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'{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} {{Short description|Bishop of Carthage and Christian writer (c.210-258)}} {{about|the bishop of Carthage|other Cyprians|Cyprian (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox Christian leader | honorific_prefix = [[Saint]] | name = Cyprian | title = [[Bishop of Carthage]] | birth_date = c. 210<ref name="LotH">''The Liturgy of the Hours according to the Roman Rite: Vol. IV.'' New York: Catholic Book Publishing Company, 1975. p. 1406.</ref> | birth_place = [[Carthage]],{{sfn|Benedict XVI|2008|p=51}} [[Roman Empire]] | death_date = 14 September 258 | death_place = Carthage, Roman Empire | feast_day = 16 September ([[Catholic Church]], [[Communion of Western Orthodox Churches|Western Orthodox]], and [[Lutheran]])<br />31 August ([[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]])<br />13 or 15 September ([[Anglican]])<br />14 September (historical [[Sarum Use]]) | venerated = [[Catholic Church]]<br>[[Oriental Orthodox Churches]]<br>[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]<br>[[Lutheranism]]<br>[[Anglicanism]] | image = Cyprian von Karthago2.jpg | beatified_date = | beatified_place = | beatified_by = | canonized_date = | canonized_place = | canonized_by = | attributes = | patronage = [[North Africa]], [[Berbers]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Saints and Their Symbols: Recognizing Saints in Art and in Popular Images|first=Fernando |last=Lanzi|year= 2004| isbn= 9780814629703| page =80|publisher=Liturgical Press|quote=Cyprian von Karthago. This bishop of Carthage was one of the most important saints of Christian Africa in the third century; he is patron of North Africa and the Berbers.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Bible in Christian North Africa: Part I: Commencement to the Confessiones of Augustine (ca. 180 to 400 CE)|first=Anthony |last=Dupont|year= 2020| isbn= 9781614516491| page =194|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|quote=}}</ref> | see = [[Carthage (episcopal see)|Carthage]] | appointed = 248 or 249 AD | term_end = 14 September 258 AD | predecessor = Donatus I | successor = Carpophorus }} '''Cyprian''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|p|r|i|ən}} {{respell|SIP-ree-ən}}; {{lang-la|Thaschus Caecilius Cyprianus}}; {{circa}} 210 – 14 September 258 AD<ref name="LotH">''The Liturgy of the Hours according to the Roman Rite: Vol. IV.'' New York: Catholic Book Publishing Company, 1975. p. 1406.</ref>) was a [[bishop of Carthage]] and an [[early Christian]] writer of [[Berbers|Berber]] descent, many of whose Latin works are extant. He is recognized as a [[saint]] in the [[Western Christianity|Western]] and [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]] churches. He was born around the beginning of the 3rd century in [[North Africa during Antiquity|North Africa]], perhaps at [[Carthage]],<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cyprian, Saint |volume=7 |pages=694–695}}</ref> where he received a classical education. Soon after converting to Christianity, he became a bishop in 249. A controversial figure during his lifetime, his strong pastoral skills, firm conduct during the [[Novatianist]] heresy and outbreak of the [[Plague of Cyprian]] (named after him due to his description of it), and eventual [[martyrdom]] at Carthage established his reputation and proved his sanctity in the eyes of the Church. His skillful Latin rhetoric led to his being considered the pre-eminent Latin writer of [[Western Christianity]] until [[Jerome]] and [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]].<ref name="CathEn">{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=St. Cyprian of Carthage|volume=4 |first=Henry Palmer |last=Chapman}}</ref> == Early life == Cyprian was born into a rich pagan [[Berbers|Berber]] ([[Roman Africans|Roman African]]),<ref name=EB1911/> Carthaginian family sometime during the early third century. His original name was Thascius; he took the additional name [[Caecilia gens|Caecilius]] in memory of the [[priest]] to whom he owed his conversion.<ref name=Butler>[http://www.bartleby.com/210/9/162.html Butler, Alban. "St. Cyprian, Archbishop of Carthage, Martyr", ''The Lives of the Saints'', Vol, IX, 1866]</ref> Before his conversion, he was a leading member of a legal fraternity in Carthage, an orator, a "pleader in the courts", and a teacher of rhetoric.<ref name=Walsh>''Butler's Lives of the Saints'', (Michael Walsh, ed.), New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991, p. 289.</ref> After a "dissipated youth", Cyprian was baptised when he was thirty-five years old,{{sfn|Benedict XVI|2008|p=51}} {{circa}} 245 AD. After his [[baptism]], he gave away a portion of his wealth to the poor of [[Carthage]], as befitted a man of his status. In the early days of his conversion, he wrote an ''Epistola ad Donatum de gratia Dei'' and the ''Testimoniorum Libri III'' that adhere closely to the models of [[Tertullian]], who influenced his style and thinking. Cyprian described his own conversion and baptism in the following words: {{bquote|When I was still lying in darkness and gloomy night, I used to regard it as extremely difficult and demanding to do what God's mercy was suggesting to me.... I myself was held in bonds by the innumerable errors of my previous life, from which I did not believe I could possibly be delivered, so I was disposed to acquiesce in my clinging vices and to indulge my sins.... But after that, by the help of the water of new birth, the stain of my former life was washed away, and a light from above, serene and pure, was infused into my reconciled heart... a second birth restored me to a new man. Then, in a wondrous manner every doubt began to fade.... I clearly understood that what had first lived within me, enslaved by the vices of the flesh, was earthly and that what, instead, the Holy Spirit had wrought within me was divine and heavenly.<ref>Cyprian, ''Ad Donatum'', 3-4</ref>}} == Contested election as bishop of Carthage == Not long after his baptism he was [[Holy orders|ordained]] a deacon and soon afterwards a priest. Sometime between July 248 and April 249, he was elected [[bishop of Carthage]], a popular choice among the poor who remembered his patronage as demonstrating good [[Equestrian order|equestrian]] style. However, his rapid rise did not meet with the approval of senior members of the clergy in Carthage,<ref name=Oshitelu>Oshitelu, G.A., ''The African Fathers of the Early Church'', Ibadan, Nigeria, 2002</ref> an opposition that did not disappear during his [[episcopate]]. Not long afterward, the entire community was put to an unwanted test. Christians in North Africa had not suffered persecution for many years; the Church was assured and lax. In early 250, the [[Decian persecution]] began.{{sfn|Benedict XVI|2008|p=52}} [[Decius|Emperor Decius]] issued an edict, the text of which is lost, ordering sacrifices to the gods to be made throughout the [[Roman Empire|Empire]].<ref name="frend">{{cite book|title=The Rise of Christianity|author=W. H. C. Frend|author-link=W. H. C. Frend|publisher=Fortress Press, Philadelphia|year=1984|page=319|isbn= 978-0-8006-1931-2}}</ref> Jews were specifically exempted from that requirement.<ref>{{cite book|title= Third-Century Christianity.|series =In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey|author= Graeme Clarke|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-521-30199-8}}</ref> Cyprian chose to go into hiding, rather than face potential execution. While some clergy saw that decision as a sign of cowardice, Cyprian defended himself by saying that he had fled in order not to leave the faithful without a shepherd during the persecution and that his decision to continue to lead them, although from a distance, was in accordance with divine will. Moreover, he pointed to the actions of the Apostles and Jesus himself: "And therefore the Lord commanded us in the persecution to depart and to flee; and both taught that this should be done, and Himself did it. For as the crown is given by the condescension of God, and cannot be received unless the hour comes for accepting it, whoever abiding in Christ departs for a while does not deny his faith, but waits for the time...".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cyprian|title=De Lapsis}}</ref> == Controversy over the lapsed == The persecution was especially severe at Carthage, according to Church sources. Many Christians fell away and were thereafter referred to as ''"[[Lapsi (Christianity)|Lapsi]]"'' (''fallen''). {{sfn|Benedict XVI|2008|p=52}} The majority had obtained signed statements (''libelli'') certifying that they had sacrificed to the Roman gods to avoid persecution or confiscation of property. In some cases Christians had actually sacrificed, whether under torture or otherwise. Cyprian found those ''[[libellatici]]'' especially cowardly and demanded that they and the rest of the ''lapsi'' undergo [[public penance]] before being readmitted to the Church. However, in Cyprian's absence, some priests disregarded his wishes by readmitting the lapsed to communion with little or no public penance. Some of the ''lapsi'' presented a second ''[[libellus]]'' purported to bear the signature of some martyr or confessor who, it was held, had the spiritual prestige to reaffirm individual Christians. That system was not limited to Carthage, but on a wider front by its charismatic nature, it clearly constituted a challenge to institutional authority in the Church, in particular to that of the bishop. Hundreds or even thousands of ''lapsi'' were readmitted that way against the express wishes of Cyprian and the majority of the Carthaginian clergy, who insisted upon earnest repentance.<ref name="CathEn" /> A schism then broke out in Carthage, as the laxist party, led largely by the priests who had opposed Cyprian's election, attempted to block measures taken by him during his period of absence. After fourteen months, Cyprian returned to the diocese and in letters addressed to the other North African bishops defended having left his post. After issuing a tract, ''"De lapsis"'' (''On the Fallen''), he convoked a council of North African bishops at Carthage to consider the treatment of the lapsed, and the apparent schism of Felicissimus (251). Cyprian took a middle course between the followers of Novatus of Carthage, who were in favour of welcoming back all with little or no penance, and [[Novatian|Novatian of Rome]], who would not allow any of those who had lapsed to be reconciled.<ref name=Foley>[http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1136 Foley, Leonard O.F.M., "St. Cyprian", ''Saint of the Day'', (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media]</ref> The council in the main sided with Cyprian and condemned Felicissimus though no acts of that council survive. The schism continued as the laxists elected a certain Fortunatus as bishop in opposition to Cyprian. At the same time, the rigorist party in Rome, who refused reconciliation to any of the lapsed, elected Novatian as bishop of Rome in opposition to [[Pope Cornelius]]. The [[Novatianism|Novatianists]] also secured the election of a certain Maximus as a rival bishop of their own at Carthage. Cyprian now found himself wedged between laxists and rigorists, but the polarisation highlighted the firm but moderate position adopted by Cyprian and strengthened his influence by wearing down the numbers of his opponents. Moreover, his dedication during [[Plague of Cyprian|the time of a great plague]] and famine gained him still further popular support.<ref name=Foley/> Cyprian comforted his brethren by writing his ''De mortalitate'' and in his ''De eleemosynis'' exhorted them to active charity towards the poor and set a personal example. He defended Christianity and the Christians in the ''[[apologetics|apologia]]'' ''Ad Demetrianum'', directed against a certain Demetrius, and countered pagan claims that Christians were the cause of the public calamities. == Persecution under Valerian == [[File:CyprianusReliquiar.jpg|thumb|Relic of Cyprian in [[Kornelimünster Abbey]]]] In late 256, a new persecution of the Christians broke out under [[Valerian (emperor)|Emperor Valerian]], and [[Pope Sixtus II]] was executed in Rome.<ref name="CathEn" /> In Africa, Cyprian prepared his people for the expected edict of persecution by his ''De exhortatione martyrii'' and set an example when he was brought before the Roman proconsul [[Aspasius Paternus]] (30 August 257).<ref name="CathEn" /> He refused to sacrifice to the pagan deities and firmly professed [[Christ]]. The proconsul banished him to Curubis, now [[Korba, Tunisia|Korba]], where, to the best of his ability, he comforted his flock and his banished clergy. In a vision, he believed he saw his approaching fate. When a year had passed, he was recalled and kept practically a prisoner in his own villa in expectation of severe measures after a new and more stringent imperial edict arrived, which Christian writers subsequently claimed demanded the execution of all Christian clerics.<ref name="CathEn" /> On 13 September 258, Cyprian was imprisoned on the orders of the new [[proconsul]], [[Galerius Maximus]]. The public examination of Cyprian by Galerius Maximus, on 14 September 258, has been preserved:<ref name=frend /> <blockquote> <br> ''Galerius Maximus'': "Are you Thascius Cyprianus?" <br> ''Cyprian'': "I am." <br> ''Galerius'': "The most sacred Emperors have commanded you to conform to the Roman rites." <br> ''Cyprian'': "I refuse." <br> ''Galerius'': "Take heed for yourself." <br> ''Cyprian'': "Do as you are bid; in so clear a case I may not take heed." <br> ''Galerius'', after briefly conferring with his judicial council, with much reluctance pronounced the following sentence: "You have long lived an irreligious life, and have drawn together a number of men bound by an unlawful association, and professed yourself an open enemy to the gods and the religion of Rome; and the pious, most sacred and august Emperors&nbsp;... have endeavoured in vain to bring you back to conformity with their religious observances; whereas therefore you have been apprehended as principal and ringleader in these infamous crimes, you shall be made an example to those whom you have wickedly associated with you; the authority of law shall be ratified in your blood." He then read the sentence of the court from a written tablet: "It is the sentence of this court that Thascius Cyprianus be executed with the sword." <br> ''Cyprian'': "Thanks be to God.”</blockquote> The execution was carried out at once in an open place near the city. A vast multitude followed Cyprian on his last journey. He removed his garments without assistance, knelt down, and prayed. After he blindfolded himself, he was beheaded by the sword. The body was interred by Christians near the place of execution.<ref name="CathEn" /> Cyprian's martyrdom was followed by the [[Martyrs of Carthage under Valerian|martyrdom of eight of his disciples]] in Carthage.{{sfn|Butler|1866|p=198}} == Writings == {{for|writings falsely attributed to Cyprian|Pseudo-Cyprian}} Cyprian's works were edited in volumes 3 and 4 of the ''[[Patrologia Latina]].'' He was not a speculative theologian, his writings being always related to his pastoral ministry.{{sfn|Benedict XVI|2008|p=53}} The first major work was a monologue spoken to a friend called ''Ad Donatum,'' detailing his own conversion, the corruption of Roman government and the gladiatorial spectacles, and pointing to prayer as "the only refuge of the Christian".<ref name="CathEn" /> Another early written work was the ''Testimonia ad Quirinum''. During his exile from Carthage Cyprian wrote his most famous treatise, ''De Ecclesiae Catholicae Unitate'' (''On the Unity of the Catholic Church'') and on returning to his see, he issued ''De Lapsis'' (''On the Fallen''). Another important work is his ''Treatise on the Lord's Prayer''. Doubtless only part of his written output has survived, and this must apply especially to his correspondence, of which some sixty letters are extant, in addition to some of the letters he received. Cyprian of Carthage is often confused with [[Cyprian and Justina|Cyprian of Antioch]], reputedly a magician before his conversion. A number of [[grimoires]], such as ''Libellus Magicus'', are thus mistakenly attributed to Cyprian of Carthage. == Biography == [[Pontius the Deacon]] wrote a biography of Cyprian titled ''The Life and Passion of St. Cyprian'', which details the saint's early life, his conversion, notable acts, and martyrdom under Valerian. == Theology == === Sacraments === Cyprian believed in [[infant baptism]] and [[infant communion]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Maxwell E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBPODAAAQBAJ&dq=Cyprian+infant+baptism&pg=PT133 |title=The Rites of Christian Initiation: Their Evolution and Interpretation Revised and Expanded Edition |date=2016-03-24 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-6274-8 |language=en}}</ref> Cyprian however spoke against the efficiency of baptism done by heretics and insisted on their rebaptism, and he believed that the Eucharist cannot be properly done outside the church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kilmartin |first=Edward J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WI2gC7lFmC4C&dq=Cyprian+real+presence+Eucharist&pg=PA5 |title=The Eucharist in the West: History and Theology |date=1998-11-30 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-6204-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Stephen K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnQiVgUn728C&dq=Cyprian+peter+rock&pg=PA181 |title=Upon this Rock: St. Peter and the Primacy of Rome in Scripture and the Early Church |date=1999-01-01 |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-0-89870-723-6 |language=en}}</ref> One of the earliest of the [[Church Fathers]] to enunciate clearly and unambiguously the doctrine of baptismal regeneration ("the idea that salvation happens at and by water baptism duly administered") was Cyprian: "While he attributed all the saving energy to the grace of God, he considered the 'laver of saving water' the instrument of God that makes a person 'born again,' receiving a new life and putting off what he had previously been. The 'water of new birth' animated him to new life by the Spirit of holiness working through it."{{sfn|Olson|1999|p=118}} === Church === Cyprian believed that the lapsed can be re-admitted to the Church after penance and he opposed the [[Novatianism|Novatians]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Jon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AWoDQAAQBAJ&dq=Cyprian+lapsed&pg=PT80 |title=Volume 4: Kierkegaard and the Patristic and Medieval Traditions |date=2016-12-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-87460-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Novatian and Novatianism |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11138a.htm |access-date=2022-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403211934/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11138a.htm |archive-date=3 April 2019 }}</ref> Cyprian believed that every bishop occupies Peter's throne, but the see of Peter (Rome) is the direct heir of Peter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Stephen K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnQiVgUn728C&dq=Cyprian+peter+rock&pg=PA181 |title=Upon this Rock: St. Peter and the Primacy of Rome in Scripture and the Early Church |date=1999-01-01 |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-0-89870-723-6 |language=en}}</ref> Cyprian believed that all the apostles were equal and that all the bishops followed the Apostles in succession.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desert |first=Anthony of the |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnRZ5rlnD7AC&dq=Cyprian+equality+of+the+apostles&pg=PA225 |title=The Gates of Hades Prevaileth Not: Heresies, Schisms, & Other Errancies Renounced by the Eastern Church |date=2012-01-12 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4620-5863-1 |language=en}}</ref> === Other === Cyprian was [[Amillennialism|amillenial]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Charles Evan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTjxqdsHnbEC&dq=Cyprian+amillenial&pg=PA249 |title=Regnum Caelorum: Patterns of Millennial Thought in Early Christianity |last2=Hill |first2=Charles E. |date=2001 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-4634-1 |language=en}}</ref> [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] argued that Cyprian taught the [[gift of perseverance]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Komline |first=Han-luen Kantzer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdG8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Gift+of+persevarance+Augustine&pg=PA318 |title=Augustine on the Will: A Theological Account |date=2019-11-13 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094882-5 |language=en}}</ref> Cyprian argued that each days of Genesis consisted of 1000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What the Early Church Believed: Creation and Genesis |url=https://www.catholic.com/tract/creation-and-genesis |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Catholic Answers |quote=The first seven days in the divine arrangement contain seven thousand years” (Treatises 11:11 [A.D. 250]).}}</ref> == Veneration == Churches were erected over his tomb and over the place of his death. In later centuries, however, these churches were destroyed by the [[Vandals]]. The graves of such saints as Cyprian and [[Martin of Tours]] came to be regarded as "contact points between Heaven and Earth", and they became the centres of new, redefined, Christian urban communities.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XxiFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT272&dq=Veneration+of+Saint+Cyprian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisvs_htZjcAhUETd8KHd5SC-04HhDoAQgoMAA#v=onepage&q=Veneration%20of%20Saint%20Cyprian&f=false Arnold, John H., ''The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Christianity'', OUP Oxford, 2014] {{ISBN|9780191015014}}</ref> A surviving homily from [[St. Augustine|Augustine]] on Cyprian's feast day indicates that his following was fairly widespread throughout Africa by the fourth century. [[Charlemagne]] is said to have had the bones transferred to France; and [[Lyons]], [[Arles]], [[Venice]], [[Compiègne]], and Roenay in Flanders all have claimed to possess part of the martyr's relics. The Catholic Church celebrates his feastday together with that of his good friend [[Pope Cornelius|Pope St. Cornelius]] on 16 September,<ref name=Walsh/> and in the Catholic Middle Ages the Sarum use observed it on the day of his death, 14 September. The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates him on 31 August.<ref>[https://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints?contentid=2233 "Cyprian the Hieromartyr & Bishop of Carthage", Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]</ref> Lutherans now commemorate him on 16 September, while Anglicans celebrate his feast usually either on 13 September (e.g. the Anglican Church of Australia) or 15 September (the present-day [[Church of England]] [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remember]] him with a [[Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)|Lesser Festival]]. == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == *[[Allen Brent|Brent, Allen]], editor and translator, "St Cyprian of Carthage: Selected Treatises," St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-88141-312-7}} * Brent, Allen, editor and translator, "St Cyprian of Carthage: Selected Letters," St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-88141-313-5}} *{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVs3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA198 |accessdate=23 August 2021 |last=Butler |first=Alban |title=The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints |volume=2 |publisher=James Duffy |year=1866}} *Campbell, Phillip, editor, "The Complete works of Saint Cyprian" Evolution Publishing, 2013, {{ISBN|1-935228-11-0}} *Daniel, Robin, "This Holy Seed: Faith, Hope and Love in the Early Churches of North Africa", (Chester, Tamarisk Publications, 2010: from www.opaltrust.org) {{ISBN|0-9538565-3-4}} *[http://www.ccel.org/search?qu=Cyprian Christian Classics Ethereal Library: Cyprian texts] *J.M. Tebes, [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-1939857_ITM "Cyprian of Carthage: Christianity and Social World in the 3rd. century"], Cuadernos de Teología 19, (2000) {{in lang|es}} * {{cite book |last=Benedict XVI |title=The Fathers |date=2008 |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor}} == External links == {{commons category|Saint Cyprian}} {{wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} *[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0505.htm Pontius the Deacon (Pontius Diaconis), "The Life and Passion of Cyprian, Bishop and Martyr"] *[https://archive.today/20121220213151/http://www.sonic.net/~rbeale/mysite/Plague%20of%20AD251.htm "The Plague of AD 251"] *[http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT128.HTM Works by Cyprian at the IntraText Digital Library, with concordance and frequency lists] *[http://www.ultramontes.pl/cypriani_martyrium.htm Acta proconsularia S. Cypriani] *[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0200-0258-_Cyprianus_Carthaginensis,_Sanctus.html Multilanguage Opera Omnia] *[http://hcscchurch.org/the-life-of-saint-cyprian/ Pope, Charles. "The Life of Saint Cyprian of Carthage"] * {{Librivox author |id=15870}} {{Catholic saints}} {{Navboxes |list= {{History of Catholic theology}} {{History of the Roman Catholic Church}} {{Latin Church footer}} {{Catholicism}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:200s births]] [[Category:258 deaths]] [[Category:3rd-century bishops of Carthage]] [[Category:3rd-century Christian martyrs]] [[Category:3rd-century executions]] [[Category:3rd-century Romans]] [[Category:3rd-century Christian theologians]] [[Category:3rd-century Latin writers]] [[Category:Ancient Christians involved in controversies]] [[Category:Berber Christians]] [[Category:Christian martyrs executed by decapitation]] [[Category:Church Fathers]] [[Category:Converts to Christianity from pagan religions]] [[Category:Executed ancient Roman people]] [[Category:Executed Tunisian people]] [[Category:Post–Silver Age Latin writers]] [[Category:Saints from Roman Africa (province)]] [[Category:Year of birth uncertain]] [[Category:Anglican saints]]'