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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|The "palms" a family of flowering plants}}
{{Distinguish|text=the heather family [[Ericaceae]], the arum family [[Araceae]] or the ivy family [[Araliaceae]]}}
{{Redirect|Palm tree}}
{{Redirect|Palm leaves|the French pastry|palmier}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|80|0}}[[Late Cretaceous]] – Recent
| image = 1859-Martinique.web.jpg
| image_caption = [[Coconut]] (''Cocos nucifera'') in [[Martinique]]
| taxon = Arecaceae
| authority = [[Bercht.]] & [[J.Presl]], [[nom. cons.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| type_genus = ''Areca''
| type_genus_authority =
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = {{Linked taxon list
|Arecoideae |<!-- Missing authority information, circular redirect -->
|Calamoideae |<!-- Missing authority information -->
|Ceroxyloideae|<!-- Missing authority information -->
|Coryphoideae |<!-- Missing authority information -->
|Nypoideae |<!-- Missing authority information --><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?95 |title=''Arecaceae'' Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2007-04-13 |access-date=2009-07-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811120728/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?95 |archive-date=2009-08-11 }}</ref>
}}
| diversity = Well over 2600 species in some 202 genera
| diversity_link = list of Arecaceae genera
| synonyms = *Palmae
}}
The '''Arecaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Monocotyledon|monocot]] [[order (biology)|order]] [[Arecales]]. Their growth form can be [[climbing palm|climber]]s, [[Shrub|shrubs]], [[tree]]-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as '''palms'''. Those having a tree-like form are called '''palm trees'''.<ref>The name "Palmaceae" is not accepted because the name Arecaceae (and its acceptable alternative Palmae, [http://www.bgbm.org/IAPT/Nomenclature/Code/SaintLouis/0022Ch3Sec2a018.htm ICBN Art. 18.5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524104328/http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0022Ch3Sec2a018.htm |date=2006-05-24 }}) are conserved over other names for the palm family.</ref> Currently, 181 [[Genus|genera]] with around 2,600 [[species]] are known,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=William J.|last2=Dransfield|first2=John|date=2016|title=Beyond Genera Palmarum : progress and prospects in palm systematics|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=182|issue=2|pages=207–233|doi=10.1111/boj.12401|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal | author1 = Christenhusz, M. J. M. | author2 = Byng, J. W. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160729085754/http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | archive-date = 2016-07-29 | doi-access = free }}</ref> most of which are restricted to [[tropics|tropical]] and [[subtropics|subtropical]] climates. Most palms are distinguished by their large, compound, [[evergreen]] leaves, known as [[Frond|fronds]], arranged at the top of an unbranched stem. However, palms exhibit an enormous diversity in physical characteristics and inhabit nearly every type of [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]] within their range, from [[rainforest]]s to [[desert]]s.
Palms are among the best known and most extensively [[Horticulture|cultivated]] plant families. They have been important to humans throughout much of history. Many common products and foods are derived from palms. In contemporary times, palms are also widely used in landscaping. In many historical cultures, because of their importance as food, palms were [[Palm branch (symbol)|symbols]] for such ideas as victory, peace, and fertility. For inhabitants of cooler climates today, palms symbolize the tropics and [[Vacation|vacations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2001/landscaping.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621031419/http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2001/landscaping.htm|url-status=dead|title=Landscaping with Palms in the Mediterranean|archive-date=Jun 21, 2006}}</ref>
==Etymology==
The word ''Arecaceae'' is derived from the word ''[[areca]]'' with the suffix "-aceae".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Arecaceae|title=Arecaceae - Wiktionary|website=En.wiktionary.org|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> ''Areca'' is derived from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], via [[Malayalam]] അടയ്ക്ക (''aṭaykka''), which is from [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian]] ''*aṭ-ay-kkāy'' (“areca nut”).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/areca|title=areca - Wiktionary|website=En.wiktionary.org|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> The suffix ''-aceae'' is the feminine plural of the Latin ''-āceus'' ("resembling").{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}
==Morphology==
Whether as shrubs, tree-like, or vines, palms have two methods of growth: solitary or clustered. The common representation is that of a solitary shoot ending in a crown of leaves. This [[monopodial]] character may be exhibited by prostrate, trunkless, and trunk-forming members. Some common palms restricted to solitary growth include ''[[Washingtonia]]'' and ''[[Roystonea]]''. Palms may instead grow in sparse though dense clusters. The trunk develops an axillary bud at a leaf node, usually near the base, from which a new shoot emerges. The new shoot, in turn, produces an axillary bud and a clustering habit results. Exclusively [[sympodial]] genera include many of the [[rattan]]s, ''[[Guihaia]]'', and ''[[Rhapis]]''. Several palm genera have both solitary and clustering members. Palms which are usually solitary may grow in clusters and vice versa. These aberrations suggest the habit operates on a single gene.<ref name=uhl>Uhl, Natalie W. and Dransfield, John (1987) ''Genera Palmarum – A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore''. Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press. {{ISBN|0-935868-30-5}} / {{ISBN|978-0-935868-30-2}}</ref>
Palms have large, evergreen leaves that are either palmately ('fan-leaved') or pinnately ('feather-leaved') compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. The leaves have a tubular sheath at the base that usually splits open on one side at maturity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/arec.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424052701/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/arec.htm|url-status=dead|title=Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany|archive-date=Apr 24, 2006|website=Botany.hawaii.edu}}</ref> The [[inflorescence]] is a [[spadix (botany)|spadix]] or [[spike (botany)|spike]] surrounded by one or more [[bract]]s or [[spathe]]s that become woody at maturity. The [[flower]]s are generally small and white, radially symmetric, and can be either uni- or bisexual. The sepals and petals usually number three each, and may be distinct or joined at the base. The stamens generally number six, with filaments that may be separate, attached to each other, or attached to the pistil at the base. The [[fruit]] is usually a single-[[seed]]ed [[drupe]] (sometimes berry-like)<ref>{{eFloras|1|10061|Arecaceae |first=Scott |last=Zona |volume=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525043634/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10061 |archive-date=2006-05-25}}</ref> but some genera (e.g., ''[[Salacca]]'') may contain two or more seeds in each fruit.
[[File:Palm tree trunk.JPG|thumb|left|Sawn palm stem: Palms do not form annual [[tree rings]].]]
Like all [[monocot]]s, palms do not have the ability to increase the width of a stem ([[secondary growth]]) via the same kind of [[vascular cambium]] found in non-monocot [[woody plant]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chase|first=Mark W. |author-link=Mark Wayne Chase|date=2004 |title=Monocot relationships: an overview |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=91 |issue=10 |pages=1645–1655 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1645 |pmid=21652314|doi-access=free }}</ref> This explains the cylindrical shape of the trunk (almost constant diameter) that is often seen in palms, unlike in [[Tree ring |ring]]-forming trees. However, many palms, like some other monocots, do have secondary growth, although because it does not arise from a single vascular cambium producing [[xylem]] inwards and phloem outwards, it is often called "anomalous secondary growth".<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Donoghue | first1 = Michael J. | title = Key innovations, convergence, and success: macroevolutionary lessons from plant phylogeny | url = http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2005/149_MJD_Paleo05.pdf | doi = 10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0077:KICASM]2.0.CO;2 | year = 2005 | volume = 31 | pages = 77–93 | journal = Paleobiology | s2cid = 36988476 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723090605/http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2005/149_MJD_Paleo05.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-23 }}</ref>
The Arecaceae are notable among monocots for their height and for the size of their seeds, leaves, and inflorescences. ''[[Ceroxylon quindiuense]]'', Colombia's national tree, is the tallest monocot in the world, reaching up to {{convert|60|m|ft|0}} tall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://idm.presidencia.gov.co/deinteres/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131924/http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/patrios.htm|url-status=dead|title=Presidencia de la República|archive-date=Sep 29, 2007|website=idm.presidencia.gov.co}}</ref> The ''[[coco de mer]]'' (''Lodoicea maldivica'') has the largest seeds of any plant, {{convert|40–50|cm|in|0}} in diameter and weighing {{convert|15–30|kg|lb|0}} each ([[coconuts]] are the second largest). Raffia palms (''[[Raphia (plant)|Raphia]]'' spp.) have the largest leaves of any plant, up to {{convert|25|m|ft|0}} long and {{convert|3|m|ft|0}} wide. The ''[[Corypha]]'' species have the largest inflorescence of any plant, up to {{convert|7.5|m|ft|0}} tall and containing millions of small flowers. ''[[Calamus (palm)|Calamus]]'' stems can reach {{convert|200|m|ft|0}} in length.
==Range and habitat==
Most palms are native to tropical and subtropical climates. Palms thrive in moist and hot climates but can be found in a variety of different habitats. Their diversity is highest in wet, lowland forests. South America, the Caribbean, and areas of the south Pacific and southern Asia are regions of concentration. Colombia may have the highest number of palm species in one country. There are some palms that are also native to desert areas such as the Arabian peninsula and parts of northwestern Mexico. Only about 130 palm species naturally grow entirely beyond the tropics, mostly in humid lowland subtropical climates, in highlands in southern Asia, and along the rim lands of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The northernmost native palm is ''[[Chamaerops|Chamaerops humilis]]'', which reaches [[44th parallel north|44°N latitude]] along the coast of [[Liguria]], [[Italy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00837792.1987.10670414|title=The presence of Chamaerops humilis L. on Portofino promontory (East Liguria)|first1=Francesco|last1=Orsino|first2=Silvia|last2=Olivari|date=Jan 1, 1987|journal=Webbia|volume=41|issue=2|pages=261–272|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/00837792.1987.10670414}}</ref> In the southern hemisphere, the southernmost palm is the ''[[nikau|Rhopalostylis sapida]]'', which reaches [[44th parallel south|44°S]] on the [[Chatham Islands]] where an [[oceanic climate]] prevails.<ref name="FAO">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/X0451E/X0451e03.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506005013/http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=%2Fdocrep%2FX0451E%2FX0451e03.htm|url-status=dead|title=Tropical Palms by Food and Agriculture Organization|archive-date=May 6, 2006}}</ref> Cultivation of palms is possible north of subtropical climates, and some higher latitude locales such as [[Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[England]], and the [[Pacific Northwest]] feature a few palms in protected locations and [[microclimate]]s.
Palms inhabit a variety of ecosystems. More than two-thirds of palm species live in humid moist forests, where some species grow tall enough to form part of the [[canopy (biology)|canopy]] and shorter ones form part of the [[understory]].<ref name = "VPEintro"/> Some species form pure stands in areas with poor drainage or regular flooding, including ''Raphia hookeri'' which is common in coastal freshwater swamps in West Africa. Other palms live in tropical mountain habitats above {{convert|1|e3m|e3ft|0|abbr=off}}, such as those in the genus ''[[Ceroxylon]]'' native to the [[Andes]]. Palms may also live in grasslands and scrublands, usually associated with a water source, and in desert [[oasis|oases]] such as the [[date palm]]. A few palms are adapted to extremely [[base (chemistry)|basic]] [[lime (mineral)|lime]] soils, while others are similarly adapted to extreme [[Potassium deficiency (plants)|potassium deficiency]] and toxicity of heavy metals in [[serpentine soil]]s.<ref name="FAO"/>
[[File:Washingtonia filifera in Palm Canyon.jpg|thumb|left|This grove of the native species ''[[Washingtonia filifera]]'' in Palm Canyon, just south of [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]], [[California]], is growing alongside a stream running through the desert.]]
[[File:Roystonea-2.jpg|thumb|right|Two ''[[Roystonea regia]]'' specimens in [[Kolkata]], India. The characteristic crownshaft and apex shoot, or 'spear', are visible.]]
Palms are a [[monophyly|monophyletic]] group of plants, meaning the group consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants.<ref name = "VPEintro"/> Extensive taxonomic research on palms began with botanist H.E. Moore, who organized palms into 15 major groups based mostly on general morphological characteristics. The following classification, proposed by N.W. Uhl and J. Dransfield in 1987, is a revision of Moore's classification that organizes palms into six subfamilies.<ref>N. W. Uhl, J. Dransfield (1987). ''Genera palmarum: a classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore, Jr.'' (Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas).</ref> A few general traits of each subfamily are listed below.
* The '''{{vanchor|Coryphoideae}}''' are the most diverse subfamily, and are a [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] group, meaning all members of the group share a common ancestor, but the group does not include all the ancestor's descendants. Most palms in this subfamily have palmately lobed leaves and solitary flowers with three, or sometimes four [[carpel]]s. The fruit normally develops from only one carpel.
* Subfamily '''{{vanchor|Calamoideae}}''' includes the climbing palms, such as rattans. The leaves are usually pinnate; derived characters ([[synapomorphy|synapomorphies]]) include spines on various organs, organs specialized for climbing, an extension of the main stem of the leaf-bearing reflexed spines, and overlapping scales covering the fruit and ovary.
* Subfamily '''{{vanchor|Nypoideae}}''' contains only one species, ''[[Nypa fruticans]]'',<ref>{{cite book|title=Australian Palms: Biogeography, Ecology and Systematics|author=John Leslie Dowe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk5ud3uuLW8C&q=Nypoideae&pg=PA83|page=83|access-date=April 20, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202163500/http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=Fk5ud3uuLW8C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=Nypoideae&source=bl&ots=GLh89V2U04&sig=-rXN3kSbWv1-bOs8xgcDThEfC84&hl=vi&sa=X&ei=ekWRT4iCJ4TeigfavvSJBA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Nypoideae&f=false|archive-date=February 2, 2014|isbn=9780643096158|year=2010}}</ref> which has large, pinnate leaves. The fruit is unusual in that it floats, and the stem is dichotomously branched, also unusual in palms.
* Subfamily '''{{vanchor|Ceroxyloideae}}''' has small to medium-sized flowers, spirally arranged, with a [[gynoecium]] of three joined carpels.
* The '''{{vanchor|Arecoideae}}''' are the largest subfamily, with six diverse tribes ([[Areceae]], [[Caryoteae]], [[Cocoseae]], [[Geonomateae]], [[Iriarteeae]], and [[Podococceae]]) containing over 100 genera. All tribes have pinnate or bipinnate leaves and flowers arranged in groups of three, with a central pistillate and two staminate flowers.
* The '''{{vanchor|Phytelephantoideae}}''' are a [[monoecious]] subfamily. Members of this group have distinct monopodial flower clusters. Other distinct features include a gynoecium with five to 10 joined carpels, and flowers with more than three parts per whorl. Fruits are multiple-seeded and have multiple parts.<ref name = "UA"/>
Currently, few extensive phylogenetic studies of the Arecaceae exist. In 1997, Baker'' et al.'' explored subfamily and tribe relationships using chloroplast [[DNA]] from 60 genera from all subfamilies and tribes. The results strongly showed the Calamoideae are monophyletic, and Ceroxyloideae and Coryphoideae are paraphyletic. The relationships of Arecoideae are uncertain, but they are possibly related to the Ceroxyloideae and Phytelephantoideae. Studies have suggested the lack of a fully resolved hypothesis for the relationships within the family is due to a variety of factors, including difficulties in selecting appropriate outgroups, [[homoplasy]] in morphological character states, slow rates of molecular evolution important for the use of standard [[DNA marker]]s, and character polarization.<ref>Hahn, W.J. (2002). ''A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Palmae (Arecaceae) Based on atpB, rbcL, and 18S nrDNA Sequences (Systematic Botany 51(1): 92–112).</ref> However, hybridization has been observed among ''Orbignya'' and ''Phoenix'' species, and using chloroplast DNA in cladistic studies may produce inaccurate results due to maternal inheritance of the chloroplast DNA. Chemical and molecular data from non-organelle DNA, for example, could be more effective for studying palm phylogeny.<ref name="UA">{{cite web|url=http://arboretum.arizona.edu/palms.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621003136/http://arboretum.arizona.edu/palms.htm|url-status=dead|title=Palms on the University of Arizona Campus|archive-date=June 21, 2006}}</ref>
==Selected genera==
{{Main|List of Arecaceae genera|List of Arecaceae genera by alphabetical order|l1=List of Arecaceae genera by taxonomic groups}}
[[File:Palmtreesil.jpg|thumb|right|Silhouette of palms in [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]]]]
[[File:MultanEvening.jpg|thumb|left|Palms in [[Multan]], [[Pakistan]]]]
[[File:Various Arecaceae.jpg|thumb|right|Various Arecaceae]]
[[File:Beccariophoenix alfredii 100.jpg|thumb|left|A pair of young ''[[Beccariophoenix alfredii]]'' palms]]
[[File:Palma Real.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Cuban royal palm]]]]
[[File:Crown shaft base.jpg|thumb|upright|Crown shaft base of Royal palm]]
*''[[Archontophoenix]]''—[[Archontophoenix cunninghamiana|Bangalow palm]]
*''[[Areca]]''—[[Areca catechu|Betel palm]]
*''[[Astrocaryum]]''
*''[[Attalea (plant)|Attalea]]''
*''[[Bactris]]''—[[Bactris gasipaes|Pupunha]]
*''[[Beccariophoenix]]''—[[Beccariophoenix alfredii]]
*''[[Bismarckia]]''—Bismarck palm
*''[[Borassus]]''—Palmyra palm, [[Borassus flabellifer|sugar palm]], [[Borassus flabellifer|toddy palm]]
*''[[Butia]]''
*''[[Calamus (palm)|Calamus]]''—[[Rattan]] palm
*''[[Ceroxylon]]''
*''[[Coconut|Cocos]]''—Coconut
*''[[Coccothrinax]]''
*''[[Copernicia]]''—[[Carnauba wax]] palm
*''[[Corypha]]''—Gebang palm, Buri palm or Talipot palm
*''[[Elaeis]]''—Oil palm
*''[[Euterpe (plant)|Euterpe]]''—Cabbage heart palm, açaí palm
*''[[Hyphaene]]''—[[Hyphaene thebaica|Doum palm]]
*''[[Jubaea]]''—Chilean wine palm, Coquito palm
*''[[Latania]]''—Latan palm
*''[[Licuala]]''
*''[[Livistona]]''—Cabbage palm
*''[[Mauritia]]''—[[Moriche palm]]
*''[[Metroxylon]]''—[[Metroxylon sagu|Sago palm]]
*''[[Nypa fruticans|Nypa]]''—[[Nypa fruticans|Nipa palm]]
*''[[Parajubaea]]''—Bolivian coconut palms
*''[[Phoenix (plant)|Phoenix]]''—[[Date palm]]
*''[[Pritchardia]]''
*''[[Raphia (plant)|Raphia]]''—Raffia palm
*''[[Rhapidophyllum]]''
*''[[Rhapis]]''
*''[[Roystonea]]''—Royal palm
*''[[Sabal]]''—Palmettos
*''[[Salacca]]''—[[Salak]]
*''[[Syagrus (plant)|Syagrus]]''—[[Syagrus romanzoffiana|Queen palm]]
*''[[Thrinax]]''
*''[[Trachycarpus]]''—[[Trachycarpus fortunei|Windmill palm]], [[Trachycarpus takil|Kumaon palm]]
*''[[Trithrinax]]''
*''[[Veitchia]]''—[[Veitchia merrillii|Manila palm]], [[Veitchia joannis|Joannis palm]]
*''[[Washingtonia]]''—Fan palm
==Evolution==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2016}}
The Arecaceae are the first modern family of monocots appearing in the fossil record around 80 million years ago (Mya), during the late [[Cretaceous]] period. The first modern species, such as ''[[Nypa fruticans]]'' and ''[[Acrocomia|Acrocomia aculeata]]'', appeared 69 Mya, as evidenced by fossil ''Nypa'' pollen. Palms appear to have undergone an early period of [[adaptive radiation]]. By 60 Mya, many of the modern, specialized genera of palms appeared and became widespread and common, much more widespread than their range today. Because palms separated from the monocots earlier than other families, they developed more intrafamilial specialization and diversity. By tracing back these diverse characteristics of palms to the basic structures of monocots, palms may be valuable in studying monocot evolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/evolution/vpe_evolution.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418044328/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/evolution/vpe_evolution.htm|url-status=dead|title=Virtual Palm Encyclopedia – Evolution and the fossil record|archive-date=Apr 18, 2006}}</ref> Several species of palms have been identified from flowers preserved in amber, including ''[[Palaeoraphe|Palaeoraphe dominicana]]'' and ''[[Roystonea palaea]]''.<ref name="Poinar2002">{{cite journal |last1=Poinar |first1=G. |year=2002 |title= Fossil palm flowers in Dominican and Baltic amber|journal= Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=139 |issue = 4 |pages=361–367 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00052.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> Evidence can also be found in samples of [[petrified palmwood]].
==Uses==
[[File:Arecaceae tree in Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Arecaceae are common in Saudi Arabia]]
[[File:Chestnut in Guntur.jpg|thumb|upright=0.81|Palmyra palm fruit at [[Guntur]], [[India]]]]
Human use of palms is at least as old as human civilization itself, starting with the cultivation of the date palm by [[Mesopotamia]]ns and other Middle Eastern peoples 5000 years or more ago.<ref name="FAO date palm info">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0681E/t0681e02.htm |title=Date Palm Products – Introduction |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]| access-date=2007-06-12 |author = W.H. Barreveld| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070619094447/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0681E/t0681e02.htm| archive-date= 19 June 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Date wood, pits for storing dates, and other remains of the date palm have been found in Mesopotamian sites.<ref name="datesex">{{Cite web|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040113064610/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/NearEast/datesex.shtml|title=Date Sex @ University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology|website=Webarchive.loc.gov|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> The date palm had a tremendous effect on the history of the Middle East. W.H. Barreveld wrote:
[[File:Man standing in front of palm trees.jpg|thumb|Man standing in front of palms in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]]]
{{Quote|One could go as far as to say that, had the date palm not existed, the expansion of the human race into the hot and barren parts of the "old" world would have been much more restricted. The date palm not only provided a concentrated energy food, which could be easily stored and carried along on long journeys across the deserts, it also created a more amenable habitat for the people to live in by providing shade and protection from the desert winds (Fig. 1). In addition, the date palm also yielded a variety of products for use in agricultural production and for domestic utensils, and practically all parts of the palm had a useful purpose.<ref name = "FAO date palm info"/>}}
An indication of the importance of palms in ancient times is that they are mentioned more than 30 times in the [[Bible]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?search=palm+-hand&searchtype=all&version1=31&spanbegin=1&spanend=73|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310223919/http://www.biblegateway.com/keyword/?search=palm+-hand&searchtype=all&version1=31&spanbegin=1&spanend=73|url-status=dead|title=BibleGateway.com - Keyword Search|archive-date=Mar 10, 2007|website=Biblegateway.com}}</ref> and at least 22 times in the [[Quran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/koran/koran-idx?type=simple&q1=palm&size=First+100|title=The Koran|website=Quod.lib.umich.edu}}</ref>
Arecaceae have great economic importance, including coconut products, oils, dates, [[palm syrup]], ivory nuts, carnauba wax, rattan cane, raffia, and [[Palmwood|palm wood]]. This family supplies a large amount of the human diet and several other human uses, both by absolute amount produced and by number of [[crop domestication|species domesticated]].<ref name="agricultural-significance-bundle">
{{Unbulleted list citebundle
|{{cite journal | last1=Hufford | first1=Matthew B. | last2=Berny Mier y Teran | first2=Jorge C. | last3=Gepts | first3=Paul | title=Crop Biodiversity: An Unfinished Magnum Opus of Nature | journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=70 | issue=1 | date=2019-04-29 | issn=1543-5008 | doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040240 | pages=727–751| pmid=31035827 | s2cid=140371099 | url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8g4377pd }}
|{{cite journal | last1=Roncal | first1=Julissa | last2=Zona | first2=Scott | last3=Lewis | first3=Carl E. | title=Molecular Phylogenetic Studies of Caribbean Palms (Arecaceae) and Their Relationships to Biogeography and Conservation | journal=[[The Botanical Review]] | publisher=[[New York Botanical Garden]] ([[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]) | volume=74 | issue=1 | year=2008 | issn=0006-8101 | doi=10.1007/s12229-008-9005-9 | pages=78–102 | s2cid=40119059 | quote=comparable only to the[''sic''] that of grasses and legumes | quote-page=79}}
|{{cite book | last=Johnson | first=Dennis V. | title=Tropical Palms | date=2010 | publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations | url=http://www.fao.org/3/i1590e/i1590e00.htm | access-date=2022-03-24 | isbn=978-92-5-106742-0 | oclc=712674911}}
|{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s12229-011-9086-8 | title=Palm Uses in Northwestern South America: A Quantitative Review | first1=Manuel J. | last1=Macía | first2=Pedro J. | last2=Armesilla | first3=Rodrigo | last3=Cámara-Leret | first4=Narel | last4=Paniagua-Zambrana | first5=Soraya | last5=Villalba | first6=Henrik | last6=Balslev | first7=Manuel | last7=Pardo-de-Santayana | journal=[[The Botanical Review]] | publisher=[[New York Botanical Garden]] ([[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]) | issn=0006-8101 | volume=77 | pages=462–570 | date=2011| issue=4 | s2cid=24354469 }}
|{{cite journal | last1=Fehr | first1=Vincent | last2=Buitenwerf | first2=Robert | last3=Svenning | first3=Jens‐Christian | title=Non‐native palms (Arecaceae) as generators of novel ecosystems: A global assessment | journal=[[Diversity and Distributions]] | publisher=[[Wiley publishing|Wiley]] | volume=26 | issue=11 | date=2020-08-25 | issn=1366-9516 | doi=10.1111/ddi.13150 | pages=1523–1538| s2cid=225298021 }}
|{{cite journal | last1=Tregear | first1=James W. | last2=Rival | first2=Alain | last3=Pintaud | first3=Jean-Christophe | title=A family portrait: unravelling the complexities of palms | journal=[[Annals of Botany]] | publisher=Annals of Botany Company ([[Oxford University Press|OUP]]) | volume=108 | issue=8 | year=2011 | issn=1095-8290 | doi=10.1093/aob/mcr269 | pages=1387–1389| pmid=22200064 | pmc=3219500 }}
|{{cite journal | last1=Eiserhardt | first1=Wolf L. | last2=Svenning | first2=Jens-Christian | last3=Kissling | first3=W. Daniel | last4=Balslev | first4=Henrik | title=Geographical ecology of the palms (Arecaceae): determinants of diversity and distributions across spatial scales | journal=[[Annals of Botany]] | publisher=Annals of Botany Company ([[Oxford University Press|OUP]]) | volume=108 | issue=8 | date=2011-06-28 | issn=1095-8290 | doi=10.1093/aob/mcr146 | pages=1391–1416| pmid=21712297 | pmc=3219491 }}
}}
</ref> This is far higher than almost any other plant family, sixth out of domesticated crops in the human diet, and first in total economic value produced {{endash}} sharing the top spot with the [[Poaceae]] and [[Fabaceae]].<ref name="agricultural-significance-bundle" /> These human uses have also spread many Arecaceae species around the world.<ref name="agricultural-significance-bundle" />
Along with dates mentioned above, members of the palm family with human uses are numerous.
*The type member of Arecaceae is the [[areca]] palm, the fruit of which, the [[areca nut]], is chewed with the [[betel]] leaf for intoxicating effects (''Areca catechu'').
*[[Carnauba]] wax is harvested from the leaves of a Brazilian palm (''Copernicia'').
*[[Rattan]]s, whose stems are used extensively in [[furniture]] and [[basket]]s, are in the genus ''Calamus''.
*[[Palm oil]] is an edible vegetable oil produced by the [[oil palm]]s in the genus ''[[Elaeis]]''.
*Several species are harvested for [[heart of palm]], a vegetable eaten in salads.
*Sap of the nipa palm, ''[[Nypa fruticans]]'', is used to make vinegar.
*Palm [[Sap (plant)|sap]] is sometimes [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] to produce [[palm wine]] or toddy, an [[alcoholic beverage]] common in parts of Africa, India, and the [[Philippines]]. The sap may be drunk fresh, but fermentation is rapid, reaching up to 4% alcohol content within an hour, and turning vinegary in a day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/x0560e/x0560e09.htm|title=Chapter Four: Products of Yeast Fermentation|last1=Battcock|first1=Mike|last2=Azam-Ali|first2=Sue|website=Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations|access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref>
*Palmyra and date palm sap is harvested in Bengal, India, to process into ''gur'' and ''[[jaggery]]''.
*[[Dragon's blood]], a red resin used traditionally in [[medicine]], [[varnish]], and [[dye]]s, may be obtained from the fruit of ''[[Daemonorops]]'' species.
*[[Coconut]] is the partially edible seed of the fruit of the coconut palm (''Cocos nucifera'').
*[[Coir]] is a coarse, water-resistant fiber extracted from the outer shell of coconuts, used in doormats, brushes, mattresses, and ropes. In India, beekeepers use coir in their bee smokers.
*Some indigenous groups living in palm-rich areas use palms to make many of their necessary items and food. [[Sago]], for example, a [[starch]] made from the pith of the trunk of the sago palm ''[[Metroxylon sagu]]'', is a major [[staple food]] for lowland peoples of [[New Guinea]] and the [[Moluccas]]. This is not the same plant commonly used as a house plant and called "sago palm".
*Palm wine is made from ''[[Jubaea]]'' also called Chilean wine palm, or coquito palm
*Recently, the fruit of the açaí palm ''[[Açaí Palm|Euterpe]]'' has been used for its reputed health benefits.
*Saw palmetto (''[[Serenoa repens]]'') is under investigation as a drug for treating enlarged prostates.
*Palm leaves are also valuable to some peoples as a material for thatching, basketry, clothing, and in religious ceremonies (see "Symbolism" below).<ref name="FAO"/>
*Ornamental uses: Today, palms are valuable as [[ornamental plant]]s and are often grown along streets in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] cities. ''[[Chamaedorea elegans]]'' is a popular [[houseplant]] and is grown indoors for its low maintenance. Farther north, palms are a common feature in [[botanical gardens]] or as indoor plants. Few palms tolerate severe cold and the majority of the species are tropical or subtropical. The three most [[hardy palms|cold-tolerant species]] are ''[[Trachycarpus fortunei]]'', native to eastern Asia, and ''[[Rhapidophyllum hystrix]]'' and ''[[Sabal minor]]'', both native to the southeastern United States.
*The southeastern U.S. state of [[South Carolina]] is nicknamed the Palmetto State after the [[sabal palmetto]] (cabbage palmetto), logs from which were used to build the fort at [[Fort Moultrie National Monument|Fort Moultrie]]. During the [[American Revolutionary War]], they were invaluable to those defending the fort, because their spongy wood absorbed or deflected the British cannonballs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/fomo/2_History/FOMO%20RevWar%20Exhibit%20Text.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110143616/http://www.nps.gov/fomo/2_History/FOMO%20RevWar%20Exhibit%20Text.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Revolutionary War Exhibit Text|date=November 2002|archive-date=November 10, 2006}}</ref>
*Singaporean politician [[Tan Cheng Bock]] uses a palm tree-like symbol similar to a ''[[Ravenala]]'' to represent him in the [[2011 Singaporean presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news|last=See|first=Sharon|title=PE: Candidates unveil election symbols|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1147568/1/.html|access-date=22 August 2011|newspaper=Channel News Asia|date=18 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023101740/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1147568/1/.html|archive-date=23 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The symbol of a party he founded, [[Progress Singapore Party]], was also based on a palm tree.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mothership.sg/2019/08/tan-cheng-bock-cry-psp/|title=Tan Cheng Bock cries twice speaking about succession & party recruitment at PSP launch event|website=Mothership|language=en|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/psp-can-only-help-people-take-up-issues-if-voted-into-parliament-says-tan-cheng-bock-at|title=PSP can help people take up issues only if voted into Parliament, says Tan Cheng Bock at party launch|date=3 August 2019|website=The Straits Times}}</ref>
*On [[Ash Wednesday]], Catholics receive a cross on their forehead made of palm ashes as a reminder of the [[Catholic]] belief that everyone and everything eventlully returns to where it came from, commonly expressed by the saying "ashes to ashes and dust to dust".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lemke |first1=Rebekah |title=3 MUST-KNOW FACTS ABOUT ASH WEDNESDAY |url=https://www.crs.org/stories/3-must-know-facts-about-ash-wednesday |website=Catholic Relief Services |date=16 January 2019 |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
<gallery widths="150px" heights="200px">
Image:Dates on date palm.jpg|Fruit of the date palm ''[[Phoenix dactylifera]]''
Image:Santa Monica Palm Trees.jpg|''[[Washingtonia robusta]]'' palms line Ocean Avenue in [[Santa Monica, California]].
Image:Rodeo Palms -- Manvel, Texas.jpg|Rodeo Palms, a subdivision in Manvel, Texas
File:Palm tree CANA.JPG|Sabal palm in the [[Canaveral National Seashore]]
File:Coconut Palm flowers.jpg|Coconut flowers
File:Palm tree top, Georgia, US.jpg|Close-up of the top, Atlantic Ocean, Georgia, U.S.
</gallery>
==Endangered species==
[[Image:Pritchardia affinis.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Pritchardia affinis]]'', a critically endangered species endemic to the [[Hawaiian Islands]]]]
Like many other plants, palms have been threatened by [[human impact on the environment|human intervention]] and [[exploitation of natural resources|exploitation]]. The greatest risk to palms is [[habitat destruction|destruction of habitat]], especially in the [[tropical forest]]s, due to [[urbanization]], [[Woodchipping|wood-chipping]], [[mining]], and [[conversion to farmland]]. Palms rarely reproduce after such great changes in the habitat, and those with small habitat ranges are most vulnerable to them. The harvesting of heart of palm, a delicacy in salads, also poses a threat because it is derived from the palm's [[apical meristem]], a vital part of the palm that cannot be regrown (except in domesticated varieties, e.g. of [[peach palm]]).<ref name="KaheleHeartsHanaHou">{{cite web |url= http://www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=591&MagazineID=38 |title= Big Island Hearts |author= Rose Kahele |work= [[Hana Hou!]] Vol. 10, No. 4 |date= August–September 2007 |access-date= 2016-08-14 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160826100500/http://www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=591&MagazineID=38 |archive-date= 2016-08-26 }}</ref> The use of [[rattan palm]]s in furniture has caused a major population decrease in these species that has negatively affected local and international markets, as well as biodiversity in the area.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Palms: Their Conservation and Sustained Utilization | year = 1996 | editor = Dennis Johnson | publisher = International Union for Conservation of Nature | isbn = 978-2-8317-0352-7 | url = http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/SSCwebsite/Act_Plans/Executive_Summary_Palms_Action_Plan_EN.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090114055220/http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/SSCwebsite/Act_Plans/Executive_Summary_Palms_Action_Plan_EN.pdf | archive-date = 2009-01-14 | access-date = 2009-07-02 }}</ref> The sale of seeds to nurseries and collectors is another threat, as the seeds of popular palms are sometimes harvested directly from the wild. In 2006, at least 100 palm species were considered endangered, and nine species have been reported as recently extinct.<ref name = "VPEintro"/>
However, several factors make palm conservation more difficult. Palms live in almost every type of warm habitat and have tremendous morphological diversity. Most palm seeds lose viability quickly, and they cannot be preserved in low temperatures because the cold kills the embryo. Using botanical gardens for conservation also presents problems, since they can rarely house more than a few plants of any species or truly imitate the natural setting.<ref name = "VPEconserv"/> There is also the risk that cross-pollination can lead to hybrid species.
The Palm Specialist Group of the [[World Conservation Union]] (IUCN) began in 1984, and has performed a series of three studies to find basic information on the status of palms in the wild, use of wild palms, and palms under cultivation. Two projects on palm conservation and use supported by the [[WWF (conservation organization)|World Wildlife Fund]] took place from 1985 to 1990 and 1986–1991, in the American tropics and southeast Asia, respectively. Both studies produced copious new data and publications on palms. Preparation of a global action plan for palm conservation began in 1991, supported by the IUCN, and was published in 1996.<ref name="VPEconserv">{{cite web|url=http://www.plantapalm.com/Vpe/conservation/vpe_conservation2.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815153142/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/conservation/vpe_conservation2.htm|url-status=dead|title=Palm Conservation: Its Atecedents, Status, and Needs|archive-date=Aug 15, 2006}}</ref>
The rarest palm known is ''[[Hyophorbe amaricaulis]]''. The only living individual remains at the Botanic Gardens of Curepipe in [[Mauritius]].
==Arthropod pests==
Some pests are specialists to particular [[taxon|taxa]]. Pests that attack a ''variety'' of species of palms include:
* ''[[Raoiella indica]]'', the red palm mite<ref name="doacs.state.fl.us">{{cite web |url=http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/r.indica.html |title=Pest Alerts - Red palm mite, DPI - FDACS |publisher=Doacs.state.fl.us |access-date=2010-07-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202081139/http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/r.indica.html |archive-date=2010-12-02 }}</ref>
* ''[[Caryobruchus gleditsiae]]'', the palm seed beetle or palm seed weevil<ref>{{cite journal|author=Robert E. Woodruff |year=1968 |title=The palm seed "weevil," ''Caryobruchus gleditsiae'' (L.) in Florida (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) |journal=Entomology Circular |volume=73 |pages=1–2 |url=http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent073.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724124842/http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent073.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-24 }}</ref>
* ''[[Rhynchophorus ferrugineus]]'', the red palm weevil, recently introduced to Europe<ref>[http://www.pestalert.org/viewNewsAlert.cfm?naid=38 ''Rhynchophorus ferrugineus''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070723191326/http://www.pestalert.org/viewNewsAlert.cfm?naid=38 |date=2007-07-23 }} at [[North American Plant Protection Organization]] (NAPPO)</ref><ref name="auto">Ferry & Gómez. 2002. The red palm weevil in the Mediterranean. Vol. 46, No 4, Palms (formerly Principes), Journal of the International Palm Society. [http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2002/redweevil.htm link] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227052416/http://palms.org/palmsjournal/2002/redweevil.htm |date=2009-02-27 }} link</ref>
==Symbolism==
{{Main|Palm branch (symbol)}}
[[File:Edward Hitchcock Paleontological Chart.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Edward Hitchcock]]'s fold-out paleontological chart in his 1840 ''Elementary Geology'', showing the Palms as the crown of the plant [[Tree of life (biology)|tree of life]], alongside Man as the crown of the animal tree of life.]]
The palm branch was a symbol of triumph and victory in [[classical antiquity]]. The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] rewarded champions of the games and celebrated military successes with palm branches. Early [[Christians]] used the palm branch to symbolize the victory of the faithful over enemies of the soul, as in the [[Palm Sunday]] festival celebrating the triumphal entry of [[Jesus Christ]] into [[Jerusalem]]. In [[Judaism]], the palm represents peace and plenty, and is one of the [[Lulav|Four Species]] of [[Sukkot]]; the palm may also symbolize the [[Tree of Life]] in [[Kabbalah]].
The canopies of the Rathayatra carts which carry the deities of Krishna and his family members in the cart festival of Jagganath Puri in India are marked with the emblem of a palm tree. Specifically it is the symbol of Krishna's brother, Baladeva.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
In 1840, the American geologist [[Edward Hitchcock]] (1793–1864) published the first tree-like paleontology chart in his ''Elementary Geology'', with two separate [[Tree of life (biology)|trees of life]] for the plants and the animals. These are crowned (graphically) with the Palms and with Man.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Archibald |first1=J. David |year=2009 |title=Edward Hitchcock's Pre-Darwinian (1840) 'Tree of Life' |doi=10.1007/s10739-008-9163-y |pmid=20027787 |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=561–592 |citeseerx=10.1.1.688.7842 |s2cid=16634677 }}</ref>
Today, the palm, especially the coconut palm, remains a symbol of the tropical island [[paradise]].<ref name="VPEintro">{{cite web|url=http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/introduction/vpe_introduction.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719185520/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/introduction/vpe_introduction.htm|url-status=dead|title=Virtual Palm Encyclopedia – Introduction|archive-date=Jul 19, 2006}}</ref>
Palms appear on the flags and seals of several places where they are native, including those of [[Coat of arms of Haiti|Haiti]], [[Coat of arms of Guam|Guam]], [[Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Seal of Florida|Florida]], and [[Flag of South Carolina|South Carolina]].
==Other plants==
Some species commonly called palms, though they are not true palms, include:
*''[[Ailanthus altissima]]'' (Ghetto palm), a tree in the flowering plant family [[Simaroubaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1699/|title=PlantFiles: Ailanthus Species, Chinese Sumac, Ghetto Palm, Stinking Sumac, Tree of Heaven, Varnish Tree|website=Davesgarden.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Alocasia odora]] x gageana'' 'Calidora' (Persian palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Araceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/alocasia-calidora|title=Alocasia 'Calidora' Elephant's ear Persian palm Care Plant Varieties & Pruning Advice|website=Shootgardening.co.uk|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Aloe thraskii]]'' (Palm aloe), a flowering plant in the family [[Asphodelaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.llifle.com/Encyclopedia/SUCCULENTS/Family/Aloaceae/764/Aloe_thraskii|title=Aloe thraskii|website=Llifle.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Amorphophallus konjac]]'' (Snake palm), a flowering plant in the family Araceae<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/amorphophallus-konjac|title=Amorphophallus konjac Devil's tongue Snake palm Umbrella arum Voodoo lily rivieri mairei Konjaku Konnyaku Care Plant Varieties & Pruning Advice|website=Shootgardening.co.uk|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Beaucarnea recurvata]]'' (Ponytail palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Asparagaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/ponytail-palm/ponytail-palm-care.htm|title=StackPath|website=Gardeningknowhow.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Begonia luxurians]]'' (Palm leaf begonia), a flowering plant in the family [[Begoniaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/begonia-luxurians/|title=Begonia luxurians|website=Gardenersworld.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Blechnum appendiculatum]]'' (Palm fern), a fern in the family [[Aspleniaceae]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/118974 |title=Blechnum appendiculatum (palm fern) |website=Cabi.org |date= |access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>
*''[[Brighamia insignis]]'' (Vulcan palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Campanulaceae]]<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/10/gardens-all-hail-the-vulcan-palm|title=Gardens: all hail the vulcan palm|date=10 January 2016}}</ref>
*''[[Carludovica palmata]]'' (Panama hat palm)<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> and perhaps other members in the family [[Cyclanthaceae]].
*''[[Cordyline australis]]''<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> (Cabbage palm, Torbay palm, ti palm) or palm lily<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> (family Asparagaceae) and other representatives in the genus ''[[Cordyline]]''.
*''[[Cyathea cunninghamii]]'' (Palm fern)<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> and other [[tree ferns]] (families [[Cyatheaceae]] and [[Dicksoniaceae]]) that may be confused with palms.
*''[[Cycas revoluta]]'' (Sago palm)<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> and the rest of the order [[Cycadales]].
*''[[Cyperus alternifolius]]'' (Umbrella palm), a sedge in the family [[Cyperaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pondinformer.com/umbrella-palm-cyperus-alternifolius/|title=How to Plant & Grow Umbrella Palm (Cyperus alternifolius)|website=Pondinformer.com|date=15 August 2021|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Dasylirion longissimum]]'' (Grass palm), a flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gainesville.com/news/20040605/dealing-with-drought|title = Dealing with drought|website=Gainescille.com}}</ref> and other plants in the genus ''[[Dasylirion]]''
*''[[Dioon spinulosum]]'' (Gum palm), a [[cycad]] in the family [[Zamiaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/dioon-spinulosum|title=Dioon spinulosum (Giant Dioon)|website=Gardenia.net|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Dracaena marginata]]'' (Dragon palm) a flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://homeguides.sfgate.com/trimming-dracaena-dragon-palm-31228.html|title=Trimming the Dracaena Dragon Palm|website=Homeguide.sfgate|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Eisenia arborea]]'' (Southern sea palm), a species of [[Phaeophyceae|brown alga]] in the family [[Lessoniaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanctuarysimon.org/dbtools/species-database/id/461/eisenia/arborea/southern-sea-palm|title=SIMoN :: Species Database|website=Sanctuarysimon.org|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Fatsia japonica]]'' (Figleaf palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Araliaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/fatsia-japonica/|title=Fatsia japonica (Big-leaf paper plant, Figleaf Palm, Formosa rice tree, Glossy-Leaved Paper Plant, Japanese Aralia, Japanese Fatsia, Paper Plant) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox|website=Plants.ces.ncsu.edu|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Hypnodendron comosum]]'' (Palm tree moss or palm moss), a [[moss]] in the family [[Hypnodendraceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jungledragon.com/image/96668/palm_tree_moss_-_hypnodendron_comosum.html|title=Palm Tree Moss - Hypnodendron comosum - by Patomarazul - JungleDragon|website=Jungledragon.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Musa (genus)|Musa]]'' species (Banana palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Musaceae]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allaboutpalmtrees.com/banana-palm-tree|title = Banana Palm Tree}}</ref>
*''[[Pachypodium lamerei]]'' (Madagascar palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Apocynaceae]]<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Pachypodium lamerei''|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/78365/Pachypodium-lamerei/Details | access-date = 16 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 70 | website=Rhs.org.uk | access-date = 14 April 2018}}</ref>
*''[[Pandanus spiralis]]'' (Screw palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Pandanaceae]]<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms">FAO 1995. ''Tropical Palms.''. Introduction. {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0451E/X0451e03.htm |title=Tropical Palms - Introduction |access-date=2006-07-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831134230/http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0451E/X0451e03.htm |archive-date=2006-08-31 }} ''NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS'' 10. FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{ISBN|92-5-104213-6}}</ref> and perhaps other ''[[Pandanus]]'' spp.
*''[[Ravenala]]'' (Traveller's palm),<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> a flowering plant in the family [[Strelitziaceae]]
*''[[Setaria palmifolia]]'' (Palm grass),<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> a grass in the family [[Poaceae]]
*''[[Yucca brevifolia]]'' (Yucca palm or palm tree yucca)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/yucca-brevifolia|title=Yucca brevifolia (Joshua Tree)|website=Gardenia.net|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Yucca filamentosa]]'' (Needle palm)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/yucca-filamentosa-adam-needle|title=Yucca filamentosa (Adam's Needle)|website=Gardenia.net|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Yucca filifera]]'' (St. Peter's palm),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/182647/yucca-filifera/details|title=Yucca filifera | St. Peter's palm Conservatory Greenhouse/RHS Gardening|website=Rhs.org.uk|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae
*''[[Zamia furfuracea]]'' (Cardboard palm), a cycad in the family Zamiaceae<ref>{{cite web|title=What Is A Zamia Cardboard Palm: Tips On Growing Cardboard Palms|url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/cardboard-palm-plants/growing-cardboard-palms.htm|access-date=2 January 2022|website=Gardeningknowhow.com}}</ref>
*''[[Zamioculcas zamiifolia]]'' (Emerald palm or aroid palm), a flowering plant in the family Araceae<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature-and-garden.com/gardening/zamioculcas.html|title=Zamioculcas, a survivor plant born eons ago - and perfect for the home!|date=2 December 2021|website=Nature-and-garden.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Coconut]]
* [[Fan palm]]—genera with palmate leaves
* [[List of Arecaceae genera]]
* [[List of foliage plant diseases (Arecaceae)]]
* [[List of hardy palms]]—palms able to withstand colder temperatures
* [[Palm wine]]—palm tree wine-making process
* ''[[Postelsia]]''—called the "sea palm" (a [[brown alga]])
==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
=== General sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* Dransfield J., Uhl N.W., Asmussen C.B., Baker W.J., Harley M.M., Lewis C.E. (January 2005). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215898364_A_new_phylogenetic_classification_of_the_palm_family_Arecaceae "A new phylogenetic classification of the palm family, Arecaceae"]. ''Kew Bulletin'' 60: 559–569. (Latest Arecaceae or Palmae classification.)
* Hahn, W. J. (February 2002). "A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Palmae (Arecaceae) Based on atpB, rbcL, and 18S nrDNA Sequences". ''Systematic Botany'' '''51'''(1): 92–112. {{jstor|3070898}}.
* [[Carl Heinrich 'Schultzenstein' Schultz|Schultz-Schultzenstein, C. H.]] (1832). [https://archive.org/details/natrlichessyste00schugoog/mode/2up ''Natürliches System des Pflanzenreichs...''], p. [https://archive.org/details/natrlichessyste00schugoog/page/n358/mode/2up 317]. Berlin, Germany. {{in lang|de}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Arecaceae}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page Palmpedia]—A wiki-based site dedicated to high quality images and information on palm trees.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060105052552/http://www.fairchildgarden.org/palmguide/ Fairchild Guide to Palms]—A collection of palm images, scientific data, and horticultural information hosted by Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221259/http://www.kew.org/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?PALMAE Kew Botanic Garden's Palm Genera list]—A list of the currently acknowledged genera by Kew Royal Botanic Gardens in London, England (Archived 2007)
* [http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/ Palm species listing with images]—Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia (PACSOA)
* [http://www.plantapalm.com Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida, Inc. (PACSOF)], which includes pages on [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074035/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/taxonomy/vpe_taxonomy3.htm Arecaceae taxonomy] and a [https://web.archive.org/web/20050131042030/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/photos/vpe_photos.htm photo index].
* {{Cite journal |last=Sterken |first=Peter |date=2008 |title=The Elastic Stability of Palms |url=http://www.treeworld.info/attachments/f29/8774d1227613501-diagnostico-visual-de-arbolado-y-palmeras-psb54-4-short.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217121617/http://www.treeworld.info/attachments/f29/8774d1227613501-diagnostico-visual-de-arbolado-y-palmeras-psb54-4-short.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008 |url-status=dead |journal=Plant Science Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=4}}
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/PALM.html Palmaceae] in the [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD—Botanical Dermatology Database]
{{Arecaceae genera}}
{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q14080|from2=Q14848242}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Arecaceae| ]]
[[Category:Arecales]]
[[Category:Commelinid families]]
[[Category:Extant Campanian first appearances]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '
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==Etymology==
The word ''Arecaceae'' is derived from the word ''[[areca]]'' with the suffix "-aceae".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Arecaceae|title=Arecaceae - Wiktionary|website=En.wiktionary.org|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> ''Areca'' is derived from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], via [[Malayalam]] അടയ്ക്ക (''aṭaykka''), which is from [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian]] ''*aṭ-ay-kkāy'' (“areca nut”).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/areca|title=areca - Wiktionary|website=En.wiktionary.org|language=en|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref> The suffix ''-aceae'' is the feminine plural of the Latin ''-āceus'' ("resembling").{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}
==Morphology==
Whether as shrubs, tree-like, or vines, palms have two methods of growth: solitary or clustered. The common representation is that of a solitary shoot ending in a crown of leaves. This [[monopodial]] character may be exhibited by prostrate, trunkless, and trunk-forming members. Some common palms restricted to solitary growth include ''[[Washingtonia]]'' and ''[[Roystonea]]''. Palms may instead grow in sparse though dense clusters. The trunk develops an axillary bud at a leaf node, usually near the base, from which a new shoot emerges. The new shoot, in turn, produces an axillary bud and a clustering habit results. Exclusively [[sympodial]] genera include many of the [[rattan]]s, ''[[Guihaia]]'', and ''[[Rhapis]]''. Several palm genera have both solitary and clustering members. Palms which are usually solitary may grow in clusters and vice versa. These aberrations suggest the habit operates on a single gene.<ref name=uhl>Uhl, Natalie W. and Dransfield, John (1987) ''Genera Palmarum – A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore''. Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press. {{ISBN|0-935868-30-5}} / {{ISBN|978-0-935868-30-2}}</ref>
Palms have large, evergreen leaves that are either palmately ('fan-leaved') or pinnately ('feather-leaved') compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. The leaves have a tubular sheath at the base that usually splits open on one side at maturity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/arec.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424052701/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/arec.htm|url-status=dead|title=Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany|archive-date=Apr 24, 2006|website=Botany.hawaii.edu}}</ref> The [[inflorescence]] is a [[spadix (botany)|spadix]] or [[spike (botany)|spike]] surrounded by one or more [[bract]]s or [[spathe]]s that become woody at maturity. The [[flower]]s are generally small and white, radially symmetric, and can be either uni- or bisexual. The sepals and petals usually number three each, and may be distinct or joined at the base. The stamens generally number six, with filaments that may be separate, attached to each other, or attached to the pistil at the base. The [[fruit]] is usually a single-[[seed]]ed [[drupe]] (sometimes berry-like)<ref>{{eFloras|1|10061|Arecaceae |first=Scott |last=Zona |volume=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525043634/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10061 |archive-date=2006-05-25}}</ref> but some genera (e.g., ''[[Salacca]]'') may contain two or more seeds in each fruit.
[[File:Palm tree trunk.JPG|thumb|left|Sawn palm stem: Palms do not form annual [[tree rings]].]]
Like all [[monocot]]s, palms do not have the ability to increase the width of a stem ([[secondary growth]]) via the same kind of [[vascular cambium]] found in non-monocot [[woody plant]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chase|first=Mark W. |author-link=Mark Wayne Chase|date=2004 |title=Monocot relationships: an overview |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=91 |issue=10 |pages=1645–1655 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1645 |pmid=21652314|doi-access=free }}</ref> This explains the cylindrical shape of the trunk (almost constant diameter) that is often seen in palms, unlike in [[Tree ring |ring]]-forming trees. However, many palms, like some other monocots, do have secondary growth, although because it does not arise from a single vascular cambium producing [[xylem]] inwards and phloem outwards, it is often called "anomalous secondary growth".<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Donoghue | first1 = Michael J. | title = Key innovations, convergence, and success: macroevolutionary lessons from plant phylogeny | url = http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2005/149_MJD_Paleo05.pdf | doi = 10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0077:KICASM]2.0.CO;2 | year = 2005 | volume = 31 | pages = 77–93 | journal = Paleobiology | s2cid = 36988476 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723090605/http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2005/149_MJD_Paleo05.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-23 }}</ref>
The Arecaceae are notable among monocots for their height and for the size of their seeds, leaves, and inflorescences. ''[[Ceroxylon quindiuense]]'', Colombia's national tree, is the tallest monocot in the world, reaching up to {{convert|60|m|ft|0}} tall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://idm.presidencia.gov.co/deinteres/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131924/http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/patrios.htm|url-status=dead|title=Presidencia de la República|archive-date=Sep 29, 2007|website=idm.presidencia.gov.co}}</ref> The ''[[coco de mer]]'' (''Lodoicea maldivica'') has the largest seeds of any plant, {{convert|40–50|cm|in|0}} in diameter and weighing {{convert|15–30|kg|lb|0}} each ([[coconuts]] are the second largest). Raffia palms (''[[Raphia (plant)|Raphia]]'' spp.) have the largest leaves of any plant, up to {{convert|25|m|ft|0}} long and {{convert|3|m|ft|0}} wide. The ''[[Corypha]]'' species have the largest inflorescence of any plant, up to {{convert|7.5|m|ft|0}} tall and containing millions of small flowers. ''[[Calamus (palm)|Calamus]]'' stems can reach {{convert|200|m|ft|0}} in length.
==Range and habitat==
Most palms are native to tropical and subtropical climates. Palms thrive in moist and hot climates but can be found in a variety of different habitats. Their diversity is highest in wet, lowland forests. South America, the Caribbean, and areas of the south Pacific and southern Asia are regions of concentration. Colombia may have the highest number of palm species in one country. There are some palms that are also native to desert areas such as the Arabian peninsula and parts of northwestern Mexico. Only about 130 palm species naturally grow entirely beyond the tropics, mostly in humid lowland subtropical climates, in highlands in southern Asia, and along the rim lands of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The northernmost native palm is ''[[Chamaerops|Chamaerops humilis]]'', which reaches [[44th parallel north|44°N latitude]] along the coast of [[Liguria]], [[Italy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00837792.1987.10670414|title=The presence of Chamaerops humilis L. on Portofino promontory (East Liguria)|first1=Francesco|last1=Orsino|first2=Silvia|last2=Olivari|date=Jan 1, 1987|journal=Webbia|volume=41|issue=2|pages=261–272|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/00837792.1987.10670414}}</ref> In the southern hemisphere, the southernmost palm is the ''[[nikau|Rhopalostylis sapida]]'', which reaches [[44th parallel south|44°S]] on the [[Chatham Islands]] where an [[oceanic climate]] prevails.<ref name="FAO">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/X0451E/X0451e03.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506005013/http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=%2Fdocrep%2FX0451E%2FX0451e03.htm|url-status=dead|title=Tropical Palms by Food and Agriculture Organization|archive-date=May 6, 2006}}</ref> Cultivation of palms is possible north of subtropical climates, and some higher latitude locales such as [[Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[England]], and the [[Pacific Northwest]] feature a few palms in protected locations and [[microclimate]]s.
Palms inhabit a variety of ecosystems. More than two-thirds of palm species live in humid moist forests, where some species grow tall enough to form part of the [[canopy (biology)|canopy]] and shorter ones form part of the [[understory]].<ref name = "VPEintro"/> Some species form pure stands in areas with poor drainage or regular flooding, including ''Raphia hookeri'' which is common in coastal freshwater swamps in West Africa. Other palms live in tropical mountain habitats above {{convert|1|e3m|e3ft|0|abbr=off}}, such as those in the genus ''[[Ceroxylon]]'' native to the [[Andes]]. Palms may also live in grasslands and scrublands, usually associated with a water source, and in desert [[oasis|oases]] such as the [[date palm]]. A few palms are adapted to extremely [[base (chemistry)|basic]] [[lime (mineral)|lime]] soils, while others are similarly adapted to extreme [[Potassium deficiency (plants)|potassium deficiency]] and toxicity of heavy metals in [[serpentine soil]]s.<ref name="FAO"/>
[[File:Washingtonia filifera in Palm Canyon.jpg|thumb|left|This grove of the native species ''[[Washingtonia filifera]]'' in Palm Canyon, just south of [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]], [[California]], is growing alongside a stream running through the desert.]]
[[File:Roystonea-2.jpg|thumb|right|Two ''[[Roystonea regia]]'' specimens in [[Kolkata]], India. The characteristic crownshaft and apex shoot, or 'spear', are visible.]]
Palms are a [[monophyly|monophyletic]] group of plants, meaning the group consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants.<ref name = "VPEintro"/> Extensive taxonomic research on palms began with botanist H.E. Moore, who organized palms into 15 major groups based mostly on general morphological characteristics. The following classification, proposed by N.W. Uhl and J. Dransfield in 1987, is a revision of Moore's classification that organizes palms into six subfamilies.<ref>N. W. Uhl, J. Dransfield (1987). ''Genera palmarum: a classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore, Jr.'' (Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas).</ref> A few general traits of each subfamily are listed below.
* The '''{{vanchor|Coryphoideae}}''' are the most diverse subfamily, and are a [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] group, meaning all members of the group share a common ancestor, but the group does not include all the ancestor's descendants. Most palms in this subfamily have palmately lobed leaves and solitary flowers with three, or sometimes four [[carpel]]s. The fruit normally develops from only one carpel.
* Subfamily '''{{vanchor|Calamoideae}}''' includes the climbing palms, such as rattans. The leaves are usually pinnate; derived characters ([[synapomorphy|synapomorphies]]) include spines on various organs, organs specialized for climbing, an extension of the main stem of the leaf-bearing reflexed spines, and overlapping scales covering the fruit and ovary.
* Subfamily '''{{vanchor|Nypoideae}}''' contains only one species, ''[[Nypa fruticans]]'',<ref>{{cite book|title=Australian Palms: Biogeography, Ecology and Systematics|author=John Leslie Dowe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk5ud3uuLW8C&q=Nypoideae&pg=PA83|page=83|access-date=April 20, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202163500/http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=Fk5ud3uuLW8C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=Nypoideae&source=bl&ots=GLh89V2U04&sig=-rXN3kSbWv1-bOs8xgcDThEfC84&hl=vi&sa=X&ei=ekWRT4iCJ4TeigfavvSJBA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Nypoideae&f=false|archive-date=February 2, 2014|isbn=9780643096158|year=2010}}</ref> which has large, pinnate leaves. The fruit is unusual in that it floats, and the stem is dichotomously branched, also unusual in palms.
* Subfamily '''{{vanchor|Ceroxyloideae}}''' has small to medium-sized flowers, spirally arranged, with a [[gynoecium]] of three joined carpels.
* The '''{{vanchor|Arecoideae}}''' are the largest subfamily, with six diverse tribes ([[Areceae]], [[Caryoteae]], [[Cocoseae]], [[Geonomateae]], [[Iriarteeae]], and [[Podococceae]]) containing over 100 genera. All tribes have pinnate or bipinnate leaves and flowers arranged in groups of three, with a central pistillate and two staminate flowers.
* The '''{{vanchor|Phytelephantoideae}}''' are a [[monoecious]] subfamily. Members of this group have distinct monopodial flower clusters. Other distinct features include a gynoecium with five to 10 joined carpels, and flowers with more than three parts per whorl. Fruits are multiple-seeded and have multiple parts.<ref name = "UA"/>
Currently, few extensive phylogenetic studies of the Arecaceae exist. In 1997, Baker'' et al.'' explored subfamily and tribe relationships using chloroplast [[DNA]] from 60 genera from all subfamilies and tribes. The results strongly showed the Calamoideae are monophyletic, and Ceroxyloideae and Coryphoideae are paraphyletic. The relationships of Arecoideae are uncertain, but they are possibly related to the Ceroxyloideae and Phytelephantoideae. Studies have suggested the lack of a fully resolved hypothesis for the relationships within the family is due to a variety of factors, including difficulties in selecting appropriate outgroups, [[homoplasy]] in morphological character states, slow rates of molecular evolution important for the use of standard [[DNA marker]]s, and character polarization.<ref>Hahn, W.J. (2002). ''A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Palmae (Arecaceae) Based on atpB, rbcL, and 18S nrDNA Sequences (Systematic Botany 51(1): 92–112).</ref> However, hybridization has been observed among ''Orbignya'' and ''Phoenix'' species, and using chloroplast DNA in cladistic studies may produce inaccurate results due to maternal inheritance of the chloroplast DNA. Chemical and molecular data from non-organelle DNA, for example, could be more effective for studying palm phylogeny.<ref name="UA">{{cite web|url=http://arboretum.arizona.edu/palms.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621003136/http://arboretum.arizona.edu/palms.htm|url-status=dead|title=Palms on the University of Arizona Campus|archive-date=June 21, 2006}}</ref>
==Selected genera==
{{Main|List of Arecaceae genera|List of Arecaceae genera by alphabetical order|l1=List of Arecaceae genera by taxonomic groups}}
[[File:Palmtreesil.jpg|thumb|right|Silhouette of palms in [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]]]]
[[File:MultanEvening.jpg|thumb|left|Palms in [[Multan]], [[Pakistan]]]]
[[File:Various Arecaceae.jpg|thumb|right|Various Arecaceae]]
[[File:Beccariophoenix alfredii 100.jpg|thumb|left|A pair of young ''[[Beccariophoenix alfredii]]'' palms]]
[[File:Palma Real.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Cuban royal palm]]]]
[[File:Crown shaft base.jpg|thumb|upright|Crown shaft base of Royal palm]]
*''[[Archontophoenix]]''—[[Archontophoenix cunninghamiana|Bangalow palm]]
*''[[Areca]]''—[[Areca catechu|Betel palm]]
*''[[Astrocaryum]]''
*''[[Attalea (plant)|Attalea]]''
*''[[Bactris]]''—[[Bactris gasipaes|Pupunha]]
*''[[Beccariophoenix]]''—[[Beccariophoenix alfredii]]
*''[[Bismarckia]]''—Bismarck palm
*''[[Borassus]]''—Palmyra palm, [[Borassus flabellifer|sugar palm]], [[Borassus flabellifer|toddy palm]]
*''[[Butia]]''
*''[[Calamus (palm)|Calamus]]''—[[Rattan]] palm
*''[[Ceroxylon]]''
*''[[Coconut|Cocos]]''—Coconut
*''[[Coccothrinax]]''
*''[[Copernicia]]''—[[Carnauba wax]] palm
*''[[Corypha]]''—Gebang palm, Buri palm or Talipot palm
*''[[Elaeis]]''—Oil palm
*''[[Euterpe (plant)|Euterpe]]''—Cabbage heart palm, açaí palm
*''[[Hyphaene]]''—[[Hyphaene thebaica|Doum palm]]
*''[[Jubaea]]''—Chilean wine palm, Coquito palm
*''[[Latania]]''—Latan palm
*''[[Licuala]]''
*''[[Livistona]]''—Cabbage palm
*''[[Mauritia]]''—[[Moriche palm]]
*''[[Metroxylon]]''—[[Metroxylon sagu|Sago palm]]
*''[[Nypa fruticans|Nypa]]''—[[Nypa fruticans|Nipa palm]]
*''[[Parajubaea]]''—Bolivian coconut palms
*''[[Phoenix (plant)|Phoenix]]''—[[Date palm]]
*''[[Pritchardia]]''
*''[[Raphia (plant)|Raphia]]''—Raffia palm
*''[[Rhapidophyllum]]''
*''[[Rhapis]]''
*''[[Roystonea]]''—Royal palm
*''[[Sabal]]''—Palmettos
*''[[Salacca]]''—[[Salak]]
*''[[Syagrus (plant)|Syagrus]]''—[[Syagrus romanzoffiana|Queen palm]]
*''[[Thrinax]]''
*''[[Trachycarpus]]''—[[Trachycarpus fortunei|Windmill palm]], [[Trachycarpus takil|Kumaon palm]]
*''[[Trithrinax]]''
*''[[Veitchia]]''—[[Veitchia merrillii|Manila palm]], [[Veitchia joannis|Joannis palm]]
*''[[Washingtonia]]''—Fan palm
==Evolution==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2016}}
The Arecaceae are the first modern family of monocots appearing in the fossil record around 80 million years ago (Mya), during the late [[Cretaceous]] period. The first modern species, such as ''[[Nypa fruticans]]'' and ''[[Acrocomia|Acrocomia aculeata]]'', appeared 69 Mya, as evidenced by fossil ''Nypa'' pollen. Palms appear to have undergone an early period of [[adaptive radiation]]. By 60 Mya, many of the modern, specialized genera of palms appeared and became widespread and common, much more widespread than their range today. Because palms separated from the monocots earlier than other families, they developed more intrafamilial specialization and diversity. By tracing back these diverse characteristics of palms to the basic structures of monocots, palms may be valuable in studying monocot evolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/evolution/vpe_evolution.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418044328/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/evolution/vpe_evolution.htm|url-status=dead|title=Virtual Palm Encyclopedia – Evolution and the fossil record|archive-date=Apr 18, 2006}}</ref> Several species of palms have been identified from flowers preserved in amber, including ''[[Palaeoraphe|Palaeoraphe dominicana]]'' and ''[[Roystonea palaea]]''.<ref name="Poinar2002">{{cite journal |last1=Poinar |first1=G. |year=2002 |title= Fossil palm flowers in Dominican and Baltic amber|journal= Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=139 |issue = 4 |pages=361–367 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00052.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> Evidence can also be found in samples of [[petrified palmwood]].
==Uses==
[[File:Arecaceae tree in Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Arecaceae are common in Saudi Arabia]]
[[File:Chestnut in Guntur.jpg|thumb|upright=0.81|Palmyra palm fruit at [[Guntur]], [[India]]]]
Human use of palms is at least as old as human civilization itself, starting with the cultivation of the date palm by [[Mesopotamia]]ns and other Middle Eastern peoples 5000 years or more ago.<ref name="FAO date palm info">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0681E/t0681e02.htm |title=Date Palm Products – Introduction |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]| access-date=2007-06-12 |author = W.H. Barreveld| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070619094447/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0681E/t0681e02.htm| archive-date= 19 June 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Date wood, pits for storing dates, and other remains of the date palm have been found in Mesopotamian sites.<ref name="datesex">{{Cite web|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040113064610/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/NearEast/datesex.shtml|title=Date Sex @ University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology|website=Webarchive.loc.gov|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> The date palm had a tremendous effect on the history of the Middle East. W.H. Barreveld wrote:
[[File:Man standing in front of palm trees.jpg|thumb|Man standing in front of palms in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]]]
{{Quote|One could go as far as to say that, had the date palm not existed, the expansion of the human race into the hot and barren parts of the "old" world would have been much more restricted. The date palm not only provided a concentrated energy food, which could be easily stored and carried along on long journeys across the deserts, it also created a more amenable habitat for the people to live in by providing shade and protection from the desert winds (Fig. 1). In addition, the date palm also yielded a variety of products for use in agricultural production and for domestic utensils, and practically all parts of the palm had a useful purpose.<ref name = "FAO date palm info"/>}}
An indication of the importance of palms in ancient times is that they are mentioned more than 30 times in the [[Bible]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?search=palm+-hand&searchtype=all&version1=31&spanbegin=1&spanend=73|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310223919/http://www.biblegateway.com/keyword/?search=palm+-hand&searchtype=all&version1=31&spanbegin=1&spanend=73|url-status=dead|title=BibleGateway.com - Keyword Search|archive-date=Mar 10, 2007|website=Biblegateway.com}}</ref> and at least 22 times in the [[Quran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/koran/koran-idx?type=simple&q1=palm&size=First+100|title=The Koran|website=Quod.lib.umich.edu}}</ref>
Arecaceae have great economic importance, including coconut products, oils, dates, [[palm syrup]], ivory nuts, carnauba wax, rattan cane, raffia, and [[Palmwood|palm wood]]. This family supplies a large amount of the human diet and several other human uses, both by absolute amount produced and by number of [[crop domestication|species domesticated]].<ref name="agricultural-significance-bundle">
{{Unbulleted list citebundle
|{{cite journal | last1=Hufford | first1=Matthew B. | last2=Berny Mier y Teran | first2=Jorge C. | last3=Gepts | first3=Paul | title=Crop Biodiversity: An Unfinished Magnum Opus of Nature | journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=70 | issue=1 | date=2019-04-29 | issn=1543-5008 | doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040240 | pages=727–751| pmid=31035827 | s2cid=140371099 | url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8g4377pd }}
|{{cite journal | last1=Roncal | first1=Julissa | last2=Zona | first2=Scott | last3=Lewis | first3=Carl E. | title=Molecular Phylogenetic Studies of Caribbean Palms (Arecaceae) and Their Relationships to Biogeography and Conservation | journal=[[The Botanical Review]] | publisher=[[New York Botanical Garden]] ([[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]) | volume=74 | issue=1 | year=2008 | issn=0006-8101 | doi=10.1007/s12229-008-9005-9 | pages=78–102 | s2cid=40119059 | quote=comparable only to the[''sic''] that of grasses and legumes | quote-page=79}}
|{{cite book | last=Johnson | first=Dennis V. | title=Tropical Palms | date=2010 | publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations | url=http://www.fao.org/3/i1590e/i1590e00.htm | access-date=2022-03-24 | isbn=978-92-5-106742-0 | oclc=712674911}}
|{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s12229-011-9086-8 | title=Palm Uses in Northwestern South America: A Quantitative Review | first1=Manuel J. | last1=Macía | first2=Pedro J. | last2=Armesilla | first3=Rodrigo | last3=Cámara-Leret | first4=Narel | last4=Paniagua-Zambrana | first5=Soraya | last5=Villalba | first6=Henrik | last6=Balslev | first7=Manuel | last7=Pardo-de-Santayana | journal=[[The Botanical Review]] | publisher=[[New York Botanical Garden]] ([[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]) | issn=0006-8101 | volume=77 | pages=462–570 | date=2011| issue=4 | s2cid=24354469 }}
|{{cite journal | last1=Fehr | first1=Vincent | last2=Buitenwerf | first2=Robert | last3=Svenning | first3=Jens‐Christian | title=Non‐native palms (Arecaceae) as generators of novel ecosystems: A global assessment | journal=[[Diversity and Distributions]] | publisher=[[Wiley publishing|Wiley]] | volume=26 | issue=11 | date=2020-08-25 | issn=1366-9516 | doi=10.1111/ddi.13150 | pages=1523–1538| s2cid=225298021 }}
|{{cite journal | last1=Tregear | first1=James W. | last2=Rival | first2=Alain | last3=Pintaud | first3=Jean-Christophe | title=A family portrait: unravelling the complexities of palms | journal=[[Annals of Botany]] | publisher=Annals of Botany Company ([[Oxford University Press|OUP]]) | volume=108 | issue=8 | year=2011 | issn=1095-8290 | doi=10.1093/aob/mcr269 | pages=1387–1389| pmid=22200064 | pmc=3219500 }}
|{{cite journal | last1=Eiserhardt | first1=Wolf L. | last2=Svenning | first2=Jens-Christian | last3=Kissling | first3=W. Daniel | last4=Balslev | first4=Henrik | title=Geographical ecology of the palms (Arecaceae): determinants of diversity and distributions across spatial scales | journal=[[Annals of Botany]] | publisher=Annals of Botany Company ([[Oxford University Press|OUP]]) | volume=108 | issue=8 | date=2011-06-28 | issn=1095-8290 | doi=10.1093/aob/mcr146 | pages=1391–1416| pmid=21712297 | pmc=3219491 }}
}}
</ref> This is far higher than almost any other plant family, sixth out of domesticated crops in the human diet, and first in total economic value produced {{endash}} sharing the top spot with the [[Poaceae]] and [[Fabaceae]].<ref name="agricultural-significance-bundle" /> These human uses have also spread many Arecaceae species around the world.<ref name="agricultural-significance-bundle" />
Along with dates mentioned above, members of the palm family with human uses are numerous.
*The type member of Arecaceae is the [[areca]] palm, the fruit of which, the [[areca nut]], is chewed with the [[betel]] leaf for intoxicating effects (''Areca catechu'').
*[[Carnauba]] wax is harvested from the leaves of a Brazilian palm (''Copernicia'').
*[[Rattan]]s, whose stems are used extensively in [[furniture]] and [[basket]]s, are in the genus ''Calamus''.
*[[Palm oil]] is an edible vegetable oil produced by the [[oil palm]]s in the genus ''[[Elaeis]]''.
*Several species are harvested for [[heart of palm]], a vegetable eaten in salads.
*Sap of the nipa palm, ''[[Nypa fruticans]]'', is used to make vinegar.
*Palm [[Sap (plant)|sap]] is sometimes [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] to produce [[palm wine]] or toddy, an [[alcoholic beverage]] common in parts of Africa, India, and the [[Philippines]]. The sap may be drunk fresh, but fermentation is rapid, reaching up to 4% alcohol content within an hour, and turning vinegary in a day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/x0560e/x0560e09.htm|title=Chapter Four: Products of Yeast Fermentation|last1=Battcock|first1=Mike|last2=Azam-Ali|first2=Sue|website=Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations|access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref>
*Palmyra and date palm sap is harvested in Bengal, India, to process into ''gur'' and ''[[jaggery]]''.
*[[Dragon's blood]], a red resin used traditionally in [[medicine]], [[varnish]], and [[dye]]s, may be obtained from the fruit of ''[[Daemonorops]]'' species.
*[[Coconut]] is the partially edible seed of the fruit of the coconut palm (''Cocos nucifera'').
*[[Coir]] is a coarse, water-resistant fiber extracted from the outer shell of coconuts, used in doormats, brushes, mattresses, and ropes. In India, beekeepers use coir in their bee smokers.
*Some indigenous groups living in palm-rich areas use palms to make many of their necessary items and food. [[Sago]], for example, a [[starch]] made from the pith of the trunk of the sago palm ''[[Metroxylon sagu]]'', is a major [[staple food]] for lowland peoples of [[New Guinea]] and the [[Moluccas]]. This is not the same plant commonly used as a house plant and called "sago palm".
*Palm wine is made from ''[[Jubaea]]'' also called Chilean wine palm, or coquito palm
*Recently, the fruit of the açaí palm ''[[Açaí Palm|Euterpe]]'' has been used for its reputed health benefits.
*Saw palmetto (''[[Serenoa repens]]'') is under investigation as a drug for treating enlarged prostates.
*Palm leaves are also valuable to some peoples as a material for thatching, basketry, clothing, and in religious ceremonies (see "Symbolism" below).<ref name="FAO"/>
*Ornamental uses: Today, palms are valuable as [[ornamental plant]]s and are often grown along streets in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] cities. ''[[Chamaedorea elegans]]'' is a popular [[houseplant]] and is grown indoors for its low maintenance. Farther north, palms are a common feature in [[botanical gardens]] or as indoor plants. Few palms tolerate severe cold and the majority of the species are tropical or subtropical. The three most [[hardy palms|cold-tolerant species]] are ''[[Trachycarpus fortunei]]'', native to eastern Asia, and ''[[Rhapidophyllum hystrix]]'' and ''[[Sabal minor]]'', both native to the southeastern United States.
*The southeastern U.S. state of [[South Carolina]] is nicknamed the Palmetto State after the [[sabal palmetto]] (cabbage palmetto), logs from which were used to build the fort at [[Fort Moultrie National Monument|Fort Moultrie]]. During the [[American Revolutionary War]], they were invaluable to those defending the fort, because their spongy wood absorbed or deflected the British cannonballs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/fomo/2_History/FOMO%20RevWar%20Exhibit%20Text.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110143616/http://www.nps.gov/fomo/2_History/FOMO%20RevWar%20Exhibit%20Text.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Revolutionary War Exhibit Text|date=November 2002|archive-date=November 10, 2006}}</ref>
*Singaporean politician [[Tan Cheng Bock]] uses a palm tree-like symbol similar to a ''[[Ravenala]]'' to represent him in the [[2011 Singaporean presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news|last=See|first=Sharon|title=PE: Candidates unveil election symbols|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1147568/1/.html|access-date=22 August 2011|newspaper=Channel News Asia|date=18 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023101740/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1147568/1/.html|archive-date=23 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The symbol of a party he founded, [[Progress Singapore Party]], was also based on a palm tree.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mothership.sg/2019/08/tan-cheng-bock-cry-psp/|title=Tan Cheng Bock cries twice speaking about succession & party recruitment at PSP launch event|website=Mothership|language=en|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/psp-can-only-help-people-take-up-issues-if-voted-into-parliament-says-tan-cheng-bock-at|title=PSP can help people take up issues only if voted into Parliament, says Tan Cheng Bock at party launch|date=3 August 2019|website=The Straits Times}}</ref>
*On [[Ash Wednesday]], Catholics receive a cross on their forehead made of palm ashes as a reminder of the [[Catholic]] belief that everyone and everything eventlully returns to where it came from, commonly expressed by the saying "ashes to ashes and dust to dust".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lemke |first1=Rebekah |title=3 MUST-KNOW FACTS ABOUT ASH WEDNESDAY |url=https://www.crs.org/stories/3-must-know-facts-about-ash-wednesday |website=Catholic Relief Services |date=16 January 2019 |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
<gallery widths="150px" heights="200px">
Image:Dates on date palm.jpg|Fruit of the date palm ''[[Phoenix dactylifera]]''
Image:Santa Monica Palm Trees.jpg|''[[Washingtonia robusta]]'' palms line Ocean Avenue in [[Santa Monica, California]].
Image:Rodeo Palms -- Manvel, Texas.jpg|Rodeo Palms, a subdivision in Manvel, Texas
File:Palm tree CANA.JPG|Sabal palm in the [[Canaveral National Seashore]]
File:Coconut Palm flowers.jpg|Coconut flowers
File:Palm tree top, Georgia, US.jpg|Close-up of the top, Atlantic Ocean, Georgia, U.S.
</gallery>
==Endangered species==
[[Image:Pritchardia affinis.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Pritchardia affinis]]'', a critically endangered species endemic to the [[Hawaiian Islands]]]]
Like many other plants, palms have been threatened by [[human impact on the environment|human intervention]] and [[exploitation of natural resources|exploitation]]. The greatest risk to palms is [[habitat destruction|destruction of habitat]], especially in the [[tropical forest]]s, due to [[urbanization]], [[Woodchipping|wood-chipping]], [[mining]], and [[conversion to farmland]]. Palms rarely reproduce after such great changes in the habitat, and those with small habitat ranges are most vulnerable to them. The harvesting of heart of palm, a delicacy in salads, also poses a threat because it is derived from the palm's [[apical meristem]], a vital part of the palm that cannot be regrown (except in domesticated varieties, e.g. of [[peach palm]]).<ref name="KaheleHeartsHanaHou">{{cite web |url= http://www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=591&MagazineID=38 |title= Big Island Hearts |author= Rose Kahele |work= [[Hana Hou!]] Vol. 10, No. 4 |date= August–September 2007 |access-date= 2016-08-14 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160826100500/http://www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=591&MagazineID=38 |archive-date= 2016-08-26 }}</ref> The use of [[rattan palm]]s in furniture has caused a major population decrease in these species that has negatively affected local and international markets, as well as biodiversity in the area.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Palms: Their Conservation and Sustained Utilization | year = 1996 | editor = Dennis Johnson | publisher = International Union for Conservation of Nature | isbn = 978-2-8317-0352-7 | url = http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/SSCwebsite/Act_Plans/Executive_Summary_Palms_Action_Plan_EN.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090114055220/http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/SSCwebsite/Act_Plans/Executive_Summary_Palms_Action_Plan_EN.pdf | archive-date = 2009-01-14 | access-date = 2009-07-02 }}</ref> The sale of seeds to nurseries and collectors is another threat, as the seeds of popular palms are sometimes harvested directly from the wild. In 2006, at least 100 palm species were considered endangered, and nine species have been reported as recently extinct.<ref name = "VPEintro"/>
However, several factors make palm conservation more difficult. Palms live in almost every type of warm habitat and have tremendous morphological diversity. Most palm seeds lose viability quickly, and they cannot be preserved in low temperatures because the cold kills the embryo. Using botanical gardens for conservation also presents problems, since they can rarely house more than a few plants of any species or truly imitate the natural setting.<ref name = "VPEconserv"/> There is also the risk that cross-pollination can lead to hybrid species.
The Palm Specialist Group of the [[World Conservation Union]] (IUCN) began in 1984, and has performed a series of three studies to find basic information on the status of palms in the wild, use of wild palms, and palms under cultivation. Two projects on palm conservation and use supported by the [[WWF (conservation organization)|World Wildlife Fund]] took place from 1985 to 1990 and 1986–1991, in the American tropics and southeast Asia, respectively. Both studies produced copious new data and publications on palms. Preparation of a global action plan for palm conservation began in 1991, supported by the IUCN, and was published in 1996.<ref name="VPEconserv">{{cite web|url=http://www.plantapalm.com/Vpe/conservation/vpe_conservation2.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815153142/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/conservation/vpe_conservation2.htm|url-status=dead|title=Palm Conservation: Its Atecedents, Status, and Needs|archive-date=Aug 15, 2006}}</ref>
The rarest palm known is ''[[Hyophorbe amaricaulis]]''. The only living individual remains at the Botanic Gardens of Curepipe in [[Mauritius]].
==Arthropod pests==
Some pests are specialists to particular [[taxon|taxa]]. Pests that attack a ''variety'' of species of palms include:
* ''[[Raoiella indica]]'', the red palm mite<ref name="doacs.state.fl.us">{{cite web |url=http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/r.indica.html |title=Pest Alerts - Red palm mite, DPI - FDACS |publisher=Doacs.state.fl.us |access-date=2010-07-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202081139/http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/r.indica.html |archive-date=2010-12-02 }}</ref>
* ''[[Caryobruchus gleditsiae]]'', the palm seed beetle or palm seed weevil<ref>{{cite journal|author=Robert E. Woodruff |year=1968 |title=The palm seed "weevil," ''Caryobruchus gleditsiae'' (L.) in Florida (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) |journal=Entomology Circular |volume=73 |pages=1–2 |url=http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent073.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724124842/http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent073.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-24 }}</ref>
* ''[[Rhynchophorus ferrugineus]]'', the red palm weevil, recently introduced to Europe<ref>[http://www.pestalert.org/viewNewsAlert.cfm?naid=38 ''Rhynchophorus ferrugineus''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070723191326/http://www.pestalert.org/viewNewsAlert.cfm?naid=38 |date=2007-07-23 }} at [[North American Plant Protection Organization]] (NAPPO)</ref><ref name="auto">Ferry & Gómez. 2002. The red palm weevil in the Mediterranean. Vol. 46, No 4, Palms (formerly Principes), Journal of the International Palm Society. [http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2002/redweevil.htm link] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227052416/http://palms.org/palmsjournal/2002/redweevil.htm |date=2009-02-27 }} link</ref>
==Symbolism==
{{Main|Palm branch (symbol)}}
[[File:Edward Hitchcock Paleontological Chart.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Edward Hitchcock]]'s fold-out paleontological chart in his 1840 ''Elementary Geology'', showing the Palms as the crown of the plant [[Tree of life (biology)|tree of life]], alongside Man as the crown of the animal tree of life.]]
The palm branch was a symbol of triumph and victory in [[classical antiquity]]. The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] rewarded champions of the games and celebrated military successes with palm branches. Early [[Christians]] used the palm branch to symbolize the victory of the faithful over enemies of the soul, as in the [[Palm Sunday]] festival celebrating the triumphal entry of [[Jesus Christ]] into [[Jerusalem]]. In [[Judaism]], the palm represents peace and plenty, and is one of the [[Lulav|Four Species]] of [[Sukkot]]; the palm may also symbolize the [[Tree of Life]] in [[Kabbalah]].
The canopies of the Rathayatra carts which carry the deities of Krishna and his family members in the cart festival of Jagganath Puri in India are marked with the emblem of a palm tree. Specifically it is the symbol of Krishna's brother, Baladeva.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
In 1840, the American geologist [[Edward Hitchcock]] (1793–1864) published the first tree-like paleontology chart in his ''Elementary Geology'', with two separate [[Tree of life (biology)|trees of life]] for the plants and the animals. These are crowned (graphically) with the Palms and with Man.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Archibald |first1=J. David |year=2009 |title=Edward Hitchcock's Pre-Darwinian (1840) 'Tree of Life' |doi=10.1007/s10739-008-9163-y |pmid=20027787 |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=561–592 |citeseerx=10.1.1.688.7842 |s2cid=16634677 }}</ref>
Today, the palm, especially the coconut palm, remains a symbol of the tropical island [[paradise]].<ref name="VPEintro">{{cite web|url=http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/introduction/vpe_introduction.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719185520/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/introduction/vpe_introduction.htm|url-status=dead|title=Virtual Palm Encyclopedia – Introduction|archive-date=Jul 19, 2006}}</ref>
Palms appear on the flags and seals of several places where they are native, including those of [[Coat of arms of Haiti|Haiti]], [[Coat of arms of Guam|Guam]], [[Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Seal of Florida|Florida]], and [[Flag of South Carolina|South Carolina]].
==Other plants==
Some species commonly called palms, though they are not true palms, include:
*''[[Ailanthus altissima]]'' (Ghetto palm), a tree in the flowering plant family [[Simaroubaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1699/|title=PlantFiles: Ailanthus Species, Chinese Sumac, Ghetto Palm, Stinking Sumac, Tree of Heaven, Varnish Tree|website=Davesgarden.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Alocasia odora]] x gageana'' 'Calidora' (Persian palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Araceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/alocasia-calidora|title=Alocasia 'Calidora' Elephant's ear Persian palm Care Plant Varieties & Pruning Advice|website=Shootgardening.co.uk|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Aloe thraskii]]'' (Palm aloe), a flowering plant in the family [[Asphodelaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.llifle.com/Encyclopedia/SUCCULENTS/Family/Aloaceae/764/Aloe_thraskii|title=Aloe thraskii|website=Llifle.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Amorphophallus konjac]]'' (Snake palm), a flowering plant in the family Araceae<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/amorphophallus-konjac|title=Amorphophallus konjac Devil's tongue Snake palm Umbrella arum Voodoo lily rivieri mairei Konjaku Konnyaku Care Plant Varieties & Pruning Advice|website=Shootgardening.co.uk|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Beaucarnea recurvata]]'' (Ponytail palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Asparagaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/ponytail-palm/ponytail-palm-care.htm|title=StackPath|website=Gardeningknowhow.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Begonia luxurians]]'' (Palm leaf begonia), a flowering plant in the family [[Begoniaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/begonia-luxurians/|title=Begonia luxurians|website=Gardenersworld.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Blechnum appendiculatum]]'' (Palm fern), a fern in the family [[Aspleniaceae]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/118974 |title=Blechnum appendiculatum (palm fern) |website=Cabi.org |date= |access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>
*''[[Brighamia insignis]]'' (Vulcan palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Campanulaceae]]<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/10/gardens-all-hail-the-vulcan-palm|title=Gardens: all hail the vulcan palm|date=10 January 2016}}</ref>
*''[[Carludovica palmata]]'' (Panama hat palm)<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> and perhaps other members in the family [[Cyclanthaceae]].
*''[[Cordyline australis]]''<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> (Cabbage palm, Torbay palm, ti palm) or palm lily<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> (family Asparagaceae) and other representatives in the genus ''[[Cordyline]]''.
*''[[Cyathea cunninghamii]]'' (Palm fern)<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> and other [[tree ferns]] (families [[Cyatheaceae]] and [[Dicksoniaceae]]) that may be confused with palms.
*''[[Cycas revoluta]]'' (Sago palm)<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> and the rest of the order [[Cycadales]].
*''[[Cyperus alternifolius]]'' (Umbrella palm), a sedge in the family [[Cyperaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pondinformer.com/umbrella-palm-cyperus-alternifolius/|title=How to Plant & Grow Umbrella Palm (Cyperus alternifolius)|website=Pondinformer.com|date=15 August 2021|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Dasylirion longissimum]]'' (Grass palm), a flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gainesville.com/news/20040605/dealing-with-drought|title = Dealing with drought|website=Gainescille.com}}</ref> and other plants in the genus ''[[Dasylirion]]''
*''[[Dioon spinulosum]]'' (Gum palm), a [[cycad]] in the family [[Zamiaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/dioon-spinulosum|title=Dioon spinulosum (Giant Dioon)|website=Gardenia.net|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Dracaena marginata]]'' (Dragon palm) a flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://homeguides.sfgate.com/trimming-dracaena-dragon-palm-31228.html|title=Trimming the Dracaena Dragon Palm|website=Homeguide.sfgate|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Eisenia arborea]]'' (Southern sea palm), a species of [[Phaeophyceae|brown alga]] in the family [[Lessoniaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanctuarysimon.org/dbtools/species-database/id/461/eisenia/arborea/southern-sea-palm|title=SIMoN :: Species Database|website=Sanctuarysimon.org|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Fatsia japonica]]'' (Figleaf palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Araliaceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/fatsia-japonica/|title=Fatsia japonica (Big-leaf paper plant, Figleaf Palm, Formosa rice tree, Glossy-Leaved Paper Plant, Japanese Aralia, Japanese Fatsia, Paper Plant) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox|website=Plants.ces.ncsu.edu|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Hypnodendron comosum]]'' (Palm tree moss or palm moss), a [[moss]] in the family [[Hypnodendraceae]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jungledragon.com/image/96668/palm_tree_moss_-_hypnodendron_comosum.html|title=Palm Tree Moss - Hypnodendron comosum - by Patomarazul - JungleDragon|website=Jungledragon.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Musa (genus)|Musa]]'' species (Banana palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Musaceae]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allaboutpalmtrees.com/banana-palm-tree|title = Banana Palm Tree}}</ref>
*''[[Pachypodium lamerei]]'' (Madagascar palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Apocynaceae]]<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Pachypodium lamerei''|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/78365/Pachypodium-lamerei/Details | access-date = 16 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 70 | website=Rhs.org.uk | access-date = 14 April 2018}}</ref>
*''[[Pandanus spiralis]]'' (Screw palm), a flowering plant in the family [[Pandanaceae]]<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms">FAO 1995. ''Tropical Palms.''. Introduction. {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0451E/X0451e03.htm |title=Tropical Palms - Introduction |access-date=2006-07-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831134230/http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0451E/X0451e03.htm |archive-date=2006-08-31 }} ''NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS'' 10. FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{ISBN|92-5-104213-6}}</ref> and perhaps other ''[[Pandanus]]'' spp.
*''[[Ravenala]]'' (Traveller's palm),<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> a flowering plant in the family [[Strelitziaceae]]
*''[[Setaria palmifolia]]'' (Palm grass),<ref name="FAO Tropical Palms" /> a grass in the family [[Poaceae]]
*''[[Yucca brevifolia]]'' (Yucca palm or palm tree yucca)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/yucca-brevifolia|title=Yucca brevifolia (Joshua Tree)|website=Gardenia.net|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Yucca filamentosa]]'' (Needle palm)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/yucca-filamentosa-adam-needle|title=Yucca filamentosa (Adam's Needle)|website=Gardenia.net|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Yucca filifera]]'' (St. Peter's palm),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/182647/yucca-filifera/details|title=Yucca filifera | St. Peter's palm Conservatory Greenhouse/RHS Gardening|website=Rhs.org.uk|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae
*''[[Zamia furfuracea]]'' (Cardboard palm), a cycad in the family Zamiaceae<ref>{{cite web|title=What Is A Zamia Cardboard Palm: Tips On Growing Cardboard Palms|url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/cardboard-palm-plants/growing-cardboard-palms.htm|access-date=2 January 2022|website=Gardeningknowhow.com}}</ref>
*''[[Zamioculcas zamiifolia]]'' (Emerald palm or aroid palm), a flowering plant in the family Araceae<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature-and-garden.com/gardening/zamioculcas.html|title=Zamioculcas, a survivor plant born eons ago - and perfect for the home!|date=2 December 2021|website=Nature-and-garden.com|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Coconut]]
* [[Fan palm]]—genera with palmate leaves
* [[List of Arecaceae genera]]
* [[List of foliage plant diseases (Arecaceae)]]
* [[List of hardy palms]]—palms able to withstand colder temperatures
* [[Palm wine]]—palm tree wine-making process
* ''[[Postelsia]]''—called the "sea palm" (a [[brown alga]])
==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
=== General sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* Dransfield J., Uhl N.W., Asmussen C.B., Baker W.J., Harley M.M., Lewis C.E. (January 2005). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215898364_A_new_phylogenetic_classification_of_the_palm_family_Arecaceae "A new phylogenetic classification of the palm family, Arecaceae"]. ''Kew Bulletin'' 60: 559–569. (Latest Arecaceae or Palmae classification.)
* Hahn, W. J. (February 2002). "A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Palmae (Arecaceae) Based on atpB, rbcL, and 18S nrDNA Sequences". ''Systematic Botany'' '''51'''(1): 92–112. {{jstor|3070898}}.
* [[Carl Heinrich 'Schultzenstein' Schultz|Schultz-Schultzenstein, C. H.]] (1832). [https://archive.org/details/natrlichessyste00schugoog/mode/2up ''Natürliches System des Pflanzenreichs...''], p. [https://archive.org/details/natrlichessyste00schugoog/page/n358/mode/2up 317]. Berlin, Germany. {{in lang|de}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Arecaceae}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page Palmpedia]—A wiki-based site dedicated to high quality images and information on palm trees.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060105052552/http://www.fairchildgarden.org/palmguide/ Fairchild Guide to Palms]—A collection of palm images, scientific data, and horticultural information hosted by Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221259/http://www.kew.org/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?PALMAE Kew Botanic Garden's Palm Genera list]—A list of the currently acknowledged genera by Kew Royal Botanic Gardens in London, England (Archived 2007)
* [http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/ Palm species listing with images]—Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia (PACSOA)
* [http://www.plantapalm.com Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida, Inc. (PACSOF)], which includes pages on [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074035/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/taxonomy/vpe_taxonomy3.htm Arecaceae taxonomy] and a [https://web.archive.org/web/20050131042030/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/photos/vpe_photos.htm photo index].
* {{Cite journal |last=Sterken |first=Peter |date=2008 |title=The Elastic Stability of Palms |url=http://www.treeworld.info/attachments/f29/8774d1227613501-diagnostico-visual-de-arbolado-y-palmeras-psb54-4-short.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217121617/http://www.treeworld.info/attachments/f29/8774d1227613501-diagnostico-visual-de-arbolado-y-palmeras-psb54-4-short.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008 |url-status=dead |journal=Plant Science Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=4}}
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/PALM.html Palmaceae] in the [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD—Botanical Dermatology Database]
{{Arecaceae genera}}
{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q14080|from2=Q14848242}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Arecaceae| ]]
[[Category:Arecales]]
[[Category:Commelinid families]]
[[Category:Extant Campanian first appearances]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,30 +1,4 @@
-{{Short description|The "palms" a family of flowering plants}}
-{{Distinguish|text=the heather family [[Ericaceae]], the arum family [[Araceae]] or the ivy family [[Araliaceae]]}}
-{{Redirect|Palm tree}}
-{{Redirect|Palm leaves|the French pastry|palmier}}
-{{Automatic taxobox
-| fossil_range = {{fossil range|80|0}}[[Late Cretaceous]] – Recent
-| image = 1859-Martinique.web.jpg
-| image_caption = [[Coconut]] (''Cocos nucifera'') in [[Martinique]]
-| taxon = Arecaceae
-| authority = [[Bercht.]] & [[J.Presl]], [[nom. cons.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-| type_genus = ''Areca''
-| type_genus_authority =
-| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
-| subdivision = {{Linked taxon list
- |Arecoideae |<!-- Missing authority information, circular redirect -->
- |Calamoideae |<!-- Missing authority information -->
- |Ceroxyloideae|<!-- Missing authority information -->
- |Coryphoideae |<!-- Missing authority information -->
- |Nypoideae |<!-- Missing authority information --><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?95 |title=''Arecaceae'' Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2007-04-13 |access-date=2009-07-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811120728/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?95 |archive-date=2009-08-11 }}</ref>
- }}
-| diversity = Well over 2600 species in some 202 genera
-| diversity_link = list of Arecaceae genera
-| synonyms = *Palmae
-}}
-The '''Arecaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Monocotyledon|monocot]] [[order (biology)|order]] [[Arecales]]. Their growth form can be [[climbing palm|climber]]s, [[Shrub|shrubs]], [[tree]]-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as '''palms'''. Those having a tree-like form are called '''palm trees'''.<ref>The name "Palmaceae" is not accepted because the name Arecaceae (and its acceptable alternative Palmae, [http://www.bgbm.org/IAPT/Nomenclature/Code/SaintLouis/0022Ch3Sec2a018.htm ICBN Art. 18.5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524104328/http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0022Ch3Sec2a018.htm |date=2006-05-24 }}) are conserved over other names for the palm family.</ref> Currently, 181 [[Genus|genera]] with around 2,600 [[species]] are known,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=William J.|last2=Dransfield|first2=John|date=2016|title=Beyond Genera Palmarum : progress and prospects in palm systematics|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=182|issue=2|pages=207–233|doi=10.1111/boj.12401|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal | author1 = Christenhusz, M. J. M. | author2 = Byng, J. W. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160729085754/http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | archive-date = 2016-07-29 | doi-access = free }}</ref> most of which are restricted to [[tropics|tropical]] and [[subtropics|subtropical]] climates. Most palms are distinguished by their large, compound, [[evergreen]] leaves, known as [[Frond|fronds]], arranged at the top of an unbranched stem. However, palms exhibit an enormous diversity in physical characteristics and inhabit nearly every type of [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]] within their range, from [[rainforest]]s to [[desert]]s.
-
-Palms are among the best known and most extensively [[Horticulture|cultivated]] plant families. They have been important to humans throughout much of history. Many common products and foods are derived from palms. In contemporary times, palms are also widely used in landscaping. In many historical cultures, because of their importance as food, palms were [[Palm branch (symbol)|symbols]] for such ideas as victory, peace, and fertility. For inhabitants of cooler climates today, palms symbolize the tropics and [[Vacation|vacations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2001/landscaping.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621031419/http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2001/landscaping.htm|url-status=dead|title=Landscaping with Palms in the Mediterranean|archive-date=Jun 21, 2006}}</ref>
+>
==Etymology==
' |
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2 => '{{Redirect|Palm tree}}',
3 => '{{Redirect|Palm leaves|the French pastry|palmier}}',
4 => '{{Automatic taxobox',
5 => '| fossil_range = {{fossil range|80|0}}[[Late Cretaceous]] – Recent',
6 => '| image = 1859-Martinique.web.jpg',
7 => '| image_caption = [[Coconut]] (''Cocos nucifera'') in [[Martinique]]',
8 => '| taxon = Arecaceae',
9 => '| authority = [[Bercht.]] & [[J.Presl]], [[nom. cons.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free }}</ref>',
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13 => '| subdivision = {{Linked taxon list',
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15 => ' |Calamoideae |<!-- Missing authority information -->',
16 => ' |Ceroxyloideae|<!-- Missing authority information -->',
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18 => ' |Nypoideae |<!-- Missing authority information --><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?95 |title=''Arecaceae'' Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2007-04-13 |access-date=2009-07-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811120728/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?95 |archive-date=2009-08-11 }}</ref>',
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21 => '| diversity_link = list of Arecaceae genera',
22 => '| synonyms = *Palmae',
23 => '}}',
24 => 'The '''Arecaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Monocotyledon|monocot]] [[order (biology)|order]] [[Arecales]]. Their growth form can be [[climbing palm|climber]]s, [[Shrub|shrubs]], [[tree]]-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as '''palms'''. Those having a tree-like form are called '''palm trees'''.<ref>The name "Palmaceae" is not accepted because the name Arecaceae (and its acceptable alternative Palmae, [http://www.bgbm.org/IAPT/Nomenclature/Code/SaintLouis/0022Ch3Sec2a018.htm ICBN Art. 18.5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524104328/http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0022Ch3Sec2a018.htm |date=2006-05-24 }}) are conserved over other names for the palm family.</ref> Currently, 181 [[Genus|genera]] with around 2,600 [[species]] are known,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=William J.|last2=Dransfield|first2=John|date=2016|title=Beyond Genera Palmarum : progress and prospects in palm systematics|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=182|issue=2|pages=207–233|doi=10.1111/boj.12401|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal | author1 = Christenhusz, M. J. M. | author2 = Byng, J. W. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160729085754/http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | archive-date = 2016-07-29 | doi-access = free }}</ref> most of which are restricted to [[tropics|tropical]] and [[subtropics|subtropical]] climates. Most palms are distinguished by their large, compound, [[evergreen]] leaves, known as [[Frond|fronds]], arranged at the top of an unbranched stem. However, palms exhibit an enormous diversity in physical characteristics and inhabit nearly every type of [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]] within their range, from [[rainforest]]s to [[desert]]s.',
25 => '',
26 => 'Palms are among the best known and most extensively [[Horticulture|cultivated]] plant families. They have been important to humans throughout much of history. Many common products and foods are derived from palms. In contemporary times, palms are also widely used in landscaping. In many historical cultures, because of their importance as food, palms were [[Palm branch (symbol)|symbols]] for such ideas as victory, peace, and fertility. For inhabitants of cooler climates today, palms symbolize the tropics and [[Vacation|vacations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2001/landscaping.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621031419/http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2001/landscaping.htm|url-status=dead|title=Landscaping with Palms in the Mediterranean|archive-date=Jun 21, 2006}}</ref>'
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150 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070310223919/http://www.biblegateway.com/keyword/?search=palm+-hand&searchtype=all&version1=31&spanbegin=1&spanend=73',
151 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070619094447/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0681E/t0681e02.htm',
152 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070723191326/http://www.pestalert.org/viewNewsAlert.cfm?naid=38',
153 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221259/http://www.kew.org/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?PALMAE',
154 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131924/http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/patrios.htm',
155 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081217121617/http://www.treeworld.info/attachments/f29/8774d1227613501-diagnostico-visual-de-arbolado-y-palmeras-psb54-4-short.pdf',
156 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090114055220/http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/SSCwebsite/Act_Plans/Executive_Summary_Palms_Action_Plan_EN.pdf',
157 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090227052416/http://palms.org/palmsjournal/2002/redweevil.htm',
158 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090811120728/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?95',
159 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101202081139/http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/r.indica.html',
160 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110723090605/http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2005/149_MJD_Paleo05.pdf',
161 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110724124842/http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent073.pdf',
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163 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140202163500/http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=Fk5ud3uuLW8C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=Nypoideae&source=bl&ots=GLh89V2U04&sig=-rXN3kSbWv1-bOs8xgcDThEfC84&hl=vi&sa=X&ei=ekWRT4iCJ4TeigfavvSJBA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Nypoideae&f=false',
164 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074035/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/taxonomy/vpe_taxonomy3.htm',
165 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160729085754/http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598',
166 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160826100500/http://www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=591&MagazineID=38',
167 => 'https://www.allaboutpalmtrees.com/banana-palm-tree',
168 => 'https://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?search=palm+-hand&searchtype=all&version1=31&spanbegin=1&spanend=73',
169 => 'https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/118974',
170 => 'https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6234D',
171 => 'https://www.crs.org/stories/3-must-know-facts-about-ash-wednesday',
172 => 'https://www.gainesville.com/news/20040605/dealing-with-drought',
173 => 'https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/begonia-luxurians/',
174 => 'https://www.gardenia.net/plant/dioon-spinulosum',
175 => 'https://www.gardenia.net/plant/yucca-brevifolia',
176 => 'https://www.gardenia.net/plant/yucca-filamentosa-adam-needle',
177 => 'https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/ponytail-palm/ponytail-palm-care.htm',
178 => 'https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/cardboard-palm-plants/growing-cardboard-palms.htm',
179 => 'https://www.gbif.org/species/4270410',
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186 => 'https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42432',
187 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/3070898',
188 => 'https://www.jungledragon.com/image/96668/palm_tree_moss_-_hypnodendron_comosum.html',
189 => 'https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=234449',
190 => 'https://www.nature-and-garden.com/gardening/zamioculcas.html',
191 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4710',
192 => 'https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/b8403eed-a16b-451c-a6d6-6e2499d06b69',
193 => 'https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f0f37700-f09d-4a5c-b8f0-b8ee451c84c3',
194 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215898364_A_new_phylogenetic_classification_of_the_palm_family_Arecaceae',
195 => 'https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/78365/Pachypodium-lamerei/Details',
196 => 'https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf',
197 => 'https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/psp-can-only-help-people-take-up-issues-if-voted-into-parliament-says-tan-cheng-bock-at',
198 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/10/gardens-all-hail-the-vulcan-palm',
199 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14080#identifiers'
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</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Morphology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Morphology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Range_and_habitat"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Range and habitat</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Selected_genera"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Selected genera</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Evolution"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Evolution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Uses"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Endangered_species"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Endangered species</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Arthropod_pests"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Arthropod pests</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Symbolism"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Symbolism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Other_plants"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Other plants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#General_sources"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">General sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
<p>The word <i>Arecaceae</i> is derived from the word <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">areca</a></i> with the suffix "-aceae".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> <i>Areca</i> is derived from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> അടയ്ക്ക (<i>aṭaykka</i>), which is from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian</a> <i>*aṭ-ay-kkāy</i> (“areca nut”).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The suffix <i>-aceae</i> is the feminine plural of the Latin <i>-āceus</i> ("resembling").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Morphology">Morphology</span></h2>
<p>Whether as shrubs, tree-like, or vines, palms have two methods of growth: solitary or clustered. The common representation is that of a solitary shoot ending in a crown of leaves. This <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monopodial" title="Monopodial">monopodial</a> character may be exhibited by prostrate, trunkless, and trunk-forming members. Some common palms restricted to solitary growth include <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washingtonia" title="Washingtonia">Washingtonia</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roystonea" title="Roystonea">Roystonea</a></i>. Palms may instead grow in sparse though dense clusters. The trunk develops an axillary bud at a leaf node, usually near the base, from which a new shoot emerges. The new shoot, in turn, produces an axillary bud and a clustering habit results. Exclusively <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sympodial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympodial">sympodial</a> genera include many of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattans</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guihaia" title="Guihaia">Guihaia</a></i>, and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhapis" title="Rhapis">Rhapis</a></i>. Several palm genera have both solitary and clustering members. Palms which are usually solitary may grow in clusters and vice versa. These aberrations suggest the habit operates on a single gene.<sup id="cite_ref-uhl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhl-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Palms have large, evergreen leaves that are either palmately ('fan-leaved') or pinnately ('feather-leaved') compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. The leaves have a tubular sheath at the base that usually splits open on one side at maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spadix_(botany)" title="Spadix (botany)">spadix</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spike_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spike (botany)">spike</a> surrounded by one or more <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spathe" class="mw-redirect" title="Spathe">spathes</a> that become woody at maturity. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are generally small and white, radially symmetric, and can be either uni- or bisexual. The sepals and petals usually number three each, and may be distinct or joined at the base. The stamens generally number six, with filaments that may be separate, attached to each other, or attached to the pistil at the base. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is usually a single-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeded</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a> (sometimes berry-like)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> but some genera (e.g., <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salacca" title="Salacca">Salacca</a></i>) may contain two or more seeds in each fruit.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Palm_tree_trunk.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Palm_tree_trunk.JPG/220px-Palm_tree_trunk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Palm_tree_trunk.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Sawn palm stem: Palms do not form annual <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tree_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree rings">tree rings</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Like all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocot">monocots</a>, palms do not have the ability to increase the width of a stem (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">secondary growth</a>) via the same kind of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vascular_cambium" title="Vascular cambium">vascular cambium</a> found in non-monocot <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> This explains the cylindrical shape of the trunk (almost constant diameter) that is often seen in palms, unlike in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tree_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree ring">ring</a>-forming trees. However, many palms, like some other monocots, do have secondary growth, although because it does not arise from a single vascular cambium producing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> inwards and phloem outwards, it is often called "anomalous secondary growth".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Arecaceae are notable among monocots for their height and for the size of their seeds, leaves, and inflorescences. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceroxylon_quindiuense" title="Ceroxylon quindiuense">Ceroxylon quindiuense</a></i>, Colombia's national tree, is the tallest monocot in the world, reaching up to 60 metres (197 ft) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coco_de_mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Coco de mer">coco de mer</a></i> (<i>Lodoicea maldivica</i>) has the largest seeds of any plant, 40–50 centimetres (16–20 in) in diameter and weighing 15–30 kilograms (33–66 lb) each (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coconuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconuts">coconuts</a> are the second largest). Raffia palms (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raphia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphia (plant)">Raphia</a></i> spp.) have the largest leaves of any plant, up to 25 metres (82 ft) long and 3 metres (10 ft) wide. The <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corypha" title="Corypha">Corypha</a></i> species have the largest inflorescence of any plant, up to 7.5 metres (25 ft) tall and containing millions of small flowers. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calamus_(palm)" title="Calamus (palm)">Calamus</a></i> stems can reach 200 metres (656 ft) in length.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Range_and_habitat">Range and habitat</span></h2>
<p>Most palms are native to tropical and subtropical climates. Palms thrive in moist and hot climates but can be found in a variety of different habitats. Their diversity is highest in wet, lowland forests. South America, the Caribbean, and areas of the south Pacific and southern Asia are regions of concentration. Colombia may have the highest number of palm species in one country. There are some palms that are also native to desert areas such as the Arabian peninsula and parts of northwestern Mexico. Only about 130 palm species naturally grow entirely beyond the tropics, mostly in humid lowland subtropical climates, in highlands in southern Asia, and along the rim lands of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. The northernmost native palm is <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamaerops" title="Chamaerops">Chamaerops humilis</a></i>, which reaches <a href="/enwiki/wiki/44th_parallel_north" title="44th parallel north">44°N latitude</a> along the coast of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> In the southern hemisphere, the southernmost palm is the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikau" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikau">Rhopalostylis sapida</a></i>, which reaches <a href="/enwiki/wiki/44th_parallel_south" title="44th parallel south">44°S</a> on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> where an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> prevails.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-10">[10]</a></sup> Cultivation of palms is possible north of subtropical climates, and some higher latitude locales such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> feature a few palms in protected locations and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a>.
</p><p>Palms inhabit a variety of ecosystems. More than two-thirds of palm species live in humid moist forests, where some species grow tall enough to form part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a> and shorter ones form part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VPEintro_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPEintro-11">[11]</a></sup> Some species form pure stands in areas with poor drainage or regular flooding, including <i>Raphia hookeri</i> which is common in coastal freshwater swamps in West Africa. Other palms live in tropical mountain habitats above 1 thousand metres (3 thousand feet), such as those in the genus <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceroxylon" title="Ceroxylon">Ceroxylon</a></i> native to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>. Palms may also live in grasslands and scrublands, usually associated with a water source, and in desert <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a>. A few palms are adapted to extremely <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a> soils, while others are similarly adapted to extreme <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Potassium_deficiency_(plants)" title="Potassium deficiency (plants)">potassium deficiency</a> and toxicity of heavy metals in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serpentine_soil" title="Serpentine soil">serpentine soils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Washingtonia_filifera_in_Palm_Canyon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Washingtonia_filifera_in_Palm_Canyon.jpg/220px-Washingtonia_filifera_in_Palm_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Washingtonia_filifera_in_Palm_Canyon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>This grove of the native species <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washingtonia_filifera" title="Washingtonia filifera">Washingtonia filifera</a></i> in Palm Canyon, just south of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California" title="Palm Springs, California">Palm Springs</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, is growing alongside a stream running through the desert.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Roystonea-2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Roystonea-2.jpg/220px-Roystonea-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Roystonea-2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Two <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roystonea_regia" title="Roystonea regia">Roystonea regia</a></i> specimens in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India. The characteristic crownshaft and apex shoot, or 'spear', are visible.</div></div></div>
<p>Palms are a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a> group of plants, meaning the group consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-VPEintro_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPEintro-11">[11]</a></sup> Extensive taxonomic research on palms began with botanist H.E. Moore, who organized palms into 15 major groups based mostly on general morphological characteristics. The following classification, proposed by N.W. Uhl and J. Dransfield in 1987, is a revision of Moore's classification that organizes palms into six subfamilies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> A few general traits of each subfamily are listed below.
</p>
<ul><li>The <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023754711">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Coryphoideae"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Coryphoideae</span></span></b> are the most diverse subfamily, and are a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a> group, meaning all members of the group share a common ancestor, but the group does not include all the ancestor's descendants. Most palms in this subfamily have palmately lobed leaves and solitary flowers with three, or sometimes four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a>. The fruit normally develops from only one carpel.</li>
<li>Subfamily <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023754711"/><span class="vanchor"><span id="Calamoideae"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Calamoideae</span></span></b> includes the climbing palms, such as rattans. The leaves are usually pinnate; derived characters (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphies</a>) include spines on various organs, organs specialized for climbing, an extension of the main stem of the leaf-bearing reflexed spines, and overlapping scales covering the fruit and ovary.</li>
<li>Subfamily <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023754711"/><span class="vanchor"><span id="Nypoideae"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Nypoideae</span></span></b> contains only one species, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa fruticans</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> which has large, pinnate leaves. The fruit is unusual in that it floats, and the stem is dichotomously branched, also unusual in palms.</li>
<li>Subfamily <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023754711"/><span class="vanchor"><span id="Ceroxyloideae"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Ceroxyloideae</span></span></b> has small to medium-sized flowers, spirally arranged, with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">gynoecium</a> of three joined carpels.</li>
<li>The <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023754711"/><span class="vanchor"><span id="Arecoideae"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Arecoideae</span></span></b> are the largest subfamily, with six diverse tribes (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Areceae" title="Areceae">Areceae</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caryoteae" title="Caryoteae">Caryoteae</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocoseae" title="Cocoseae">Cocoseae</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geonomateae" title="Geonomateae">Geonomateae</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iriarteeae" title="Iriarteeae">Iriarteeae</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podococceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Podococceae">Podococceae</a>) containing over 100 genera. All tribes have pinnate or bipinnate leaves and flowers arranged in groups of three, with a central pistillate and two staminate flowers.</li>
<li>The <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023754711"/><span class="vanchor"><span id="Phytelephantoideae"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Phytelephantoideae</span></span></b> are a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a> subfamily. Members of this group have distinct monopodial flower clusters. Other distinct features include a gynoecium with five to 10 joined carpels, and flowers with more than three parts per whorl. Fruits are multiple-seeded and have multiple parts.<sup id="cite_ref-UA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UA-14">[14]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Currently, few extensive phylogenetic studies of the Arecaceae exist. In 1997, Baker<i> et al.</i> explored subfamily and tribe relationships using chloroplast <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from 60 genera from all subfamilies and tribes. The results strongly showed the Calamoideae are monophyletic, and Ceroxyloideae and Coryphoideae are paraphyletic. The relationships of Arecoideae are uncertain, but they are possibly related to the Ceroxyloideae and Phytelephantoideae. Studies have suggested the lack of a fully resolved hypothesis for the relationships within the family is due to a variety of factors, including difficulties in selecting appropriate outgroups, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homoplasy" title="Homoplasy">homoplasy</a> in morphological character states, slow rates of molecular evolution important for the use of standard <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DNA_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA marker">DNA markers</a>, and character polarization.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> However, hybridization has been observed among <i>Orbignya</i> and <i>Phoenix</i> species, and using chloroplast DNA in cladistic studies may produce inaccurate results due to maternal inheritance of the chloroplast DNA. Chemical and molecular data from non-organelle DNA, for example, could be more effective for studying palm phylogeny.<sup id="cite_ref-UA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UA-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_genera">Selected genera</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Arecaceae_genera" title="List of Arecaceae genera">List of Arecaceae genera by taxonomic groups</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Arecaceae_genera_by_alphabetical_order" title="List of Arecaceae genera by alphabetical order">List of Arecaceae genera by alphabetical order</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Palmtreesil.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Palmtreesil.jpg/220px-Palmtreesil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="444" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Palmtreesil.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Silhouette of palms in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:MultanEvening.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MultanEvening.jpg/220px-MultanEvening.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:MultanEvening.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Palms in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Various_Arecaceae.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Various_Arecaceae.jpg/220px-Various_Arecaceae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4392" data-file-height="3349" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Various_Arecaceae.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Various Arecaceae</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_100.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Beccariophoenix_alfredii_100.jpg/220px-Beccariophoenix_alfredii_100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3461" data-file-height="3115" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Beccariophoenix_alfredii_100.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A pair of young <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beccariophoenix_alfredii" title="Beccariophoenix alfredii">Beccariophoenix alfredii</a></i> palms</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Palma_Real.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Palma_Real.jpeg/220px-Palma_Real.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Palma_Real.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuban_royal_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban royal palm">Cuban royal palm</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Crown_shaft_base.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Crown_shaft_base.jpg/170px-Crown_shaft_base.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3264" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Crown_shaft_base.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Crown shaft base of Royal palm</div></div></div>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archontophoenix" title="Archontophoenix">Archontophoenix</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archontophoenix_cunninghamiana" title="Archontophoenix cunninghamiana">Bangalow palm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Areca_catechu" title="Areca catechu">Betel palm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astrocaryum" title="Astrocaryum">Astrocaryum</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attalea_(plant)" title="Attalea (plant)">Attalea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bactris" title="Bactris">Bactris</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bactris_gasipaes" title="Bactris gasipaes">Pupunha</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beccariophoenix" title="Beccariophoenix">Beccariophoenix</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beccariophoenix_alfredii" title="Beccariophoenix alfredii">Beccariophoenix alfredii</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bismarckia" title="Bismarckia">Bismarckia</a></i>—Bismarck palm</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borassus" title="Borassus">Borassus</a></i>—Palmyra palm, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">sugar palm</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">toddy palm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Butia" title="Butia">Butia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calamus_(palm)" title="Calamus (palm)">Calamus</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a> palm</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceroxylon" title="Ceroxylon">Ceroxylon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Cocos</a></i>—Coconut</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coccothrinax" title="Coccothrinax">Coccothrinax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copernicia" title="Copernicia">Copernicia</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba wax</a> palm</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corypha" title="Corypha">Corypha</a></i>—Gebang palm, Buri palm or Talipot palm</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis">Elaeis</a></i>—Oil palm</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euterpe_(plant)" title="Euterpe (plant)">Euterpe</a></i>—Cabbage heart palm, açaí palm</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyphaene" title="Hyphaene">Hyphaene</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyphaene_thebaica" title="Hyphaene thebaica">Doum palm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jubaea" title="Jubaea">Jubaea</a></i>—Chilean wine palm, Coquito palm</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latania" title="Latania">Latania</a></i>—Latan palm</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Licuala" title="Licuala">Licuala</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livistona" title="Livistona">Livistona</a></i>—Cabbage palm</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritia" title="Mauritia">Mauritia</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moriche_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriche palm">Moriche palm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metroxylon" title="Metroxylon">Metroxylon</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nipa palm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parajubaea" title="Parajubaea">Parajubaea</a></i>—Bolivian coconut palms</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenix_(plant)" title="Phoenix (plant)">Phoenix</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pritchardia" title="Pritchardia">Pritchardia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raphia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphia (plant)">Raphia</a></i>—Raffia palm</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhapidophyllum" title="Rhapidophyllum">Rhapidophyllum</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhapis" title="Rhapis">Rhapis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roystonea" title="Roystonea">Roystonea</a></i>—Royal palm</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabal" title="Sabal">Sabal</a></i>—Palmettos</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salacca" title="Salacca">Salacca</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salak" title="Salak">Salak</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syagrus_(plant)" title="Syagrus (plant)">Syagrus</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syagrus_romanzoffiana" title="Syagrus romanzoffiana">Queen palm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thrinax" title="Thrinax">Thrinax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trachycarpus" title="Trachycarpus">Trachycarpus</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trachycarpus_fortunei" title="Trachycarpus fortunei">Windmill palm</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trachycarpus_takil" title="Trachycarpus takil">Kumaon palm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trithrinax" title="Trithrinax">Trithrinax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veitchia" title="Veitchia">Veitchia</a></i>—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veitchia_merrillii" class="mw-redirect" title="Veitchia merrillii">Manila palm</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veitchia_joannis" title="Veitchia joannis">Joannis palm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washingtonia" title="Washingtonia">Washingtonia</a></i>—Fan palm</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Evolution">Evolution</span></h2>
<table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arecaceae&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The Arecaceae are the first modern family of monocots appearing in the fossil record around 80 million years ago (Mya), during the late <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period. The first modern species, such as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa fruticans</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acrocomia" title="Acrocomia">Acrocomia aculeata</a></i>, appeared 69 Mya, as evidenced by fossil <i>Nypa</i> pollen. Palms appear to have undergone an early period of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a>. By 60 Mya, many of the modern, specialized genera of palms appeared and became widespread and common, much more widespread than their range today. Because palms separated from the monocots earlier than other families, they developed more intrafamilial specialization and diversity. By tracing back these diverse characteristics of palms to the basic structures of monocots, palms may be valuable in studying monocot evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Several species of palms have been identified from flowers preserved in amber, including <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palaeoraphe" title="Palaeoraphe">Palaeoraphe dominicana</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roystonea_palaea" title="Roystonea palaea">Roystonea palaea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poinar2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poinar2002-17">[17]</a></sup> Evidence can also be found in samples of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrified_palmwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrified palmwood">petrified palmwood</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arecaceae_tree_in_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arecaceae_tree_in_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/220px-Arecaceae_tree_in_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Arecaceae_tree_in_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Arecaceae are common in Saudi Arabia</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Chestnut_in_Guntur.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chestnut_in_Guntur.jpg/180px-Chestnut_in_Guntur.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Chestnut_in_Guntur.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Palmyra palm fruit at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></div></div>
<p>Human use of palms is at least as old as human civilization itself, starting with the cultivation of the date palm by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamians</a> and other Middle Eastern peoples 5000 years or more ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_date_palm_info_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_date_palm_info-18">[18]</a></sup> Date wood, pits for storing dates, and other remains of the date palm have been found in Mesopotamian sites.<sup id="cite_ref-datesex_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datesex-19">[19]</a></sup> The date palm had a tremendous effect on the history of the Middle East. W.H. Barreveld wrote:
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Man_standing_in_front_of_palm_trees.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Man_standing_in_front_of_palm_trees.jpg/220px-Man_standing_in_front_of_palm_trees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1545" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Man_standing_in_front_of_palm_trees.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Man standing in front of palms in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div></div></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One could go as far as to say that, had the date palm not existed, the expansion of the human race into the hot and barren parts of the "old" world would have been much more restricted. The date palm not only provided a concentrated energy food, which could be easily stored and carried along on long journeys across the deserts, it also created a more amenable habitat for the people to live in by providing shade and protection from the desert winds (Fig. 1). In addition, the date palm also yielded a variety of products for use in agricultural production and for domestic utensils, and practically all parts of the palm had a useful purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_date_palm_info_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_date_palm_info-18">[18]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>An indication of the importance of palms in ancient times is that they are mentioned more than 30 times in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> and at least 22 times in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Arecaceae have great economic importance, including coconut products, oils, dates, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm_syrup" title="Palm syrup">palm syrup</a>, ivory nuts, carnauba wax, rattan cane, raffia, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palmwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmwood">palm wood</a>. This family supplies a large amount of the human diet and several other human uses, both by absolute amount produced and by number of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crop_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop domestication">species domesticated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-agricultural-significance-bundle_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agricultural-significance-bundle-22">[22]</a></sup> This is far higher than almost any other plant family, sixth out of domesticated crops in the human diet, and first in total economic value produced – sharing the top spot with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-agricultural-significance-bundle_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agricultural-significance-bundle-22">[22]</a></sup> These human uses have also spread many Arecaceae species around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-agricultural-significance-bundle_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agricultural-significance-bundle-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Along with dates mentioned above, members of the palm family with human uses are numerous.
</p>
<ul><li>The type member of Arecaceae is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">areca</a> palm, the fruit of which, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>, is chewed with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel</a> leaf for intoxicating effects (<i>Areca catechu</i>).</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnauba" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnauba">Carnauba</a> wax is harvested from the leaves of a Brazilian palm (<i>Copernicia</i>).</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattans</a>, whose stems are used extensively in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">baskets</a>, are in the genus <i>Calamus</i>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a> is an edible vegetable oil produced by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palms</a> in the genus <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis">Elaeis</a></i>.</li>
<li>Several species are harvested for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">heart of palm</a>, a vegetable eaten in salads.</li>
<li>Sap of the nipa palm, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa fruticans</a></i>, is used to make vinegar.</li>
<li>Palm <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sap_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sap (plant)">sap</a> is sometimes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> to produce <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a> or toddy, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverage</a> common in parts of Africa, India, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The sap may be drunk fresh, but fermentation is rapid, reaching up to 4% alcohol content within an hour, and turning vinegary in a day.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></li>
<li>Palmyra and date palm sap is harvested in Bengal, India, to process into <i>gur</i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a></i>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dragon%27s_blood" title="Dragon's blood">Dragon's blood</a>, a red resin used traditionally in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>, may be obtained from the fruit of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daemonorops" title="Daemonorops">Daemonorops</a></i> species.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a> is the partially edible seed of the fruit of the coconut palm (<i>Cocos nucifera</i>).</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a> is a coarse, water-resistant fiber extracted from the outer shell of coconuts, used in doormats, brushes, mattresses, and ropes. In India, beekeepers use coir in their bee smokers.</li>
<li>Some indigenous groups living in palm-rich areas use palms to make many of their necessary items and food. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">Sago</a>, for example, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> made from the pith of the trunk of the sago palm <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Metroxylon sagu</a></i>, is a major <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> for lowland peoples of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>. This is not the same plant commonly used as a house plant and called "sago palm".</li>
<li>Palm wine is made from <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jubaea" title="Jubaea">Jubaea</a></i> also called Chilean wine palm, or coquito palm</li>
<li>Recently, the fruit of the açaí palm <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_Palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Açaí Palm">Euterpe</a></i> has been used for its reputed health benefits.</li>
<li>Saw palmetto (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serenoa_repens" class="mw-redirect" title="Serenoa repens">Serenoa repens</a></i>) is under investigation as a drug for treating enlarged prostates.</li>
<li>Palm leaves are also valuable to some peoples as a material for thatching, basketry, clothing, and in religious ceremonies (see "Symbolism" below).<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li>Ornamental uses: Today, palms are valuable as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plants</a> and are often grown along streets in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> cities. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamaedorea_elegans" title="Chamaedorea elegans">Chamaedorea elegans</a></i> is a popular <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Houseplant" title="Houseplant">houseplant</a> and is grown indoors for its low maintenance. Farther north, palms are a common feature in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Botanical_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical gardens">botanical gardens</a> or as indoor plants. Few palms tolerate severe cold and the majority of the species are tropical or subtropical. The three most <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hardy_palms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardy palms">cold-tolerant species</a> are <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trachycarpus_fortunei" title="Trachycarpus fortunei">Trachycarpus fortunei</a></i>, native to eastern Asia, and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhapidophyllum_hystrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhapidophyllum hystrix">Rhapidophyllum hystrix</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabal_minor" title="Sabal minor">Sabal minor</a></i>, both native to the southeastern United States.</li>
<li>The southeastern U.S. state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> is nicknamed the Palmetto State after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabal_palmetto" title="Sabal palmetto">sabal palmetto</a> (cabbage palmetto), logs from which were used to build the fort at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Moultrie_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Moultrie National Monument">Fort Moultrie</a>. During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, they were invaluable to those defending the fort, because their spongy wood absorbed or deflected the British cannonballs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
<li>Singaporean politician <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tan_Cheng_Bock" title="Tan Cheng Bock">Tan Cheng Bock</a> uses a palm tree-like symbol similar to a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ravenala" title="Ravenala">Ravenala</a></i> to represent him in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2011_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2011 Singaporean presidential election">2011 Singaporean presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> The symbol of a party he founded, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progress_Singapore_Party" title="Progress Singapore Party">Progress Singapore Party</a>, was also based on a palm tree.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></li>
<li>On <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>, Catholics receive a cross on their forehead made of palm ashes as a reminder of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> belief that everyone and everything eventlully returns to where it came from, commonly expressed by the saying "ashes to ashes and dust to dust".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></li></ul>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"><div style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dates_on_date_palm.jpg" class="image" title="Fruit of the date palm Phoenix dactylifera"><img alt="Fruit of the date palm Phoenix dactylifera" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dates_on_date_palm.jpg/137px-Dates_on_date_palm.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="875" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Fruit of the date palm <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">Phoenix dactylifera</a></i>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"><div style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Santa_Monica_Palm_Trees.jpg" class="image" title="Washingtonia robusta palms line Ocean Avenue in Santa Monica, California."><img alt="Washingtonia robusta palms line Ocean Avenue in Santa Monica, California." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Santa_Monica_Palm_Trees.jpg/150px-Santa_Monica_Palm_Trees.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washingtonia_robusta" title="Washingtonia robusta">Washingtonia robusta</a></i> palms line Ocean Avenue in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"><div style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:93.5px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rodeo_Palms_--_Manvel,_Texas.jpg" class="image" title="Rodeo Palms, a subdivision in Manvel, Texas"><img alt="Rodeo Palms, a subdivision in Manvel, Texas" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rodeo_Palms_--_Manvel%2C_Texas.jpg/150px-Rodeo_Palms_--_Manvel%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="43" data-file-width="5829" data-file-height="1652" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Rodeo Palms, a subdivision in Manvel, Texas
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"><div style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Palm_tree_CANA.JPG" class="image" title="Sabal palm in the Canaveral National Seashore"><img alt="Sabal palm in the Canaveral National Seashore" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Palm_tree_CANA.JPG/149px-Palm_tree_CANA.JPG" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5359" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Sabal palm in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canaveral_National_Seashore" title="Canaveral National Seashore">Canaveral National Seashore</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"><div style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coconut_Palm_flowers.jpg" class="image" title="Coconut flowers"><img alt="Coconut flowers" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coconut_Palm_flowers.jpg/133px-Coconut_Palm_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Coconut flowers
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"><div style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Palm_tree_top,_Georgia,_US.jpg" class="image" title="Close-up of the top, Atlantic Ocean, Georgia, U.S."><img alt="Close-up of the top, Atlantic Ocean, Georgia, U.S." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Palm_tree_top%2C_Georgia%2C_US.jpg/133px-Palm_tree_top%2C_Georgia%2C_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Close-up of the top, Atlantic Ocean, Georgia, U.S.
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Endangered_species">Endangered species</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pritchardia_affinis.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pritchardia_affinis.jpg/220px-Pritchardia_affinis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pritchardia_affinis.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pritchardia_affinis" title="Pritchardia affinis">Pritchardia affinis</a></i>, a critically endangered species endemic to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a></div></div></div>
<p>Like many other plants, palms have been threatened by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human intervention</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation</a>. The greatest risk to palms is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">destruction of habitat</a>, especially in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">tropical forests</a>, due to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodchipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodchipping">wood-chipping</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conversion_to_farmland" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion to farmland">conversion to farmland</a>. Palms rarely reproduce after such great changes in the habitat, and those with small habitat ranges are most vulnerable to them. The harvesting of heart of palm, a delicacy in salads, also poses a threat because it is derived from the palm's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apical_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical meristem">apical meristem</a>, a vital part of the palm that cannot be regrown (except in domesticated varieties, e.g. of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peach_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach palm">peach palm</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-KaheleHeartsHanaHou_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaheleHeartsHanaHou-29">[29]</a></sup> The use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rattan_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattan palm">rattan palms</a> in furniture has caused a major population decrease in these species that has negatively affected local and international markets, as well as biodiversity in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> The sale of seeds to nurseries and collectors is another threat, as the seeds of popular palms are sometimes harvested directly from the wild. In 2006, at least 100 palm species were considered endangered, and nine species have been reported as recently extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-VPEintro_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPEintro-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>However, several factors make palm conservation more difficult. Palms live in almost every type of warm habitat and have tremendous morphological diversity. Most palm seeds lose viability quickly, and they cannot be preserved in low temperatures because the cold kills the embryo. Using botanical gardens for conservation also presents problems, since they can rarely house more than a few plants of any species or truly imitate the natural setting.<sup id="cite_ref-VPEconserv_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPEconserv-31">[31]</a></sup> There is also the risk that cross-pollination can lead to hybrid species.
</p><p>The Palm Specialist Group of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Conservation_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="World Conservation Union">World Conservation Union</a> (IUCN) began in 1984, and has performed a series of three studies to find basic information on the status of palms in the wild, use of wild palms, and palms under cultivation. Two projects on palm conservation and use supported by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WWF_(conservation_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="WWF (conservation organization)">World Wildlife Fund</a> took place from 1985 to 1990 and 1986–1991, in the American tropics and southeast Asia, respectively. Both studies produced copious new data and publications on palms. Preparation of a global action plan for palm conservation began in 1991, supported by the IUCN, and was published in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-VPEconserv_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPEconserv-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>The rarest palm known is <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyophorbe_amaricaulis" title="Hyophorbe amaricaulis">Hyophorbe amaricaulis</a></i>. The only living individual remains at the Botanic Gardens of Curepipe in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Arthropod_pests">Arthropod pests</span></h2>
<p>Some pests are specialists to particular <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a>. Pests that attack a <i>variety</i> of species of palms include:
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raoiella_indica" title="Raoiella indica">Raoiella indica</a></i>, the red palm mite<sup id="cite_ref-doacs.state.fl.us_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doacs.state.fl.us-32">[32]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caryobruchus_gleditsiae" title="Caryobruchus gleditsiae">Caryobruchus gleditsiae</a></i>, the palm seed beetle or palm seed weevil<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus" title="Rhynchophorus ferrugineus">Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</a></i>, the red palm weevil, recently introduced to Europe<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-35">[35]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Symbolism">Symbolism</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm_branch_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm branch (symbol)">Palm branch (symbol)</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:312px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Edward_Hitchcock_Paleontological_Chart.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Edward_Hitchcock_Paleontological_Chart.jpg/310px-Edward_Hitchcock_Paleontological_Chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="249" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="619" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Edward_Hitchcock_Paleontological_Chart.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Hitchcock" title="Edward Hitchcock">Edward Hitchcock</a>'s fold-out paleontological chart in his 1840 <i>Elementary Geology</i>, showing the Palms as the crown of the plant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">tree of life</a>, alongside Man as the crown of the animal tree of life.</div></div></div>
<p>The palm branch was a symbol of triumph and victory in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> rewarded champions of the games and celebrated military successes with palm branches. Early <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> used the palm branch to symbolize the victory of the faithful over enemies of the soul, as in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> festival celebrating the triumphal entry of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the palm represents peace and plenty, and is one of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Four Species</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>; the palm may also symbolize the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tree_of_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Life">Tree of Life</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>.
</p><p>The canopies of the Rathayatra carts which carry the deities of Krishna and his family members in the cart festival of Jagganath Puri in India are marked with the emblem of a palm tree. Specifically it is the symbol of Krishna's brother, Baladeva.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In 1840, the American geologist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Hitchcock" title="Edward Hitchcock">Edward Hitchcock</a> (1793–1864) published the first tree-like paleontology chart in his <i>Elementary Geology</i>, with two separate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">trees of life</a> for the plants and the animals. These are crowned (graphically) with the Palms and with Man.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>Today, the palm, especially the coconut palm, remains a symbol of the tropical island <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VPEintro_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPEintro-11">[11]</a></sup>
Palms appear on the flags and seals of several places where they are native, including those of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti" title="Coat of arms of Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seal_of_Florida" title="Seal of Florida">Florida</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_South_Carolina" title="Flag of South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_plants">Other plants</span></h2>
<p>Some species commonly called palms, though they are not true palms, include:
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ailanthus_altissima" title="Ailanthus altissima">Ailanthus altissima</a></i> (Ghetto palm), a tree in the flowering plant family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simaroubaceae" title="Simaroubaceae">Simaroubaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alocasia_odora" title="Alocasia odora">Alocasia odora</a> x gageana</i> 'Calidora' (Persian palm), a flowering plant in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aloe_thraskii" title="Aloe thraskii">Aloe thraskii</a></i> (Palm aloe), a flowering plant in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asphodelaceae" title="Asphodelaceae">Asphodelaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amorphophallus_konjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphophallus konjac">Amorphophallus konjac</a></i> (Snake palm), a flowering plant in the family Araceae<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beaucarnea_recurvata" title="Beaucarnea recurvata">Beaucarnea recurvata</a></i> (Ponytail palm), a flowering plant in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Begonia_luxurians" title="Begonia luxurians">Begonia luxurians</a></i> (Palm leaf begonia), a flowering plant in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Begoniaceae" title="Begoniaceae">Begoniaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blechnum_appendiculatum" title="Blechnum appendiculatum">Blechnum appendiculatum</a></i> (Palm fern), a fern in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aspleniaceae" title="Aspleniaceae">Aspleniaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brighamia_insignis" title="Brighamia insignis">Brighamia insignis</a></i> (Vulcan palm), a flowering plant in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campanulaceae" title="Campanulaceae">Campanulaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carludovica_palmata" title="Carludovica palmata">Carludovica palmata</a></i> (Panama hat palm)<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Tropical_Palms-45">[45]</a></sup> and perhaps other members in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyclanthaceae" title="Cyclanthaceae">Cyclanthaceae</a>.</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis">Cordyline australis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Tropical_Palms-45">[45]</a></sup> (Cabbage palm, Torbay palm, ti palm) or palm lily<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Tropical_Palms-45">[45]</a></sup> (family Asparagaceae) and other representatives in the genus <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cordyline" title="Cordyline">Cordyline</a></i>.</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyathea_cunninghamii" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyathea cunninghamii">Cyathea cunninghamii</a></i> (Palm fern)<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Tropical_Palms-45">[45]</a></sup> and other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tree_ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree ferns">tree ferns</a> (families <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyatheaceae" title="Cyatheaceae">Cyatheaceae</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dicksoniaceae" title="Dicksoniaceae">Dicksoniaceae</a>) that may be confused with palms.</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cycas_revoluta" title="Cycas revoluta">Cycas revoluta</a></i> (Sago palm)<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Tropical_Palms-45">[45]</a></sup> and the rest of the order <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cycadales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadales">Cycadales</a>.</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyperus_alternifolius" title="Cyperus alternifolius">Cyperus alternifolius</a></i> (Umbrella palm), a sedge in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dasylirion_longissimum" title="Dasylirion longissimum">Dasylirion longissimum</a></i> (Grass palm), a flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> and other plants in the genus <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dasylirion" title="Dasylirion">Dasylirion</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dioon_spinulosum" title="Dioon spinulosum">Dioon spinulosum</a></i> (Gum palm), a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycad</a> in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamiaceae" title="Zamiaceae">Zamiaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dracaena_marginata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dracaena marginata">Dracaena marginata</a></i> (Dragon palm) a flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eisenia_arborea" title="Eisenia arborea">Eisenia arborea</a></i> (Southern sea palm), a species of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phaeophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeophyceae">brown alga</a> in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lessoniaceae" title="Lessoniaceae">Lessoniaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fatsia_japonica" title="Fatsia japonica">Fatsia japonica</a></i> (Figleaf palm), a flowering plant in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Araliaceae" title="Araliaceae">Araliaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypnodendron_comosum" title="Hypnodendron comosum">Hypnodendron comosum</a></i> (Palm tree moss or palm moss), a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a> in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypnodendraceae" title="Hypnodendraceae">Hypnodendraceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musa_(genus)" title="Musa (genus)">Musa</a></i> species (Banana palm), a flowering plant in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pachypodium_lamerei" title="Pachypodium lamerei">Pachypodium lamerei</a></i> (Madagascar palm), a flowering plant in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-RHSPF_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHSPF-54">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandanus_spiralis" title="Pandanus spiralis">Pandanus spiralis</a></i> (Screw palm), a flowering plant in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandanaceae" title="Pandanaceae">Pandanaceae</a><sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Tropical_Palms-45">[45]</a></sup> and perhaps other <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">Pandanus</a></i> spp.</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ravenala" title="Ravenala">Ravenala</a></i> (Traveller's palm),<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Tropical_Palms-45">[45]</a></sup> a flowering plant in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strelitziaceae" title="Strelitziaceae">Strelitziaceae</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Setaria_palmifolia" title="Setaria palmifolia">Setaria palmifolia</a></i> (Palm grass),<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Tropical_Palms-45">[45]</a></sup> a grass in the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yucca_brevifolia" title="Yucca brevifolia">Yucca brevifolia</a></i> (Yucca palm or palm tree yucca)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yucca_filamentosa" title="Yucca filamentosa">Yucca filamentosa</a></i> (Needle palm)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yucca_filifera" title="Yucca filifera">Yucca filifera</a></i> (St. Peter's palm),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamia_furfuracea" title="Zamia furfuracea">Zamia furfuracea</a></i> (Cardboard palm), a cycad in the family Zamiaceae<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamioculcas_zamiifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamioculcas zamiifolia">Zamioculcas zamiifolia</a></i> (Emerald palm or aroid palm), a flowering plant in the family Araceae<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_palm" title="Fan palm">Fan palm</a>—genera with palmate leaves</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Arecaceae_genera" title="List of Arecaceae genera">List of Arecaceae genera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_foliage_plant_diseases_(Arecaceae)" title="List of foliage plant diseases (Arecaceae)">List of foliage plant diseases (Arecaceae)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_hardy_palms" title="List of hardy palms">List of hardy palms</a>—palms able to withstand colder temperatures</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a>—palm tree wine-making process</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postelsia" title="Postelsia">Postelsia</a></i>—called the "sea palm" (a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brown_alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown alga">brown alga</a>)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131924/http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/patrios.htm">"Presidencia de la República"</a>. <i>idm.presidencia.gov.co</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idm.presidencia.gov.co/deinteres/index.html">the original</a> on Sep 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=idm.presidencia.gov.co&rft.atitle=Presidencia+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidm.presidencia.gov.co%2Fdeinteres%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FAO-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506005013/http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=%2Fdocrep%2FX0451E%2FX0451e03.htm">"Tropical Palms by Food and Agriculture Organization"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/X0451E/X0451e03.htm">the original</a> on May 6, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tropical+Palms+by+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fshow_cdr.asp%3Furl_file%3D%2Fdocrep%2FX0451E%2FX0451e03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-VPEintro-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VPEintro_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VPEintro_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VPEintro_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VPEintro_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719185520/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/introduction/vpe_introduction.htm">"Virtual Palm Encyclopedia – Introduction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/introduction/vpe_introduction.htm">the original</a> on Jul 19, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Palm+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantapalm.com%2Fvpe%2Fintroduction%2Fvpe_introduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Leslie_Dowe2010" class="citation book cs1">John Leslie Dowe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk5ud3uuLW8C&q=Nypoideae&pg=PA83"><i>Australian Palms: Biogeography, Ecology and Systematics</i></a>. p. 83. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643096158" title="Special:BookSources/9780643096158"><bdi>9780643096158</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202163500/http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=Fk5ud3uuLW8C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=Nypoideae&source=bl&ots=GLh89V2U04&sig=-rXN3kSbWv1-bOs8xgcDThEfC84&hl=vi&sa=X&ei=ekWRT4iCJ4TeigfavvSJBA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Nypoideae&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Palms%3A+Biogeography%2C+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780643096158&rft.au=John+Leslie+Dowe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFk5ud3uuLW8C%26q%3DNypoideae%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-UA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UA_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UA_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060621003136/http://arboretum.arizona.edu/palms.htm">"Palms on the University of Arizona Campus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arboretum.arizona.edu/palms.htm">the original</a> on June 21, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palms+on+the+University+of+Arizona+Campus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farboretum.arizona.edu%2Fpalms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hahn, W.J. (2002). <i>A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Palmae (Arecaceae) Based on atpB, rbcL, and 18S nrDNA Sequences (Systematic Botany 51(1): 92–112).</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Poinar2002-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poinar2002_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPoinar2002" class="citation journal cs1">Poinar, G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2002.00052.x">"Fossil palm flowers in Dominican and Baltic amber"</a>. <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>139</b> (4): 361–367. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2002.00052.x">10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00052.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Fossil+palm+flowers+in+Dominican+and+Baltic+amber&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=361-367&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2002.00052.x&rft.aulast=Poinar&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1095-8339.2002.00052.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-agricultural-significance-bundle-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agricultural-significance-bundle_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agricultural-significance-bundle_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agricultural-significance-bundle_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSee2011" class="citation news cs1">See, Sharon (18 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1147568/1/.html">"PE: Candidates unveil election symbols"</a>. <i>Channel News Asia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023101740/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1147568/1/.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Channel+News+Asia&rft.atitle=PE%3A+Candidates+unveil+election+symbols&rft.date=2011-08-18&rft.aulast=See&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fstories%2Fsingaporelocalnews%2Fview%2F1147568%2F1%2F.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mothership.sg/2019/08/tan-cheng-bock-cry-psp/">"Tan Cheng Bock cries twice speaking about succession & party recruitment at PSP launch event"</a>. <i>Mothership</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mothership&rft.atitle=Tan+Cheng+Bock+cries+twice+speaking+about+succession+%26+party+recruitment+at+PSP+launch+event&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmothership.sg%2F2019%2F08%2Ftan-cheng-bock-cry-psp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/psp-can-only-help-people-take-up-issues-if-voted-into-parliament-says-tan-cheng-bock-at">"PSP can help people take up issues only if voted into Parliament, says Tan Cheng Bock at party launch"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. 3 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=PSP+can+help+people+take+up+issues+only+if+voted+into+Parliament%2C+says+Tan+Cheng+Bock+at+party+launch&rft.date=2019-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpsp-can-only-help-people-take-up-issues-if-voted-into-parliament-says-tan-cheng-bock-at&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLemke2019" class="citation web cs1">Lemke, Rebekah (16 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crs.org/stories/3-must-know-facts-about-ash-wednesday">"3 MUST-KNOW FACTS ABOUT ASH WEDNESDAY"</a>. <i>Catholic Relief Services</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Relief+Services&rft.atitle=3+MUST-KNOW+FACTS+ABOUT+ASH+WEDNESDAY&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft.aulast=Lemke&rft.aufirst=Rebekah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crs.org%2Fstories%2F3-must-know-facts-about-ash-wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-KaheleHeartsHanaHou-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KaheleHeartsHanaHou_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRose_Kahele2007" class="citation web cs1">Rose Kahele (August–September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=591&MagazineID=38">"Big Island Hearts"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hana_Hou!" title="Hana Hou!">Hana Hou!</a> Vol. 10, No. 4</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826100500/http://www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=591&MagazineID=38">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hana+Hou%21+Vol.+10%2C+No.+4&rft.atitle=Big+Island+Hearts&rft.date=2007-08%2F2007-09&rft.au=Rose+Kahele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanahou.com%2Fpages%2FMagazine.asp%3FAction%3DDrawArticle%26ArticleID%3D591%26MagazineID%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Johnson1996" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Johnson, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114055220/http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/SSCwebsite/Act_Plans/Executive_Summary_Palms_Action_Plan_EN.pdf"><i>Palms: Their Conservation and Sustained Utilization</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Union for Conservation of Nature. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0352-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0352-7"><bdi>978-2-8317-0352-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/SSCwebsite/Act_Plans/Executive_Summary_Palms_Action_Plan_EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palms%3A+Their+Conservation+and+Sustained+Utilization&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0352-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintranet.iucn.org%2Fwebfiles%2Fdoc%2FSSC%2FSSCwebsite%2FAct_Plans%2FExecutive_Summary_Palms_Action_Plan_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-VPEconserv-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VPEconserv_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VPEconserv_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060815153142/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/conservation/vpe_conservation2.htm">"Palm Conservation: Its Atecedents, Status, and Needs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantapalm.com/Vpe/conservation/vpe_conservation2.htm">the original</a> on Aug 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palm+Conservation%3A+Its+Atecedents%2C+Status%2C+and+Needs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantapalm.com%2FVpe%2Fconservation%2Fvpe_conservation2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-doacs.state.fl.us-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doacs.state.fl.us_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202081139/http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/r.indica.html">"Pest Alerts - Red palm mite, DPI - FDACS"</a>. Doacs.state.fl.us. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/r.indica.html">the original</a> on 2010-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pest+Alerts+-+Red+palm+mite%2C+DPI+-+FDACS&rft.pub=Doacs.state.fl.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doacs.state.fl.us%2Fpi%2Fenpp%2Fento%2Fr.indica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Woodruff1968" class="citation journal cs1">Robert E. Woodruff (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724124842/http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent073.pdf">"The palm seed "weevil," <i>Caryobruchus gleditsiae</i> (L.) in Florida (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Entomology Circular</i>. <b>73</b>: 1–2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent073.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entomology+Circular&rft.atitle=The+palm+seed+%22weevil%2C%22+Caryobruchus+gleditsiae+%28L.%29+in+Florida+%28Coleoptera%3A+Bruchidae%29&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Robert+E.+Woodruff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freshfromflorida.com%2Fpi%2Fenpp%2Fento%2Fentcirc%2Fent073.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pestalert.org/viewNewsAlert.cfm?naid=38"><i>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070723191326/http://www.pestalert.org/viewNewsAlert.cfm?naid=38">Archived</a> 2007-07-23 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_American_Plant_Protection_Organization" title="North American Plant Protection Organization">North American Plant Protection Organization</a> (NAPPO)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferry & Gómez. 2002. The red palm weevil in the Mediterranean. Vol. 46, No 4, Palms (formerly Principes), Journal of the International Palm Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2002/redweevil.htm">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227052416/http://palms.org/palmsjournal/2002/redweevil.htm">Archived</a> 2009-02-27 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> link</span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1699/">"PlantFiles: Ailanthus Species, Chinese Sumac, Ghetto Palm, Stinking Sumac, Tree of Heaven, Varnish Tree"</a>. <i>Davesgarden.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Davesgarden.com&rft.atitle=PlantFiles%3A+Ailanthus+Species%2C+Chinese+Sumac%2C+Ghetto+Palm%2C+Stinking+Sumac%2C+Tree+of+Heaven%2C+Varnish+Tree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavesgarden.com%2Fguides%2Fpf%2Fgo%2F1699%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/ponytail-palm/ponytail-palm-care.htm">"StackPath"</a>. <i>Gardeningknowhow.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gardeningknowhow.com&rft.atitle=StackPath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardeningknowhow.com%2Fhouseplants%2Fponytail-palm%2Fponytail-palm-care.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/begonia-luxurians/">"Begonia luxurians"</a>. <i>Gardenersworld.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gardenersworld.com&rft.atitle=Begonia+luxurians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardenersworld.com%2Fplants%2Fbegonia-luxurians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/118974">"Blechnum appendiculatum (palm fern)"</a>. <i>Cabi.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cabi.org&rft.atitle=Blechnum+appendiculatum+%28palm+fern%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabi.org%2Fisc%2Fdatasheet%2F118974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/10/gardens-all-hail-the-vulcan-palm">"Gardens: all hail the vulcan palm"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 10 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gardens%3A+all+hail+the+vulcan+palm&rft.date=2016-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2016%2Fjan%2F10%2Fgardens-all-hail-the-vulcan-palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FAO_Tropical_Palms-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_Tropical_Palms_45-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FAO 1995. <i>Tropical Palms.</i>. Introduction. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0451E/X0451e03.htm">"Tropical Palms - Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831134230/http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0451E/X0451e03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tropical+Palms+-+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2FX0451E%2FX0451e03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span> <i>NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS</i> 10. FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-104213-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-5-104213-6">92-5-104213-6</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pondinformer.com/umbrella-palm-cyperus-alternifolius/">"How to Plant & Grow Umbrella Palm (Cyperus alternifolius)"</a>. <i>Pondinformer.com</i>. 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pondinformer.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Plant+%26+Grow+Umbrella+Palm+%28Cyperus+alternifolius%29&rft.date=2021-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpondinformer.com%2Fumbrella-palm-cyperus-alternifolius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gainesville.com/news/20040605/dealing-with-drought">"Dealing with drought"</a>. <i>Gainescille.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gainescille.com&rft.atitle=Dealing+with+drought&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gainesville.com%2Fnews%2F20040605%2Fdealing-with-drought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardenia.net/plant/dioon-spinulosum">"Dioon spinulosum (Giant Dioon)"</a>. <i>Gardenia.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gardenia.net&rft.atitle=Dioon+spinulosum+%28Giant+Dioon%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardenia.net%2Fplant%2Fdioon-spinulosum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homeguides.sfgate.com/trimming-dracaena-dragon-palm-31228.html">"Trimming the Dracaena Dragon Palm"</a>. <i>Homeguide.sfgate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Homeguide.sfgate&rft.atitle=Trimming+the+Dracaena+Dragon+Palm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomeguides.sfgate.com%2Ftrimming-dracaena-dragon-palm-31228.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanctuarysimon.org/dbtools/species-database/id/461/eisenia/arborea/southern-sea-palm">"SIMoN :: Species Database"</a>. <i>Sanctuarysimon.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanctuarysimon.org&rft.atitle=SIMoN+%3A%3A+Species+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanctuarysimon.org%2Fdbtools%2Fspecies-database%2Fid%2F461%2Feisenia%2Farborea%2Fsouthern-sea-palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/fatsia-japonica/">"Fatsia japonica (Big-leaf paper plant, Figleaf Palm, Formosa rice tree, Glossy-Leaved Paper Plant, Japanese Aralia, Japanese Fatsia, Paper Plant) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"</a>. <i>Plants.ces.ncsu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants.ces.ncsu.edu&rft.atitle=Fatsia+japonica+%28Big-leaf+paper+plant%2C+Figleaf+Palm%2C+Formosa+rice+tree%2C+Glossy-Leaved+Paper+Plant%2C+Japanese+Aralia%2C+Japanese+Fatsia%2C+Paper+Plant%29+%26%23124%3B+North+Carolina+Extension+Gardener+Plant+Toolbox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.ces.ncsu.edu%2Fplants%2Ffatsia-japonica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jungledragon.com/image/96668/palm_tree_moss_-_hypnodendron_comosum.html">"Palm Tree Moss - Hypnodendron comosum - by Patomarazul - JungleDragon"</a>. <i>Jungledragon.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jungledragon.com&rft.atitle=Palm+Tree+Moss+-+Hypnodendron+comosum+-+by+Patomarazul+-+JungleDragon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jungledragon.com%2Fimage%2F96668%2Fpalm_tree_moss_-_hypnodendron_comosum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutpalmtrees.com/banana-palm-tree">"Banana Palm Tree"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banana+Palm+Tree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutpalmtrees.com%2Fbanana-palm-tree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RHSPF-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RHSPF_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/78365/Pachypodium-lamerei/Details">"RHS Plant Selector - <i>Pachypodium lamerei</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RHS+Plant+Selector+-+Pachypodium+lamerei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F78365%2FPachypodium-lamerei%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf">"AGM Plants - Ornamental"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rhs.org.uk</i>. July 2017. p. 70<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rhs.org.uk&rft.atitle=AGM+Plants+-+Ornamental&rft.pages=70&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fpdfs%2Fagm-lists%2Fagm-ornamentals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardenia.net/plant/yucca-brevifolia">"Yucca brevifolia (Joshua Tree)"</a>. <i>Gardenia.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gardenia.net&rft.atitle=Yucca+brevifolia+%28Joshua+Tree%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardenia.net%2Fplant%2Fyucca-brevifolia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardenia.net/plant/yucca-filamentosa-adam-needle">"Yucca filamentosa (Adam's Needle)"</a>. <i>Gardenia.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gardenia.net&rft.atitle=Yucca+filamentosa+%28Adam%27s+Needle%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardenia.net%2Fplant%2Fyucca-filamentosa-adam-needle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/182647/yucca-filifera/details">"Yucca filifera | St. Peter's palm Conservatory Greenhouse/RHS Gardening"</a>. <i>Rhs.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rhs.org.uk&rft.atitle=Yucca+filifera+%26%23124%3B+St.+Peter%27s+palm+Conservatory+Greenhouse%2FRHS+Gardening&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2F182647%2Fyucca-filifera%2Fdetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/cardboard-palm-plants/growing-cardboard-palms.htm">"What Is A Zamia Cardboard Palm: Tips On Growing Cardboard Palms"</a>. <i>Gardeningknowhow.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gardeningknowhow.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+A+Zamia+Cardboard+Palm%3A+Tips+On+Growing+Cardboard+Palms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardeningknowhow.com%2Fhouseplants%2Fcardboard-palm-plants%2Fgrowing-cardboard-palms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature-and-garden.com/gardening/zamioculcas.html">"Zamioculcas, a survivor plant born eons ago - and perfect for the home!"</a>. <i>Nature-and-garden.com</i>. 2 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature-and-garden.com&rft.atitle=Zamioculcas%2C+a+survivor+plant+born+eons+ago+-+and+perfect+for+the+home%21&rft.date=2021-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature-and-garden.com%2Fgardening%2Fzamioculcas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="General_sources">General sources</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li>Dransfield J., Uhl N.W., Asmussen C.B., Baker W.J., Harley M.M., Lewis C.E. (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215898364_A_new_phylogenetic_classification_of_the_palm_family_Arecaceae">"A new phylogenetic classification of the palm family, Arecaceae"</a>. <i>Kew Bulletin</i> 60: 559–569. (Latest Arecaceae or Palmae classification.)</li>
<li>Hahn, W. J. (February 2002). "A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Palmae (Arecaceae) Based on atpB, rbcL, and 18S nrDNA Sequences". <i>Systematic Botany</i> <b>51</b>(1): 92–112. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3070898">3070898</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_%27Schultzenstein%27_Schultz" title="Carl Heinrich 'Schultzenstein' Schultz">Schultz-Schultzenstein, C. H.</a> (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natrlichessyste00schugoog/mode/2up"><i>Natürliches System des Pflanzenreichs...</i></a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natrlichessyste00schugoog/page/n358/mode/2up">317</a>. Berlin, Germany. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arecaceae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></span>.</td></tr>
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<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arecaceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page">Palmpedia</a>—A wiki-based site dedicated to high quality images and information on palm trees.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105052552/http://www.fairchildgarden.org/palmguide/">Fairchild Guide to Palms</a>—A collection of palm images, scientific data, and horticultural information hosted by Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221259/http://www.kew.org/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?PALMAE">Kew Botanic Garden's Palm Genera list</a>—A list of the currently acknowledged genera by Kew Royal Botanic Gardens in London, England (Archived 2007)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/">Palm species listing with images</a>—Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia (PACSOA)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantapalm.com">Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida, Inc. (PACSOF)</a>, which includes pages on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074035/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/taxonomy/vpe_taxonomy3.htm">Arecaceae taxonomy</a> and a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050131042030/http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/photos/vpe_photos.htm">photo index</a>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSterken2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sterken, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217121617/http://www.treeworld.info/attachments/f29/8774d1227613501-diagnostico-visual-de-arbolado-y-palmeras-psb54-4-short.pdf">"The Elastic Stability of Palms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Plant Science Bulletin</i>. <b>54</b> (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treeworld.info/attachments/f29/8774d1227613501-diagnostico-visual-de-arbolado-y-palmeras-psb54-4-short.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Science+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Elastic+Stability+of+Palms&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Sterken&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treeworld.info%2Fattachments%2Ff29%2F8774d1227613501-diagnostico-visual-de-arbolado-y-palmeras-psb54-4-short.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArecaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/PALM.html">Palmaceae</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html">BoDD—Botanical Dermatology Database</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arecaceae_genera" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Arecaceae_genera" title="Template:Arecaceae genera"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Arecaceae_genera" title="Template talk:Arecaceae genera"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Arecaceae_genera&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arecaceae_genera" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arecaceae</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Arecaceae_genera" title="List of Arecaceae genera">genera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Baker_&amp;_Dransfield_(2016)_taxonomy">Baker & <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Dransfield" title="John Dransfield">Dransfield</a> (2016) taxonomy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calamoideae" title="Calamoideae">Calamoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eugeissoneae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugeissoneae">Eugeissoneae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eugeissona" title="Eugeissona">Eugeissona</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lepidocaryeae" title="Lepidocaryeae">Lepidocaryeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oncocalamus" title="Oncocalamus">Oncocalamus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eremospatha" title="Eremospatha">Eremospatha</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laccosperma" title="Laccosperma">Laccosperma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raphia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lepidocaryum" title="Lepidocaryum">Lepidocaryum</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritia" title="Mauritia">Mauritia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritiella" title="Mauritiella">Mauritiella</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calameae" title="Calameae">Calameae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korthalsia" title="Korthalsia">Korthalsia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleiodoxa" title="Eleiodoxa">Eleiodoxa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salacca" title="Salacca">Salacca</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metroxylon" title="Metroxylon">Metroxylon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pigafetta" title="Pigafetta">Pigafetta</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plectocomia" title="Plectocomia">Plectocomia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myrialepis" title="Myrialepis">Myrialepis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plectocomiopsis" title="Plectocomiopsis">Plectocomiopsis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calamus_(palm)" title="Calamus (palm)">Calamus</a></i></li></ul>
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<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coryphoideae" title="Coryphoideae">Coryphoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabaleae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaleae">Sabaleae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabal" title="Sabal">Sabal</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cryosophileae" title="Cryosophileae">Cryosophileae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schippia" title="Schippia">Schippia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trithrinax" title="Trithrinax">Trithrinax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zombia" title="Zombia">Zombia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coccothrinax" title="Coccothrinax">Coccothrinax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hemithrinax" title="Hemithrinax">Hemithrinax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leucothrinax" title="Leucothrinax">Leucothrinax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thrinax" title="Thrinax">Thrinax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chelyocarpus" title="Chelyocarpus">Chelyocarpus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cryosophila" title="Cryosophila">Cryosophila</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itaya" title="Itaya">Itaya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabinaria" title="Sabinaria">Sabinaria</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoeniceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoeniceae">Phoeniceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenix_(plant)" title="Phoenix (plant)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trachycarpeae" title="Trachycarpeae">Trachycarpeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamaerops" title="Chamaerops">Chamaerops</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guihaia" title="Guihaia">Guihaia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trachycarpus" title="Trachycarpus">Trachycarpus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhapidophyllum" title="Rhapidophyllum">Rhapidophyllum</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maxburretia" title="Maxburretia">Maxburretia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhapis" title="Rhapis">Rhapis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livistona" title="Livistona">Livistona</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Licuala" title="Licuala">Licuala</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johannesteijsmannia" title="Johannesteijsmannia">Johannesteijsmannia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pholidocarpus" title="Pholidocarpus">Pholidocarpus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saribus" title="Saribus">Saribus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lanonia" title="Lanonia">Lanonia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acoelorrhaphe" title="Acoelorrhaphe">Acoelorrhaphe</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Serenoa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brahea" title="Brahea">Brahea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colpothrinax" title="Colpothrinax">Colpothrinax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copernicia" title="Copernicia">Copernicia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pritchardia" title="Pritchardia">Pritchardia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washingtonia" title="Washingtonia">Washingtonia</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuniophoeniceae" title="Chuniophoeniceae">Chuniophoeniceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuniophoenix" title="Chuniophoenix">Chuniophoenix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerriodoxa" title="Kerriodoxa">Kerriodoxa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nannorrhops" title="Nannorrhops">Nannorrhops</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tahina_spectabilis" title="Tahina spectabilis">Tahina</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caryoteae" title="Caryoteae">Caryoteae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caryota" title="Caryota">Caryota</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arenga" title="Arenga">Arenga</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corypheae" title="Corypheae">Corypheae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corypha" title="Corypha">Corypha</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borasseae" title="Borasseae">Borasseae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bismarckia" title="Bismarckia">Bismarckia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satranala" title="Satranala">Satranala</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyphaene" title="Hyphaene">Hyphaene</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medemia" title="Medemia">Medemia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latania" title="Latania">Latania</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lodoicea" title="Lodoicea">Lodoicea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borassodendron" title="Borassodendron">Borassodendron</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borassus" title="Borassus">Borassus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceroxyloideae" title="Ceroxyloideae">Ceroxyloideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pseudophoenix" title="Pseudophoenix">Pseudophoenix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceroxylon" title="Ceroxylon">Ceroxylon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juania" title="Juania">Juania</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oraniopsis" title="Oraniopsis">Oraniopsis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ravenea" title="Ravenea">Ravenea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ammandra" title="Ammandra">Ammandra</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aphandra" title="Aphandra">Aphandra</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phytelephas" title="Phytelephas">Phytelephas</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arecoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arecoideae">Arecoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podococcus" title="Podococcus">Podococcus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orania_(plant)" title="Orania (plant)">Orania</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sclerosperma" title="Sclerosperma">Sclerosperma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roystonea" title="Roystonea">Roystonea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reinhardtia" title="Reinhardtia">Reinhardtia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manicaria" title="Manicaria">Manicaria</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyospathe" title="Hyospathe">Hyospathe</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leopoldinia" title="Leopoldinia">Leopoldinia</a></i></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iriarteeae" title="Iriarteeae">Iriarteeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iriartella" title="Iriartella">Iriartella</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dictyocaryum" title="Dictyocaryum">Dictyocaryum</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iriartea" title="Iriartea">Iriartea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socratea" title="Socratea">Socratea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wettinia" title="Wettinia">Wettinia</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamaedoreeae" title="Chamaedoreeae">Chamaedoreeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyophorbe" title="Hyophorbe">Hyophorbe</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wendlandiella" title="Wendlandiella">Wendlandiella</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synechanthus" title="Synechanthus">Synechanthus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamaedorea" title="Chamaedorea">Chamaedorea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaussia_(plant)" title="Gaussia (plant)">Gaussia</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocoseae" title="Cocoseae">Cocoseae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beccariophoenix" title="Beccariophoenix">Beccariophoenix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jubaeopsis" title="Jubaeopsis">Jubaeopsis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voanioala" title="Voanioala">Voanioala</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allagoptera" title="Allagoptera">Allagoptera</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attalea_(plant)" title="Attalea (plant)">Attalea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Butia" title="Butia">Butia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocos_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos (plant)">Cocos</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jubaea" title="Jubaea">Jubaea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lytocaryum" title="Lytocaryum">Lytocaryum</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syagrus_(plant)" title="Syagrus (plant)">Syagrus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parajubaea" title="Parajubaea">Parajubaea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acrocomia" title="Acrocomia">Acrocomia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astrocaryum" title="Astrocaryum">Astrocaryum</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aiphanes" title="Aiphanes">Aiphanes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bactris" title="Bactris">Bactris</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desmoncus" title="Desmoncus">Desmoncus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barcella" title="Barcella">Barcella</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis">Elaeis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euterpeae" title="Euterpeae">Euterpeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euterpe_(plant)" title="Euterpe (plant)">Euterpe</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prestoea" title="Prestoea">Prestoea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neonicholsonia" title="Neonicholsonia">Neonicholsonia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oenocarpus" title="Oenocarpus">Oenocarpus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geonomateae" title="Geonomateae">Geonomateae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welfia" title="Welfia">Welfia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pholidostachys" title="Pholidostachys">Pholidostachys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calyptrogyne" title="Calyptrogyne">Calyptrogyne</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calyptronoma" title="Calyptronoma">Calyptronoma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asterogyne" title="Asterogyne">Asterogyne</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geonoma" title="Geonoma">Geonoma</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelagodoxeae" title="Pelagodoxeae">Pelagodoxeae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelagodoxa" title="Pelagodoxa">Pelagodoxa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sommieria" title="Sommieria">Sommieria</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Areceae" title="Areceae">Areceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Actinorhytis" title="Actinorhytis">Actinorhytis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archontophoenix" title="Archontophoenix">Archontophoenix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Actinokentia" title="Actinokentia">Actinokentia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chambeyronia" title="Chambeyronia">Chambeyronia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kentiopsis" title="Kentiopsis">Kentiopsis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nenga" title="Nenga">Nenga</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinanga" title="Pinanga">Pinanga</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basselinia" title="Basselinia">Basselinia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burretiokentia" title="Burretiokentia">Burretiokentia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyphophoenix" title="Cyphophoenix">Cyphophoenix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyphosperma" title="Cyphosperma">Cyphosperma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lepidorrhachis" title="Lepidorrhachis">Lepidorrhachis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physokentia" title="Physokentia">Physokentia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpoxylon" title="Carpoxylon">Carpoxylon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satakentia" title="Satakentia">Satakentia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neoveitchia" title="Neoveitchia">Neoveitchia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyphokentia" title="Cyphokentia">Cyphokentia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clinosperma" title="Clinosperma">Clinosperma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dypsis" title="Dypsis">Dypsis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lemurophoenix" title="Lemurophoenix">Lemurophoenix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marojejya" title="Marojejya">Marojejya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masoala" title="Masoala">Masoala</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calyptrocalyx" title="Calyptrocalyx">Calyptrocalyx</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linospadix" title="Linospadix">Linospadix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howea" title="Howea">Howea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laccospadix" title="Laccospadix">Laccospadix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oncosperma" title="Oncosperma">Oncosperma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deckenia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deckenia (plant)">Deckenia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acanthophoenix" title="Acanthophoenix">Acanthophoenix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tectiphiala" title="Tectiphiala">Tectiphiala</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptychosperma" title="Ptychosperma">Ptychosperma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponapea" title="Ponapea">Ponapea</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adonidia" title="Adonidia">Adonidia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solfia" class="mw-redirect" title="Solfia">Solfia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaka_(plant)" title="Balaka (plant)">Balaka</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veitchia" title="Veitchia">Veitchia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpentaria" title="Carpentaria">Carpentaria</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wodyetia" title="Wodyetia">Wodyetia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drymophloeus" title="Drymophloeus">Drymophloeus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Normanbya" title="Normanbya">Normanbya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brassiophoenix" title="Brassiophoenix">Brassiophoenix</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptychococcus" title="Ptychococcus">Ptychococcus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jailoloa" title="Jailoloa">Jailoloa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manjekia" title="Manjekia">Manjekia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wallaceodoxa" title="Wallaceodoxa">Wallaceodoxa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhopalostylis" title="Rhopalostylis">Rhopalostylis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hedyscepe" title="Hedyscepe">Hedyscepe</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nephrosperma" title="Nephrosperma">Nephrosperma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenicophorium" title="Phoenicophorium">Phoenicophorium</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roscheria" title="Roscheria">Roscheria</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verschaffeltia" title="Verschaffeltia">Verschaffeltia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bentinckia" title="Bentinckia">Bentinckia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clinostigma" title="Clinostigma">Clinostigma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrtostachys" title="Cyrtostachys">Cyrtostachys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dictyosperma" title="Dictyosperma">Dictyosperma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dransfieldia" title="Dransfieldia">Dransfieldia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heterospathe" title="Heterospathe">Heterospathe</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydriastele" title="Hydriastele">Hydriastele</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iguanura" title="Iguanura">Iguanura</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loxococcus" title="Loxococcus">Loxococcus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhopaloblaste" title="Rhopaloblaste">Rhopaloblaste</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Families_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;;background:#90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#C3EEC3;;background:#90EE90;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Angiosperm_families" title="Template talk:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#C3EEC3;;background:#90EE90;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Angiosperm_families&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#C3EEC3;;background:#90EE90;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Families_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Families of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal<div style="clear:both;"></div>angio<div style="clear:both;"></div>sperms</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amborellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellaceae">Amborellaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydatellaceae" title="Hydatellaceae">Hydatellaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabombaceae" title="Cabombaceae">Cabombaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Nymphaeaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austrobaileyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrobaileyaceae">Austrobaileyaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trimeniaceae" title="Trimeniaceae">Trimeniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schisandraceae" title="Schisandraceae">Schisandraceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;-ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Mesangiospermae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canellaceae" title="Canellaceae">Canellaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winteraceae" title="Winteraceae">Winteraceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calycanthaceae" title="Calycanthaceae">Calycanthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siparunaceae" title="Siparunaceae">Siparunaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gomortegaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomortegaceae">Gomortegaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atherospermataceae" title="Atherospermataceae">Atherospermataceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hernandiaceae" title="Hernandiaceae">Hernandiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monimiaceae" title="Monimiaceae">Monimiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myristicaceae" title="Myristicaceae">Myristicaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnoliaceae" title="Magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Degeneriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneriaceae">Degeneriaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Himantandraceae" title="Himantandraceae">Himantandraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eupomatiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupomatiaceae">Eupomatiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annonaceae" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saururaceae" title="Saururaceae">Saururaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aristolochiaceae" title="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chlor<div style="clear:both;"></div>anthales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chloranthaceae" title="Chloranthaceae">Chloranthaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoraceae">Acoraceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tofieldiaceae" title="Tofieldiaceae">Tofieldiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alismataceae" title="Alismataceae">Alismataceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Butomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Butomaceae">Butomaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrocharitaceae" title="Hydrocharitaceae">Hydrocharitaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scheuchzeriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheuchzeriaceae">Scheuchzeriaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aponogetonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aponogetonaceae">Aponogetonaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juncaginaceae" title="Juncaginaceae">Juncaginaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maundiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maundiaceae">Maundiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zosteraceae" title="Zosteraceae">Zosteraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Potamogetonaceae" title="Potamogetonaceae">Potamogetonaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Posidoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Posidoniaceae">Posidoniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruppiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruppiaceae">Ruppiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cymodoceaceae" title="Cymodoceaceae">Cymodoceaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dasypogonaceae" title="Dasypogonaceae">Dasypogonaceae</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arecaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boryaceae" title="Boryaceae">Boryaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blandfordiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blandfordiaceae">Blandfordiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asteliaceae" title="Asteliaceae">Asteliaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lanariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanariaceae">Lanariaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypoxidaceae" title="Hypoxidaceae">Hypoxidaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doryanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Doryanthaceae">Doryanthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ixioliriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixioliriaceae">Ixioliriaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tecophilaeaceae" title="Tecophilaeaceae">Tecophilaeaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xeronemataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeronemataceae">Xeronemataceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asphodelaceae" title="Asphodelaceae">Asphodelaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanguanaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanguanaceae">Hanguanaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commelinaceae" title="Commelinaceae">Commelinaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philydraceae" title="Philydraceae">Philydraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pontederiaceae" title="Pontederiaceae">Pontederiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haemodoraceae" title="Haemodoraceae">Haemodoraceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campynemataceae" title="Campynemataceae">Campynemataceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corsiaceae" title="Corsiaceae">Corsiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanthiaceae" title="Melanthiaceae">Melanthiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petermanniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petermanniaceae">Petermanniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alstroemeriaceae" title="Alstroemeriaceae">Alstroemeriaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colchicaceae" title="Colchicaceae">Colchicaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philesiaceae" title="Philesiaceae">Philesiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ripogonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripogonaceae">Ripogonaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triuridaceae" title="Triuridaceae">Triuridaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Velloziaceae" title="Velloziaceae">Velloziaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyclanthaceae" title="Cyclanthaceae">Cyclanthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandanaceae" title="Pandanaceae">Pandanaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Typhaceae" title="Typhaceae">Typhaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapateaceae" title="Rapateaceae">Rapateaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xyridaceae" title="Xyridaceae">Xyridaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eriocaulaceae" title="Eriocaulaceae">Eriocaulaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayacaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayacaceae">Mayacaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thurniaceae" title="Thurniaceae">Thurniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">Juncaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restionaceae" title="Restionaceae">Restionaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flagellariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellariaceae">Flagellariaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joinvilleaceae" title="Joinvilleaceae">Joinvilleaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecdeiocoleaceae" title="Ecdeiocoleaceae">Ecdeiocoleaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strelitziaceae" title="Strelitziaceae">Strelitziaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lowiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowiaceae">Lowiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heliconiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliconiaceae">Heliconiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannaceae">Cannaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marantaceae" title="Marantaceae">Marantaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costaceae" title="Costaceae">Costaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buxaceae" title="Buxaceae">Buxaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabiaceae" title="Sabiaceae">Sabiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nelumbonaceae" title="Nelumbonaceae">Nelumbonaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Platanaceae" title="Platanaceae">Platanaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae">Proteaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eupteleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupteleaceae">Eupteleaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circaeasteraceae" title="Circaeasteraceae">Circaeasteraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lardizabalaceae" title="Lardizabalaceae">Lardizabalaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menispermaceae" title="Menispermaceae">Menispermaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berberidaceae" title="Berberidaceae">Berberidaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trochodendrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochodendrales">Trochodendrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendraceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dilleniaceae" title="Dilleniaceae">Dilleniaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myrothamnaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrothamnaceae">Myrothamnaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunneraceae" title="Gunneraceae">Gunneraceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;-ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altingiaceae" title="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cercidiphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daphniphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aphanopetalaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanopetalaceae">Aphanopetalaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetracarpaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penthoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rosids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;-ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vitales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitales">Vitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;-ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabids">Fabids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apodanthaceae" title="Apodanthaceae">Apodanthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anisophylleaceae" title="Anisophylleaceae">Anisophylleaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corynocarpaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corynocarpaceae">Corynocarpaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coriariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriariaceae">Coriariaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetramelaceae" title="Tetramelaceae">Tetramelaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Datiscaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Datiscaceae">Datiscaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Begoniaceae" title="Begoniaceae">Begoniaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quillajaceae" title="Quillajaceae">Quillajaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surianaceae" title="Surianaceae">Surianaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polygalaceae" title="Polygalaceae">Polygalaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nothofagaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothofagaceae">Nothofagaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myricaceae" title="Myricaceae">Myricaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juglandaceae" title="Juglandaceae">Juglandaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casuarinaceae" title="Casuarinaceae">Casuarinaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ticodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticodendraceae">Ticodendraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbeyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeyaceae">Barbeyaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dirachmaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirachmaceae">Dirachmaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elaeagnaceae" title="Elaeagnaceae">Elaeagnaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhamnaceae" title="Rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krameriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Krameriaceae">Krameriaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zygophyllaceae" title="Zygophyllaceae">Zygophyllaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lepidobotryaceae" title="Lepidobotryaceae">Lepidobotryaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandaceae" title="Pandaceae">Pandaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irvingiaceae" title="Irvingiaceae">Irvingiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ctenolophonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenolophonaceae">Ctenolophonaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erythroxylaceae" title="Erythroxylaceae">Erythroxylaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ochnaceae" title="Ochnaceae">Ochnaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonnetiaceae" title="Bonnetiaceae">Bonnetiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae">Clusiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calophyllaceae" title="Calophyllaceae">Calophyllaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podostemaceae" title="Podostemaceae">Podostemaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypericaceae" title="Hypericaceae">Hypericaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caryocaraceae" title="Caryocaraceae">Caryocaraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lophopyxidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophopyxidaceae">Lophopyxidaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putranjivaceae" title="Putranjivaceae">Putranjivaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centroplacaceae" title="Centroplacaceae">Centroplacaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elatinaceae" title="Elatinaceae">Elatinaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balanopaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanopaceae">Balanopaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trigoniaceae" title="Trigoniaceae">Trigoniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dichapetalaceae" title="Dichapetalaceae">Dichapetalaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euphroniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphroniaceae">Euphroniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chrysobalanaceae" title="Chrysobalanaceae">Chrysobalanaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humiriaceae" title="Humiriaceae">Humiriaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achariaceae" title="Achariaceae">Achariaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goupiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Goupiaceae">Goupiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Passifloraceae" title="Passifloraceae">Passifloraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lacistemataceae" title="Lacistemataceae">Lacistemataceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">Salicaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peraceae" title="Peraceae">Peraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rafflesiaceae" title="Rafflesiaceae">Rafflesiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ixonanthaceae" title="Ixonanthaceae">Ixonanthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Picrodendraceae" title="Picrodendraceae">Picrodendraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phyllanthaceae" title="Phyllanthaceae">Phyllanthaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huaceae" title="Huaceae">Huaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Connaraceae" title="Connaraceae">Connaraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxalidaceae" title="Oxalidaceae">Oxalidaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cunoniaceae" title="Cunoniaceae">Cunoniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elaeocarpaceae" title="Elaeocarpaceae">Elaeocarpaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cephalotaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalotaceae">Cephalotaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunelliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelliaceae">Brunelliaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;-ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvids">Malvids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akaniaceae" title="Akaniaceae">Akaniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropaeolaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropaeolaceae">Tropaeolaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moringaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Moringaceae">Moringaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caricaceae" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limnanthaceae" title="Limnanthaceae">Limnanthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Setchellanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setchellanthaceae">Setchellanthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koeberliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Koeberliniaceae">Koeberliniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataceae">Bataceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvadoraceae" title="Salvadoraceae">Salvadoraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emblingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblingiaceae">Emblingiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tovariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tovariaceae">Tovariaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pentadiplandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadiplandraceae">Pentadiplandraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gyrostemonaceae" title="Gyrostemonaceae">Gyrostemonaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Resedaceae" title="Resedaceae">Resedaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capparaceae" title="Capparaceae">Capparaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleomaceae" title="Cleomaceae">Cleomaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aphloiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphloiaceae">Aphloiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geissolomataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geissolomataceae">Geissolomataceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strasburgeriaceae" title="Strasburgeriaceae">Strasburgeriaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staphyleaceae" title="Staphyleaceae">Staphyleaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guamatelaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamatelaceae">Guamatelaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stachyuraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stachyuraceae">Stachyuraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crossosomataceae" title="Crossosomataceae">Crossosomataceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geraniaceae" title="Geraniaceae">Geraniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francoaceae" title="Francoaceae">Francoaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerrardinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrardinaceae">Gerrardinaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petenaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petenaeaceae">Petenaeaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tapisciaceae" title="Tapisciaceae">Tapisciaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dipentodontaceae" title="Dipentodontaceae">Dipentodontaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cytinaceae" title="Cytinaceae">Cytinaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muntingiaceae" title="Muntingiaceae">Muntingiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neuradaceae" title="Neuradaceae">Neuradaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sphaerosepalaceae" title="Sphaerosepalaceae">Sphaerosepalaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thymelaeaceae" title="Thymelaeaceae">Thymelaeaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bixaceae" title="Bixaceae">Bixaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cistaceae" title="Cistaceae">Cistaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarcolaenaceae" title="Sarcolaenaceae">Sarcolaenaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combretaceae" title="Combretaceae">Combretaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">Onagraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vochysiaceae" title="Vochysiaceae">Vochysiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crypteroniaceae" title="Crypteroniaceae">Crypteroniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alzateaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzateaceae">Alzateaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penaeaceae" title="Penaeaceae">Penaeaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Picramniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Picramniales">Picramniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Picramniaceae" title="Picramniaceae">Picramniaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biebersteiniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Biebersteiniaceae">Biebersteiniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nitrariaceae" title="Nitrariaceae">Nitrariaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkiaceae" title="Kirkiaceae">Kirkiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burseraceae" title="Burseraceae">Burseraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sapindaceae" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simaroubaceae" title="Simaroubaceae">Simaroubaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meliaceae" title="Meliaceae">Meliaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;-ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aextoxicaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aextoxicaceae">Aextoxicaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berberidopsidaceae" title="Berberidopsidaceae">Berberidopsidaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frankeniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankeniaceae">Frankeniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamaricaceae" title="Tamaricaceae">Tamaricaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plumbaginaceae" title="Plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Droseraceae" title="Droseraceae">Droseraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepenthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepenthaceae">Nepenthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drosophyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Drosophyllaceae">Drosophyllaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dioncophyllaceae" title="Dioncophyllaceae">Dioncophyllaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancistrocladaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancistrocladaceae">Ancistrocladaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhabdodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdodendraceae">Rhabdodendraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simmondsiaceae" title="Simmondsiaceae">Simmondsiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physenaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physenaceae">Physenaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asteropeiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteropeiaceae">Asteropeiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macarthuriaceae" title="Macarthuriaceae">Macarthuriaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Microteaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Microteaceae">Microteaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achatocarpaceae" title="Achatocarpaceae">Achatocarpaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stegnospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegnospermataceae">Stegnospermataceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limeaceae">Limeaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lophiocarpaceae" title="Lophiocarpaceae">Lophiocarpaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kewaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewaceae">Kewaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbeuiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeuiaceae">Barbeuiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gisekiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisekiaceae">Gisekiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aizoaceae" title="Aizoaceae">Aizoaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phytolaccaceae" title="Phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petiveriaceae" title="Petiveriaceae">Petiveriaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarcobataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcobataceae">Sarcobataceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyctaginaceae" title="Nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molluginaceae" title="Molluginaceae">Molluginaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montiaceae" title="Montiaceae">Montiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Didiereaceae" title="Didiereaceae">Didiereaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basellaceae" title="Basellaceae">Basellaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halophytaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytaceae">Halophytaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talinaceae" title="Talinaceae">Talinaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portulacaceae" title="Portulacaceae">Portulacaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anacampserotaceae" title="Anacampserotaceae">Anacampserotaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cactaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olacaceae" title="Olacaceae">Olacaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opiliaceae" title="Opiliaceae">Opiliaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balanophoraceae" title="Balanophoraceae">Balanophoraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santalaceae" title="Santalaceae">Santalaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Misodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Misodendraceae">Misodendraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schoepfiaceae" title="Schoepfiaceae">Schoepfiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loranthaceae" title="Loranthaceae">Loranthaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asterids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;-ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyssaceae" title="Nyssaceae">Nyssaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrostachyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostachyaceae">Hydrostachyaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrangeaceae" title="Hydrangeaceae">Hydrangeaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loasaceae" title="Loasaceae">Loasaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curtisiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtisiaceae">Curtisiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grubbiaceae" title="Grubbiaceae">Grubbiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornaceae" title="Cornaceae">Cornaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balsaminaceae" title="Balsaminaceae">Balsaminaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marcgraviaceae" title="Marcgraviaceae">Marcgraviaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetrameristaceae" title="Tetrameristaceae">Tetrameristaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fouquieriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouquieriaceae">Fouquieriaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polemoniaceae" title="Polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lecythidaceae" title="Lecythidaceae">Lecythidaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sladeniaceae" title="Sladeniaceae">Sladeniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pentaphylacaceae" title="Pentaphylacaceae">Pentaphylacaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sapotaceae" title="Sapotaceae">Sapotaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ebenaceae" title="Ebenaceae">Ebenaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Primulaceae" title="Primulaceae">Primulaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theaceae" title="Theaceae">Theaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symplocaceae" title="Symplocaceae">Symplocaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diapensiaceae" title="Diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Styracaceae" title="Styracaceae">Styracaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarraceniaceae" title="Sarraceniaceae">Sarraceniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roridulaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roridulaceae">Roridulaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Actinidiaceae" title="Actinidiaceae">Actinidiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clethraceae" title="Clethraceae">Clethraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrillaceae" title="Cyrillaceae">Cyrillaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitrastemonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitrastemonaceae">Mitrastemonaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;-ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamiids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiids">Lamiids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oncothecaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncothecaceae">Oncothecaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Icacinaceae" title="Icacinaceae">Icacinaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metteniusales" class="mw-redirect" title="Metteniusales">Metteniusales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metteniusaceae" title="Metteniusaceae">Metteniusaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eucommiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucommiaceae">Eucommiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garryaceae" title="Garryaceae">Garryaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gentianaceae" title="Gentianaceae">Gentianaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loganiaceae" title="Loganiaceae">Loganiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gelsemiaceae" title="Gelsemiaceae">Gelsemiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vahliales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliales">Vahliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vahliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliaceae">Vahliaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montiniaceae" title="Montiniaceae">Montiniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sphenocleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenocleaceae">Sphenocleaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydroleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroleaceae">Hydroleaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plocospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plocospermataceae">Plocospermataceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlemanniaceae" title="Carlemanniaceae">Carlemanniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetrachondraceae" title="Tetrachondraceae">Tetrachondraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calceolariaceae" title="Calceolariaceae">Calceolariaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gesneriaceae" title="Gesneriaceae">Gesneriaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plantaginaceae" title="Plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scrophulariaceae" title="Scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stilbaceae" title="Stilbaceae">Stilbaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linderniaceae" title="Linderniaceae">Linderniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byblidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Byblidaceae">Byblidaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martyniaceae" title="Martyniaceae">Martyniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedaliaceae" title="Pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lentibulariaceae" title="Lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schlegeliaceae" title="Schlegeliaceae">Schlegeliaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomandersiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomandersiaceae">Thomandersiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazaceae" title="Mazaceae">Mazaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phrymaceae" title="Phrymaceae">Phrymaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paulowniaceae" title="Paulowniaceae">Paulowniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;-ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campanulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulids">Campanulids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pennantiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennantiaceae">Pennantiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torricelliaceae" title="Torricelliaceae">Torricelliaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Griseliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Griseliniaceae">Griseliniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pittosporaceae" title="Pittosporaceae">Pittosporaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Araliaceae" title="Araliaceae">Araliaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myodocarpaceae" title="Myodocarpaceae">Myodocarpaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stemonuraceae" title="Stemonuraceae">Stemonuraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cardiopteridaceae" title="Cardiopteridaceae">Cardiopteridaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phyllonomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllonomaceae">Phyllonomaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helwingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Helwingiaceae">Helwingiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquifoliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifoliaceae">Aquifoliaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rousseaceae" title="Rousseaceae">Rousseaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campanulaceae" title="Campanulaceae">Campanulaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pentaphragmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaphragmataceae">Pentaphragmataceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stylidiaceae" title="Stylidiaceae">Stylidiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alseuosmiaceae" title="Alseuosmiaceae">Alseuosmiaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phellinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellinaceae">Phellinaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argophyllaceae" title="Argophyllaceae">Argophyllaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menyanthaceae" title="Menyanthaceae">Menyanthaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goodeniaceae" title="Goodeniaceae">Goodeniaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calyceraceae" title="Calyceraceae">Calyceraceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columelliaceae" title="Columelliaceae">Columelliaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruniaceae" title="Bruniaceae">Bruniaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adoxaceae" title="Adoxaceae">Adoxaceae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caprifoliaceae" title="Caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Escalloniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalloniales">Escalloniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Escalloniaceae" title="Escalloniaceae">Escalloniaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paracryphiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracryphiales">Paracryphiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paracryphiaceae" title="Paracryphiaceae">Paracryphiaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Cerato<div style="clear:both;"></div>phyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae" title="Ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllaceae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Angiosperm_families" title="Category:Angiosperm families">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Arecaceae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14080" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q14080">Q14080</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/54500">54500</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants" title="Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants">ATRF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Arecaceae.htm">Arecaceae</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6234D">6234D</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/8193">8193</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PALF">1PALF</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22753">22753</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10061">10061</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10061">10061</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=53807">53807</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7681">7681</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=95">95</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/48867">48867</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30000211-2">30000211-2</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114569">114569</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=500043">500043</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000159425">NBNSYS0000159425</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4710">4710</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f0f37700-f09d-4a5c-b8f0-b8ee451c84c3">f0f37700-f09d-4a5c-b8f0-b8ee451c84c3</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD3C627A-FFEF-FFCF-FF40-FCAEFE3EFC5D">FD3C627A-FFEF-FFCF-FF40-FCAEFE3EFC5D</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30000211-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000211-2</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/42000339">42000339</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/7df49a71-0d91-49ad-b62d-f46c66ead237">7df49a71-0d91-49ad-b62d-f46c66ead237</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-7000000046">wfo-7000000046</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=234449">234449</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Palmae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14848242" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q14848242">Q14848242</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/214580">214580</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=54575">54575</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4270410">4270410</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=811">811</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=119044">119044</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42432">42432</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/b8403eed-a16b-451c-a6d6-6e2499d06b69">b8403eed-a16b-451c-a6d6-6e2499d06b69</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/42000469">42000469</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Watson & Dallwitz: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/palmae.htm">palmae</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14080#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14080#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control: National libraries</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14080#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12098525z">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12098525z">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044424-7">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560654405171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85097246">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114081&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1656641370' |