hunted large game such as [[mastodon]]. Archaeologists have found remains of [[Burning Tree Mastodon|The Burning Tree Mastodon]] throughout Ohio, as well as remains from other large game. [[Clovis point|Clovis points]] have been found that indicate interaction with other groups of Paleo-Indians that also hunted large game. The [[Paleo Crossing Site]] and [[Nobles Pond Site Tools, like [[Spear-thrower|spear-throwers]], were more sophisticated. Base camps were established for winter lodging. The [[Glacial Kame Culture|Glacial Kame culture]], a late Archaic group, traded for sea shell and copper with other groups and were used as a sign of prestige within the group, for respected healers and hunters. The objects were buried with their owners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shelby County Historical Society - Indians - About the Paleo-Indians |url=https://www.shelbycountyhistory.org/schs/indians/paleoindians.htm |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=www.shelbycountyhistory.org}}</ref>',
10 => 'Following the ancient Paleo-Indians, the [[Woodland period|Woodland Period]] (800 B.C. to A.D. 1200) of the Post-Archaic Period is known for its rich ritual and artistic life and well-developed villages. The Woodland Period is well known for the emergence of [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] and [[Mound|mounds]], which were commonly used for burials as well. Along with hunted and gathered for their food and game, many civilizations cultivated crops such as [[maize]], [[Cucurbita|squash]] and [[Bean|beans]]. The [[Adena culture|Adena]] and [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] cultures flourished during the Early and Middle Woodland periods, while the population of the Woodland people expanded dramatically. Several groups of the Woodland people lived in larger villages, surrounded by defensive walls or ditches that were built for protection. Ritual and artistic endeavors waned during the Late Woodland period, as well as trading amongst other groups. Many of the earthworks and effigy mounds were built early on in this period, while these cultures lack construction of new mounds after their inception.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lepper |first=Bradley T. |last2=Frolking |first2=Tod A. |last3=Pickard |first3=William H. |date=2019-01-02 |title=Debating the Age of Serpent Mound: A Reply to Romain and Herrmann’s Rejoinder to Lepper Concerning Serpent Mound |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806 |journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=42–56 |doi=10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806 |issn=0146-1109}}</ref>',
11 => 'During the late prehistoric period (900 A.D. to 1650 A.D.) the villages of civilizations such as the Adena people and the Fort Ancient people were much larger. These villages were often built on a higher ground near a river, commonly surrounded by a wooden stockade. After a long hiatus, civilizations returned to building earthworks and effigy mounds, but not as frequenctly as during the Woodland period.<ref name=":0" />',
12 => '== Civilizations of The Midwest ==',
13 => '=== The Adena Culture ===',
14 => 'The [[Adena culture|Adena Culture]] consists of the pre-contact American Indian culture that lived throughout the midwest in states such as Kentucky, Indiana, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and most predominently Ohio. The majority of these civilizations inhabited the Scioto River and Hocking Valleys in southern Ohio, as well as the Kanawha Valley near Charleston, West Virginia. This period is often referred to as The Early Woodland Period, ranging between 800 B.C. and 1 A.D. The name “Adena” refers to the culture that once inhabited this land rather than a singular group or tribe. The name originates from the estate of Ohio Governor Thomas Worthington, which can be found about one and a half miles northwest of [[Chillicothe, Ohio]]. The estate itself belongs to a small town in Ohio called [[Ross County, Ohio|Ross County]], which Worthington referred to as “Adena”, a Hebrew name that “was given to places for the delightfulness of their situations”. Worthington's estate was previously home to an ancient burial mound, standing 26 feet tall, hence the name "The Adena Mound".',
15 => 'Archaeologists attribute the creation of these civilizations to The Adena Culture as a whole, though are unsure of the specific tribes that inhabited the land. The title is used out of archaeological convenience, that encompasses similarities in artifact style, architecture, and other cultural practices, allowing archaeologists to distinguish the Adena culture from other cultures in the region at different time periods. The Adena Mound site became the "type site" of the culture itself due to its exemplification of all the culture's significant features. In light of this, the site's title was later applied to the entire culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adena Culture - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/enwiki/w/Adena_Culture |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=ohiohistorycentral.org}}</ref>',
16 => 'As were many of the tribes of the Woodland period, the Adena people were hunter-gatherers. As well as hunting large game and reaping the lands crop, the Adena people survived through domesticating various crops such as squash, sunflower, sumpweed, goosefoot, knotweed, maygrass, and tobacco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Indians - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/enwiki/w/American_Indians#:~:text=From%20these%20missionaries,%20historians%20know,Myaamia%20(in%20western%20Ohio). |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=ohiohistorycentral.org}}</ref> They often lived in small villages with surrounding gardens but moved frequently to follow various animal herds while planting and feeding on various types of nuts along the way. In addition to undertaking small-scale horticultural production, the Adena people are also known for their production of clay pottery, having been one of the first to cultures to bring it to Ohio. Observed through remains found at the type site, achaeologists characterize the Adena's clay pottery through it's large, thick-walled vessels, resembling a modern day bowl. Archaeologists believe that this clay pottery was used to cook ground seeds into an oatmeal-like substance.',
17 => 'The Adena were known for their burial practices, having buried their dead in prominent mounds throughout the midwest. Many archaeologists believe that these structures served as territorial markers for the Adena people. The mounds themselves were often accompanied by small circular earthen enclosures that many archaeologists believe were once used for rituals. The Miamisburg Mound in [[Montgomery County, Ohio]], is home to the largest Adena burial mound in the state. Mounds such as this hosted multiple burials, characterized by the rituals performed and the funerary objects worn such as bracelets, ear spools, gorgets and other ornaments. Larger ornaments such as bones and stone tools were often worn around the neck. The deceased individual was either cremated or placed on their back in timber-lined tombs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Webb |first=William S. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03744 |title=The Adena people |date=2001 |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-0-87049-159-7 |language=en}}</ref>',
18 => 'By around the time of A.D. 1, the Adena culture began to decline and their civilizations began to evolve into what is known as [[Hopewell culture|The Hopewell Culture]]. Numerous Adena groups began to build larger earthworks and effigy mounds, expanding their efforts to acquire exotic raw materials such as copper and mica. Many people of The Hopewell Culture continued to follow the old ways of the Adena people. In some regions, including Southwestern Ohio, the Adena way of life persisted well into the first century A.D. through the efforts of these people.',
19 => '=== The Fort Ancient Culture ===',
20 => '''Main Article: [[Fort Ancient culture|Fort Ancient Culture]]''',
21 => '[[File:Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif|thumb|Map of Fort Ancient from 1848]]',
22 => 'The Fort Ancient Culture refers to the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Archaeological culture|Cultures]] that flourished from 1000 C.E. to 1750 C.E., predominantly inhabiting land near the [[Ohio River]] valley. These civilizations flourished in the modern-day regions of southern [[Ohio]], northern [[Kentucky]], southeastern [[Indiana]] and western [[West Virginia]]. The Fort Ancient tribes are often referred to as a "sister culture" of the[[Mississippian culture|Mississippian Culture]], though can be distinguished through the time period in which they thrived and their many cultural differences. Along with their relation to the Mississippian Culture, evidence suggests that the Fort Ancient Culture were not the direct descendants of the [[Hopewellian culture|Hopewellian Culture]]. Despite what many believe, the tribes of the Fort Ancient Culture were not responsible for the creation of The Great Serpent Mound, though contributed to its physical appearance through maintenance around 200 A.D.',
23 => 'The name of the culture originates from the [[Fort Ancient, Ohio]] archeological site. However, the Fort Ancient Site is now thought to have been built by [[Ohio Hopewell|Ohio Hopewellian]] people, having later been occupied later by the succeeding Fort Ancient culture. The site is located on a hill above the [[Little Miami River]], close to [[Lebanon, Ohio]]. Despite its name, most [[Archaeologist|archaeologists]] do not believe that Fort Ancient was used primarily as a fortress by either the Ohio Hopewell Culture or the Fort Ancient Culture. Archaeologists believe that it was more likely used as a ceremonial location.',
24 => '[[File:Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg|thumb|Fort Ancient tools found in Maysville, KY]]',
25 => 'In 1996, the team of Robert V. Fletcher and Terry L. Cameron (under the supervision of the [[Ohio History Connection|Ohio Historical Society]]'s Bradley T. Lepper) reopened a trench created by [[Frederic Ward Putnam]] of [[Harvard]] over 100 years before. They found a few pieces of [[charcoal]] in what was believed to be an undisturbed portion of the Serpent Mound. However, [[bioturbation]], including [[burrowing animals]], [[Frost crack|frost cracks]], etc., can reverse the [[Structuralism|structural timeline]] of an earthen mound such as Serpent Mound. It can shift carbon left by a later culture on the surface to areas deep within the structure, making the earthwork appear younger.',
26 => 'When the team conducted [[carbon dating]] studies on the charcoal pieces, two yielded a date of ca. 1070 AD, with the third piece dating to the [[Late Archaic]] period some two thousand years earlier, specifically 2920+/-65 years BP (before the present). The third date, ca. 2900 BP, was recovered from a core sample below cultural modification level. The first two dates place the Serpent Mound within the realm of the Fort Ancient culture. The third dates the mound back to very early Adena culture or before.<ref name="ReferenceA2">"Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'', Vol. 21, No.1, University of Iowa, 1996</ref>',
27 => 'The Fort Ancient people contributed to maintaining and refurbishing The Great Serpent Mound though were not responsible for its creation. The [[rattlesnake]] is significant as a [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex#Great Serpent|symbol in the Mississippian culture]], helping us to understand the significance of the mound's shape. When attempting to identify the species of snake, there is no sign or indication of a rattle.<ref name="ReferenceA2" />',
28 => '',
29 => 'Very few, if any, artifacts from The Fort Ancient people can be found at the site of The Great Serpent Mound. As just like the Adena people, the Fort Ancient Culture often buried artifacts in its mounds. Along with a lack of artifacts found, the Fort Ancient people were not known to bury their dead in the same manner as the Adena Culture, especially in proximity to the [[effigy]].<ref name="ReferenceA2" />',
30 => '',
31 => 'Another [[effigy mound]] found in Ohio, the [[Alligator Effigy Mound]] in [[Granville, Ohio]], was carbon dated to the Fort Ancient period.',
32 => '',
33 => '==Meaning of The Mound==',
34 => '[[File:Serpent_mound_8438.jpg|thumb|The curvature of The Serpent Mound]]',
35 => 'Having been built around 1070 A.D., many archaeologists believe that the the mound's creation could have been influenced by two different astronomical events: the light from the [[supernova]] that created the [[Crab Nebula]] in the year 1054 A.D. and the appearance of [[Halley's Comet]] in 1066 A.D. The light of the supernova would have been visible for two weeks after it first reached earth, which could even be seen in broad day light. As a secondary theory, archaeologists assumed that the tail of Halley's Comet could have influenced the shape of the mound. Through through observation, the tail of the comet has always appeared as a long, straight line and does not resemble the curves of the Serpent Mound. Numerous other supernovas may have occurred over the centuries that span the possible construction dates of the effigy, though these two influences remain the most prominent theories.',
36 => '',
37 => 'The mound is located on the site of a classic [[astrobleme]], an ancient meteorite [[impact structure]]. When attempting to understand the impact origin of this structure, the pattern of disruption of [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] [[Stratum|strata]] has provided archaeologists with a lot of information. In the center of the structure, strata have been uplifted several hundred feet, resembling the central uplifts of lunar craters of the [[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]]. In 2003 geologists from [[Ohio State University]] and the [[University of Glasgow]] (Scotland) corroborated the meteorite impact origin of the structure at The Serpent Mound. They had previously studied core samples collected at the site in the 1970's, providing them with a background of information pertaining to the site. Further analyses of the rock core samples indicated that the impact occurred during the [[Permian|Permian Period]], about 248 to 286 million years ago. This has led archaeologists to believe that the topographic expression of this impact or the [[impact crater]], has been completely erased by [[erosion]].',
38 => 'In 1987, Clark and Marjorie Hardman published their finding that the oval-to-head area of the serpent is aligned to the summer [[solstice]] sunset. A depiction of the serpent mound that appeared in ''The Century'' periodical in April 1890, drawn by [[William Jacob Baer]].',
39 => '==Preservation==',
40 => '[[File:Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif|thumb|265x265px|A depiction of the serpent mound that appeared in ''The Century'' periodical in April 1890, drawn by [[William Jacob Baer]].]]',
41 => '''Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley'' fascinated many across the country, including [[Frederic Ward Putnam]] of the [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]] at [[Harvard University]]. Putnam spent much of his career lecturing and publishing on the Ohio mounds, specifically the Serpent Mound. When he visited the Midwest in 1885, he found that plowing and development were destroying many of the mounds, removing significant history of these cultures and their burial sites. In 1886, with help from a group of wealthy women in [[Boston]], such as [[Glass Flowers|The Glass Flowers]]' patroness [[Mary Lee Ware]], Putnam raised funds to purchase 60 acres (240,000 m<sup>2</sup>) at the site of The Serpent Mound in hopes to ensure its preservation. Along with The Serpent Mound, the purchase also contained three conical mounds as well as a village site and burial place. The Serpent Mound is now listed as a "Great Wonder Of the Ancient World" by ''National Geographic Magazine''.',
42 => 'The mound was originally purchased on behalf of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum, in 1900 the land and its ownership were granted to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society (a predecessor of the present [[Ohio Historical Society]]). The [[Ohio Historical Society]] has designated the Arc of Appalachia Preserves system, a project of [[Highlands Sanctuary]], Inc., as the managing agency of Serpent Mound from 2010 until March 2021. In March of 2021, The Ohio History Connection took back active management of the site. Following an instance of vandalism in 2015, more security cameras and protective gates were added to ensure the protection of the site and surrounding area.',
43 => '[[File:Adena SerpMd gorget points HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gorget]]s and points from the [[Adena culture]], found at Serpent Mound]][[File:Hopewell SerpMd pipe points earspool HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|Hopewell pipe, points, and earspool on display at Serpent Mound]]During excavation of The Serpent Mound archaeologists uncovered pipes, points, and earspool from the Hopewell Culture as well as [[Gorget|Gorgets]] and points from the [[Adena culture]].',
44 => 'After raising sufficient funds, Putnam returned to the same site in 1886. He worked for four years to excavate the burial sequence contents of both The Serpent Mound and two nearby conical mounds. After completing his excavation and publishing his work, Putnam worked on restoring the mounds to their original state.',
45 => 'One of the conical mounds that was excavated by Putnam in 1890 yielded several artifacts of a principal burial hosted by during the period of the Adena people. Along with these findings, Putnam found and excavated nine intrusive burials in the mound through his discovery of an ash bed containing many prehistoric artifacts, north of the conical mound. After the excavation, the conical mound was reconstructed and currently stands just south of the parking lot at The Serpent Mound State Memorial.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Schwarz |first=Kevin |title=Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memor. |url=https://www.academia.edu/6699348/Long_Shadows_Over_the_Valley_Recent_Findings_from_ASC_Groups_Excavations_at_Serpent_Mound_State_Memor}}</ref>',
46 => 'In 2011, archaeologists took the opportunity to excavate the property prior to installation of utility lines at The Serpent Mound State Memorial. The excavations focused on three sides of the conical mound which had previously been excavated by Putnam in 1890. In addition to these concentrations of artifacts, an ashy soil horizon was excavated north of the conical mound, where archaeologists were able to uncover many prehistoric artifacts. It is believed that the ashy deposit of charcoal is the remainder of a Fort Ancient Culture ash bed. The wood charcoal from within the remnant bed was carbon dated back to the time of the Fort Ancient Culture, between the years of 1041 A.D. and 1211 A.D. Given the results found through carbon dating, burials in the conical mound dated to the Early Woodland and Fort Ancient periods, suggestive of ritual reuse of the circum mound area and ash bed.<ref name=":1" />',
47 => '''Main article: [[Ohio Historical Society]]''',
48 => '[[File:Serpent_Mound.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Digital [[Geographic information system|Geographic Information System]] Map of The Serpent Mound]]',
49 => 'In 1901, the Ohio Historical Society hired engineer, Clinton Cowan, to survey newly acquired lands. Cowan created a 56 by 72-inch (1,800 mm) map that depicted the outline of The Serpent Mound in relation to nearby landmarks, such as hills and rivers. Along with this, Cowan made specific geographical surveys of the area, discovering a unique astrobleme on which the mound is based. He found that the mound is at the convergence of three distinctly different soil types. Cowan's information, in conjunction with Putnam's archaeological discoveries, has been the basis for all modern investigations of The Serpent Mound. Furthermore, a digital [[GIS|GIS map]] of Ohio's Great Serpent Mound was created by Timothy A. Price and Nichole I. Stump in March of 2002.',
50 => 'In 1967, The Ohio Historical Society opened '''The Serpent Mound Museum''', built very close to the site of the mound. A pathway was constructed around the base of the mound, guiding visitors through and around the site. The museum features exhibits that include explanations of the effigy's form, description of the constructing of the mound and the geographical history of the area. The museum also features an exhibit on the Adena culture, which they historically credited as the creators of the mound.',
51 => ''''Serpent Mound State Memorial''' is currently being operated on behalf of the Ohio Historical Society by the Arc of Appalachia Preserve System. It is a non-profit organization that specializes in the preservation and protection of native [[biodiversity]] and prehistoric [[Indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] sites in southern Ohio.'
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0 => '',
1 => 'The '''Great Serpent Mound''' is a {{convert|1348|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}},<ref>Glotzhober and Lepper, ''Serpent Mound: Ohio's Enigmatic Effigy Mound'', Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1994, p. 3</ref> three-foot-high prehistoric [[effigy mound]] on a plateau of the [[Serpent Mound crater]] along [[Ohio Brush Creek]] in [[Adams County, Ohio]]. Maintained within a park by [[Ohio History Connection]], it has been designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] by the [[United States Department of Interior]]. The Serpent Mound of Ohio was first reported from surveys by Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis in their historic volume ''Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley'', published in 1848 by the newly founded [[Smithsonian Museum]]. The Serpent Mound is the largest serpent effigy in the world.<ref name="MNSU">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/serpent.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813224500/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/serpent.html|url-status=dead|title="Serpent Mound", MNSU (dead link)|archive-date=13 August 2004|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>',
2 => 'Including all three parts, the Serpent Mound extends about {{convert|1376|ft|m}}, varies in height from less than a foot to more than three feet (30–100 cm), and has a width of 20 to 25 feet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/serp/hd_serp.htm|title=Great Serpent Mound |website=metmuseum.org|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref> Conforming to the curve of the land on which it rests, with its head approaching a cliff above a stream, the serpent winds back and forth for more than eight hundred feet and seven coils, and ends in a triple-coiled tail. The shape itself consisted mostly of a layer of yellowish [[clay]] and [[ash]] that was reinforced with a layer of rocks, and then covered with a layer of soil.<ref>{{cite web| title= The Ancient Ohio Trail : Serpent Mound | publisher= CERHAS - University of Cincinnati |url= http://www.ancientohiotrail.org/sites/serpent-mound | access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Putnam, F. W.|date=1889|title=The Serpent Mound of Ohio|url=http://scienceviews.com/indian/the_serpent_mound_of_ohio.html|journal=[[The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine]]|volume=39|access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref> The serpent head has an open mouth extending around the east end of a {{convert|120|ft|m|adj=on}}-long hollow oval feature that may represent the snake eating an egg,<ref>Landis, Don. "Monuments, Mounds, Pyramids..." The Genius of Ancient Man: Evolution's Nightmare. Green Forest, AR: Master, 2012. 67. Print.</ref> though some scholars posit that the oval feature symbolizes the sun, the body of a frog, or merely the remnant of a platform. The effigy's extreme western feature is a triangular mound approximately {{convert|31.6|ft|m}} at its base and long axis. There are similar serpent effigies in [[Serpent Mounds Park|Ontario]] and [[Scotland]].<ref name=MNSU/>',
3 => 'Archaeologists are still debating the origin of Serpent Mound. The mound contains no [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] and no burials that would help establish the age of the mound. The two leading theories are that the mound was built by either the [[Adena Culture]] (800 BC to 100 AD) around 320 BC, or the [[Fort Ancient|Fort Ancient Culture]] (1000 to 1750 AD) around 1070 AD.',
4 => 'Archaeologists began attributing the mound to the Fort Ancient culture (circa 1070 AD) with the publication of "Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?" in 1996.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=Robert V.|last2=Cameron|first2=Terry L.|last3=Lepper|first3=Bradley T.|last4=Wymer|first4=Dee Anne|last5=Pickard|first5=William|date=1996|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=21|issue=1|pages=105–143|issn=0146-1109|jstor=20708387|title=Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?}}</ref><ref name=saraceni>{{cite journal |url=http://www.archaeology.org/9611/newsbriefs/serpentmound.html |first=Jessica E. |last=Saraceni |title=Redating Serpent Mound |journal=Archaeology |volume=49 |number=6|date=Nov–Dec 1996 |access-date=April 2, 2021}}</ref> A 2017 article, "Radiocarbon Dates Reveal Serpent Mound Is More than Two Thousand Years Old", argues for a construction by the Adena culture circa 320 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Romain|first1=William F.|last2=Herrmann|first2=Edward W.|last3=Monaghan|first3=G. William|last4=Burks|first4=Jarrod|date=2017-09-02|title=Radiocarbon Dates Reveal Serpent Mound Is More than Two Thousand Years Old|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|language=en|volume=42|issue=3|pages=201–222|doi=10.1080/01461109.2017.1371871|s2cid=134562935|issn=0146-1109}}</ref> The academic debate continues with multiple rebuttals to each theory published in the ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ymca20|title=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|website=Tandfonline.com|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01461109.2017.1419917|doi=10.1080/01461109.2017.1419917|title=On the Age of Serpent Mound: A Reply to Romain and Colleagues|year=2018|last1=Lepper|first1=Bradley T.|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=43|pages=62–75|s2cid=165388387}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01461109.2017.1403738|doi=10.1080/01461109.2017.1403738|title=Rejoinder to Lepper Concerning Serpent Mound|year=2018|last1=Romain|first1=William F.|last2=Herrmann|first2=Edward W.|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=43|pages=76–88|s2cid=165489600}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01461109.2018.1511155|doi=10.1080/01461109.2018.1511155|title=Serpent Mound in its Woodland Period Context: Second Rejoinder to Lepper|year=2019|last1=Romain|first1=William F.|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=44|pages=57–83|s2cid=165272228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806|doi=10.1080/01461109.2018.1507806|title=Debating the Age of Serpent Mound: A Reply to Romain and Herrmann's Rejoinder to Lepper Concerning Serpent Mound|year=2019|last1=Lepper|first1=Bradley T.|last2=Frolking|first2=Tod A.|last3=Pickard|first3=William H.|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=44|pages=42–56|s2cid=165322960}}</ref>',
5 => '===Adena culture===',
6 => '{{Main|Adena culture}}',
7 => 'Historically, researchers first attributed the mound to the Adena culture (1000 BC – 100 AD). [[William Snyder Webb|William Webb]], noted Adena exponent, found evidence through [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon dating]] for [[Kentucky]] Adena as early as 1200 BC. As there are Adena graves near the Serpent Mound, scholars thought the same people constructed the mound. The skeletal remains of the Adena type uncovered in the 1880s at Serpent Mound indicate that these people were unique among the ancient Ohio Valley peoples.',
8 => 'An eight-member team led by archaeologist [[William Romain (archaeologist)|William F Romain]] has been published in the [[Journal of Archaeological Science]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Herrmann Edward W|year=2014|title=A new multistage construction chronology for the Great Serpent Mound, USA|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=50|pages=117–125|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2014.07.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ancientearthworksproject.org/1/post/2014/07/new-radiocarbon-dates-suggest-serpent-mound-is-more-than-2000-years-old.html|title=New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old|date=July 26, 2014|website=ancientearthworksproject.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327153036/http://ancientearthworksproject.org/1/post/2014/07/new-radiocarbon-dates-suggest-serpent-mound-is-more-than-2000-years-old.html|archive-date=March 27, 2017}}</ref>',
9 => 'The team found much older [[Radiocarbon dating samples|charcoal samples]] in less-damaged sections of the mound. The investigators conjecture that the mound was originally built between 381 BC and 44 BC, with a mean date of 321 BC. They explain the more recent charcoal found in the 1990s as likely the result of a "repair" effort by indigenous people around 1070 AD, when the mound would already have been suffering from natural degradation.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}',
10 => '===Fort Ancient culture===',
11 => '{{Main|Fort Ancient}}',
12 => '[[File:SD35 Serpent Mound Squier and Davis Plate XXXV gray-levels-cropped.png|thumb|upright|Squier and Davis's map from ''[[Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley]]'', published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 1848]]',
13 => 'In 1996, the team of Robert V. Fletcher and Terry L. Cameron (under the supervision of the [[Ohio History Connection|Ohio Historical Society]]'s Bradley T. Lepper) reopened a trench created by [[Frederic Ward Putnam]] of [[Harvard]] over 100 years before. They found a few pieces of [[charcoal]] in what was believed to be an undisturbed portion of the Serpent Mound. However, [[bioturbation]], including [[burrowing animals]], [[frost crack]]s, etc., can reverse the [[Structuralism|structural timeline]] of an earthen mound such as Serpent Mound. It can shift carbon left by a later culture on the surface to areas deep within the structure, making the earthwork appear younger.',
14 => 'When the team conducted [[carbon dating]] studies on the charcoal pieces, two yielded a date of ca. 1070 AD, with the third piece dating to the [[Late Archaic]] period some two thousand years earlier, specifically 2920+/-65 years BP (before the present). The third date, ca. 2900 BP, was recovered from a core sample below cultural modification level. The first two dates place the Serpent Mound within the realm of the Fort Ancient culture. The third dates the mound back to very early Adena culture or before.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'', Vol. 21, No.1, University of Iowa, 1996</ref>',
15 => 'The Fort Ancient people could have been the builders of the Serpent Mound. Alternatively, they may have refurbished the earthwork for their own use in the same way that people today fix up old houses to make them suitable for occupation again. The [[rattlesnake]] is significant as a [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex#Great Serpent|symbol in the Mississippian culture]], which would help explain the image of the mound. However, there is no sign or indication of a rattle.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>',
16 => 'If this mound was built by the Fort Ancient people, it was uncharacteristic for that group. For example, the mound does not contain [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]], although, like the Adena people, the Fort Ancient culture typically buried many artifacts in its mounds. In another difference, the Fort Ancient people did not usually bury their dead in the manner of the burials found in proximity to the [[effigy]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>',
17 => 'One of the only other [[effigy mound]]s in Ohio, the [[Alligator Effigy Mound]] in [[Granville, Ohio|Granville]], was carbon dated to the Fort Ancient period.',
18 => '==Purpose==',
19 => '===Astronomical significance===',
20 => '[[File:Chromesun serpent mound spiral01.jpg|thumb|The spiral tail at the end of the Serpent Mound]]',
21 => 'In 1987, [[Clark Hardman|Clark]] and [[Marjorie Hardman]] published their finding that the oval-to-head area of the serpent is aligned to the summer [[solstice]] sunset.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hardman |title=A Map Of The Great Serpent Effigy Mound |year=1987 |url=https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/55881/1/OHIO_ARCHAEOLOGIST_37_1_WINTER_1987.pdf |publisher=Ohio State |access-date=3 February 2022 |page=34|hdl=1811/55881 }}</ref><ref>Glotzhober and Lepper, ''Serpent Mound: Ohio's Enigmatic Effigy Mound'', Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1994 p. 11</ref> <ref name=OHS/>',
22 => '[[File:Serpent Mound - The Century.gif|thumb|left|A depiction of the serpent mound that appeared in ''The Century'' periodical in April 1890, drawn by [[William Jacob Baer]].]]',
23 => 'If 1070 AD is accurate as the construction year, building the mound could theoretically have been influenced by two astronomical events: the light from the [[supernova]] that created the [[Crab Nebula]] in 1054, and the appearance of [[Halley's Comet]] in 1066.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Fletcher, Robert V.|author2=Terry L. Cameron|author3= Bradley T. Lepper|author4=Dee Anne Wymer|author5=William Pickard|title=Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?|journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology|volume=21|number=1|date=Spring 1996}}</ref> The supernova light would have been visible for two weeks after it first reached earth, even during the day. The Halley's Comet's tail has always appeared as a long, straight line and does not resemble the curves of the Serpent Mound. Halley's comet appears every 76 years. Numerous other supernovas may have occurred over the centuries that span the possible construction dates of the effigy.',
24 => '==Serpent Mound Impact structure==',
25 => 'The mound is located on the site of a classic [[astrobleme]], an ancient meteorite [[impact structure]].',
26 => 'One of the strongest clues to the impact origin of this structure is in the pattern of disruption of [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] [[Stratum|strata]]. In the center of the structure, strata have been uplifted several hundred feet, in much the same way that the central uplifts of lunar craters such as [[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]] were formed. In 2003 geologists from [[Ohio State University]] and the [[University of Glasgow]] (Scotland) corroborated the meteorite impact origin of the structure at Serpent Mound. They had studied core samples collected at the site in the 1970s. Further analyses of the rock core samples indicated the impact occurred during the [[Permian|Permian Period]], about 248 to 286 million years ago; thus, the topographic expression of this impact, an [[impact crater]], has been completely erased by [[erosion]].<ref name="EIDb">{{cite Earth Impact DB | name = Serpent Mound| linkname = serpentmound| access-date = 2012-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Ohio_GS">''"Subsurface Geology of the Serpent Mound Disturbance of Adams, Highland, and Pike Counties, Ohio."'' Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. [https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/80256 PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128095623/http://ohiodnr.com/portals/10/pdf/ri146.pdf |date=2010-11-28 }} (accessed 10 April 2007)</ref>',
27 => '==Recent history==',
28 => 'The Serpent Mound was first mapped by Euro-Americans as early as 1815. In 1846 it was surveyed for the [[Smithsonian Institution]] by two [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]] men, [[E. G. Squier|Ephraim G. Squier]] and [[Edwin Hamilton Davis]]. Their book ''[[Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley]]'' (1848), published by the Smithsonian, included a detailed description and map of the serpent mound.',
29 => '[[Summer solstice|Summer Solstice]] 2021 marked the [[Shawnee]] people's official return to the mound.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-12|title=Shawnee Citizens Officially Invited Back To Great Serpent Mound|url=https://www.wyso.org/local-and-statewide-news/2021-07-12/shawnee-citizens-officially-invited-to-return-to-great-serpent-mound|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=[[WYSO]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ohio's Serpent Mound - An American Indian Story Written in the Earth|url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/learn/collections/history/history-blog/june-2021/ohio-serpent-mound-blog|url-status=live|archive-date=2021-06-07|access-date=2021-10-13|website=[[Ohio History Connection]]}}</ref> Representatives of the [[Shawnee Tribe]] and the [[Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma]] spent the weekend interacting with visitors, and explaining the Shawnees' traditional connections to the mound and to other locations in Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pember|first=Mary Annette|title=Shawnee reclaim the great Serpent Mound|url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/shawnee-relcaim-great-serpent-mound|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Indian Country Today|language=en}}</ref>',
30 => '==Preservation==',
31 => '''Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley'' fascinated many across the country, including [[Frederic Ward Putnam]] of the [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]] at [[Harvard University]]. Putnam spent much of his career lecturing and publishing on the Ohio mounds, specifically the Serpent Mound. When he visited the Midwest in 1885, he found that plowing and development were destroying many of the mounds.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022|reason=There is no source for this claim or reference to whom was destroying Serpent Mound or who even owned it before it was purchased by Harvard Anthropology}} In 1886, with help from a group of wealthy women in [[Boston]] (such as the noted [[Glass Flowers]]' patroness [[Mary Lee Ware]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Mary L. Ware and the Early Funding of Harvard Anthropology: Private Sources of Funding in the Nineteenth Century (Paper)|author=D. Wes Beattie|url=http://eraven.franklinpierce.edu/academicshowcase/2017/marulli.htm|website=Eraven.franklinpierce.edu}}</ref> Putnam raised funds to purchase {{convert|60|acre|m2}} at the Serpent Mound site for preservation. The purchase also contained three conical mounds, a village site and a burial place.<ref>Ralph W. Dexter, "Contributions of Frederic Ward Putnam to Ohio Archaeology", ''The Ohio Journal of Science'' 65(3): 110, May, 1965</ref> Serpent Mound is listed as a "Great Wonder Of the Ancient World" by ''National Geographic Magazine''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nbc4i.com/news/2010/nov/10/serpent-mound-ar-286661/|title=Serpent Mound Recognized As Great Wonder Of Ancient World|publisher=NBC4I.com|access-date=2011-03-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110043219/http://www2.nbc4i.com/news/2010/nov/10/serpent-mound-ar-286661/|archive-date=2011-01-10}}</ref>',
32 => 'Originally purchased on behalf of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum, in 1900 the land and its ownership were granted to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society (a predecessor of the present [[Ohio Historical Society]]).',
33 => 'The [[Ohio Historical Society]] designated the Arc of Appalachia Preserves system, a project of [[Highlands Sanctuary]], Inc., as the managing agency of Serpent Mound from 2010 until March 2021.<ref name=OHS>{{cite web|url=http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/places/sw16/index.shtml|title=Serpent Mound|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|access-date=2011-03-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227142625/http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/places/sw16/index.shtml|archive-date=2010-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highlandssanctuary.org/Serpent_Mound_Visitors_Guide.htm|title=Serpent_Mound_Visitors_Guide|access-date=2011-03-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222200737/http://www.highlandssanctuary.org/Serpent_Mound_Visitors_Guide.htm|archive-date=2011-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Spring 2010 Highlands Nature Sanctuary Protecting The Region's Woodlands|url=http://www.ohiohillcountry.org/PDF/VoiceSpring2010.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727141736/http://www.ohiohillcountry.org/PDF/VoiceSpring2010.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|access-date=2011-03-05}}</ref> In March 2021 the Ohio History Connection took back active management of the site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/about-us/newsroom/february-2021-(1)/serpent-mound-management-update|title=Newsroom Blog Posts | Ohio History Connection|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>',
34 => 'Following an instance of vandalism in 2015, more security cameras and protective gates were added.<ref>[http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2015/11/06/serpent-mound-vandalism-joyride-ohio-adams-county/75212758/ "Man who took joyride at Serpent Mound sentenced"], Carrie Blackmore Smith. Cincinnati Enquirer. November 6, 2016. Retrieved 9 jan 2017</ref><ref>[http://www.wlwt.com/article/severe-weather-strikes-across-country/8574727 "Man faces felony charges after Serpent Mound Park vandalism"], Brian Hamrick. WLWT5. July 15, 2015. Retrieved 9 jan 2017</ref>',
35 => '[[File:Hopewell SerpMd pipe points earspool HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|Hopewell pipe, points, and earspool on display at Serpent Mound]]',
36 => '[[File:Adena SerpMd gorget points HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gorget]]s and points from the [[Adena culture]], found at Serpent Mound]]',
37 => 'After raising sufficient funds, in 1886 Putnam returned to the same site. He worked for four years excavating the contents and burial sequences of both the Serpent Mound and two nearby conical mounds. After his work was completed and his findings documented, Putnam worked on restoring the mounds to their original state.',
38 => 'One of the conical mounds that was excavated by Putnam (1890)<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Serpent Mound of Ohio|first=F.W.|last=Putnam|journal=The Century Magazine|date=April 1890|pages=871–887}}</ref> yielded a principal burial which has grave goods that associate it with the Adena period (800 BC-100 BC). He also found and excavated nine intrusive burials in the mound. Additionally, Putnam discovered an ash bed north of the conical mound that contained many prehistoric artifacts. After the excavation, the conical mound was reconstructed and is today standing south of the parking lot at Serpent Mound State Memorial.',
39 => 'In 2011, excavations were undertaken prior to installation of utility lines at Serpent Mound State Memorial. The excavations focused on three sides of the conical mound that Putnam (1890) had excavated. In addition to concentrations of artifacts, an ashy soil horizon was excavated north of the conical mound. The ashy soil horizon had prehistoric artifacts associated with them. It is believed that the ashy deposit is a remnant of the ash bed that Putnam (1890) excavated. Wood charcoal from within the remnant ash bed was carbon dated to 1041-1211 AD, the Fort Ancient period. Because the burials in the conical mound dated to the Early Woodland period, the Fort Ancient period dating of the remnant ash bed is suggestive of ritual reuse of the circum mound area.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/6699348|title=Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memor.|first=Kevin|last=Schwarz|website=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/43589203|title=Use and Continuity on the Plateau: Recent Archaeological Investigations at Serpent Mound State Memorial, Ohio|first=Kevin|last=Schwarz|date=1 January 2020|journal=Journal of Ohio Archaeology|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>',
40 => '{{Main|Ohio Historical Society}}',
41 => '[[File:Serpent Mound.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A digital [[GIS|GIS map]] of Ohio's Great Serpent Mound, created by Timothy A. Price and Nichole I. Stump in March 2002]]',
42 => 'In 1901, the Ohio Historical Society hired engineer Clinton Cowan to survey newly acquired lands. Cowan created a 56 by {{convert|72|in|mm|adj=on}} map that depicted the outline of the Serpent Mound in relation to nearby landmarks, such as rivers. Cowan also made specific geographical surveys of the area, and he discovered the unique astrobleme on which the mound is based. He found that the mound is at the convergence of three distinctly different soil types. Cowan's information, in conjunction with Putnam's archaeological discoveries, has been the basis for all modern investigations of the Serpent Mound.',
43 => 'In 1967, the Ohio Historical Society opened the '''Serpent Mound Museum''', built near the mound. A pathway was constructed around the base of the mound to help visitors. The museum features exhibits that include interpretations of the effigy's form, description of the processes of constructing the mound, the geographical history of the area, and an exhibit on the Adena culture, historically credited as the creators of the mound.',
44 => 'Serpent Mound State Memorial is currently being operated on behalf of the Ohio Historical Society by the Arc of Appalachia Preserve System. It is a non-profit organization specializing in the preservation and protection of native [[biodiversity]] and prehistoric [[indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] sites in southern Ohio.'
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] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prehistoric effigy mound in Ohio, United States</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the site in the USA. For the one in the UK, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skelmorlie" title="Skelmorlie">Skelmorlie</a>. For the one in Canada, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serpent_Mounds_Park" title="Serpent Mounds Park">Serpent Mounds Park</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Great Serpent Mound</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; background: #87CEEB"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg" class="image"><img alt="The Great Serpent Mound.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg/250px-The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg/375px-The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg/500px-The_Great_Serpent_Mound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5784" data-file-height="2468" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Great Serpent Mound<br />ancient <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> effigy</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r997900035">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:USA_Ohio_location_map.svg" class="image" title="Serpent Mound is located in Ohio"><img alt="Serpent Mound is located in Ohio" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USA_Ohio_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Ohio_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="297" class="notpageimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USA_Ohio_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Ohio_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USA_Ohio_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Ohio_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="od" style="top:80.782%;left:33.387%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Serpent Mound" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Serpent Mound" width="7" height="7" class="notpageimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Ohio</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r997900035"/><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="image" title="Serpent Mound is located in the United States"><img alt="Serpent Mound is located in the United States" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="notpageimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od" style="top:45.909%;left:71.008%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Serpent Mound" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Serpent Mound" width="7" height="7" class="notpageimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peebles,_Ohio" title="Peebles, Ohio">Peebles, Ohio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1073938472">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Serpent_Mound&params=39_01_35_N_83_25_51_W_type:landmark_region:US-OH"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°01′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°25′51″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.02639°N 83.43083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.02639; -83.43083</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1073938472"/><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Serpent_Mound&params=39_01_35_N_83_25_51_W_type:landmark_region:US-OH"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°01′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°25′51″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.02639°N 83.43083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.02639; -83.43083</span></span></span></a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000602">66000602</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 15, 1966</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_Prehistory_of_Ohio"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Prehistory of Ohio</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Civilizations_of_The_Midwest"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Civilizations of The Midwest</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#The_Adena_Culture"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Adena Culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_Fort_Ancient_Culture"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Fort Ancient Culture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Meaning_of_The_Mound"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Meaning of The Mound</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Preservation"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Preservation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Excavation"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Excavation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Serpent_Mound_Museum"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Serpent Mound Museum</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg/220px-Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg/330px-Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg/440px-Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound_Plaque.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ohio <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical marker">historical marker</a></div></div></div>
<p>The <b>Great Serpent Mound</b> is a 1,348-foot-long (411 m), three-foot-high prehistoric <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mound</a> located in Peebles, Ohio. The mound itself resides on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serpent_Mound_crater" title="Serpent Mound crater">Serpent Mound crater</a> plateau, running along the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_Brush_Creek" title="Ohio Brush Creek">Ohio Brush Creek</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adams_County,_Ohio" title="Adams County, Ohio">Adams County, Ohio</a>. The mound is maintained through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_History_Connection" title="Ohio History Connection">Ohio History Connection</a>, a non profit organization dedicated to preserving historical sites throughout Ohio. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Interior">United States Department of Interior</a> later designated the mound as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> of The United States. The Serpent Mound was first reported through surveys by Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis. It was featured in their historic volume <i>Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</i>, published in 1848 by the newly founded <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smithsonian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Museum">Smithsonian Museum</a>. The mound has received a lot of attention, being the largest serpent effigy in the world to this day.
</p><p><br />
Effigy mounds can be traced back throughout several civilizations. The significance of The Serpent Mound stems greatly from its size and historical relevance. Made up of three parts, The Serpent Mound extends over 1,376 feet (419 m) in length, varying from 9" to over 3' (30–100 cm) in height. The mound stands with a width varying between 20 and 25 feet based on the section.The Serpent Mound conforms to the surrounding land, as it rests on the bank of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_Brush_Creek" title="Ohio Brush Creek">Ohio Brush Creek</a>. The mound itself winds back and forth for more than eight hundred feet, with its tail coiling in seven areas throughout the mound itself. The mound features a triple-coiled tail at the end of the structure, often viewed as a benchmark of the mound. Yellowish <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">ash</a> acts as the main constituent of the mound, with layer of rocks and soil reinforcing the outer layer. The open-mouth head of the serpent itself wraps around an east facing, 120-foot (37 m)-long, hollow oval feature. The feature is representative of an egg, with an apparent depiction of the snake consuming it. Many scholars presume that the oval in a representation of the sun, the body of a frog, or merely the remnant of a platform. The western side of the effigy features a triangular mound approximately 31.6 feet (9.6 m) at its base and long axis, reminiscent of other serpent effigies in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serpent_Mounds_Park" title="Serpent Mounds Park">Ontario</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a></div>
<p>The civilization responsible for the creation of The Serpent Mound is highly disputed amongst archaeologists, with its constructing often being attributed to several civilizations. Very little additional evidence, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> and burials, can be found at the site of the mound, leaving it hard for archaeologists to trace its construction back to one civilization. Archaeologists predominantly acknowledge the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adena_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Adena Culture">Adena Culture</a> (800 BC to 100 AD) and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient Culture</a> (1000 to 1750 AD) as the main contributors to the mounds creation. They believe that The Adena Culture completed a majority of their contribution to the mound around 320 BC, while The Fort Ancient Culture attributed their efforts around 1070 AD.
</p><p>The mound's lack of physical artifacts has led archaeologists to rely on radiocarbon dating to determine when the mound was created. An article published in July of 2014, titled "<i>New Radiocarbon Dates Suggest Serpent Mound is More Than 2,000 Years Old</i>" <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>, provides evidence supporting the mounds creation by The Adena Culture in 320 BC. The article references the radiocarbon data that was published in October of 2014 by "<i>The Journal of Archaeological Science</i>" <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>. Their radiocarbon evidence attributes the creation of the mound to The Adena Culture around 2300 years ago, while having been renovated 1400 by The Fort Ancient Culture. Although this evidence is supported through radiocarbon dating, it remains heavily disputed through theories published by "<i>The Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology"</i> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> in April of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Prehistory_of_Ohio">The Prehistory of Ohio</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Prehistory of Ohio">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><i>Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a></i>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:246px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg/244px-Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="182" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg/366px-Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg/488px-Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="430" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Chromesun_serpent_mound_spiral01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The spiral at the of The Serpent Mound</div></div></div>
<p>Several groups of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> (13000 B.C. to 7000 B.C.) occupied the land in Ohio prior to The Adena and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a>cultures. Evidence shows that numerous civilizations of Paleo-Indians occupied the land in Ohio, thriving through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> techniques that ranged throughout the land. The Paleo-Indians hunted large game such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodon</a>. Archaeologists have found remains of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burning_Tree_Mastodon" title="Burning Tree Mastodon">The Burning Tree Mastodon</a> throughout Ohio, as well as remains from other large game. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis points</a> have been found that indicate interaction with other groups of Paleo-Indians that also hunted large game. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleo_Crossing_Site" title="Paleo Crossing Site">Paleo Crossing Site</a> and [[Nobles Pond Site Tools, like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-throwers</a>, were more sophisticated. Base camps were established for winter lodging. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glacial_Kame_Culture" title="Glacial Kame Culture">Glacial Kame culture</a>, a late Archaic group, traded for sea shell and copper with other groups and were used as a sign of prestige within the group, for respected healers and hunters. The objects were buried with their owners.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the ancient Paleo-Indians, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland Period</a> (800 B.C. to A.D. 1200) of the Post-Archaic Period is known for its rich ritual and artistic life and well-developed villages. The Woodland Period is well known for the emergence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthworks</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mounds</a>, which were commonly used for burials as well. Along with hunted and gathered for their food and game, many civilizations cultivated crops such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squash</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> cultures flourished during the Early and Middle Woodland periods, while the population of the Woodland people expanded dramatically. Several groups of the Woodland people lived in larger villages, surrounded by defensive walls or ditches that were built for protection. Ritual and artistic endeavors waned during the Late Woodland period, as well as trading amongst other groups. Many of the earthworks and effigy mounds were built early on in this period, while these cultures lack construction of new mounds after their inception.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the late prehistoric period (900 A.D. to 1650 A.D.) the villages of civilizations such as the Adena people and the Fort Ancient people were much larger. These villages were often built on a higher ground near a river, commonly surrounded by a wooden stockade. After a long hiatus, civilizations returned to building earthworks and effigy mounds, but not as frequenctly as during the Woodland period.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Civilizations_of_The_Midwest">Civilizations of The Midwest</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civilizations of The Midwest">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Adena_Culture">The Adena Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Adena Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena Culture</a> consists of the pre-contact American Indian culture that lived throughout the midwest in states such as Kentucky, Indiana, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and most predominently Ohio. The majority of these civilizations inhabited the Scioto River and Hocking Valleys in southern Ohio, as well as the Kanawha Valley near Charleston, West Virginia. This period is often referred to as The Early Woodland Period, ranging between 800 B.C. and 1 A.D. The name “Adena” refers to the culture that once inhabited this land rather than a singular group or tribe. The name originates from the estate of Ohio Governor Thomas Worthington, which can be found about one and a half miles northwest of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe, Ohio</a>. The estate itself belongs to a small town in Ohio called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ross_County,_Ohio" title="Ross County, Ohio">Ross County</a>, which Worthington referred to as “Adena”, a Hebrew name that “was given to places for the delightfulness of their situations”. Worthington's estate was previously home to an ancient burial mound, standing 26 feet tall, hence the name "The Adena Mound".
</p><p>Archaeologists attribute the creation of these civilizations to The Adena Culture as a whole, though are unsure of the specific tribes that inhabited the land. The title is used out of archaeological convenience, that encompasses similarities in artifact style, architecture, and other cultural practices, allowing archaeologists to distinguish the Adena culture from other cultures in the region at different time periods. The Adena Mound site became the "type site" of the culture itself due to its exemplification of all the culture's significant features. In light of this, the site's title was later applied to the entire culture.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>As were many of the tribes of the Woodland period, the Adena people were hunter-gatherers. As well as hunting large game and reaping the lands crop, the Adena people survived through domesticating various crops such as squash, sunflower, sumpweed, goosefoot, knotweed, maygrass, and tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> They often lived in small villages with surrounding gardens but moved frequently to follow various animal herds while planting and feeding on various types of nuts along the way. In addition to undertaking small-scale horticultural production, the Adena people are also known for their production of clay pottery, having been one of the first to cultures to bring it to Ohio. Observed through remains found at the type site, achaeologists characterize the Adena's clay pottery through it's large, thick-walled vessels, resembling a modern day bowl. Archaeologists believe that this clay pottery was used to cook ground seeds into an oatmeal-like substance.
</p><p>The Adena were known for their burial practices, having buried their dead in prominent mounds throughout the midwest. Many archaeologists believe that these structures served as territorial markers for the Adena people. The mounds themselves were often accompanied by small circular earthen enclosures that many archaeologists believe were once used for rituals. The Miamisburg Mound in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Ohio" title="Montgomery County, Ohio">Montgomery County, Ohio</a>, is home to the largest Adena burial mound in the state. Mounds such as this hosted multiple burials, characterized by the rituals performed and the funerary objects worn such as bracelets, ear spools, gorgets and other ornaments. Larger ornaments such as bones and stone tools were often worn around the neck. The deceased individual was either cremated or placed on their back in timber-lined tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>By around the time of A.D. 1, the Adena culture began to decline and their civilizations began to evolve into what is known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopewell_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopewell culture">The Hopewell Culture</a>. Numerous Adena groups began to build larger earthworks and effigy mounds, expanding their efforts to acquire exotic raw materials such as copper and mica. Many people of The Hopewell Culture continued to follow the old ways of the Adena people. In some regions, including Southwestern Ohio, the Adena way of life persisted well into the first century A.D. through the efforts of these people.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Fort_Ancient_Culture">The Fort Ancient Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Fort Ancient Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><i>Main Article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Ancient_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ancient culture">Fort Ancient Culture</a></i>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif/220px-Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif/330px-Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif/440px-Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1311" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ancient_monuments_fort_ancient_map.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Map of Fort Ancient from 1848</div></div></div>
<p>The Fort Ancient Culture refers to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Cultures</a> that flourished from 1000 C.E. to 1750 C.E., predominantly inhabiting land near the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> valley. These civilizations flourished in the modern-day regions of southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, northern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, southeastern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> and western <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. The Fort Ancient tribes are often referred to as a "sister culture" of the<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian Culture</a>, though can be distinguished through the time period in which they thrived and their many cultural differences. Along with their relation to the Mississippian Culture, evidence suggests that the Fort Ancient Culture were not the direct descendants of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopewellian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopewellian culture">Hopewellian Culture</a>. Despite what many believe, the tribes of the Fort Ancient Culture were not responsible for the creation of The Great Serpent Mound, though contributed to its physical appearance through maintenance around 200 A.D.
</p><p>The name of the culture originates from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Ancient,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ancient, Ohio">Fort Ancient, Ohio</a> archeological site. However, the Fort Ancient Site is now thought to have been built by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_Hopewell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Hopewell">Ohio Hopewellian</a> people, having later been occupied later by the succeeding Fort Ancient culture. The site is located on a hill above the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Miami_River" title="Little Miami River">Little Miami River</a>, close to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanon,_Ohio" title="Lebanon, Ohio">Lebanon, Ohio</a>. Despite its name, most <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a> do not believe that Fort Ancient was used primarily as a fortress by either the Ohio Hopewell Culture or the Fort Ancient Culture. Archaeologists believe that it was more likely used as a ceremonial location.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg/220px-Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg/330px-Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg/440px-Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="748" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fort_Ancient_Tools_and_other_artifacts_HRoe_2011.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Fort Ancient tools found in Maysville, KY</div></div></div>
<p><br />
In 1996, the team of Robert V. Fletcher and Terry L. Cameron (under the supervision of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_History_Connection" title="Ohio History Connection">Ohio Historical Society</a>'s Bradley T. Lepper) reopened a trench created by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederic_Ward_Putnam" title="Frederic Ward Putnam">Frederic Ward Putnam</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> over 100 years before. They found a few pieces of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> in what was believed to be an undisturbed portion of the Serpent Mound. However, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">bioturbation</a>, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burrowing_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Burrowing animals">burrowing animals</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frost_crack" title="Frost crack">frost cracks</a>, etc., can reverse the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structural timeline</a> of an earthen mound such as Serpent Mound. It can shift carbon left by a later culture on the surface to areas deep within the structure, making the earthwork appear younger.
</p><p>When the team conducted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">carbon dating</a> studies on the charcoal pieces, two yielded a date of ca. 1070 AD, with the third piece dating to the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Late_Archaic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Late Archaic (page does not exist)">Late Archaic</a> period some two thousand years earlier, specifically 2920+/-65 years BP (before the present). The third date, ca. 2900 BP, was recovered from a core sample below cultural modification level. The first two dates place the Serpent Mound within the realm of the Fort Ancient culture. The third dates the mound back to very early Adena culture or before.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA2-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Fort Ancient people contributed to maintaining and refurbishing The Great Serpent Mound though were not responsible for its creation. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnake</a> is significant as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Great_Serpent" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">symbol in the Mississippian culture</a>, helping us to understand the significance of the mound's shape. When attempting to identify the species of snake, there is no sign or indication of a rattle.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA2-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Very few, if any, artifacts from The Fort Ancient people can be found at the site of The Great Serpent Mound. As just like the Adena people, the Fort Ancient Culture often buried artifacts in its mounds. Along with a lack of artifacts found, the Fort Ancient people were not known to bury their dead in the same manner as the Adena Culture, especially in proximity to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA2-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Another <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mound</a> found in Ohio, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alligator_Effigy_Mound" title="Alligator Effigy Mound">Alligator Effigy Mound</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Granville,_Ohio" title="Granville, Ohio">Granville, Ohio</a>, was carbon dated to the Fort Ancient period.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Meaning_of_The_Mound">Meaning of The Mound</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Meaning of The Mound">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Serpent_mound_8438.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Serpent_mound_8438.jpg/220px-Serpent_mound_8438.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Serpent_mound_8438.jpg/330px-Serpent_mound_8438.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Serpent_mound_8438.jpg/440px-Serpent_mound_8438.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Serpent_mound_8438.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The curvature of The Serpent Mound</div></div></div>
<p>Having been built around 1070 A.D., many archaeologists believe that the the mound's creation could have been influenced by two different astronomical events: the light from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> that created the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a> in the year 1054 A.D. and the appearance of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> in 1066 A.D. The light of the supernova would have been visible for two weeks after it first reached earth, which could even be seen in broad day light. As a secondary theory, archaeologists assumed that the tail of Halley's Comet could have influenced the shape of the mound. Through through observation, the tail of the comet has always appeared as a long, straight line and does not resemble the curves of the Serpent Mound. Numerous other supernovas may have occurred over the centuries that span the possible construction dates of the effigy, though these two influences remain the most prominent theories.
</p><p>The mound is located on the site of a classic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astrobleme" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrobleme">astrobleme</a>, an ancient meteorite <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impact_structure" title="Impact structure">impact structure</a>. When attempting to understand the impact origin of this structure, the pattern of disruption of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> has provided archaeologists with a lot of information. In the center of the structure, strata have been uplifted several hundred feet, resembling the central uplifts of lunar craters of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copernicus_(lunar_crater)" title="Copernicus (lunar crater)">Copernicus</a>. In 2003 geologists from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> (Scotland) corroborated the meteorite impact origin of the structure at The Serpent Mound. They had previously studied core samples collected at the site in the 1970's, providing them with a background of information pertaining to the site. Further analyses of the rock core samples indicated that the impact occurred during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian Period</a>, about 248 to 286 million years ago. This has led archaeologists to believe that the topographic expression of this impact or the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact crater</a>, has been completely erased by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.
</p><p>In 1987, Clark and Marjorie Hardman published their finding that the oval-to-head area of the serpent is aligned to the summer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> sunset. A depiction of the serpent mound that appeared in <i>The Century</i> periodical in April 1890, drawn by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Jacob_Baer" title="William Jacob Baer">William Jacob Baer</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Preservation">Preservation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Preservation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:267px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif/265px-Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif" decoding="async" width="265" height="141" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif/398px-Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="273" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound_-_The_Century.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A depiction of the serpent mound that appeared in <i>The Century</i> periodical in April 1890, drawn by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Jacob_Baer" title="William Jacob Baer">William Jacob Baer</a>.</div></div></div>
<p><i>Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</i> fascinated many across the country, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederic_Ward_Putnam" title="Frederic Ward Putnam">Frederic Ward Putnam</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology" title="Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology">Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Putnam spent much of his career lecturing and publishing on the Ohio mounds, specifically the Serpent Mound. When he visited the Midwest in 1885, he found that plowing and development were destroying many of the mounds, removing significant history of these cultures and their burial sites. In 1886, with help from a group of wealthy women in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glass_Flowers" title="Glass Flowers">The Glass Flowers</a>' patroness <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Lee_Ware" title="Mary Lee Ware">Mary Lee Ware</a>, Putnam raised funds to purchase 60 acres (240,000 m<sup>2</sup>) at the site of The Serpent Mound in hopes to ensure its preservation. Along with The Serpent Mound, the purchase also contained three conical mounds as well as a village site and burial place. The Serpent Mound is now listed as a "Great Wonder Of the Ancient World" by <i>National Geographic Magazine</i>.
</p><p>The mound was originally purchased on behalf of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum, in 1900 the land and its ownership were granted to the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society (a predecessor of the present <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Historical Society">Ohio Historical Society</a>). The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Historical Society">Ohio Historical Society</a> has designated the Arc of Appalachia Preserves system, a project of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highlands_Sanctuary" title="Highlands Sanctuary">Highlands Sanctuary</a>, Inc., as the managing agency of Serpent Mound from 2010 until March 2021. In March of 2021, The Ohio History Connection took back active management of the site. Following an instance of vandalism in 2015, more security cameras and protective gates were added to ensure the protection of the site and surrounding area.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Excavation">Excavation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Excavation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg/170px-Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="156" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg/255px-Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg/340px-Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="549" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Adena_SerpMd_gorget_points_HRoe_2009.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorget" title="Gorget">Gorgets</a> and points from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a>, found at Serpent Mound</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg/170px-Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg/255px-Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg/340px-Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hopewell_SerpMd_pipe_points_earspool_HRoe_2009.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hopewell pipe, points, and earspool on display at Serpent Mound</div></div></div><p>During excavation of The Serpent Mound archaeologists uncovered pipes, points, and earspool from the Hopewell Culture as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorget" title="Gorget">Gorgets</a> and points from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a>.
</p><p>After raising sufficient funds, Putnam returned to the same site in 1886. He worked for four years to excavate the burial sequence contents of both The Serpent Mound and two nearby conical mounds. After completing his excavation and publishing his work, Putnam worked on restoring the mounds to their original state.
</p><p>One of the conical mounds that was excavated by Putnam in 1890 yielded several artifacts of a principal burial hosted by during the period of the Adena people. Along with these findings, Putnam found and excavated nine intrusive burials in the mound through his discovery of an ash bed containing many prehistoric artifacts, north of the conical mound. After the excavation, the conical mound was reconstructed and currently stands just south of the parking lot at The Serpent Mound State Memorial.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2011, archaeologists took the opportunity to excavate the property prior to installation of utility lines at The Serpent Mound State Memorial. The excavations focused on three sides of the conical mound which had previously been excavated by Putnam in 1890. In addition to these concentrations of artifacts, an ashy soil horizon was excavated north of the conical mound, where archaeologists were able to uncover many prehistoric artifacts. It is believed that the ashy deposit of charcoal is the remainder of a Fort Ancient Culture ash bed. The wood charcoal from within the remnant bed was carbon dated back to the time of the Fort Ancient Culture, between the years of 1041 A.D. and 1211 A.D. Given the results found through carbon dating, burials in the conical mound dated to the Early Woodland and Fort Ancient periods, suggestive of ritual reuse of the circum mound area and ash bed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Serpent_Mound_Museum">Serpent Mound Museum</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Serpent Mound Museum">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><i>Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Historical Society">Ohio Historical Society</a></i>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:267px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Serpent_Mound.jpg/265px-Serpent_Mound.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Serpent_Mound.jpg/398px-Serpent_Mound.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Serpent_Mound.jpg/530px-Serpent_Mound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5072" data-file-height="3408" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Digital <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic Information System</a> Map of The Serpent Mound</div></div></div>
<p>In 1901, the Ohio Historical Society hired engineer, Clinton Cowan, to survey newly acquired lands. Cowan created a 56 by 72-inch (1,800 mm) map that depicted the outline of The Serpent Mound in relation to nearby landmarks, such as hills and rivers. Along with this, Cowan made specific geographical surveys of the area, discovering a unique astrobleme on which the mound is based. He found that the mound is at the convergence of three distinctly different soil types. Cowan's information, in conjunction with Putnam's archaeological discoveries, has been the basis for all modern investigations of The Serpent Mound. Furthermore, a digital <a href="/enwiki/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS map</a> of Ohio's Great Serpent Mound was created by Timothy A. Price and Nichole I. Stump in March of 2002.
</p><p>In 1967, The Ohio Historical Society opened <b>The Serpent Mound Museum</b>, built very close to the site of the mound. A pathway was constructed around the base of the mound, guiding visitors through and around the site. The museum features exhibits that include explanations of the effigy's form, description of the constructing of the mound and the geographical history of the area. The museum also features an exhibit on the Adena culture, which they historically credited as the creators of the mound.
</p><p><b>Serpent Mound State Memorial</b> is currently being operated on behalf of the Ohio Historical Society by the Arc of Appalachia Preserve System. It is a non-profit organization that specializes in the preservation and protection of native <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and prehistoric <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">aboriginal</a> sites in southern Ohio.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crooks_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Crooks mound">Crooks mound</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Mounds_Park_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Indian Mounds Park (disambiguation)">Indian Mounds Park (disambiguation)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builder (people)">Mound builder (people)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazca_Lines" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca Lines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marree_Man" title="Marree Man">Marree Man</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMonaghanHerrmann2019" class="citation journal cs1">Monaghan, G. William; Herrmann, Edward W. (2019-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/mcja/article/44/1/84/217212/Serpent-MoundStill-Built-by-the-Adena-and-Still">"Serpent MoundStill Built by the Adena, and Still Rebuilt During the Fort Ancient Period"</a>. <i>Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 84–93. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F26599989">10.2307/26599989</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0146-1109">0146-1109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midcontinental+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Serpent+MoundStill+Built+by+the+Adena%2C+and+Still+Rebuilt+During+the+Fort+Ancient+Period&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-93&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F26599989&rft.issn=0146-1109&rft.aulast=Monaghan&rft.aufirst=G.+William&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+Edward+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublishingcollective.org%2Fuip%2Fmcja%2Farticle%2F44%2F1%2F84%2F217212%2FSerpent-MoundStill-Built-by-the-Adena-and-Still&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiohistorycentral.org/enwiki/w/American_Indians#:~:text=From%20these%20missionaries,%20historians%20know,Myaamia%20(in%20western%20Ohio).">"American Indians - Ohio History Central"</a>. <i>ohiohistorycentral.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohiohistorycentral.org&rft.atitle=American+Indians+-+Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FAmerican_Indians%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFrom%2520these%2520missionaries%2C%2520historians%2520know%2CMyaamia%2520%28in%2520western%2520Ohio%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWebb2001" class="citation book cs1">Webb, William S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03744"><i>The Adena people</i></a>. University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-159-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-159-7"><bdi>978-0-87049-159-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adena+people&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87049-159-7&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fheb.03744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA2_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", <i>Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology</i>, Vol. 21, No.1, University of Iowa, 1996</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz" class="citation journal cs1">Schwarz, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6699348/Long_Shadows_Over_the_Valley_Recent_Findings_from_ASC_Groups_Excavations_at_Serpent_Mound_State_Memor">"Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Long+Shadows+Over+the+Valley%3A+Recent+Findings+from+ASC+Group%26%2339%3Bs+Excavations+at+Serpent+Mound+State+Memor.&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6699348%2FLong_Shadows_Over_the_Valley_Recent_Findings_from_ASC_Groups_Excavations_at_Serpent_Mound_State_Memor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerpent+Mound" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Fletcher, Robert V., Terry L. Cameron, Bradley T. Lepper, Dee Anne Wymer, and William Pickard, "Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?", <i>Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology</i>, Vol 21, No. 1, Spring 1996, University of Iowa.</li>
<li>Putnam, Frederic Ward, "The Serpent Mound of Ohio: Site Excavation and Park Reconstruction.", <i>Century Magazine</i> Vol 39: 871–888. Illustrations by William Jacob Baer.</li>
<li>Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_of_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley">Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley</a></i>, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., 1998. Reprint of 1848 edition with a new introduction by David J. Meltzer.</li>
<li>Weintraub, Daniel and Kevin R. Schwarz, "Long Shadows Over the Valley: Recent Findings from ASC Group's Excavations at Serpent Mound State Memorial", <i>Current Research in Ohio Archaeology</i> 2013. The Ohio Archaeological Council.</li>
<li>Woodward, Susan L. and Jerry N. McDonald, <i>Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley</i>, Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, 1986</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serpent_Mound&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Serpent_Mound" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></span>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/museum-and-site-locator/serpent-mound">Serpent Mound</a>, Ohio Historical Society</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arcofappalachia.org/serpent-mound/">Arc of Appalachia: Serpent Mound</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/hocu/">"Hopewell Culture National Historical Park"</a>, National Park Service</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040113195022/http://www.ohiohistoryteachers.org/03/04/sw07.shtml">Ohio History Teachers - Field Trips: Serpent Mound</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040813224500/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/northamerica/serpent.html">"Archaeological Sites: Serpent Mound"</a>, Minnesota State University Mankato</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2223">Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110329/NEWS01/103300319/Scientists-try-unlock-Serpent-Mound-secrets?odyssey=tab%7Ctopnews%7Ctext%7CFRONTPAGE">Scientists try to unlock Serpent Mound secrets</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25x25px_Fort_Ancient_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#ECD872;;background:#FFE87C;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Fort_Ancient_culture" title="Template:Fort Ancient culture"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#ECD872;;background:#FFE87C;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Fort_Ancient_culture" title="Template talk:Fort Ancient culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#ECD872;;background:#FFE87C;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Fort_Ancient_culture&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#ECD872;;background:#FFE87C;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Fort_Ancient_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" class="image"><img alt="Icon mound cone HRoe.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png/25px-Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="25" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ECD872;"><div id="*_List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)_*_Mound_Builders">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">List of archaeological periods (North America)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECD872;;width:1%;background:#C8B560;">Anderson<br />Focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hine_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hine Site (page does not exist)">Hine Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kemp_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemp Site (page does not exist)">Kemp Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_Line_Archeological_District" title="State Line Archeological District">State Line Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="image" title="Fort Ancient cultural region, with some of its major sites and neighbors"><img alt="Fort Ancient cultural region, with some of its major sites and neighbors" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/250px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/375px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/500px-Fort_Ancient_Monongahela_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="496" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECD872;;width:1%;background:#C8B560;">Baum Focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alligator_Effigy_Mound" title="Alligator Effigy Mound">Alligator Effigy Mound</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Baldwin_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldwin Site (page does not exist)">Baldwin Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baum_Site" title="Baum Site">Baum Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gartner_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gartner Site (page does not exist)">Gartner Site</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serpent Mound</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECD872;;width:1%;background:#C8B560;">Feurt Focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buffalo_Indian_Village_Site" title="Buffalo Indian Village Site">Buffalo Indian Village Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feurt_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Feurt Mounds and Village Site">Feurt Mounds and Village Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hardin_Village_Site" title="Hardin Village Site">Hardin Village Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leo_Petroglyph" title="Leo Petroglyph">Leo Petroglyph</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hobson_Site" title="Hobson Site">Hobson Site</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECD872;;width:1%;background:#C8B560;">Madisonville<br />Focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buckner_Site" title="Buckner Site">Buckner Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Clay_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clay Mound (page does not exist)">Clay Mound</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleek-McCabe_Site" title="Cleek-McCabe Site">Cleek-McCabe Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clover_Site" title="Clover Site">Clover Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fox_Farm_Site_(Mays_Lick,_Kentucky)" title="Fox Farm Site (Mays Lick, Kentucky)">Fox Farm Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hahn_Field_Archeological_District" title="Hahn Field Archeological District">Hahns Field Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Larkin_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larkin Site (page does not exist)">Larkin Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Shawneetown" title="Lower Shawneetown">Lower Shawneetown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madisonville_Site" title="Madisonville Site">Madisonville Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ronald_Watson_Gravel_Site" title="Ronald Watson Gravel Site">Ronald Watson Gravel Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clough_Creek_and_Sand_Ridge_Archaeological_District" title="Clough Creek and Sand Ridge Archaeological District">Sand Ridge Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turpin_Site" title="Turpin Site">Turpin Site</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ECD872;"><div>
<dl><dt>Related topics</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bone_Stone_Graves" title="Bone Stone Graves">Bone Stone Graves</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bone_Mound_II" title="Bone Mound II">Bone Mound II</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cole_culture" title="Cole culture">Cole culture</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oliver_Phase" title="Oliver Phase">Oliver Phase</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Owasco_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owasco culture (page does not exist)">Owasco culture</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Springwells_Phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springwells Phase (page does not exist)">Springwells Phase</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_Complex" title="Buttermilk Creek Complex">Buttermilk Creek Complex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glacial_Kame_Culture" title="Glacial Kame Culture">Glacial Kame</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Jolla_Complex" title="La Jolla Complex">La Jolla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Las_Palmas_Complex" title="Las Palmas Complex">Las Palmas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_Culture" title="Old Cordilleran Culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_Tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic Tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safety_Harbor_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety Harbor Culture">Safety Harbor Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tchefuncte_Site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte Site">Tchefuncte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="floatright"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png" class="image"><img alt="S.E.C.C. hero twins 3 HRoe 2007-transparent.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png/110px-S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="96" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png/165px-S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png/220px-S.E.C.C._hero_twins_3_HRoe_2007-transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="547" /></a></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anzick_Clovis_burial" title="Anzick Clovis burial">Anzick Clovis burial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bastian_Site" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brewster_Site" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River Archaeological State Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eaker_Site" title="Eaker Site">Eaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds National Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eva_Site" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folsom_Site" title="Folsom Site">Folsom Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holly_Bluff_Site" title="Holly Bluff Site">Holly Bluff Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nodena_Site" title="Nodena Site">Nodena Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocmulgee_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocmulgee National Monument">Ocmulgee National Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island complex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave National Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serpent Mound</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toltec_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Toltec Mounds Archeological State Park">Toltec Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winterville_Site" title="Winterville Site">Winterville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki National Monument</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_drink" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div>
<dl><dt>Related</dt>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#A8EDEF;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#A8EDEF;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#A8EDEF;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_architectural_style_categories" title="National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories">Architectural style categories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF">Lists by state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state" title="List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state">List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state</a>:</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama">Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska">Alaska</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arizona" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arkansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">California</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Connecticut" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida">Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Idaho" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho">Idaho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Illinois" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois">Illinois</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana">Indiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa">Iowa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas">Kansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kentucky" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maine" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maine">Maine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maryland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maryland">Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan">Michigan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnesota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana">Montana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nebraska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nevada" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada">Nevada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hampshire" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Jersey" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Mexico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New York">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ohio" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oklahoma" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon">Oregon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennsylvania" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhode_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tennessee" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Utah" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah">Utah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vermont" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Vermont">Vermont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_state" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington state">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wisconsin" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF">Lists by insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_American_Samoa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam">Guam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF">Lists by associated state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palau" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier" title="American Legation, Tangier">Morocco</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act_of_1966" title="National Historic Preservation Act of 1966">National Historic Preservation Act of 1966</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund" title="Historic Preservation Fund">Historic Preservation Fund</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places">List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places">University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" class="image"><img alt="HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/32px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/48px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/64px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="1969" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Portal:National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places portal</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Category:National Register of Historic Places">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q968802#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q968802#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q968802#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315130422">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/315130422">WorldCat (via VIAF)</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1652657254 |