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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Judaism's day of rest}}
{{About|the rest day in Judaism|the general day of rest in Abrahamic religions|Sabbath|Sabbath in the Bible|Biblical Sabbath|the Talmudic tractate|Shabbat (Talmud)}}
{{Infobox Halacha
|image = File:Shabbat Candles.jpg
|caption = <small>[[Kiddush cup]], [[Shabbat candles]] and [[challah cover]]</small>
|verse = {{bibleverse||Exodus|20:7-10|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Deut|5:12–14|HE}}, numerous others.<ref>Other Biblical sources include: {{bibleverse||Exodus|16:22–30|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Exodus|23:12|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Exodus|31:12–17|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Exodus|34:21|HE}}, and {{bibleverse||Exodus|35: 12–17|HE}}; {{bibleverse||Leviticus|19:3|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Leviticus|23:3|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Leviticus|26:2|HE}} and {{bibleverse||Numbers|15:32–26|HE}}</ref>
|mishnah = [[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]], [[Eruvin (Talmud)|Eruvin]]
|talmud = [[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]], [[Eruvin (Talmud)|Eruvin]]
|talmudy = [[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]], [[Eruvin (Talmud)|Eruvin]]
|rambam = ''Sefer Zmanim'', Shabbat 1–30; Eruvin 1–8
|sa = ''[[Orach Chayim]]'', Shabbat 244–344; Eruvin{{nbsp}}345–395; Techumin 396–416
|codes = ''[[Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (book)|Kitzur Shulchan Aruch]]'' ch. 72–96
}}
{{Judaism}}
'''Shabbat''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|'|b|æ|t}}, {{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|'|b|ɑː|t}}, or {{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|'|b|ʌ|t}}; {{lang-he|שַׁבָּת|Šabaṯ}}, {{IPA-he|ʃa'bat|}}, {{literal translation|rest' or 'cessation}}) or the '''Sabbath''', also called '''Shabbos''' ({{lang-yi|שבת}}) by [[Ashkenazim]], is [[Judaism]]'s day of rest on the seventh day of the [[seven-day week|week]]—i.e., [[Saturday]]. On this day, religious [[Jews]] remember the biblical stories describing the [[Genesis creation narrative|creation of the heaven and earth in six days]] and the redemption from slavery and [[The Exodus]] from Egypt, and look forward to a future [[Messianic Age]]. Since the [[Hebrew calendar|Jewish religious calendar]] counts days from sunset to sunset, Shabbat begins in the evening of what on the [[civil calendar]] is [[Friday]].
Shabbat observance entails refraining from [[39 Melachot|work activities]], often with [[shomer Shabbat|great rigor]], and engaging in restful activities to honour the day. Judaism's traditional position is that the unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution, although some suggest other origins. Variations upon Shabbat are widespread in Judaism and, with adaptations, throughout the [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] and many other [[religions]].
According to ''[[halakha]]'' (Jewish religious law), Shabbat is observed from a few minutes before sunset on Friday evening until the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night.<ref>[[Shulchan Aruch]], [[Orach Chayim]] 293:2</ref> Shabbat is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. Traditionally, three [[Seudat mitzvah#Seudat Shabbat and Seudat Yom Tov|festive meals]] are eaten: The first one is held on Friday evening, the second is traditionally a lunch meal on Saturday, and the third is held later in the afternoon. The evening meal and the early afternoon meal typically begin with a blessing called ''[[kiddush]]'' and another blessing recited over two loaves of [[challah]]. The third meal does not have the ''kiddush'' recited but all have the two loaves. Shabbat is closed Saturday evening with a ''[[havdalah]]'' blessing.
Shabbat is a festive day when Jews exercise their freedom from the regular labours of everyday life. It offers an opportunity to contemplate the spiritual aspects of life and to spend time with family.
==Etymology==
{{Main|Biblical Sabbath#Etymology}}
The word ''Shabbat'' derives from the Hebrew verb ''shavat'' ({{lang-he|שָׁבַת}}). Although frequently translated as "rest" (noun or verb), another accurate translation of these words is "ceasing [from work]."<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sabbath-Judaism Sabbath, Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> The notion of active cessation from labour is also regarded{{by whom|date=October 2018}} as more consistent with an [[omnipotent]] [[Names of God in Judaism|God]]'s activity on the seventh day of [[Genesis creation narrative|creation according to Genesis]]. Other related words are to ''shevet'' (שֶּׁבֶת) which means sitting or staying, and to ''sheva'' (שֶׁבַע) meaning seven, as Shabbat is the seventh day of the week; the other days of the week do not have names in Hebrew but are called by their [[Ordinal number|ordinals]].
==Origins==
===Babylon===
{{Main|Babylonian calendar}}
A [[cognate]] [[Babylonian language|Babylonian]] ''Sapattu<sup>m</sup>'' or ''Sabattu<sup>m</sup>'' is reconstructed from the lost fifth [[Enūma Eliš]] creation account, which is read as: "''[Sa]bbatu'' shalt thou then encounter, mid[month]ly". It is regarded as a form of [[Sumer]]ian ''sa-bat'' ("mid-rest"), rendered in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] as ''um nuh libbi'' ("day of mid-repose").<ref name=ere>{{cite book|author=Pinches, T.G.|editor=Hastings, James|others=Selbie, John A., contrib|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics|volume=20|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|pages=889–891|chapter=Sabbath (Babylonian)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVNqXDz4CE8C|isbn=978-0-7661-3698-4|access-date=2009-03-17}}
It has been argued that the association of the number seven with creation itself derives from the circumstance that the Enuma Elish was recorded on seven tablets.
"emphasized by Professor [[George Aaron Barton|Barton]], who says: 'Each account is arranged in a series of sevens, the Babylonian in seven tablets, the Hebrew in seven days. Each of them places the creation of man in the sixth division of its series." Albert T. Clay, ''The Origin of Biblical Traditions: Hebrew Legends in Babylonia and Israel'', 1923, [https://books.google.ch/books?id=JKBLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 p. 74].</ref>
Connection to Sabbath observance has been suggested in the designation of the seventh, fourteenth, nineteenth, twenty-first and twenty-eight days of a lunar month in an Assyrian religious calendar as a 'holy day', also called 'evil days' (meaning "unsuitable" for prohibited activities). The prohibitions on these days, spaced seven days apart (except the nineteenth), include abstaining from chariot riding, and the avoidance of eating meat by the King. On these days officials were prohibited from various activities and common men were forbidden to "make a wish", and at least the 28th was known as a "rest-day".<ref>"Histoire du peuple hébreu". [[André Lemaire]]. Presses Universitaires de France 2009 (8e édition), p. 66</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week|author=Eviatar Zerubavel|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1985|isbn=0-226-98165-7}}</ref>
The ''[[Universal Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' advanced a theory of [[Assyriologist]]s like [[Friedrich Delitzsch]]<ref name=landau/> (and of [[Marcello Craveri]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Craveri, Marcello|title=The Life of Jesus|publisher=Grove Press|year=1967|page=134}}</ref> that Shabbat originally arose from the [[lunar cycle]] in the [[Babylonian calendar]]<ref>{{cite book|year=1943|title=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times|volume=5|page=410|editor=Landman, Isaac|chapter=Holidays|author=Joseph, Max|others=Cohen, Simon, compiler|publisher=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc|editor-link=Isaac Landman}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|year=1943|title=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times|volume=9|page=295|editor=Landman, Isaac|chapter=Sabbath|author=Joseph, Max|others=Cohen, Simon, compiler|publisher=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Incv|editor-link= Isaac Landman}}</ref> containing four weeks ending in a Sabbath, plus one or two additional unreckoned days per month.<ref>{{cite book|year=1943|title=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times|volume=10|page=482|editor=Landman, Isaac|chapter=Week|author=Cohen, Simon|others=Cohen, Simon, compiler|publisher=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc |editor-link= Isaac Landman}}</ref> The difficulties of this theory include reconciling the differences between an unbroken week and a lunar week, and explaining the absence of texts naming the lunar week as Sabbath in any language.<ref name=orr/>
===Egypt===
Seventh-day Shabbat did not originate with the [[Ancient Egypt |Egyptians]], to whom it was unknown;<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13287b.htm|title=[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]|author=Bechtel, Florentine|chapter=Sabbath|volume=13|location=[[New York City]]|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|year=1912 |access-date= 2009-03-26}}</ref> and other origin theories based on the day of [[Saturn]], or on the [[planets]] generally, have also been abandoned.<ref name=orr>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Tn4PAAAAYAAJ|title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|editor=Orr, James|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Tn4PAAAAYAAJ/page/n536 2630]|chapter=Sabbath: Critical Theories|author=Sampey, John Richard|publisher=Howard-Severance Company|year=1915 |access-date= 2009-08-13| editor-link=James Orr (theologian)}}</ref>
===Hebrew Bible===
{{Main|Biblical Sabbath}}
Sabbath is given special status as a holy day at the very beginning of the [[Torah]] in Genesis 2:1-3.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|2:1–3|HE}}</ref> It is first commanded after [[The Exodus]] from Egypt, in Exodus 16:26<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|16:26|HE}}</ref> (relating to the cessation of [[manna]]) and in Exodus 16:29<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|16:29|HE}}</ref> (relating to the distance one may [[Biblical mile|travel by foot]] on the Sabbath), as also in Exodus 20:8-11<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|20:8–11|HE}}</ref> (as one of the [[Ten Commandments]]). Sabbath is commanded and commended many more times in the Torah and [[Tanakh]]; double the normal number of animal [[korban|sacrifices]] are to be offered on the day.<ref>''Every Person's Guide to Shabbat'', by Ronald H. Isaacs, Jason Aronson, 1998, p. 6</ref> Sabbath is also described by the prophets [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]], [[Ezekiel]], [[Hosea]], [[Amos (prophet)|Amos]], and [[Nehemiah]].
[[File:Шабатна кибритна кутија - Shabbat matchbox holder.jpg|right|thumb|A silver matchbox holder for Shabbat from [[North Macedonia]] ]]
The longstanding traditional Jewish position is that unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution.<ref name=landau>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/sabbath00land/sabbath00land_djvu.txt|title=The Sabbath|author=Landau, Judah Leo|publisher=Ivri Publishing Society, Ltd |access-date= 2009-03-26|location=[[Johannesburg, South Africa]]|pages=2, 12}}</ref> The origins of Shabbat and a seven-day week are not clear to scholars; the [[Moses |Mosaic]] tradition claims an origin from the Genesis creation narrative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcea.org.au/articles/the_westminster_confession/the_origin_of_the_sabbath/|title=The Origin of the Sabbath|author=Graham, I. L.|publisher=[[Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia]]|year=2009 |access-date= 2009-03-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081203162529/http://www.pcea.org.au/articles/the_westminster_confession/the_origin_of_the_sabbath/ |archive-date= December 3, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303554/Jewish-religious-year/34908/The-Sabbath|title=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|chapter=Jewish religious year: The Sabbath|year=2009 |access-date= 2009-03-26|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|quote=According to biblical tradition, it commemorates the original seventh day on which God rested after completing the creation. Scholars have not succeeded in tracing the origin of the seven-day week, nor can they account for the origin of the Sabbath.}}</ref>
The first non-Biblical reference to Sabbath is in an [[ostracon]] found in excavations at [[Mesad Hashavyahu]], which has been dated to approximately 630 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cojs.org/cojswiki/Mezad_Hashavyahu_Ostracon%2C_c._630_BCE|title=Mezad Hashavyahu Ostracon, c. 630 BCE |access-date= 2012-09-12 |url-status =dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130130125324/http://www.cojs.org/cojswiki/Mezad_Hashavyahu_Ostracon%2C_c._630_BCE |archive-date= 2013-01-30}}</ref>
==Status as a Jewish holy day==
[[File:Покривка за хала (леб) - כיסוי החלות - Challah cover.JPG|right|thumb|A challah cover with [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew inscription]]]]
The Tanakh and [[siddur]] describe Shabbat as having three purposes:{{cn|date=June 2021}}
# To commemorate [[Names of God in Judaism|God's]] creation of the universe, on the seventh day of which God rested from (or ceased) his work;
# To commemorate the Israelites' Exodus and redemption from slavery in [[ancient Egypt]];
#As a "taste" of [[Olam Haba]] (the [[Messianic Age]]).
Judaism accords Shabbat the status of a joyous holy day. In many ways, [[halakah|Jewish law]] gives Shabbat the status of being the most important holy day in the [[Hebrew calendar]]:<ref>One measure is the number of people called up to Torah readings at the Shachrit/morning service. Three is the smallest number, e.g. Mondays and Thursdays. Five on the Holy days of Passover, Shavuoth, Succoth. Yom Kippur: Six. Shabbat: Seven.</ref>
* It is the first holy day mentioned in the Bible, and God was the first to observe it with the cessation of creation (Genesis 2:1–3).
* [[Jewish services|Jewish liturgy]] treats Shabbat as a "bride" and "queen" (see [[Shekhinah]]); some sources described it as a "king".<ref>The [[Talmud]] (Shabbat 119a) describes rabbis going out to greet the Shabbat Queen, and the [[Lekhah Dodi]] poem describes Shabbat as a "bride" and "queen". However, [[Maimonides]] ([[Mishneh Torah]] Hilchot Shabbat 30:2) speaks of greeting the "Shabbat King", and two independent commentaries on Mishneh Torah (Maggid Mishneh and R' Zechariah haRofeh) quote the Talmud as speaking of the "Shabbat King". The words "King" and "Queen" in Aramaic differ by just one letter, and it seems that these understandings result from different traditions regarding spelling the Talmudic word. See [https://www.maharitz.co.il/?CategoryID=174&ArticleID=672 full discussion].</ref>
* The [[Sefer Torah]] is read during the [[Torah reading]] which is part of the Shabbat morning services, with a longer reading than during the week. The Torah is read over a yearly cycle of 54 ''[[parashioth]]'', one for each Shabbat (sometimes they are doubled). On Shabbat, the reading is divided into seven sections, more than on any other holy day, including [[Yom Kippur]]. Then, the [[Haftarah]] reading from the Hebrew prophets is read.
* A tradition states that the [[Jewish Messiah]] will come if every Jew properly observes two consecutive Shabbatoth.<ref>[[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]] 118</ref>
* The punishment in ancient times for desecrating Shabbat ([[stoning]]) is the most severe punishment in Jewish law.<ref>See e.g. Numbers 15:32–36.</ref>
==Rituals==
{{redirect|Shabbat dinner|the film|Shabbat Dinner}}
===Welcoming Shabbat===
[[File:GOOD SHABBES -.jpg|thumb|Jewish woman reciting blessing over [[Shabbat candles]]]]
Honoring Shabbat (''kavod Shabbat'') on Preparation Day (Friday) includes bathing, having a haircut and cleaning and beautifying the home (with flowers, for example).
Days in the Jewish calendar start at nightfall, therefore many [[Jewish holidays]] begin at [[Zmanim|such time]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Moss|first1=Aron|title=Why do Jewish holidays begin at nightfall?|url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/160961/jewish/Why-do-Jewish-holidays-begin-at-nightfall.htm|website=Chabad.org|publisher=Chabad.org |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> According to Jewish law, Shabbat starts a few minutes before sunset. Candles are lit at this time. It is customary in many communities to light the candles 18 minutes before sundown (''tosefet Shabbat'', although sometimes 36 minutes), and most printed Jewish calendars adhere to this custom.
The [[Jewish prayer#Friday night|Kabbalat Shabbat]] service is a prayer service welcoming the arrival of Shabbat. Before Friday night dinner, it is customary to sing two songs, one "greeting" two Shabbat angels into the house<ref>Shabbat 119b</ref> ([[Shalom Aleichem (liturgy)|"''Shalom Aleichem''"]] -"Peace Be Upon You") and the other praising the woman of the house for all the work she has done over the past week ([[Proverbs 31#The good wife (31:10–31)|"''Eshet Ḥayil''"]] -"Women Of Valour").<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|31:10–31|HE}}</ref> After blessings over the wine and [[challah]], a festive meal is served. Singing is traditional at Sabbath meals.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ferguson|first1=Joey|title=Jewish lecture series focuses on Sabbath Course at Chabad center focuses on secrets of sabbath's serenity|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700137207/Jewish-lecture-series-focuses-on-Sabbath.html?pg=all|agency=Deseret News|date=May 20, 2011|quote=The more we are able to invest in it, the more we are able to derive pleasure from the Sabbath." Jewish belief is based on understanding that observance of the Sabbath is the source of all blessing, said Rabbi Zippel in an interview. He referred to the Jewish Sabbath as a time where individuals disconnect themselves from all endeavors that enslave them throughout the week and compared the day to pressing a reset button on a machine. A welcome prayer over wine or grape juice from the men and candle lighting from the women invokes the Jewish Sabbath on Friday at sundown.}}</ref> In modern times, many composers have written sacred music for use during the Kabbalat Shabbat observance, including [[Robert Strassburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milkenarchive.org/artists/view/robert-strassburg/|title=Strassburg, Robert|website=Milken Archive of Jewish Music|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> and [[Samuel Adler (composer)|Samuel Adler]].<ref name="Milken Archive of Jewish Music">{{cite web|title=Milken Archive of Jewish Music – People – Samuel Adler|url=http://www.milkenarchive.org/people/view/all/482/Adler,+Samuel|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref>
According to [[rabbinic literature]], God via the Torah commands Jews to ''observe'' (refrain from forbidden activity) and ''remember'' (with words, thoughts, and actions) Shabbat, and these two actions are symbolized by the customary two [[Shabbat candles]]. Candles are lit usually by the woman of the house (or else by a man who lives alone). Some families light more candles, sometimes in accordance with the number of children.<ref>[[Shulchan Aruch]], [[Orach Chaim]] 261.</ref>
===Other rituals===
{{redirect2|Oyneg Shabes|Oneg Shabbat|the collection of documents from the Warsaw Ghetto collected and preserved by the group known by the code name Oyneg Shabes|Ringelblum Archive}}
Shabbat is a day of celebration as well as [[Jewish services|prayer]]. It is customary to eat three festive meals: Dinner on Shabbat eve (Friday night), lunch on Shabbat day (Saturday), and a third meal (a ''[[Seudah shlishit]]''<ref>Since it is this meal that changes the other two from meals of a two-per-day nature to two of a trio</ref>) in the late afternoon (Saturday). It is also customary to wear nice clothing (different from during the week) on Shabbat to honor the day.
Many Jews attend synagogue services on Shabbat even if they do not do so during the week. Services are held on Shabbat eve (Friday night), Shabbat morning (Saturday morning), and late Shabbat afternoon (Saturday afternoon).
With the exception of [[Yom Kippur]], days of public fasting are postponed or advanced if they coincide with Shabbat. Mourners sitting ''[[Shiva (Judaism)|shivah]]'' (week of mourning subsequent to the death of a spouse or first-degree relative) outwardly conduct themselves normally for the duration of the day and are forbidden to display public signs of mourning.
Although most Shabbat laws are restrictive, the fourth of the Ten Commandments in Exodus is taken by the Talmud and [[Maimonides]] to allude to the ''positive'' commandments of Shabbat. These include:
* Honoring Shabbat (''kavod Shabbat''): on Shabbat, wearing festive clothing and refraining from unpleasant conversation. It is customary to avoid talking on Shabbat about money, business matters, or secular things that one might discuss during the week.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ein Yaakov: The Ethical and Inspirational Teachings of the Talmud|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1461628245|isbn=1461628245|year=1999}}</ref><ref>Derived from {{Bibleverse||Isaiah|58:13–14|HE}}.</ref>
* Recitation of ''kiddush'' over a cup of [[kosher wine|wine]] at the beginning of Shabbat meals, or at a reception after the conclusion of morning prayers (see the [[list of Jewish prayers and blessings]]).
[[File:Shabbat Challos.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Two homemade [[whole-wheat flour|whole-wheat]] challot covered by traditional [[embroidery|embroidered]] Shabbat [[challah cover]]]]
* Eating three festive meals. Meals begin with a blessing over two loaves of bread (''[[lechem mishneh]]'', "double bread"), usually of braided challah, which is symbolic of the double portion of [[manna]] that fell for the Jewish people on the day before Sabbath during their 40 years in the desert after the Exodus from Ancient Egypt. It is customary to serve meat or fish, and sometimes both, for Shabbat evening and morning meals. ''[[Seudah Shlishit]]'' (literally, "third meal"), generally a light meal that may be [[pareve]] or [[dairy]], is eaten late Shabbat afternoon.
* Enjoying Shabbat (''oneg Shabbat''): Engaging in pleasurable activities such as eating, singing, sleeping, spending time with the family, and marital relations. Sometimes referred to as "Shabbating".
* Recitation of ''[[havdalah]]''.
===Bidding farewell===
{{Main|Havdalah}}
[[File:Havdal.jpg|thumb|Observing the closing ''havdalah'' ritual in 14th-century Spain]]
''Havdalah'' (Hebrew: הַבְדָּלָה, "separation") is a Jewish religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Shabbat, and ushers in the new week. At the conclusion of Shabbat at nightfall, after the appearance of three stars in the sky, the ''havdalah'' blessings are recited over a cup of wine, and with the use of fragrant spices and a candle, usually braided. Some communities delay ''havdalah'' later into the night in order to prolong Shabbat. There are different customs regarding how much time one should wait after the stars have surfaced until the sabbath technically ends. Some people hold by 72 minutes later and other hold longer and shorter than that.
==Prohibited activities==
{{Main|39 Melachot|Rabbinically prohibited activities of Shabbat}}
[[Halakha|Jewish law (halakha)]] prohibits doing any form of ''melakhah'' (מְלָאכָה, plural ''melakhoth'') on Shabbat, unless an urgent human or medical need is life-threatening. Though ''melakhah'' is commonly translated as "work" in [[English language|English]], a better definition is "deliberate activity" or "skill and craftmanship". There are 39 categories of ''melakhah'':<ref>[[Mishnah]] Tractate Shabbat 7:2</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* plowing earth
* sowing
* reaping
* binding sheaves
* threshing
* winnowing
* selecting
* grinding
* sifting
* kneading
* baking
* shearing wool
* washing wool
* beating wool
* dyeing wool
* spinning
* weaving
* making two loops
* weaving two threads
* separating two threads
* tying
* untying
* sewing stitches
* tearing
* trapping
* slaughtering
* flaying
* tanning
* scraping hide
* marking hide
* cutting hide to shape
* writing two or more letters
* erasing two or more letters
* building
* demolishing
* extinguishing a fire
* kindling a fire
* putting the finishing touch on an object, and
* transporting an object (between private and public domains, or over 4 [[cubit]]s within public domain) {{div col end}}
The 39 ''melakhoth'' are not so much activities as "categories of activity". For example, while "winnowing" usually refers exclusively to the separation of [[chaff]] from [[cereal|grain]], and "selecting" refers exclusively to the separation of debris from grain, they refer in the Talmudic sense to any separation of intermixed materials which renders edible that which was inedible. Thus, filtering undrinkable water to make it drinkable falls under this category, as does picking small bones from fish ([[gefilte fish]] is one solution to this problem).
The categories of labors prohibited on Shabbat are [[exegesis|exegetically]] derived – on account of Biblical passages juxtaposing Shabbat observance ({{Bibleverse|Exodus|35:1–3|HE}}) to making the [[Tabernacle (Judaism)|Tabernacle]] ({{Bibleverse|Exodus|35:4 etc.|HE}}) – that they are the kinds of work that were necessary for the construction of the [[Tabernacle (Judaism)|Tabernacle]]. They are not explicitly listed in the Torah; the Mishnah observes that "the laws of Shabbat ... are like mountains hanging by a hair, for they are little Scripture but many laws".<ref>[[Chagigah]] 1:8.</ref> Many [[rabbinic literature|rabbinic scholars]] have pointed out that these labors have in common activity that is "creative", or that exercises control or dominion over one's [[environment (biophysical)|environment]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Klein|first1=Miriam|title=Sabbath Offers Serenity in a Fast-Paced World|url=http://www.triblocal.com/northbrook/community/stories/2011/04/sabbath-offers-serenity-in-a-fast-paced-world/|agency=Chicago Tribune|publisher=Triblocal|date=April 27, 2011}}</ref>
In addition to the 39 ''melakhot'', additional activities were [[Rabbinically prohibited activities of Shabbat|prohibited by the rabbis]] for various reasons.
The term ''[[shomer Shabbat]]'' is used for a person (or organization) who adheres to Shabbat laws consistently. The (strict) observance of the Sabbath is often seen as a benchmark for orthodoxy and indeed has legal bearing on the way a Jew is seen by an [[Beit din|orthodox religious court]] regarding their affiliation to Judaism.<ref>See [[Yosef Dov Soloveitchik]]'s "Beis HaLevi" commentary on [[parasha]] [[Ki Tissa]] for further elaboration regarding the legal ramifications.</ref>
===Specific applications===
====Electricity====
[[File:Teddy bear Shabbat lamp.tif|thumb|upright|Teddy bear lamp in the collection of the [[Jewish Museum of Switzerland]]. The cap can be twisted, which covers the lightbulb with a dark shell and dims the light in a way arguably acceptable on the sabbath. ]]
{{Main|Electricity on Shabbat}}
Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that turning [[electricity|electric]] devices on or off is prohibited as a ''melakhah''; however, authorities are not in agreement about exactly which one(s). One view is that tiny sparks are created in a switch when the circuit is closed, and this would constitute lighting a fire (category 37). If the appliance is purposed for light or heat (such as an [[incandescent bulb]] or electric oven), then the lighting or heating elements may be considered as a type of fire that falls under both lighting a fire (category 37) and cooking (i.e., baking, category 11). Turning lights off would be extinguishing a fire (category 36). Another view is that completing an electrical circuit constitutes building (category 35) and turning off the circuit would be demolishing (category 34). Some schools of thought consider the use of electricity to be forbidden only by [[rabbinical law|rabbinic injunction]], rather than a ''melakhah''.
A common solution to the problem of electricity involves preset timers ([[Shabbat clock]]s) for electric appliances, to turn them on and off automatically, with no human intervention on Shabbat itself. Some Conservative authorities<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neulander|first1=Arthur|year=1950|title=The Use of Electricity on the Sabbath|journal=Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly|volume=14|pages=165–171}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adler|first1=Morris|last2=Agus|first2=Jacob|last3=Friedman|first3=Theodore|year=1950|title=Responsum on the Sabbath|journal=Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly|volume=14|pages=112–137}}</ref><ref>Klein, Isaac. ''A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice.'' The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1979.</ref> reject altogether the arguments for prohibiting the use of electricity. Some Orthodox also hire a "[[Shabbos goy]]", a Gentile to perform prohibited tasks (like operating light switches) on Shabbat.
====Automobiles====
{{Main|Driving on Shabbat}}
Orthodox and many Conservative authorities completely prohibit the use of automobiles on Shabbat as a violation of multiple categories, including lighting a fire, extinguishing a fire, and transferring between domains (category 39). However, the Conservative movement's [[Committee on Jewish Law and Standards]] permits driving to a synagogue on Shabbat, as an emergency measure, on the grounds that if Jews lost contact with synagogue life they would become lost to the Jewish people.
A halakhically authorized [[Shabbat mode]] added to a power-operated [[mobility scooter]] may be used on the observance of Shabbat for those with walking limitations, often referred to as a Shabbat scooter. It is intended only for individuals whose limited mobility is dependent on a scooter or automobile consistently throughout the week.
====Modifications====
Seemingly "forbidden" acts may be performed by modifying technology such that no law is actually violated. In [[Sabbath mode]], a "[[Sabbath elevator]]" will stop automatically at every floor, allowing people to step on and off without anyone having to press any buttons, which would normally be needed to work. ([[Dynamic braking]] is also disabled if it is normally used, i.e., shunting energy collected from downward travel, and thus the [[gravitational energy|gravitational potential energy]] of passengers, into a [[resistor]] network.) However, many rabbinical authorities consider the use of such elevators by those who are otherwise capable as a violation of Shabbat, with such workarounds being for the benefit of the frail and handicapped and not being in the spirit of the day.
Many observant Jews avoid the prohibition of carrying by use of an [[eruv]]. Others make their [[Key (lock)|keys]] into a [[tie bar]], part of a [[Belt (clothing)|belt]] buckle, or a [[brooch]], because a legitimate article of [[clothing]] or [[jewelry]] may be worn rather than carried. An elastic band with clips on both ends, and with keys placed between them as integral links, may be considered a belt.
[[Shabbat lamp]]s have been developed to allow a light in a room to be turned on or off at will while the electricity remains on. A special mechanism blocks out the light when the off position is desired without violating Shabbat.
The [[Shabbos App]] is a proposed [[Android app]] claimed by its creators to enable [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Jew]]s, and all Jewish Sabbath-observers, to use a [[smartphone]] to text on the Jewish Sabbath. It has met with resistance from some authorities.<ref name=uproar>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/international/new-shabbos-app-creates-uproar-among-orthodox-circles|title=New Shabbos App Creates Uproar Among Orthodox Circles|author=Hannah Dreyfus|work=[[The Jewish Week]]|date=October 2, 2014|access-date=October 12, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007195945/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/international/new-shabbos-app-creates-uproar-among-orthodox-circles|archive-date=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name=toi>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/app-lets-jewish-kids-text-on-sabbath-and-stay-in-the-fold/|title=App lets Jewish kids text on Sabbath – and stay in the fold; The 'Shabbos App' is generating controversy in the Jewish community – and a monumental on-line discussion of Jewish law|author=David Shamah|date=October 2, 2014|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=October 3, 2014}}</ref><ref name=shalom>{{cite web|url=http://www.shalomlife.com/business/26132/finally-now-you-can-text-on-saturdays-thanks-to-new-shabbos-app/|title=Finally, Now You Can Text on Saturdays Thanks to New 'Shabbos App'|date=October 2, 2014|author=Daniel Koren|work=Shalom Life|access-date=October 12, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007135626/http://www.shalomlife.com/business/26132/finally-now-you-can-text-on-saturdays-thanks-to-new-shabbos-app/|archive-date=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2014/10/02/will-the-shabbos-app-change-jewish-life-raise-rabbinic-ire-or-both/|title=Will the Shabbos App Change Jewish Life, Raise Rabbinic Ire, or Both?|date=October 2, 2014|publisher=Jewish Business News|access-date=October 12, 2014}}</ref>
====Permissions====
{{Main|Pikuach nefesh}}
If a human life is in danger (pikuach nefesh), then a Jew is not only allowed, but required,<ref>[http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/8-saved-during-qshabbat-from-hellq 8 saved during "Shabbat from hell"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119072338/http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/8-saved-during-qshabbat-from-hellq |date=2010-01-19 }} (January 17, 2010) in [http://www.israel21c.org/ ''Israel 21c Innovation News Service''] Retrieved 2010–01–18</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3835327,00.html ZAKA rescue mission to Haiti 'proudly desecrating Shabbat'] Religious rescue team holds Shabbat prayer with members of international missions in Port au-Prince. Retrieved 2010–01–22</ref> to violate any halakhic law that stands in the way of saving that person (excluding murder, idolatry, and forbidden sexual acts). The concept of life being in danger is interpreted broadly: for example, it is mandated that one violate Shabbat to bring a woman in active labor to a hospital. Lesser rabbinic restrictions are often violated under much less urgent circumstances (a patient who is ill but not critically so).
{{quote|We did everything to save lives, despite Shabbat. People asked: "Why are you here? There are no Jews here," but we are here because the Torah orders us to save lives .... We are desecrating Shabbat with pride.|Mati Goldstein, commander of the Jewish [[ZAKA]] rescue-mission to the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]]<ref name="ynews">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3835327,00.html|title=ZAKA mission to Haiti 'proudly desecrating Shabbat'|newspaper=Ynetnews|date=17 January 2010 |access-date=8 October 2017|last1=Levy|first1=Amit}}</ref>}}
Various other legal principles closely delineate which activities constitute [[Sabbath desecration|desecration of Shabbat]]. Examples of these include the principle of ''shinui'' ("change" or "deviation"): A violation is not regarded as severe if the prohibited act was performed in a way that would be considered abnormal on a weekday. Examples include writing with one's nondominant hand, according to many rabbinic authorities. This legal principle operates ''bedi'avad'' (''[[ex post facto]]'') and does not cause a forbidden activity to be permitted barring extenuating circumstances.
===Reform and Reconstructionist views===
Generally, adherents of [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism]] believe that the individual Jew determines whether to follow Shabbat prohibitions or not. For example, some Jews might find activities, such as writing or cooking for [[leisure]], to be enjoyable enhancements to Shabbat and its holiness, and therefore may encourage such practices. Many Reform Jews believe that what constitutes "work" is different for each person, and that only what the person considers "work" is forbidden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/18-04-17.html|title=Soc.Culture.Jewish Newsgroups Frequently Asked Questions and Answers|page=18.4.7|date=2003-09-04|access-date=2009-03-27|author=Faigin, Daniel P.|publisher=[[Usenet]]}}</ref> The radical Reform rabbi [[Samuel Holdheim]] advocated moving Sabbath to Sunday for many no longer observed it, a step taken by dozens of congregations in the United States in late 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1982_34_01_00_olitzky.pdf|title=The Sunday-Sabbath Movement in American Reform Judaism: Strategy or Evolution|website=Americanjewisharchives.org|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>
More rabbinically traditional Reform and Reconstructionist Jews believe that these ''halakhoth'' in general may be valid, but that it is up to each individual to decide how and when to apply them. A small fraction of Jews in the Progressive Jewish community accept these laws in much the same way as Orthodox Jews.
==Encouraged activities==
The Talmud, especially in tractate Shabbat, defines rituals and activities to both "remember" and "keep" the Sabbath and to sanctify it at home and in the synagogue. In addition to refraining from creative work, the sanctification of the day through [[Kiddush|blessings over wine]], the preparation of special [[Shabbat meals|Sabbath meals]], and engaging in [[Jewish prayer|prayer]] and [[Torah study]] were required as an active part of Shabbat observance to promote intellectual activity and spiritual regeneration on the day of rest from physical creation. The Talmud states that the best food should be prepared for the Sabbath, for "one who delights in the Sabbath is granted their heart's desires" ([[Babylonian Talmud|BT]], Shabbat 118a-b).<ref>{{cite book|title=A Book of Jewish Concepts|last=Birnbaum|first=Philip|chapter=Sabbath|year=1975|publisher=Hebrew Publishing Company|location=New York, NY|isbn=088482876X|page=579–581}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Judaism - The Sabbath|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism|access-date=2020-07-28}}</ref>
All [[Jewish denominations]] encourage the following activities on Shabbat:
* Reading, studying, and discussing [[Torah]] and commentary, [[Mishnah]] and Talmud, and learning some [[halakha]] and [[midrash]].
* [[Synagogue]] attendance for [[Jewish services|prayers]].
* Spending time with other Jews and socializing with family, friends, and guests at Shabbat meals (''hachnasat orchim'', "[[hospitality]]").
* Singing ''[[zemiroth]]'' or ''[[niggun]]im'', special songs for Shabbat meals (commonly sung during or after a meal).
* [[Jewish views on marriage#Sexual relations|Sex]] between husband and wife.<ref>Shulkhan Arukh, Orach Chaim 280:1</ref>
* Sleeping.
==Special Shabbat==
{{Main|Special Shabbat}}
[[Special Shabbat]]ot are the Shabbatot that precede important [[Jewish holiday]]s: e.g., ''Shabbat HaGadol'' (Shabbat preceding [[Pesach]]), ''Shabbat Zachor'' (Shabbat preceding [[Purim]]), and ''Shabbat Shuvah'' (Shabbat between [[Rosh Hashanah]] and [[Yom Kippur]]).
==In Christianity==
{{Main|Sabbath in seventh-day churches|Sabbath in Christianity}}
Most [[Christians]] do not observe Saturday Sabbath, but instead observe a weekly day of worship on [[Sunday]], which is often called the "[[Lord's Day]]". Several Christian denominations, such as the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]], the [[Church of God (7th Day)]], the [[Seventh Day Baptist]]s, and [[List of Sabbath-keeping churches|others]], observe [[seventh-day Sabbath]]. This observance is celebrated from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset.
==Lunar Sabbath==
Some hold the biblical sabbath was not connected to a 7-day week like the Gregorian calendar. [https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/days The Seven-Day Week]. Instead the New Moon marks the starting point for counting and the shabat falls consistently on the 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th of each month. Biblical text to support using the moon, a light in the heavens, to determine days include [https://biblehub.com/genesis/1-14.htm Genesis 1:14], [https://biblehub.com/psalms/104-19.htm Psalm 104:19], and [https://biblehub.com/catholic/sirach/43-6.htm Sirach 43:6-8] See references:
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecreatorscalendar.com/sabbaths-consistent-lunar-month-dates/|title=Sabbath's Consistent Lunar Month Dates|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=4 February 2015 |access-date=Dec 27, 2021|quote="the sacred seventh-day Sabbaths are forever fixed to the count from one New Moon to the next, causing them to consistently fall upon the 8th, 15th, 22nd, and 29th lunar calendar dates."}}</ref>
<ref>[http://multifaiths.com/pdf/BiblicalProofLUNARSabbath.pdf Biblical Proof for the Lunar Sabbath - John D. Keyser]</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|last=Cipriani|first=Roshan|date=Oct 1, 2015|title=Lunar Sabbath: The Seventy-Two Lunar Sabbaths: Sabbath Observance By The Phases Of The Moon|location=Scotts Valley, CA|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1517080372}}{{RS|date=February 2022}}</ref>
Rabbinic Jewish tradition and practice does not hold of this, holding the sabbath to be based of the days of creation, and hence a wholly separate cycle from the monthly cycle, which does not occur automatically and must be rededicated each month.<ref>{{Cite web|title=tefilla - No Mekadesh Yisrael on Shabbat|url=https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/90473/no-mekadesh-yisrael-on-shabbat |access-date=2022-06-22|website=Mi Yodeya|language=en}}</ref> See [[Rosh Chodesh|kiddush hachodesh]].
==See also==
{{Wiktionary|Shabbat|shabbat}}
{{Commons category|Shabbat}}
* [[List of Shabbat topics]]
* [[Baqashot]]
* [[Jewish greetings]]
* [[Jewish prayer #Prayer on Shabbat]]
* [[Shmita]]
* [[Uposatha]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Shabbat}}
{{Jewish holidays}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Shabbat| ]]
[[Category:Sabbath|*]]
[[Category:Bereshit (parashah)]]
[[Category:Friday observances]]
[[Category:Hebrew calendar]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]]
[[Category:Saturday observances]]
[[Category:Working time]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Judaism's day of rest}}
{{About|the rest day in Judaism|the general day of rest in Abrahamic religions|Sabbath|Sabbath in the Bible|Biblical Sabbath|the Talmudic tractate|Shabbat (Talmud)}}
{{Infobox Halacha
|image = File:Shabbat Candles.jpg
|caption = <small>[[Kiddush cup]], [[Shabbat candles]] and [[challah cover]]</small>
|verse = {{bibleverse||Exodus|20:7-10|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Deut|5:12–14|HE}}, numerous others.<ref>Other Biblical sources include: {{bibleverse||Exodus|16:22–30|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Exodus|23:12|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Exodus|31:12–17|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Exodus|34:21|HE}}, and {{bibleverse||Exodus|35: 12–17|HE}}; {{bibleverse||Leviticus|19:3|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Leviticus|23:3|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Leviticus|26:2|HE}} and {{bibleverse||Numbers|15:32–26|HE}}</ref>
|mishnah = [[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]], [[Eruvin (Talmud)|Eruvin]]
|talmud = [[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]], [[Eruvin (Talmud)|Eruvin]]
|talmudy = [[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]], [[Eruvin (Talmud)|Eruvin]]
|rambam = ''Sefer Zmanim'', Shabbat 1–30; Eruvin 1–8
|sa = ''[[Orach Chayim]]'', Shabbat 244–344; Eruvin{{nbsp}}345–395; Techumin 396–416
|codes = ''[[Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (book)|Kitzur Shulchan Aruch]]'' ch. 72–96
}}
{{Judaism}}
'''Shabbat''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|'|b|æ|t}}, {{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|'|b|ɑː|t}}, or {{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|'|b|ʌ|t}}; {{lang-he|שַׁבָּת|Šabaṯ}}, {{IPA-he|ʃa'bat|}}, {{literal translation|rest' or 'cessation}}) or the '''Sabbath''', also called '''Shabbos''' ({{lang-yi|שבת}}) by [[Ashkenazim]], is [[Judaism]]'s day of rest on the seventh day of the [[seven-day week|week]]—i.e., [[Saturday]]. On this day, religious [[Jews]] remember the biblical stories describing the [[Genesis creation narrative|creation of the heaven and earth in six days]] and the redemption from slavery and [[The Exodus]] from Egypt, and look forward to a future [[Messianic Age]]. Since the [[Hebrew calendar|Jewish religious calendar]] counts days from sunset to sunset, Shabbat begins in the evening of what on the [[civil calendar]] is [[Friday]].
Shabbat observance entails refraining from [[39 Melachot|work activities]], often with [[shomer Shabbat|great rigor]], and engaging in restful activities to honour the day. Judaism's traditional position is that the unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution, although some suggest other origins. Variations upon Shabbat are widespread in Judaism and, with adaptations, throughout the [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] and many other [[religions]].
According to ''[[halakha]]'' (Jewish religious law), Shabbat is observed from a few minutes before sunset on Friday evening until the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night.<ref>[[Shulchan Aruch]], [[Orach Chayim]] 293:2</ref> Shabbat is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. Traditionally, three [[Seudat mitzvah#Seudat Shabbat and Seudat Yom Tov|festive meals]] are eaten: The first one is held on Friday evening, the second is traditionally a lunch meal on Saturday, and the third is held later in the afternoon. The evening meal and the early afternoon meal typically begin with a blessing called ''[[kiddush]]'' and another blessing recited over two loaves of [[challah]]. The third meal does not have the ''kiddush'' recited but all have the two loaves. Shabbat is closed Saturday evening with a ''[[havdalah]]'' blessing.
Shabbat is a festive day when Jews exercise their freedom from the regular labours of everyday life. It offers an opportunity to contemplate the spiritual aspects of life and to spend time with family.
==Etymology==
{{Main|Biblical Sabbath#Etymology}}
The word ''Shabbat'' derives from the Hebrew verb ''shavat'' ({{lang-he|שָׁבַת}}). Although frequently translated as "rest" (noun or verb), another accurate translation of these words is "ceasing [from work]."<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sabbath-Judaism Sabbath, Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> The notion of active cessation from labour is also regarded{{by whom|date=October 2018}} as more consistent with an [[omnipotent]] [[Names of God in Judaism|God]]'s activity on the seventh day of [[Genesis creation narrative|creation according to Genesis]]. Other related words are to ''shevet'' (שֶּׁבֶת) which means sitting or staying, and to ''sheva'' (שֶׁבַע) meaning seven, as Shabbat is the seventh day of the week; the other days of the week do not have names in Hebrew but are called by their [[Ordinal number|ordinals]].
==Status as a Jewish holy day==
[[File:Покривка за хала (леб) - כיסוי החלות - Challah cover.JPG|right|thumb|A challah cover with [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew inscription]]]]
The Tanakh and [[siddur]] describe Shabbat as having three purposes:{{cn|date=June 2021}}
# To commemorate [[Names of God in Judaism|God's]] creation of the universe, on the seventh day of which God rested from (or ceased) his work;
# To commemorate the Israelites' Exodus and redemption from slavery in [[ancient Egypt]];
#As a "taste" of [[Olam Haba]] (the [[Messianic Age]]).
Judaism accords Shabbat the status of a joyous holy day. In many ways, [[halakah|Jewish law]] gives Shabbat the status of being the most important holy day in the [[Hebrew calendar]]:<ref>One measure is the number of people called up to Torah readings at the Shachrit/morning service. Three is the smallest number, e.g. Mondays and Thursdays. Five on the Holy days of Passover, Shavuoth, Succoth. Yom Kippur: Six. Shabbat: Seven.</ref>
* It is the first holy day mentioned in the Bible, and God was the first to observe it with the cessation of creation (Genesis 2:1–3).
* [[Jewish services|Jewish liturgy]] treats Shabbat as a "bride" and "queen" (see [[Shekhinah]]); some sources described it as a "king".<ref>The [[Talmud]] (Shabbat 119a) describes rabbis going out to greet the Shabbat Queen, and the [[Lekhah Dodi]] poem describes Shabbat as a "bride" and "queen". However, [[Maimonides]] ([[Mishneh Torah]] Hilchot Shabbat 30:2) speaks of greeting the "Shabbat King", and two independent commentaries on Mishneh Torah (Maggid Mishneh and R' Zechariah haRofeh) quote the Talmud as speaking of the "Shabbat King". The words "King" and "Queen" in Aramaic differ by just one letter, and it seems that these understandings result from different traditions regarding spelling the Talmudic word. See [https://www.maharitz.co.il/?CategoryID=174&ArticleID=672 full discussion].</ref>
* The [[Sefer Torah]] is read during the [[Torah reading]] which is part of the Shabbat morning services, with a longer reading than during the week. The Torah is read over a yearly cycle of 54 ''[[parashioth]]'', one for each Shabbat (sometimes they are doubled). On Shabbat, the reading is divided into seven sections, more than on any other holy day, including [[Yom Kippur]]. Then, the [[Haftarah]] reading from the Hebrew prophets is read.
* A tradition states that the [[Jewish Messiah]] will come if every Jew properly observes two consecutive Shabbatoth.<ref>[[Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat]] 118</ref>
* The punishment in ancient times for desecrating Shabbat ([[stoning]]) is the most severe punishment in Jewish law.<ref>See e.g. Numbers 15:32–36.</ref>
==Rituals==
{{redirect|Shabbat dinner|the film|Shabbat Dinner}}
===Welcoming Shabbat===
[[File:GOOD SHABBES -.jpg|thumb|Jewish woman reciting blessing over [[Shabbat candles]]]]
Honoring Shabbat (''kavod Shabbat'') on Preparation Day (Friday) includes bathing, having a haircut and cleaning and beautifying the home (with flowers, for example).
Days in the Jewish calendar start at nightfall, therefore many [[Jewish holidays]] begin at [[Zmanim|such time]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Moss|first1=Aron|title=Why do Jewish holidays begin at nightfall?|url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/160961/jewish/Why-do-Jewish-holidays-begin-at-nightfall.htm|website=Chabad.org|publisher=Chabad.org |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> According to Jewish law, Shabbat starts a few minutes before sunset. Candles are lit at this time. It is customary in many communities to light the candles 18 minutes before sundown (''tosefet Shabbat'', although sometimes 36 minutes), and most printed Jewish calendars adhere to this custom.
The [[Jewish prayer#Friday night|Kabbalat Shabbat]] service is a prayer service welcoming the arrival of Shabbat. Before Friday night dinner, it is customary to sing two songs, one "greeting" two Shabbat angels into the house<ref>Shabbat 119b</ref> ([[Shalom Aleichem (liturgy)|"''Shalom Aleichem''"]] -"Peace Be Upon You") and the other praising the woman of the house for all the work she has done over the past week ([[Proverbs 31#The good wife (31:10–31)|"''Eshet Ḥayil''"]] -"Women Of Valour").<ref>{{bibleverse|Proverbs|31:10–31|HE}}</ref> After blessings over the wine and [[challah]], a festive meal is served. Singing is traditional at Sabbath meals.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ferguson|first1=Joey|title=Jewish lecture series focuses on Sabbath Course at Chabad center focuses on secrets of sabbath's serenity|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700137207/Jewish-lecture-series-focuses-on-Sabbath.html?pg=all|agency=Deseret News|date=May 20, 2011|quote=The more we are able to invest in it, the more we are able to derive pleasure from the Sabbath." Jewish belief is based on understanding that observance of the Sabbath is the source of all blessing, said Rabbi Zippel in an interview. He referred to the Jewish Sabbath as a time where individuals disconnect themselves from all endeavors that enslave them throughout the week and compared the day to pressing a reset button on a machine. A welcome prayer over wine or grape juice from the men and candle lighting from the women invokes the Jewish Sabbath on Friday at sundown.}}</ref> In modern times, many composers have written sacred music for use during the Kabbalat Shabbat observance, including [[Robert Strassburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milkenarchive.org/artists/view/robert-strassburg/|title=Strassburg, Robert|website=Milken Archive of Jewish Music|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> and [[Samuel Adler (composer)|Samuel Adler]].<ref name="Milken Archive of Jewish Music">{{cite web|title=Milken Archive of Jewish Music – People – Samuel Adler|url=http://www.milkenarchive.org/people/view/all/482/Adler,+Samuel|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref>
According to [[rabbinic literature]], God via the Torah commands Jews to ''observe'' (refrain from forbidden activity) and ''remember'' (with words, thoughts, and actions) Shabbat, and these two actions are symbolized by the customary two [[Shabbat candles]]. Candles are lit usually by the woman of the house (or else by a man who lives alone). Some families light more candles, sometimes in accordance with the number of children.<ref>[[Shulchan Aruch]], [[Orach Chaim]] 261.</ref>
===Other rituals===
{{redirect2|Oyneg Shabes|Oneg Shabbat|the collection of documents from the Warsaw Ghetto collected and preserved by the group known by the code name Oyneg Shabes|Ringelblum Archive}}
Shabbat is a day of celebration as well as [[Jewish services|prayer]]. It is customary to eat three festive meals: Dinner on Shabbat eve (Friday night), lunch on Shabbat day (Saturday), and a third meal (a ''[[Seudah shlishit]]''<ref>Since it is this meal that changes the other two from meals of a two-per-day nature to two of a trio</ref>) in the late afternoon (Saturday). It is also customary to wear nice clothing (different from during the week) on Shabbat to honor the day.
Many Jews attend synagogue services on Shabbat even if they do not do so during the week. Services are held on Shabbat eve (Friday night), Shabbat morning (Saturday morning), and late Shabbat afternoon (Saturday afternoon).
With the exception of [[Yom Kippur]], days of public fasting are postponed or advanced if they coincide with Shabbat. Mourners sitting ''[[Shiva (Judaism)|shivah]]'' (week of mourning subsequent to the death of a spouse or first-degree relative) outwardly conduct themselves normally for the duration of the day and are forbidden to display public signs of mourning.
Although most Shabbat laws are restrictive, the fourth of the Ten Commandments in Exodus is taken by the Talmud and [[Maimonides]] to allude to the ''positive'' commandments of Shabbat. These include:
* Honoring Shabbat (''kavod Shabbat''): on Shabbat, wearing festive clothing and refraining from unpleasant conversation. It is customary to avoid talking on Shabbat about money, business matters, or secular things that one might discuss during the week.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ein Yaakov: The Ethical and Inspirational Teachings of the Talmud|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1461628245|isbn=1461628245|year=1999}}</ref><ref>Derived from {{Bibleverse||Isaiah|58:13–14|HE}}.</ref>
* Recitation of ''kiddush'' over a cup of [[kosher wine|wine]] at the beginning of Shabbat meals, or at a reception after the conclusion of morning prayers (see the [[list of Jewish prayers and blessings]]).
[[File:Shabbat Challos.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Two homemade [[whole-wheat flour|whole-wheat]] challot covered by traditional [[embroidery|embroidered]] Shabbat [[challah cover]]]]
* Eating three festive meals. Meals begin with a blessing over two loaves of bread (''[[lechem mishneh]]'', "double bread"), usually of braided challah, which is symbolic of the double portion of [[manna]] that fell for the Jewish people on the day before Sabbath during their 40 years in the desert after the Exodus from Ancient Egypt. It is customary to serve meat or fish, and sometimes both, for Shabbat evening and morning meals. ''[[Seudah Shlishit]]'' (literally, "third meal"), generally a light meal that may be [[pareve]] or [[dairy]], is eaten late Shabbat afternoon.
* Enjoying Shabbat (''oneg Shabbat''): Engaging in pleasurable activities such as eating, singing, sleeping, spending time with the family, and marital relations. Sometimes referred to as "Shabbating".
* Recitation of ''[[havdalah]]''.
===Bidding farewell===
{{Main|Havdalah}}
[[File:Havdal.jpg|thumb|Observing the closing ''havdalah'' ritual in 14th-century Spain]]
''Havdalah'' (Hebrew: הַבְדָּלָה, "separation") is a Jewish religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Shabbat, and ushers in the new week. At the conclusion of Shabbat at nightfall, after the appearance of three stars in the sky, the ''havdalah'' blessings are recited over a cup of wine, and with the use of fragrant spices and a candle, usually braided. Some communities delay ''havdalah'' later into the night in order to prolong Shabbat. There are different customs regarding how much time one should wait after the stars have surfaced until the sabbath technically ends. Some people hold by 72 minutes later and other hold longer and shorter than that.
==Prohibited activities==
{{Main|39 Melachot|Rabbinically prohibited activities of Shabbat}}
[[Halakha|Jewish law (halakha)]] prohibits doing any form of ''melakhah'' (מְלָאכָה, plural ''melakhoth'') on Shabbat, unless an urgent human or medical need is life-threatening. Though ''melakhah'' is commonly translated as "work" in [[English language|English]], a better definition is "deliberate activity" or "skill and craftmanship". There are 39 categories of ''melakhah'':<ref>[[Mishnah]] Tractate Shabbat 7:2</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* plowing earth
* sowing
* reaping
* binding sheaves
* threshing
* winnowing
* selecting
* grinding
* sifting
* kneading
* baking
* shearing wool
* washing wool
* beating wool
* dyeing wool
* spinning
* weaving
* making two loops
* weaving two threads
* separating two threads
* tying
* untying
* sewing stitches
* tearing
* trapping
* slaughtering
* flaying
* tanning
* scraping hide
* marking hide
* cutting hide to shape
* writing two or more letters
* erasing two or more letters
* building
* demolishing
* extinguishing a fire
* kindling a fire
* putting the finishing touch on an object, and
* transporting an object (between private and public domains, or over 4 [[cubit]]s within public domain) {{div col end}}
The 39 ''melakhoth'' are not so much activities as "categories of activity". For example, while "winnowing" usually refers exclusively to the separation of [[chaff]] from [[cereal|grain]], and "selecting" refers exclusively to the separation of debris from grain, they refer in the Talmudic sense to any separation of intermixed materials which renders edible that which was inedible. Thus, filtering undrinkable water to make it drinkable falls under this category, as does picking small bones from fish ([[gefilte fish]] is one solution to this problem).
The categories of labors prohibited on Shabbat are [[exegesis|exegetically]] derived – on account of Biblical passages juxtaposing Shabbat observance ({{Bibleverse|Exodus|35:1–3|HE}}) to making the [[Tabernacle (Judaism)|Tabernacle]] ({{Bibleverse|Exodus|35:4 etc.|HE}}) – that they are the kinds of work that were necessary for the construction of the [[Tabernacle (Judaism)|Tabernacle]]. They are not explicitly listed in the Torah; the Mishnah observes that "the laws of Shabbat ... are like mountains hanging by a hair, for they are little Scripture but many laws".<ref>[[Chagigah]] 1:8.</ref> Many [[rabbinic literature|rabbinic scholars]] have pointed out that these labors have in common activity that is "creative", or that exercises control or dominion over one's [[environment (biophysical)|environment]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Klein|first1=Miriam|title=Sabbath Offers Serenity in a Fast-Paced World|url=http://www.triblocal.com/northbrook/community/stories/2011/04/sabbath-offers-serenity-in-a-fast-paced-world/|agency=Chicago Tribune|publisher=Triblocal|date=April 27, 2011}}</ref>
In addition to the 39 ''melakhot'', additional activities were [[Rabbinically prohibited activities of Shabbat|prohibited by the rabbis]] for various reasons.
The term ''[[shomer Shabbat]]'' is used for a person (or organization) who adheres to Shabbat laws consistently. The (strict) observance of the Sabbath is often seen as a benchmark for orthodoxy and indeed has legal bearing on the way a Jew is seen by an [[Beit din|orthodox religious court]] regarding their affiliation to Judaism.<ref>See [[Yosef Dov Soloveitchik]]'s "Beis HaLevi" commentary on [[parasha]] [[Ki Tissa]] for further elaboration regarding the legal ramifications.</ref>
===Specific applications===
====Electricity====
[[File:Teddy bear Shabbat lamp.tif|thumb|upright|Teddy bear lamp in the collection of the [[Jewish Museum of Switzerland]]. The cap can be twisted, which covers the lightbulb with a dark shell and dims the light in a way arguably acceptable on the sabbath. ]]
{{Main|Electricity on Shabbat}}
Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that turning [[electricity|electric]] devices on or off is prohibited as a ''melakhah''; however, authorities are not in agreement about exactly which one(s). One view is that tiny sparks are created in a switch when the circuit is closed, and this would constitute lighting a fire (category 37). If the appliance is purposed for light or heat (such as an [[incandescent bulb]] or electric oven), then the lighting or heating elements may be considered as a type of fire that falls under both lighting a fire (category 37) and cooking (i.e., baking, category 11). Turning lights off would be extinguishing a fire (category 36). Another view is that completing an electrical circuit constitutes building (category 35) and turning off the circuit would be demolishing (category 34). Some schools of thought consider the use of electricity to be forbidden only by [[rabbinical law|rabbinic injunction]], rather than a ''melakhah''.
A common solution to the problem of electricity involves preset timers ([[Shabbat clock]]s) for electric appliances, to turn them on and off automatically, with no human intervention on Shabbat itself. Some Conservative authorities<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neulander|first1=Arthur|year=1950|title=The Use of Electricity on the Sabbath|journal=Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly|volume=14|pages=165–171}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adler|first1=Morris|last2=Agus|first2=Jacob|last3=Friedman|first3=Theodore|year=1950|title=Responsum on the Sabbath|journal=Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly|volume=14|pages=112–137}}</ref><ref>Klein, Isaac. ''A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice.'' The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1979.</ref> reject altogether the arguments for prohibiting the use of electricity. Some Orthodox also hire a "[[Shabbos goy]]", a Gentile to perform prohibited tasks (like operating light switches) on Shabbat.
====Automobiles====
{{Main|Driving on Shabbat}}
Orthodox and many Conservative authorities completely prohibit the use of automobiles on Shabbat as a violation of multiple categories, including lighting a fire, extinguishing a fire, and transferring between domains (category 39). However, the Conservative movement's [[Committee on Jewish Law and Standards]] permits driving to a synagogue on Shabbat, as an emergency measure, on the grounds that if Jews lost contact with synagogue life they would become lost to the Jewish people.
A halakhically authorized [[Shabbat mode]] added to a power-operated [[mobility scooter]] may be used on the observance of Shabbat for those with walking limitations, often referred to as a Shabbat scooter. It is intended only for individuals whose limited mobility is dependent on a scooter or automobile consistently throughout the week.
====Modifications====
Seemingly "forbidden" acts may be performed by modifying technology such that no law is actually violated. In [[Sabbath mode]], a "[[Sabbath elevator]]" will stop automatically at every floor, allowing people to step on and off without anyone having to press any buttons, which would normally be needed to work. ([[Dynamic braking]] is also disabled if it is normally used, i.e., shunting energy collected from downward travel, and thus the [[gravitational energy|gravitational potential energy]] of passengers, into a [[resistor]] network.) However, many rabbinical authorities consider the use of such elevators by those who are otherwise capable as a violation of Shabbat, with such workarounds being for the benefit of the frail and handicapped and not being in the spirit of the day.
Many observant Jews avoid the prohibition of carrying by use of an [[eruv]]. Others make their [[Key (lock)|keys]] into a [[tie bar]], part of a [[Belt (clothing)|belt]] buckle, or a [[brooch]], because a legitimate article of [[clothing]] or [[jewelry]] may be worn rather than carried. An elastic band with clips on both ends, and with keys placed between them as integral links, may be considered a belt.
[[Shabbat lamp]]s have been developed to allow a light in a room to be turned on or off at will while the electricity remains on. A special mechanism blocks out the light when the off position is desired without violating Shabbat.
The [[Shabbos App]] is a proposed [[Android app]] claimed by its creators to enable [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Jew]]s, and all Jewish Sabbath-observers, to use a [[smartphone]] to text on the Jewish Sabbath. It has met with resistance from some authorities.<ref name=uproar>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/international/new-shabbos-app-creates-uproar-among-orthodox-circles|title=New Shabbos App Creates Uproar Among Orthodox Circles|author=Hannah Dreyfus|work=[[The Jewish Week]]|date=October 2, 2014|access-date=October 12, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007195945/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/international/new-shabbos-app-creates-uproar-among-orthodox-circles|archive-date=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name=toi>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/app-lets-jewish-kids-text-on-sabbath-and-stay-in-the-fold/|title=App lets Jewish kids text on Sabbath – and stay in the fold; The 'Shabbos App' is generating controversy in the Jewish community – and a monumental on-line discussion of Jewish law|author=David Shamah|date=October 2, 2014|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=October 3, 2014}}</ref><ref name=shalom>{{cite web|url=http://www.shalomlife.com/business/26132/finally-now-you-can-text-on-saturdays-thanks-to-new-shabbos-app/|title=Finally, Now You Can Text on Saturdays Thanks to New 'Shabbos App'|date=October 2, 2014|author=Daniel Koren|work=Shalom Life|access-date=October 12, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007135626/http://www.shalomlife.com/business/26132/finally-now-you-can-text-on-saturdays-thanks-to-new-shabbos-app/|archive-date=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2014/10/02/will-the-shabbos-app-change-jewish-life-raise-rabbinic-ire-or-both/|title=Will the Shabbos App Change Jewish Life, Raise Rabbinic Ire, or Both?|date=October 2, 2014|publisher=Jewish Business News|access-date=October 12, 2014}}</ref>
====Permissions====
{{Main|Pikuach nefesh}}
If a human life is in danger (pikuach nefesh), then a Jew is not only allowed, but required,<ref>[http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/8-saved-during-qshabbat-from-hellq 8 saved during "Shabbat from hell"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119072338/http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/8-saved-during-qshabbat-from-hellq |date=2010-01-19 }} (January 17, 2010) in [http://www.israel21c.org/ ''Israel 21c Innovation News Service''] Retrieved 2010–01–18</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3835327,00.html ZAKA rescue mission to Haiti 'proudly desecrating Shabbat'] Religious rescue team holds Shabbat prayer with members of international missions in Port au-Prince. Retrieved 2010–01–22</ref> to violate any halakhic law that stands in the way of saving that person (excluding murder, idolatry, and forbidden sexual acts). The concept of life being in danger is interpreted broadly: for example, it is mandated that one violate Shabbat to bring a woman in active labor to a hospital. Lesser rabbinic restrictions are often violated under much less urgent circumstances (a patient who is ill but not critically so).
{{quote|We did everything to save lives, despite Shabbat. People asked: "Why are you here? There are no Jews here," but we are here because the Torah orders us to save lives .... We are desecrating Shabbat with pride.|Mati Goldstein, commander of the Jewish [[ZAKA]] rescue-mission to the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]]<ref name="ynews">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3835327,00.html|title=ZAKA mission to Haiti 'proudly desecrating Shabbat'|newspaper=Ynetnews|date=17 January 2010 |access-date=8 October 2017|last1=Levy|first1=Amit}}</ref>}}
Various other legal principles closely delineate which activities constitute [[Sabbath desecration|desecration of Shabbat]]. Examples of these include the principle of ''shinui'' ("change" or "deviation"): A violation is not regarded as severe if the prohibited act was performed in a way that would be considered abnormal on a weekday. Examples include writing with one's nondominant hand, according to many rabbinic authorities. This legal principle operates ''bedi'avad'' (''[[ex post facto]]'') and does not cause a forbidden activity to be permitted barring extenuating circumstances.
===Reform and Reconstructionist views===
Generally, adherents of [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism]] believe that the individual Jew determines whether to follow Shabbat prohibitions or not. For example, some Jews might find activities, such as writing or cooking for [[leisure]], to be enjoyable enhancements to Shabbat and its holiness, and therefore may encourage such practices. Many Reform Jews believe that what constitutes "work" is different for each person, and that only what the person considers "work" is forbidden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/18-04-17.html|title=Soc.Culture.Jewish Newsgroups Frequently Asked Questions and Answers|page=18.4.7|date=2003-09-04|access-date=2009-03-27|author=Faigin, Daniel P.|publisher=[[Usenet]]}}</ref> The radical Reform rabbi [[Samuel Holdheim]] advocated moving Sabbath to Sunday for many no longer observed it, a step taken by dozens of congregations in the United States in late 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1982_34_01_00_olitzky.pdf|title=The Sunday-Sabbath Movement in American Reform Judaism: Strategy or Evolution|website=Americanjewisharchives.org|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>
More rabbinically traditional Reform and Reconstructionist Jews believe that these ''halakhoth'' in general may be valid, but that it is up to each individual to decide how and when to apply them. A small fraction of Jews in the Progressive Jewish community accept these laws in much the same way as Orthodox Jews.
==Encouraged activities==
The Talmud, especially in tractate Shabbat, defines rituals and activities to both "remember" and "keep" the Sabbath and to sanctify it at home and in the synagogue. In addition to refraining from creative work, the sanctification of the day through [[Kiddush|blessings over wine]], the preparation of special [[Shabbat meals|Sabbath meals]], and engaging in [[Jewish prayer|prayer]] and [[Torah study]] were required as an active part of Shabbat observance to promote intellectual activity and spiritual regeneration on the day of rest from physical creation. The Talmud states that the best food should be prepared for the Sabbath, for "one who delights in the Sabbath is granted their heart's desires" ([[Babylonian Talmud|BT]], Shabbat 118a-b).<ref>{{cite book|title=A Book of Jewish Concepts|last=Birnbaum|first=Philip|chapter=Sabbath|year=1975|publisher=Hebrew Publishing Company|location=New York, NY|isbn=088482876X|page=579–581}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Judaism - The Sabbath|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism|access-date=2020-07-28}}</ref>
All [[Jewish denominations]] encourage the following activities on Shabbat:
* Reading, studying, and discussing [[Torah]] and commentary, [[Mishnah]] and Talmud, and learning some [[halakha]] and [[midrash]].
* [[Synagogue]] attendance for [[Jewish services|prayers]].
* Spending time with other Jews and socializing with family, friends, and guests at Shabbat meals (''hachnasat orchim'', "[[hospitality]]").
* Singing ''[[zemiroth]]'' or ''[[niggun]]im'', special songs for Shabbat meals (commonly sung during or after a meal).
* [[Jewish views on marriage#Sexual relations|Sex]] between husband and wife.<ref>Shulkhan Arukh, Orach Chaim 280:1</ref>
* Sleeping.
==Special Shabbat==
{{Main|Special Shabbat}}
[[Special Shabbat]]ot are the Shabbatot that precede important [[Jewish holiday]]s: e.g., ''Shabbat HaGadol'' (Shabbat preceding [[Pesach]]), ''Shabbat Zachor'' (Shabbat preceding [[Purim]]), and ''Shabbat Shuvah'' (Shabbat between [[Rosh Hashanah]] and [[Yom Kippur]]).
==In Christianity==
{{Main|Sabbath in seventh-day churches|Sabbath in Christianity}}
Most [[Christians]] do not observe Saturday Sabbath, but instead observe a weekly day of worship on [[Sunday]], which is often called the "[[Lord's Day]]". Several Christian denominations, such as the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]], the [[Church of God (7th Day)]], the [[Seventh Day Baptist]]s, and [[List of Sabbath-keeping churches|others]], observe [[seventh-day Sabbath]]. This observance is celebrated from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset.
==Lunar Sabbath==
Some hold the biblical sabbath was not connected to a 7-day week like the Gregorian calendar. [https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/days The Seven-Day Week]. Instead the New Moon marks the starting point for counting and the shabat falls consistently on the 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th of each month. Biblical text to support using the moon, a light in the heavens, to determine days include [https://biblehub.com/genesis/1-14.htm Genesis 1:14], [https://biblehub.com/psalms/104-19.htm Psalm 104:19], and [https://biblehub.com/catholic/sirach/43-6.htm Sirach 43:6-8] See references:
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecreatorscalendar.com/sabbaths-consistent-lunar-month-dates/|title=Sabbath's Consistent Lunar Month Dates|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=4 February 2015 |access-date=Dec 27, 2021|quote="the sacred seventh-day Sabbaths are forever fixed to the count from one New Moon to the next, causing them to consistently fall upon the 8th, 15th, 22nd, and 29th lunar calendar dates."}}</ref>
<ref>[http://multifaiths.com/pdf/BiblicalProofLUNARSabbath.pdf Biblical Proof for the Lunar Sabbath - John D. Keyser]</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|last=Cipriani|first=Roshan|date=Oct 1, 2015|title=Lunar Sabbath: The Seventy-Two Lunar Sabbaths: Sabbath Observance By The Phases Of The Moon|location=Scotts Valley, CA|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1517080372}}{{RS|date=February 2022}}</ref>
Rabbinic Jewish tradition and practice does not hold of this, holding the sabbath to be based of the days of creation, and hence a wholly separate cycle from the monthly cycle, which does not occur automatically and must be rededicated each month.<ref>{{Cite web|title=tefilla - No Mekadesh Yisrael on Shabbat|url=https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/90473/no-mekadesh-yisrael-on-shabbat |access-date=2022-06-22|website=Mi Yodeya|language=en}}</ref> See [[Rosh Chodesh|kiddush hachodesh]].
==See also==
{{Wiktionary|Shabbat|shabbat}}
{{Commons category|Shabbat}}
* [[List of Shabbat topics]]
* [[Baqashot]]
* [[Jewish greetings]]
* [[Jewish prayer #Prayer on Shabbat]]
* [[Shmita]]
* [[Uposatha]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Shabbat}}
{{Jewish holidays}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Shabbat| ]]
[[Category:Sabbath|*]]
[[Category:Bereshit (parashah)]]
[[Category:Friday observances]]
[[Category:Hebrew calendar]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]]
[[Category:Saturday observances]]
[[Category:Working time]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -25,28 +25,4 @@
{{Main|Biblical Sabbath#Etymology}}
The word ''Shabbat'' derives from the Hebrew verb ''shavat'' ({{lang-he|שָׁבַת}}). Although frequently translated as "rest" (noun or verb), another accurate translation of these words is "ceasing [from work]."<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sabbath-Judaism Sabbath, Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> The notion of active cessation from labour is also regarded{{by whom|date=October 2018}} as more consistent with an [[omnipotent]] [[Names of God in Judaism|God]]'s activity on the seventh day of [[Genesis creation narrative|creation according to Genesis]]. Other related words are to ''shevet'' (שֶּׁבֶת) which means sitting or staying, and to ''sheva'' (שֶׁבַע) meaning seven, as Shabbat is the seventh day of the week; the other days of the week do not have names in Hebrew but are called by their [[Ordinal number|ordinals]].
-
-==Origins==
-
-===Babylon===
-{{Main|Babylonian calendar}}
-A [[cognate]] [[Babylonian language|Babylonian]] ''Sapattu<sup>m</sup>'' or ''Sabattu<sup>m</sup>'' is reconstructed from the lost fifth [[Enūma Eliš]] creation account, which is read as: "''[Sa]bbatu'' shalt thou then encounter, mid[month]ly". It is regarded as a form of [[Sumer]]ian ''sa-bat'' ("mid-rest"), rendered in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] as ''um nuh libbi'' ("day of mid-repose").<ref name=ere>{{cite book|author=Pinches, T.G.|editor=Hastings, James|others=Selbie, John A., contrib|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics|volume=20|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|pages=889–891|chapter=Sabbath (Babylonian)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVNqXDz4CE8C|isbn=978-0-7661-3698-4|access-date=2009-03-17}}
-It has been argued that the association of the number seven with creation itself derives from the circumstance that the Enuma Elish was recorded on seven tablets.
-"emphasized by Professor [[George Aaron Barton|Barton]], who says: 'Each account is arranged in a series of sevens, the Babylonian in seven tablets, the Hebrew in seven days. Each of them places the creation of man in the sixth division of its series." Albert T. Clay, ''The Origin of Biblical Traditions: Hebrew Legends in Babylonia and Israel'', 1923, [https://books.google.ch/books?id=JKBLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 p. 74].</ref>
-
-Connection to Sabbath observance has been suggested in the designation of the seventh, fourteenth, nineteenth, twenty-first and twenty-eight days of a lunar month in an Assyrian religious calendar as a 'holy day', also called 'evil days' (meaning "unsuitable" for prohibited activities). The prohibitions on these days, spaced seven days apart (except the nineteenth), include abstaining from chariot riding, and the avoidance of eating meat by the King. On these days officials were prohibited from various activities and common men were forbidden to "make a wish", and at least the 28th was known as a "rest-day".<ref>"Histoire du peuple hébreu". [[André Lemaire]]. Presses Universitaires de France 2009 (8e édition), p. 66</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week|author=Eviatar Zerubavel|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1985|isbn=0-226-98165-7}}</ref>
-
-The ''[[Universal Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' advanced a theory of [[Assyriologist]]s like [[Friedrich Delitzsch]]<ref name=landau/> (and of [[Marcello Craveri]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Craveri, Marcello|title=The Life of Jesus|publisher=Grove Press|year=1967|page=134}}</ref> that Shabbat originally arose from the [[lunar cycle]] in the [[Babylonian calendar]]<ref>{{cite book|year=1943|title=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times|volume=5|page=410|editor=Landman, Isaac|chapter=Holidays|author=Joseph, Max|others=Cohen, Simon, compiler|publisher=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc|editor-link=Isaac Landman}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|year=1943|title=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times|volume=9|page=295|editor=Landman, Isaac|chapter=Sabbath|author=Joseph, Max|others=Cohen, Simon, compiler|publisher=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Incv|editor-link= Isaac Landman}}</ref> containing four weeks ending in a Sabbath, plus one or two additional unreckoned days per month.<ref>{{cite book|year=1943|title=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times|volume=10|page=482|editor=Landman, Isaac|chapter=Week|author=Cohen, Simon|others=Cohen, Simon, compiler|publisher=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc |editor-link= Isaac Landman}}</ref> The difficulties of this theory include reconciling the differences between an unbroken week and a lunar week, and explaining the absence of texts naming the lunar week as Sabbath in any language.<ref name=orr/>
-
-===Egypt===
-Seventh-day Shabbat did not originate with the [[Ancient Egypt |Egyptians]], to whom it was unknown;<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13287b.htm|title=[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]|author=Bechtel, Florentine|chapter=Sabbath|volume=13|location=[[New York City]]|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|year=1912 |access-date= 2009-03-26}}</ref> and other origin theories based on the day of [[Saturn]], or on the [[planets]] generally, have also been abandoned.<ref name=orr>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Tn4PAAAAYAAJ|title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|editor=Orr, James|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Tn4PAAAAYAAJ/page/n536 2630]|chapter=Sabbath: Critical Theories|author=Sampey, John Richard|publisher=Howard-Severance Company|year=1915 |access-date= 2009-08-13| editor-link=James Orr (theologian)}}</ref>
-
-===Hebrew Bible===
-{{Main|Biblical Sabbath}}
-Sabbath is given special status as a holy day at the very beginning of the [[Torah]] in Genesis 2:1-3.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|2:1–3|HE}}</ref> It is first commanded after [[The Exodus]] from Egypt, in Exodus 16:26<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|16:26|HE}}</ref> (relating to the cessation of [[manna]]) and in Exodus 16:29<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|16:29|HE}}</ref> (relating to the distance one may [[Biblical mile|travel by foot]] on the Sabbath), as also in Exodus 20:8-11<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|20:8–11|HE}}</ref> (as one of the [[Ten Commandments]]). Sabbath is commanded and commended many more times in the Torah and [[Tanakh]]; double the normal number of animal [[korban|sacrifices]] are to be offered on the day.<ref>''Every Person's Guide to Shabbat'', by Ronald H. Isaacs, Jason Aronson, 1998, p. 6</ref> Sabbath is also described by the prophets [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]], [[Ezekiel]], [[Hosea]], [[Amos (prophet)|Amos]], and [[Nehemiah]].
-
-[[File:Шабатна кибритна кутија - Shabbat matchbox holder.jpg|right|thumb|A silver matchbox holder for Shabbat from [[North Macedonia]] ]]
-The longstanding traditional Jewish position is that unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution.<ref name=landau>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/sabbath00land/sabbath00land_djvu.txt|title=The Sabbath|author=Landau, Judah Leo|publisher=Ivri Publishing Society, Ltd |access-date= 2009-03-26|location=[[Johannesburg, South Africa]]|pages=2, 12}}</ref> The origins of Shabbat and a seven-day week are not clear to scholars; the [[Moses |Mosaic]] tradition claims an origin from the Genesis creation narrative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcea.org.au/articles/the_westminster_confession/the_origin_of_the_sabbath/|title=The Origin of the Sabbath|author=Graham, I. L.|publisher=[[Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia]]|year=2009 |access-date= 2009-03-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081203162529/http://www.pcea.org.au/articles/the_westminster_confession/the_origin_of_the_sabbath/ |archive-date= December 3, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303554/Jewish-religious-year/34908/The-Sabbath|title=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|chapter=Jewish religious year: The Sabbath|year=2009 |access-date= 2009-03-26|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|quote=According to biblical tradition, it commemorates the original seventh day on which God rested after completing the creation. Scholars have not succeeded in tracing the origin of the seven-day week, nor can they account for the origin of the Sabbath.}}</ref>
-
-The first non-Biblical reference to Sabbath is in an [[ostracon]] found in excavations at [[Mesad Hashavyahu]], which has been dated to approximately 630 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cojs.org/cojswiki/Mezad_Hashavyahu_Ostracon%2C_c._630_BCE|title=Mezad Hashavyahu Ostracon, c. 630 BCE |access-date= 2012-09-12 |url-status =dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130130125324/http://www.cojs.org/cojswiki/Mezad_Hashavyahu_Ostracon%2C_c._630_BCE |archive-date= 2013-01-30}}</ref>
==Status as a Jewish holy day==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 34142 |
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0 => '',
1 => '==Origins==',
2 => '',
3 => '===Babylon===',
4 => '{{Main|Babylonian calendar}}',
5 => 'A [[cognate]] [[Babylonian language|Babylonian]] ''Sapattu<sup>m</sup>'' or ''Sabattu<sup>m</sup>'' is reconstructed from the lost fifth [[Enūma Eliš]] creation account, which is read as: "''[Sa]bbatu'' shalt thou then encounter, mid[month]ly". It is regarded as a form of [[Sumer]]ian ''sa-bat'' ("mid-rest"), rendered in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] as ''um nuh libbi'' ("day of mid-repose").<ref name=ere>{{cite book|author=Pinches, T.G.|editor=Hastings, James|others=Selbie, John A., contrib|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics|volume=20|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|pages=889–891|chapter=Sabbath (Babylonian)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVNqXDz4CE8C|isbn=978-0-7661-3698-4|access-date=2009-03-17}}',
6 => 'It has been argued that the association of the number seven with creation itself derives from the circumstance that the Enuma Elish was recorded on seven tablets. ',
7 => '"emphasized by Professor [[George Aaron Barton|Barton]], who says: 'Each account is arranged in a series of sevens, the Babylonian in seven tablets, the Hebrew in seven days. Each of them places the creation of man in the sixth division of its series." Albert T. Clay, ''The Origin of Biblical Traditions: Hebrew Legends in Babylonia and Israel'', 1923, [https://books.google.ch/books?id=JKBLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 p. 74].</ref>',
8 => '',
9 => 'Connection to Sabbath observance has been suggested in the designation of the seventh, fourteenth, nineteenth, twenty-first and twenty-eight days of a lunar month in an Assyrian religious calendar as a 'holy day', also called 'evil days' (meaning "unsuitable" for prohibited activities). The prohibitions on these days, spaced seven days apart (except the nineteenth), include abstaining from chariot riding, and the avoidance of eating meat by the King. On these days officials were prohibited from various activities and common men were forbidden to "make a wish", and at least the 28th was known as a "rest-day".<ref>"Histoire du peuple hébreu". [[André Lemaire]]. Presses Universitaires de France 2009 (8e édition), p. 66</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week|author=Eviatar Zerubavel|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1985|isbn=0-226-98165-7}}</ref>',
10 => '',
11 => 'The ''[[Universal Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' advanced a theory of [[Assyriologist]]s like [[Friedrich Delitzsch]]<ref name=landau/> (and of [[Marcello Craveri]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Craveri, Marcello|title=The Life of Jesus|publisher=Grove Press|year=1967|page=134}}</ref> that Shabbat originally arose from the [[lunar cycle]] in the [[Babylonian calendar]]<ref>{{cite book|year=1943|title=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times|volume=5|page=410|editor=Landman, Isaac|chapter=Holidays|author=Joseph, Max|others=Cohen, Simon, compiler|publisher=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc|editor-link=Isaac Landman}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|year=1943|title=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times|volume=9|page=295|editor=Landman, Isaac|chapter=Sabbath|author=Joseph, Max|others=Cohen, Simon, compiler|publisher=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Incv|editor-link= Isaac Landman}}</ref> containing four weeks ending in a Sabbath, plus one or two additional unreckoned days per month.<ref>{{cite book|year=1943|title=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times|volume=10|page=482|editor=Landman, Isaac|chapter=Week|author=Cohen, Simon|others=Cohen, Simon, compiler|publisher=The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc |editor-link= Isaac Landman}}</ref> The difficulties of this theory include reconciling the differences between an unbroken week and a lunar week, and explaining the absence of texts naming the lunar week as Sabbath in any language.<ref name=orr/>',
12 => '',
13 => '===Egypt===',
14 => 'Seventh-day Shabbat did not originate with the [[Ancient Egypt |Egyptians]], to whom it was unknown;<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13287b.htm|title=[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]|author=Bechtel, Florentine|chapter=Sabbath|volume=13|location=[[New York City]]|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|year=1912 |access-date= 2009-03-26}}</ref> and other origin theories based on the day of [[Saturn]], or on the [[planets]] generally, have also been abandoned.<ref name=orr>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Tn4PAAAAYAAJ|title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|editor=Orr, James|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Tn4PAAAAYAAJ/page/n536 2630]|chapter=Sabbath: Critical Theories|author=Sampey, John Richard|publisher=Howard-Severance Company|year=1915 |access-date= 2009-08-13| editor-link=James Orr (theologian)}}</ref>',
15 => '',
16 => '===Hebrew Bible===',
17 => '{{Main|Biblical Sabbath}}',
18 => 'Sabbath is given special status as a holy day at the very beginning of the [[Torah]] in Genesis 2:1-3.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|2:1–3|HE}}</ref> It is first commanded after [[The Exodus]] from Egypt, in Exodus 16:26<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|16:26|HE}}</ref> (relating to the cessation of [[manna]]) and in Exodus 16:29<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|16:29|HE}}</ref> (relating to the distance one may [[Biblical mile|travel by foot]] on the Sabbath), as also in Exodus 20:8-11<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|20:8–11|HE}}</ref> (as one of the [[Ten Commandments]]). Sabbath is commanded and commended many more times in the Torah and [[Tanakh]]; double the normal number of animal [[korban|sacrifices]] are to be offered on the day.<ref>''Every Person's Guide to Shabbat'', by Ronald H. Isaacs, Jason Aronson, 1998, p. 6</ref> Sabbath is also described by the prophets [[Isaiah]], [[Jeremiah]], [[Ezekiel]], [[Hosea]], [[Amos (prophet)|Amos]], and [[Nehemiah]].',
19 => '',
20 => '[[File:Шабатна кибритна кутија - Shabbat matchbox holder.jpg|right|thumb|A silver matchbox holder for Shabbat from [[North Macedonia]] ]]',
21 => 'The longstanding traditional Jewish position is that unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution.<ref name=landau>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/sabbath00land/sabbath00land_djvu.txt|title=The Sabbath|author=Landau, Judah Leo|publisher=Ivri Publishing Society, Ltd |access-date= 2009-03-26|location=[[Johannesburg, South Africa]]|pages=2, 12}}</ref> The origins of Shabbat and a seven-day week are not clear to scholars; the [[Moses |Mosaic]] tradition claims an origin from the Genesis creation narrative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcea.org.au/articles/the_westminster_confession/the_origin_of_the_sabbath/|title=The Origin of the Sabbath|author=Graham, I. L.|publisher=[[Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia]]|year=2009 |access-date= 2009-03-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081203162529/http://www.pcea.org.au/articles/the_westminster_confession/the_origin_of_the_sabbath/ |archive-date= December 3, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303554/Jewish-religious-year/34908/The-Sabbath|title=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|chapter=Jewish religious year: The Sabbath|year=2009 |access-date= 2009-03-26|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|quote=According to biblical tradition, it commemorates the original seventh day on which God rested after completing the creation. Scholars have not succeeded in tracing the origin of the seven-day week, nor can they account for the origin of the Sabbath.}}</ref>',
22 => '',
23 => 'The first non-Biblical reference to Sabbath is in an [[ostracon]] found in excavations at [[Mesad Hashavyahu]], which has been dated to approximately 630 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cojs.org/cojswiki/Mezad_Hashavyahu_Ostracon%2C_c._630_BCE|title=Mezad Hashavyahu Ostracon, c. 630 BCE |access-date= 2012-09-12 |url-status =dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130130125324/http://www.cojs.org/cojswiki/Mezad_Hashavyahu_Ostracon%2C_c._630_BCE |archive-date= 2013-01-30}}</ref>'
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32 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968784t',
33 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85116179',
34 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001096013',
35 => 'https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/90473/no-mekadesh-yisrael-on-shabbat',
36 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0102.htm#1',
37 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0216.htm#22',
38 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0216.htm#26',
39 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0216.htm#29',
40 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0220.htm#8',
41 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0220.htm#7',
42 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0223.htm#12',
43 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0231.htm#12',
44 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0234.htm#21',
45 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0235.htm#12',
46 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0235.htm#1',
47 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0235.htm#4',
48 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0319.htm#3',
49 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#3',
50 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0326.htm#2',
51 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0415.htm#32',
52 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0505.htm#12',
53 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1058.htm#13',
54 => 'https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2831.htm#10',
55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081203162529/http://www.pcea.org.au/articles/the_westminster_confession/the_origin_of_the_sabbath/',
56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100119072338/http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/8-saved-during-qshabbat-from-hellq',
57 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130130125324/http://www.cojs.org/cojswiki/Mezad_Hashavyahu_Ostracon,_c._630_BCE',
58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141007135626/http://www.shalomlife.com/business/26132/finally-now-you-can-text-on-saturdays-thanks-to-new-shabbos-app/',
59 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141007195945/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/international/new-shabbos-app-creates-uproar-among-orthodox-circles',
60 => 'https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism',
61 => 'https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sabbath-Judaism',
62 => 'https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/160961/jewish/Why-do-Jewish-holidays-begin-at-nightfall.htm',
63 => 'https://www.maharitz.co.il/?CategoryID=174&ArticleID=672',
64 => 'https://www.thecreatorscalendar.com/sabbaths-consistent-lunar-month-dates/',
65 => 'https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/days',
66 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102477#identifiers'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Judaism's day of rest</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the rest day in Judaism. For the general day of rest in Abrahamic religions, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>. For Sabbath in the Bible, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Biblical Sabbath</a>. For the Talmudic tractate, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat (Talmud)</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Shabbat</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shabbat_Candles.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Shabbat Candles.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shabbat_Candles.jpg/220px-Shabbat_Candles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shabbat_Candles.jpg/330px-Shabbat_Candles.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shabbat_Candles.jpg/440px-Shabbat_Candles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiddush_cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiddush cup">Kiddush cup</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_candles" title="Shabbat candles">Shabbat candles</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Challah_cover" title="Challah cover">challah cover</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakhic</a> texts relating to this article</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0220.htm#7">Exodus 20:7–10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0505.htm#12">Deut 5:12–14</a>, numerous others.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eruvin_(Talmud)" title="Eruvin (Talmud)">Eruvin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talmud#Talmud_Bavli_(Babylonian_Talmud)" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eruvin_(Talmud)" title="Eruvin (Talmud)">Eruvin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eruvin_(Talmud)" title="Eruvin (Talmud)">Eruvin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Sefer Zmanim</i>, Shabbat 1–30; Eruvin 1–8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a></i>, Shabbat 244–344; Eruvin<span class="nowrap"> </span>345–395; Techumin 396–416</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Rabbinic_legal_texts_and_responsa" title="Category:Rabbinic legal texts and responsa">Other rabbinic codes</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kitzur_Shulchan_Aruch_(book)" title="Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (book)">Kitzur Shulchan Aruch</a></i> ch. 72–96</td></tr></tbody></table>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a>  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a>  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a><br />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul>
<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a><br />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul>
<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul>
<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
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<p><b>Shabbat</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>, or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שַׁבָּת</span>, <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Šabaṯ</i></span>, <small></small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʃa'bat]</a></span>, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>'rest' or 'cessation') or the <b>Sabbath</b>, also called <b>Shabbos</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">שבת</span>) by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashkenazim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazim">Ashkenazim</a>, is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>'s day of rest on the seventh day of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven-day week">week</a>—i.e., <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">Saturday</a>. On this day, religious <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> remember the biblical stories describing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creation of the heaven and earth in six days</a> and the redemption from slavery and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a> from Egypt, and look forward to a future <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a>. Since the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Jewish religious calendar</a> counts days from sunset to sunset, Shabbat begins in the evening of what on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_calendar" title="Civil calendar">civil calendar</a> is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Friday</a>.
</p><p>Shabbat observance entails refraining from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/39_Melachot" class="mw-redirect" title="39 Melachot">work activities</a>, often with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shomer_Shabbat" title="Shomer Shabbat">great rigor</a>, and engaging in restful activities to honour the day. Judaism's traditional position is that the unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution, although some suggest other origins. Variations upon Shabbat are widespread in Judaism and, with adaptations, throughout the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> and many other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions">religions</a>.
</p><p>According to <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a></i> (Jewish religious law), Shabbat is observed from a few minutes before sunset on Friday evening until the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Shabbat is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. Traditionally, three <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah#Seudat_Shabbat_and_Seudat_Yom_Tov" title="Seudat mitzvah">festive meals</a> are eaten: The first one is held on Friday evening, the second is traditionally a lunch meal on Saturday, and the third is held later in the afternoon. The evening meal and the early afternoon meal typically begin with a blessing called <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">kiddush</a></i> and another blessing recited over two loaves of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">challah</a>. The third meal does not have the <i>kiddush</i> recited but all have the two loaves. Shabbat is closed Saturday evening with a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">havdalah</a></i> blessing.
</p><p>Shabbat is a festive day when Jews exercise their freedom from the regular labours of everyday life. It offers an opportunity to contemplate the spiritual aspects of life and to spend time with family.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Status_as_a_Jewish_holy_day"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Status as a Jewish holy day</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Rituals"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Rituals</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Welcoming_Shabbat"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Welcoming Shabbat</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Other_rituals"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other rituals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Bidding_farewell"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bidding farewell</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Prohibited_activities"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Prohibited activities</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Specific_applications"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Specific applications</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Electricity"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Electricity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Automobiles"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Automobiles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Modifications"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Modifications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Permissions"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Permissions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Reform_and_Reconstructionist_views"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Reform and Reconstructionist views</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Encouraged_activities"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Encouraged activities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Special_Shabbat"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Special Shabbat</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#In_Christianity"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">In Christianity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Lunar_Sabbath"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Lunar Sabbath</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath#Etymology" title="Biblical Sabbath">Biblical Sabbath § Etymology</a></div>
<p>The word <i>Shabbat</i> derives from the Hebrew verb <i>shavat</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׁבַת</span>). Although frequently translated as "rest" (noun or verb), another accurate translation of these words is "ceasing [from work]."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The notion of active cessation from labour is also regarded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as more consistent with an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omnipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipotent">omnipotent</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">God</a>'s activity on the seventh day of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creation according to Genesis</a>. Other related words are to <i>shevet</i> (שֶּׁבֶת) which means sitting or staying, and to <i>sheva</i> (שֶׁבַע) meaning seven, as Shabbat is the seventh day of the week; the other days of the week do not have names in Hebrew but are called by their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ordinal_number" title="Ordinal number">ordinals</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Status_as_a_Jewish_holy_day">Status as a Jewish holy day</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Status as a Jewish holy day">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1)_-_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_-_Challah_cover.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%28%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%29_-_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_-_Challah_cover.JPG/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%28%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%29_-_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_-_Challah_cover.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%28%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%29_-_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_-_Challah_cover.JPG/330px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%28%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%29_-_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_-_Challah_cover.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%28%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%29_-_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_-_Challah_cover.JPG/440px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%28%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%29_-_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_-_Challah_cover.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3359" data-file-height="2776" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1)_-_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_-_Challah_cover.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A challah cover with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew inscription</a></div></div></div>
<p>The Tanakh and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">siddur</a> describe Shabbat as having three purposes:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<ol><li>To commemorate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">God's</a> creation of the universe, on the seventh day of which God rested from (or ceased) his work;</li>
<li>To commemorate the Israelites' Exodus and redemption from slavery in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>;</li>
<li>As a "taste" of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olam_Haba" class="mw-redirect" title="Olam Haba">Olam Haba</a> (the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a>).</li></ol>
<p>Judaism accords Shabbat the status of a joyous holy day. In many ways, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakah">Jewish law</a> gives Shabbat the status of being the most important holy day in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>It is the first holy day mentioned in the Bible, and God was the first to observe it with the cessation of creation (Genesis 2:1–3).</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">Jewish liturgy</a> treats Shabbat as a "bride" and "queen" (see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a>); some sources described it as a "king".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sefer_Torah" title="Sefer Torah">Sefer Torah</a> is read during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a> which is part of the Shabbat morning services, with a longer reading than during the week. The Torah is read over a yearly cycle of 54 <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parashioth" class="mw-redirect" title="Parashioth">parashioth</a></i>, one for each Shabbat (sometimes they are doubled). On Shabbat, the reading is divided into seven sections, more than on any other holy day, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>. Then, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">Haftarah</a> reading from the Hebrew prophets is read.</li>
<li>A tradition states that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah">Jewish Messiah</a> will come if every Jew properly observes two consecutive Shabbatoth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
<li>The punishment in ancient times for desecrating Shabbat (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a>) is the most severe punishment in Jewish law.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Rituals">Rituals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rituals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shabbat dinner" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_Dinner" title="Shabbat Dinner">Shabbat Dinner</a>.</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Welcoming_Shabbat">Welcoming Shabbat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Welcoming Shabbat">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:171px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:GOOD_SHABBES_-.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/3/31/GOOD_SHABBES_-.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="240" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:GOOD_SHABBES_-.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Jewish woman reciting blessing over <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_candles" title="Shabbat candles">Shabbat candles</a></div></div></div>
<p>Honoring Shabbat (<i>kavod Shabbat</i>) on Preparation Day (Friday) includes bathing, having a haircut and cleaning and beautifying the home (with flowers, for example).
Days in the Jewish calendar start at nightfall, therefore many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a> begin at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zmanim" title="Zmanim">such time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> According to Jewish law, Shabbat starts a few minutes before sunset. Candles are lit at this time. It is customary in many communities to light the candles 18 minutes before sundown (<i>tosefet Shabbat</i>, although sometimes 36 minutes), and most printed Jewish calendars adhere to this custom.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_prayer#Friday_night" title="Jewish prayer">Kabbalat Shabbat</a> service is a prayer service welcoming the arrival of Shabbat. Before Friday night dinner, it is customary to sing two songs, one "greeting" two Shabbat angels into the house<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shalom_Aleichem_(liturgy)" title="Shalom Aleichem (liturgy)">"<i>Shalom Aleichem</i>"</a> -"Peace Be Upon You") and the other praising the woman of the house for all the work she has done over the past week (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proverbs_31#The_good_wife_(31:10–31)" title="Proverbs 31">"<i>Eshet Ḥayil</i>"</a> -"Women Of Valour").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> After blessings over the wine and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">challah</a>, a festive meal is served. Singing is traditional at Sabbath meals.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> In modern times, many composers have written sacred music for use during the Kabbalat Shabbat observance, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Strassburg" title="Robert Strassburg">Robert Strassburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Adler_(composer)" title="Samuel Adler (composer)">Samuel Adler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milken_Archive_of_Jewish_Music_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milken_Archive_of_Jewish_Music-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>, God via the Torah commands Jews to <i>observe</i> (refrain from forbidden activity) and <i>remember</i> (with words, thoughts, and actions) Shabbat, and these two actions are symbolized by the customary two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_candles" title="Shabbat candles">Shabbat candles</a>. Candles are lit usually by the woman of the house (or else by a man who lives alone). Some families light more candles, sometimes in accordance with the number of children.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_rituals">Other rituals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other rituals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Oyneg Shabes" and "Oneg Shabbat" redirect here. For the collection of documents from the Warsaw Ghetto collected and preserved by the group known by the code name Oyneg Shabes, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ringelblum_Archive" title="Ringelblum Archive">Ringelblum Archive</a>.</div>
<p>Shabbat is a day of celebration as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">prayer</a>. It is customary to eat three festive meals: Dinner on Shabbat eve (Friday night), lunch on Shabbat day (Saturday), and a third meal (a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seudah_shlishit" title="Seudah shlishit">Seudah shlishit</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>) in the late afternoon (Saturday). It is also customary to wear nice clothing (different from during the week) on Shabbat to honor the day.
</p><p>Many Jews attend synagogue services on Shabbat even if they do not do so during the week. Services are held on Shabbat eve (Friday night), Shabbat morning (Saturday morning), and late Shabbat afternoon (Saturday afternoon).
</p><p>With the exception of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>, days of public fasting are postponed or advanced if they coincide with Shabbat. Mourners sitting <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)" title="Shiva (Judaism)">shivah</a></i> (week of mourning subsequent to the death of a spouse or first-degree relative) outwardly conduct themselves normally for the duration of the day and are forbidden to display public signs of mourning.
</p><p>Although most Shabbat laws are restrictive, the fourth of the Ten Commandments in Exodus is taken by the Talmud and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> to allude to the <i>positive</i> commandments of Shabbat. These include:
</p>
<ul><li>Honoring Shabbat (<i>kavod Shabbat</i>): on Shabbat, wearing festive clothing and refraining from unpleasant conversation. It is customary to avoid talking on Shabbat about money, business matters, or secular things that one might discuss during the week.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></li>
<li>Recitation of <i>kiddush</i> over a cup of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">wine</a> at the beginning of Shabbat meals, or at a reception after the conclusion of morning prayers (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings">list of Jewish prayers and blessings</a>).</li></ul>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shabbat_Challos.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shabbat_Challos.jpg/200px-Shabbat_Challos.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shabbat_Challos.jpg/300px-Shabbat_Challos.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shabbat_Challos.jpg/400px-Shabbat_Challos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="1132" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shabbat_Challos.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Two homemade <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whole-wheat_flour" title="Whole-wheat flour">whole-wheat</a> challot covered by traditional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidered</a> Shabbat <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Challah_cover" title="Challah cover">challah cover</a></div></div></div>
<ul><li>Eating three festive meals. Meals begin with a blessing over two loaves of bread (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lechem_mishneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechem mishneh">lechem mishneh</a></i>, "double bread"), usually of braided challah, which is symbolic of the double portion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">manna</a> that fell for the Jewish people on the day before Sabbath during their 40 years in the desert after the Exodus from Ancient Egypt. It is customary to serve meat or fish, and sometimes both, for Shabbat evening and morning meals. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seudah_Shlishit" class="mw-redirect" title="Seudah Shlishit">Seudah Shlishit</a></i> (literally, "third meal"), generally a light meal that may be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pareve" title="Pareve">pareve</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a>, is eaten late Shabbat afternoon.</li>
<li>Enjoying Shabbat (<i>oneg Shabbat</i>): Engaging in pleasurable activities such as eating, singing, sleeping, spending time with the family, and marital relations. Sometimes referred to as "Shabbating".</li>
<li>Recitation of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">havdalah</a></i>.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bidding_farewell">Bidding farewell</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bidding farewell">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Havdal.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Havdal.jpg/220px-Havdal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Havdal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="328" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Havdal.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Observing the closing <i>havdalah</i> ritual in 14th-century Spain</div></div></div>
<p><i>Havdalah</i> (Hebrew: הַבְדָּלָה, "separation") is a Jewish religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Shabbat, and ushers in the new week. At the conclusion of Shabbat at nightfall, after the appearance of three stars in the sky, the <i>havdalah</i> blessings are recited over a cup of wine, and with the use of fragrant spices and a candle, usually braided. Some communities delay <i>havdalah</i> later into the night in order to prolong Shabbat. There are different customs regarding how much time one should wait after the stars have surfaced until the sabbath technically ends. Some people hold by 72 minutes later and other hold longer and shorter than that.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Prohibited_activities">Prohibited activities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prohibited activities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/39_Melachot" class="mw-redirect" title="39 Melachot">39 Melachot</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabbinically_prohibited_activities_of_Shabbat" title="Rabbinically prohibited activities of Shabbat">Rabbinically prohibited activities of Shabbat</a></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law (halakha)</a> prohibits doing any form of <i>melakhah</i> (מְלָאכָה, plural <i>melakhoth</i>) on Shabbat, unless an urgent human or medical need is life-threatening. Though <i>melakhah</i> is commonly translated as "work" in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, a better definition is "deliberate activity" or "skill and craftmanship". There are 39 categories of <i>melakhah</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;">
<ul><li>plowing earth</li>
<li>sowing</li>
<li>reaping</li>
<li>binding sheaves</li>
<li>threshing</li>
<li>winnowing</li>
<li>selecting</li>
<li>grinding</li>
<li>sifting</li>
<li>kneading</li>
<li>baking</li>
<li>shearing wool</li>
<li>washing wool</li>
<li>beating wool</li>
<li>dyeing wool</li>
<li>spinning</li>
<li>weaving</li>
<li>making two loops</li>
<li>weaving two threads</li>
<li>separating two threads</li>
<li>tying</li>
<li>untying</li>
<li>sewing stitches</li>
<li>tearing</li>
<li>trapping</li>
<li>slaughtering</li>
<li>flaying</li>
<li>tanning</li>
<li>scraping hide</li>
<li>marking hide</li>
<li>cutting hide to shape</li>
<li>writing two or more letters</li>
<li>erasing two or more letters</li>
<li>building</li>
<li>demolishing</li>
<li>extinguishing a fire</li>
<li>kindling a fire</li>
<li>putting the finishing touch on an object, and</li>
<li>transporting an object (between private and public domains, or over 4 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a> within public domain) </li></ul></div>
<p>The 39 <i>melakhoth</i> are not so much activities as "categories of activity". For example, while "winnowing" usually refers exclusively to the separation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grain</a>, and "selecting" refers exclusively to the separation of debris from grain, they refer in the Talmudic sense to any separation of intermixed materials which renders edible that which was inedible. Thus, filtering undrinkable water to make it drinkable falls under this category, as does picking small bones from fish (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">gefilte fish</a> is one solution to this problem).
</p><p>The categories of labors prohibited on Shabbat are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegetically</a> derived – on account of Biblical passages juxtaposing Shabbat observance (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0235.htm#1">Exodus 35:1–3</a>) to making the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabernacle_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabernacle (Judaism)">Tabernacle</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0235.htm#4">Exodus 35:4 etc.</a>) – that they are the kinds of work that were necessary for the construction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabernacle_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabernacle (Judaism)">Tabernacle</a>. They are not explicitly listed in the Torah; the Mishnah observes that "the laws of Shabbat ... are like mountains hanging by a hair, for they are little Scripture but many laws".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic scholars</a> have pointed out that these labors have in common activity that is "creative", or that exercises control or dominion over one's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>In addition to the 39 <i>melakhot</i>, additional activities were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabbinically_prohibited_activities_of_Shabbat" title="Rabbinically prohibited activities of Shabbat">prohibited by the rabbis</a> for various reasons.
</p><p>The term <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shomer_Shabbat" title="Shomer Shabbat">shomer Shabbat</a></i> is used for a person (or organization) who adheres to Shabbat laws consistently. The (strict) observance of the Sabbath is often seen as a benchmark for orthodoxy and indeed has legal bearing on the way a Jew is seen by an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beit_din" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit din">orthodox religious court</a> regarding their affiliation to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Specific_applications">Specific applications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Specific applications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Electricity">Electricity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electricity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Teddy_bear_Shabbat_lamp.tif" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Teddy_bear_Shabbat_lamp.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Teddy_bear_Shabbat_lamp.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Teddy_bear_Shabbat_lamp.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Teddy_bear_Shabbat_lamp.tif.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Teddy_bear_Shabbat_lamp.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Teddy_bear_Shabbat_lamp.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Teddy_bear_Shabbat_lamp.tif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Teddy bear lamp in the collection of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Switzerland" title="Jewish Museum of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a>. The cap can be twisted, which covers the lightbulb with a dark shell and dims the light in a way arguably acceptable on the sabbath.</div></div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electricity_on_Shabbat" title="Electricity on Shabbat">Electricity on Shabbat</a></div>
<p>Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that turning <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electric</a> devices on or off is prohibited as a <i>melakhah</i>; however, authorities are not in agreement about exactly which one(s). One view is that tiny sparks are created in a switch when the circuit is closed, and this would constitute lighting a fire (category 37). If the appliance is purposed for light or heat (such as an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incandescent_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent bulb">incandescent bulb</a> or electric oven), then the lighting or heating elements may be considered as a type of fire that falls under both lighting a fire (category 37) and cooking (i.e., baking, category 11). Turning lights off would be extinguishing a fire (category 36). Another view is that completing an electrical circuit constitutes building (category 35) and turning off the circuit would be demolishing (category 34). Some schools of thought consider the use of electricity to be forbidden only by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabbinical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical law">rabbinic injunction</a>, rather than a <i>melakhah</i>.
</p><p>A common solution to the problem of electricity involves preset timers (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabbat clock">Shabbat clocks</a>) for electric appliances, to turn them on and off automatically, with no human intervention on Shabbat itself. Some Conservative authorities<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> reject altogether the arguments for prohibiting the use of electricity. Some Orthodox also hire a "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbos_goy" title="Shabbos goy">Shabbos goy</a>", a Gentile to perform prohibited tasks (like operating light switches) on Shabbat.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Automobiles">Automobiles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Automobiles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Driving_on_Shabbat" title="Driving on Shabbat">Driving on Shabbat</a></div>
<p>Orthodox and many Conservative authorities completely prohibit the use of automobiles on Shabbat as a violation of multiple categories, including lighting a fire, extinguishing a fire, and transferring between domains (category 39). However, the Conservative movement's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Committee_on_Jewish_Law_and_Standards" title="Committee on Jewish Law and Standards">Committee on Jewish Law and Standards</a> permits driving to a synagogue on Shabbat, as an emergency measure, on the grounds that if Jews lost contact with synagogue life they would become lost to the Jewish people.
</p><p>A halakhically authorized <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabbat mode">Shabbat mode</a> added to a power-operated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mobility_scooter" title="Mobility scooter">mobility scooter</a> may be used on the observance of Shabbat for those with walking limitations, often referred to as a Shabbat scooter. It is intended only for individuals whose limited mobility is dependent on a scooter or automobile consistently throughout the week.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Modifications">Modifications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modifications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Seemingly "forbidden" acts may be performed by modifying technology such that no law is actually violated. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabbath_mode" title="Sabbath mode">Sabbath mode</a>, a "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabbath_elevator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbath elevator">Sabbath elevator</a>" will stop automatically at every floor, allowing people to step on and off without anyone having to press any buttons, which would normally be needed to work. (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dynamic_braking" title="Dynamic braking">Dynamic braking</a> is also disabled if it is normally used, i.e., shunting energy collected from downward travel, and thus the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">gravitational potential energy</a> of passengers, into a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a> network.) However, many rabbinical authorities consider the use of such elevators by those who are otherwise capable as a violation of Shabbat, with such workarounds being for the benefit of the frail and handicapped and not being in the spirit of the day.
</p><p>Many observant Jews avoid the prohibition of carrying by use of an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eruv" title="Eruv">eruv</a>. Others make their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Key_(lock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Key (lock)">keys</a> into a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tie_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tie bar">tie bar</a>, part of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belt_(clothing)" title="Belt (clothing)">belt</a> buckle, or a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">brooch</a>, because a legitimate article of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a> may be worn rather than carried. An elastic band with clips on both ends, and with keys placed between them as integral links, may be considered a belt.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_lamp" title="Shabbat lamp">Shabbat lamps</a> have been developed to allow a light in a room to be turned on or off at will while the electricity remains on. A special mechanism blocks out the light when the off position is desired without violating Shabbat.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbos_App" title="Shabbos App">Shabbos App</a> is a proposed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Android_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Android app">Android app</a> claimed by its creators to enable <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>, and all Jewish Sabbath-observers, to use a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> to text on the Jewish Sabbath. It has met with resistance from some authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-uproar_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uproar-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-toi_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shalom_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shalom-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Permissions">Permissions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Permissions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pikuach_nefesh" title="Pikuach nefesh">Pikuach nefesh</a></div>
<p>If a human life is in danger (pikuach nefesh), then a Jew is not only allowed, but required,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> to violate any halakhic law that stands in the way of saving that person (excluding murder, idolatry, and forbidden sexual acts). The concept of life being in danger is interpreted broadly: for example, it is mandated that one violate Shabbat to bring a woman in active labor to a hospital. Lesser rabbinic restrictions are often violated under much less urgent circumstances (a patient who is ill but not critically so).
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We did everything to save lives, despite Shabbat. People asked: "Why are you here? There are no Jews here," but we are here because the Torah orders us to save lives .... We are desecrating Shabbat with pride.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mati Goldstein, commander of the Jewish <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ZAKA" title="ZAKA">ZAKA</a> rescue-mission to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a><sup id="cite_ref-ynews_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ynews-31">[31]</a></sup></cite></div></blockquote>
<p>Various other legal principles closely delineate which activities constitute <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabbath_desecration" title="Sabbath desecration">desecration of Shabbat</a>. Examples of these include the principle of <i>shinui</i> ("change" or "deviation"): A violation is not regarded as severe if the prohibited act was performed in a way that would be considered abnormal on a weekday. Examples include writing with one's nondominant hand, according to many rabbinic authorities. This legal principle operates <i>bedi'avad</i> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ex_post_facto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex post facto">ex post facto</a></i>) and does not cause a forbidden activity to be permitted barring extenuating circumstances.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reform_and_Reconstructionist_views">Reform and Reconstructionist views</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reform and Reconstructionist views">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Generally, adherents of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> believe that the individual Jew determines whether to follow Shabbat prohibitions or not. For example, some Jews might find activities, such as writing or cooking for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leisure" title="Leisure">leisure</a>, to be enjoyable enhancements to Shabbat and its holiness, and therefore may encourage such practices. Many Reform Jews believe that what constitutes "work" is different for each person, and that only what the person considers "work" is forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> The radical Reform rabbi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Holdheim" title="Samuel Holdheim">Samuel Holdheim</a> advocated moving Sabbath to Sunday for many no longer observed it, a step taken by dozens of congregations in the United States in late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>More rabbinically traditional Reform and Reconstructionist Jews believe that these <i>halakhoth</i> in general may be valid, but that it is up to each individual to decide how and when to apply them. A small fraction of Jews in the Progressive Jewish community accept these laws in much the same way as Orthodox Jews.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Encouraged_activities">Encouraged activities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Encouraged activities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Talmud, especially in tractate Shabbat, defines rituals and activities to both "remember" and "keep" the Sabbath and to sanctify it at home and in the synagogue. In addition to refraining from creative work, the sanctification of the day through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">blessings over wine</a>, the preparation of special <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_meals" title="Shabbat meals">Sabbath meals</a>, and engaging in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">prayer</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a> were required as an active part of Shabbat observance to promote intellectual activity and spiritual regeneration on the day of rest from physical creation. The Talmud states that the best food should be prepared for the Sabbath, for "one who delights in the Sabbath is granted their heart's desires" (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">BT</a>, Shabbat 118a-b).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>All <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">Jewish denominations</a> encourage the following activities on Shabbat:
</p>
<ul><li>Reading, studying, and discussing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and commentary, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and Talmud, and learning some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a> attendance for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">prayers</a>.</li>
<li>Spending time with other Jews and socializing with family, friends, and guests at Shabbat meals (<i>hachnasat orchim</i>, "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a>").</li>
<li>Singing <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zemiroth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemiroth">zemiroth</a></i> or <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niggun" class="mw-redirect" title="Niggun">niggunim</a></i>, special songs for Shabbat meals (commonly sung during or after a meal).</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage#Sexual_relations" title="Jewish views on marriage">Sex</a> between husband and wife.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></li>
<li>Sleeping.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Special_Shabbat">Special Shabbat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Special Shabbat">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Shabbat" title="Special Shabbat">Special Shabbat</a></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Shabbat" title="Special Shabbat">Special Shabbatot</a> are the Shabbatot that precede important <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish holiday">Jewish holidays</a>: e.g., <i>Shabbat HaGadol</i> (Shabbat preceding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesach">Pesach</a>), <i>Shabbat Zachor</i> (Shabbat preceding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>), and <i>Shabbat Shuvah</i> (Shabbat between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>).
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Christianity">In Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In Christianity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabbath_in_seventh-day_churches" title="Sabbath in seventh-day churches">Sabbath in seventh-day churches</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbath in Christianity</a></div>
<p>Most <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> do not observe Saturday Sabbath, but instead observe a weekly day of worship on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a>, which is often called the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a>". Several Christian denominations, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_God_(7th_Day)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of God (7th Day)">Church of God (7th Day)</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Day Baptist">Seventh Day Baptists</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Sabbath-keeping_churches" title="List of Sabbath-keeping churches">others</a>, observe <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seventh-day_Sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Sabbath">seventh-day Sabbath</a>. This observance is celebrated from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Lunar_Sabbath">Lunar Sabbath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lunar Sabbath">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Some hold the biblical sabbath was not connected to a 7-day week like the Gregorian calendar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/days">The Seven-Day Week</a>. Instead the New Moon marks the starting point for counting and the shabat falls consistently on the 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th of each month. Biblical text to support using the moon, a light in the heavens, to determine days include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/genesis/1-14.htm">Genesis 1:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/psalms/104-19.htm">Psalm 104:19</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/catholic/sirach/43-6.htm">Sirach 43:6-8</a> See references:
<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>Rabbinic Jewish tradition and practice does not hold of this, holding the sabbath to be based of the days of creation, and hence a wholly separate cycle from the monthly cycle, which does not occur automatically and must be rededicated each month.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> See <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">kiddush hachodesh</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Shabbat" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Shabbat">Shabbat</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shabbat" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:shabbat">shabbat</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shabbat" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shabbat">Shabbat</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Shabbat_topics" title="List of Shabbat topics">List of Shabbat topics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baqashot" title="Baqashot">Baqashot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_greetings" title="Jewish greetings">Jewish greetings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_prayer#Prayer_on_Shabbat" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayer #Prayer on Shabbat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shmita" title="Shmita">Shmita</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shabbat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other Biblical sources include: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0216.htm#22">Exodus 16:22–30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0223.htm#12">Exodus 23:12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0231.htm#12">Exodus 31:12–17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0234.htm#21">Exodus 34:21</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0235.htm#12">Exodus 35: 12–17</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0319.htm#3">Leviticus 19:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#3">Leviticus 23:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0326.htm#2">Leviticus 26:2</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0415.htm#32">Numbers 15:32–26</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a> 293:2</span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sabbath-Judaism">Sabbath, Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One measure is the number of people called up to Torah readings at the Shachrit/morning service. Three is the smallest number, e.g. Mondays and Thursdays. Five on the Holy days of Passover, Shavuoth, Succoth. Yom Kippur: Six. Shabbat: Seven.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Shabbat 119a) describes rabbis going out to greet the Shabbat Queen, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lekhah_Dodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekhah Dodi">Lekhah Dodi</a> poem describes Shabbat as a "bride" and "queen". However, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> Hilchot Shabbat 30:2) speaks of greeting the "Shabbat King", and two independent commentaries on Mishneh Torah (Maggid Mishneh and R' Zechariah haRofeh) quote the Talmud as speaking of the "Shabbat King". The words "King" and "Queen" in Aramaic differ by just one letter, and it seems that these understandings result from different traditions regarding spelling the Talmudic word. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maharitz.co.il/?CategoryID=174&ArticleID=672">full discussion</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a> 118</span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. Numbers 15:32–36.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoss" class="citation web cs1">Moss, Aron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/160961/jewish/Why-do-Jewish-holidays-begin-at-nightfall.htm">"Why do Jewish holidays begin at nightfall?"</a>. <i>Chabad.org</i>. Chabad.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad.org&rft.atitle=Why+do+Jewish+holidays+begin+at+nightfall%3F&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Aron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F160961%2Fjewish%2FWhy-do-Jewish-holidays-begin-at-nightfall.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shabbat 119b</span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2831.htm#10">Proverbs 31:10–31</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2011" class="citation news cs1">Ferguson, Joey (May 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700137207/Jewish-lecture-series-focuses-on-Sabbath.html?pg=all">"Jewish lecture series focuses on Sabbath Course at Chabad center focuses on secrets of sabbath's serenity"</a>. Deseret News. <q>The more we are able to invest in it, the more we are able to derive pleasure from the Sabbath." Jewish belief is based on understanding that observance of the Sabbath is the source of all blessing, said Rabbi Zippel in an interview. He referred to the Jewish Sabbath as a time where individuals disconnect themselves from all endeavors that enslave them throughout the week and compared the day to pressing a reset button on a machine. A welcome prayer over wine or grape juice from the men and candle lighting from the women invokes the Jewish Sabbath on Friday at sundown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jewish+lecture+series+focuses+on+Sabbath+Course+at+Chabad+center+focuses+on+secrets+of+sabbath%27s+serenity&rft.date=2011-05-20&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Joey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F700137207%2FJewish-lecture-series-focuses-on-Sabbath.html%3Fpg%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milkenarchive.org/artists/view/robert-strassburg/">"Strassburg, Robert"</a>. <i>Milken Archive of Jewish Music</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Milken+Archive+of+Jewish+Music&rft.atitle=Strassburg%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milkenarchive.org%2Fartists%2Fview%2Frobert-strassburg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Milken_Archive_of_Jewish_Music-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milken_Archive_of_Jewish_Music_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milkenarchive.org/people/view/all/482/Adler,+Samuel">"Milken Archive of Jewish Music – People – Samuel Adler"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milken+Archive+of+Jewish+Music+%E2%80%93+People+%E2%80%93+Samuel+Adler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milkenarchive.org%2Fpeople%2Fview%2Fall%2F482%2FAdler%2C%2BSamuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orach_Chaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Orach Chaim">Orach Chaim</a> 261.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since it is this meal that changes the other two from meals of a two-per-day nature to two of a trio</span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1461628245"><i>Ein Yaakov: The Ethical and Inspirational Teachings of the Talmud</i></a>. 1999. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1461628245" title="Special:BookSources/1461628245"><bdi>1461628245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ein+Yaakov%3A+The+Ethical+and+Inspirational+Teachings+of+the+Talmud&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1461628245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1461628245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1058.htm#13">Isaiah 58:13–14</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> Tractate Shabbat 7:2</span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chagigah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagigah">Chagigah</a> 1:8.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKlein2011" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Miriam (April 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.triblocal.com/northbrook/community/stories/2011/04/sabbath-offers-serenity-in-a-fast-paced-world/">"Sabbath Offers Serenity in a Fast-Paced World"</a>. Triblocal. Chicago Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sabbath+Offers+Serenity+in+a+Fast-Paced+World&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.triblocal.com%2Fnorthbrook%2Fcommunity%2Fstories%2F2011%2F04%2Fsabbath-offers-serenity-in-a-fast-paced-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yosef_Dov_Soloveitchik" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Dov Soloveitchik">Yosef Dov Soloveitchik</a>'s "Beis HaLevi" commentary on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasha">parasha</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ki_Tissa" title="Ki Tissa">Ki Tissa</a> for further elaboration regarding the legal ramifications.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNeulander1950" class="citation journal cs1">Neulander, Arthur (1950). "The Use of Electricity on the Sabbath". <i>Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly</i>. <b>14</b>: 165–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Rabbinical+Assembly&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Electricity+on+the+Sabbath&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=165-171&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Neulander&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAdlerAgusFriedman1950" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Morris; Agus, Jacob; Friedman, Theodore (1950). "Responsum on the Sabbath". <i>Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly</i>. <b>14</b>: 112–137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Rabbinical+Assembly&rft.atitle=Responsum+on+the+Sabbath&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=112-137&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft.au=Agus%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Isaac. <i>A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice.</i> The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1979.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-uproar-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uproar_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHannah_Dreyfus2014" class="citation web cs1">Hannah Dreyfus (October 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007195945/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/international/new-shabbos-app-creates-uproar-among-orthodox-circles">"New Shabbos App Creates Uproar Among Orthodox Circles"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Jewish_Week" title="The Jewish Week">The Jewish Week</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/international/new-shabbos-app-creates-uproar-among-orthodox-circles">the original</a> on October 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Week&rft.atitle=New+Shabbos+App+Creates+Uproar+Among+Orthodox+Circles&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft.au=Hannah+Dreyfus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejewishweek.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fnew-shabbos-app-creates-uproar-among-orthodox-circles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-toi-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toi_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Shamah2014" class="citation web cs1">David Shamah (October 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesofisrael.com/app-lets-jewish-kids-text-on-sabbath-and-stay-in-the-fold/">"App lets Jewish kids text on Sabbath – and stay in the fold; The 'Shabbos App' is generating controversy in the Jewish community – and a monumental on-line discussion of Jewish law"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=App+lets+Jewish+kids+text+on+Sabbath+%E2%80%93+and+stay+in+the+fold%3B+The+%27Shabbos+App%27+is+generating+controversy+in+the+Jewish+community+%E2%80%93+and+a+monumental+on-line+discussion+of+Jewish+law&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft.au=David+Shamah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fapp-lets-jewish-kids-text-on-sabbath-and-stay-in-the-fold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-shalom-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shalom_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Koren2014" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Koren (October 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007135626/http://www.shalomlife.com/business/26132/finally-now-you-can-text-on-saturdays-thanks-to-new-shabbos-app/">"Finally, Now You Can Text on Saturdays Thanks to New 'Shabbos App'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Shalom Life</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shalomlife.com/business/26132/finally-now-you-can-text-on-saturdays-thanks-to-new-shabbos-app/">the original</a> on October 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shalom+Life&rft.atitle=Finally%2C+Now+You+Can+Text+on+Saturdays+Thanks+to+New+%27Shabbos+App%27&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft.au=Daniel+Koren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shalomlife.com%2Fbusiness%2F26132%2Ffinally-now-you-can-text-on-saturdays-thanks-to-new-shabbos-app%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2014/10/02/will-the-shabbos-app-change-jewish-life-raise-rabbinic-ire-or-both/">"Will the Shabbos App Change Jewish Life, Raise Rabbinic Ire, or Both?"</a>. Jewish Business News. October 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+the+Shabbos+App+Change+Jewish+Life%2C+Raise+Rabbinic+Ire%2C+or+Both%3F&rft.pub=Jewish+Business+News&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishbusinessnews.com%2F2014%2F10%2F02%2Fwill-the-shabbos-app-change-jewish-life-raise-rabbinic-ire-or-both%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/8-saved-during-qshabbat-from-hellq">8 saved during "Shabbat from hell"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119072338/http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/8-saved-during-qshabbat-from-hellq">Archived</a> 2010-01-19 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (January 17, 2010) in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israel21c.org/"><i>Israel 21c Innovation News Service</i></a> Retrieved 2010–01–18</span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3835327,00.html">ZAKA rescue mission to Haiti 'proudly desecrating Shabbat'</a> Religious rescue team holds Shabbat prayer with members of international missions in Port au-Prince. Retrieved 2010–01–22</span>
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<li id="cite_note-ynews-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ynews_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLevy2010" class="citation news cs1">Levy, Amit (17 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3835327,00.html">"ZAKA mission to Haiti 'proudly desecrating Shabbat'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Ynetnews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=ZAKA+mission+to+Haiti+%27proudly+desecrating+Shabbat%27&rft.date=2010-01-17&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3835327%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFaigin,_Daniel_P.2003" class="citation web cs1">Faigin, Daniel P. (2003-09-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/18-04-17.html">"Soc.Culture.Jewish Newsgroups Frequently Asked Questions and Answers"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>. p. 18.4.7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soc.Culture.Jewish+Newsgroups+Frequently+Asked+Questions+and+Answers&rft.pages=18.4.7&rft.pub=Usenet&rft.date=2003-09-04&rft.au=Faigin%2C+Daniel+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shamash.org%2Flists%2Fscj-faq%2FHTML%2Ffaq%2F18-04-17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1982_34_01_00_olitzky.pdf">"The Sunday-Sabbath Movement in American Reform Judaism: Strategy or Evolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Americanjewisharchives.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Americanjewisharchives.org&rft.atitle=The+Sunday-Sabbath+Movement+in+American+Reform+Judaism%3A+Strategy+or+Evolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanjewisharchives.org%2Fpublications%2Fjournal%2FPDF%2F1982_34_01_00_olitzky.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum1975" class="citation book cs1">Birnbaum, Philip (1975). "Sabbath". <i>A Book of Jewish Concepts</i>. New York, NY: Hebrew Publishing Company. p. 579–581. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/088482876X" title="Special:BookSources/088482876X"><bdi>088482876X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sabbath&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Jewish+Concepts&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=579-581&rft.pub=Hebrew+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=088482876X&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism">"Judaism - The Sabbath"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Judaism+-+The+Sabbath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FJudaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shulkhan Arukh, Orach Chaim 280:1</span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecreatorscalendar.com/sabbaths-consistent-lunar-month-dates/">"Sabbath's Consistent Lunar Month Dates"</a>. 4 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Dec 27,</span> 2021</span>. <q>the sacred seventh-day Sabbaths are forever fixed to the count from one New Moon to the next, causing them to consistently fall upon the 8th, 15th, 22nd, and 29th lunar calendar dates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sabbath%27s+Consistent+Lunar+Month+Dates&rft.date=2015-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecreatorscalendar.com%2Fsabbaths-consistent-lunar-month-dates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multifaiths.com/pdf/BiblicalProofLUNARSabbath.pdf">Biblical Proof for the Lunar Sabbath - John D. Keyser</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCipriani2015" class="citation book cs1">Cipriani, Roshan (Oct 1, 2015). <i>Lunar Sabbath: The Seventy-Two Lunar Sabbaths: Sabbath Observance By The Phases Of The Moon</i>. Scotts Valley, CA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1517080372" title="Special:BookSources/978-1517080372"><bdi>978-1517080372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lunar+Sabbath%3A+The+Seventy-Two+Lunar+Sabbaths%3A+Sabbath+Observance+By+The+Phases+Of+The+Moon&rft.place=Scotts+Valley%2C+CA&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1517080372&rft.aulast=Cipriani&rft.aufirst=Roshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/90473/no-mekadesh-yisrael-on-shabbat">"tefilla - No Mekadesh Yisrael on Shabbat"</a>. <i>Mi Yodeya</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mi+Yodeya&rft.atitle=tefilla+-+No+Mekadesh+Yisrael+on+Shabbat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjudaism.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F90473%2Fno-mekadesh-yisrael-on-shabbat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shabbat_(שבתCategory:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Shabbat" title="Template:Shabbat"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Shabbat" title="Template talk:Shabbat"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Shabbat&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shabbat_(שבתCategory:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shabbat</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שבת</span></span>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>Prayers</li><li>Rituals</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yedid_Nefesh" title="Yedid Nefesh">Yedid Nefesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lekhah_Dodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekhah Dodi">Lekhah Dodi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shalom_Aleichem_(liturgy)" title="Shalom Aleichem (liturgy)">Shalom Aleichem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Kiddush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zemirot" title="Zemirot">Zemirot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baqashot" title="Baqashot">Baqashot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah portion</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shnayim_mikra_ve-echad_targum" title="Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum">Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maftir" title="Maftir">Maftir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">Haftarah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_meals" title="Shabbat meals">Shabbat meals</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seudah_shlishit" title="Seudah shlishit">Seudah shlishit</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triennial_cycle" title="Triennial cycle">Triennial cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher wine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">Challah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brisket_(Jewish_dish)" title="Brisket (Jewish dish)">Brisket (Jewish dish)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chopped_liver" title="Chopped liver">Chopped liver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helzel" title="Helzel">Helzel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vorschmack" title="Vorschmack">Vorschmack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cholent" title="Cholent">Cholent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mouna" title="Mouna">Mouna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kubaneh" title="Kubaneh">Kubaneh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jachnun" title="Jachnun">Jachnun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabich" title="Sabich">Sabich</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yapchik" title="Yapchik">Yapchik</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_candles" title="Shabbat candles">Shabbat candles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blech" title="Blech">Blech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Challah_cover" title="Challah cover">Challah cover</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiddush#Rituals" title="Kiddush">Kiddush cup</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Melakha">Melakha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblical_mile" title="Biblical mile">Biblical mile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Biblical Sabbath</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Driving_on_Shabbat" title="Driving on Shabbat">Driving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electricity_on_Shabbat" title="Electricity on Shabbat">Electricity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eruv" title="Eruv">Eruv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eruv_tavshilin" title="Eruv tavshilin">Eruv tavshilin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eruv_techumin" title="Eruv techumin">Eruv techumin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabbath_food_preparation" title="Sabbath food preparation">Food preparation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grama_(halacha)" title="Grama (halacha)">Grama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muktzeh" title="Muktzeh">Muktzeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabbinically_prohibited_activities_of_Shabbat" title="Rabbinically prohibited activities of Shabbat">Rabbinic prohibitions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat (Talmud)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbos_goy" title="Shabbos goy">Shabbos goy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shinuy" title="Shinuy">Shinuy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shomer_Shabbat" title="Shomer Shabbat">Shomer Shabbat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Innovations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KosherSwitch" title="KosherSwitch">KosherSwitch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zomet_Institute" title="Zomet Institute">Zomet Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_elevator" title="Shabbat elevator">Shabbat elevator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_lamp" title="Shabbat lamp">Shabbat lamp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabbath_mode" title="Sabbath mode">Sabbath mode</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbat_pedestrian_crossing" title="Shabbat pedestrian crossing">Shabbat pedestrian crossing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Shabbat" title="Special Shabbat">Special Shabbat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabbaton" title="Shabbaton">Shabbaton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eve_of_Passover_on_Shabbat" title="Eve of Passover on Shabbat">Eve of Passover on Shabbat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motza%27ei_Shabbat" title="Motza'ei Shabbat">Motza'ei Shabbat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiddush_levana" title="Kiddush levana">Kiddush levana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melaveh_Malkah" title="Melaveh Malkah">Melaveh Malkah</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Shabbat_topics" title="List of Shabbat topics">List of Shabbat topics</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_and_observances" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" title="Template:Jewish and Israeli holidays"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" title="Template talk:Jewish and Israeli holidays"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_and_observances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Israeli</a> holidays and observances</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; line-height:1.2em; padding:.1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays and<br />observances</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shabbat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shabbat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Shabbat" title="Special Shabbat">Special Shabbat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_Holy_Days" title="High Holy Days">High Holy Days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fast_of_Gedalia" title="Fast of Gedalia">Fast of Gedalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Repentance" title="Ten Days of Repentance">Ten Days of Repentance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; line-height:1.2em; padding:.1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage<br />Festivals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn" title="Fast of the Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pesach_Sheni" title="Pesach Sheni">Pesach Sheni</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoshana_Rabbah" title="Hoshana Rabbah">Hoshana Rabbah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yom_tov_sheni_shel_galuyot" title="Yom tov sheni shel galuyot">Yom tov sheni shel galuyot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isru_chag" title="Isru chag">Isru chag</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">Rosh Chodesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenth_of_Tevet" title="Tenth of Tevet">Tenth of Tevet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu BiShvat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purim#Purim_Katan" title="Purim">Purim Katan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag BaOmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz" title="Seventeenth of Tammuz">17th of Tammuz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Three_Weeks" title="The Three Weeks">The Three Weeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Nine_Days" title="The Nine Days">The Nine Days</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tu_B%27Av" title="Tu B'Av">Tu B'Av</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_LaBehema" title="Rosh Hashanah LaBehema">Rosh Hashanah LaBehema</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; line-height:1.2em; padding:.1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">National holidays and memorial days<br />of the State of Israel</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron (Memorial Day)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom HaAtzmaut (Independence Day)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Yom Yerushalayim (Jerusalem Day)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; line-height:1.2em; padding:.1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Ethnic minority</a> holidays and observance days<br />in the State of Israel</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mimouna" title="Mimouna">Mimouna</a></li>
<li>Seharane</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigd" title="Sigd">Sigd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Day_to_Mark_the_Departure_and_Expulsion_of_Jews_from_the_Arab_Countries_and_Iran" title="Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran">Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> months</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tishrei" title="Tishrei">Tishrei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheshvan" title="Cheshvan">Cheshvan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar and Adar Sheni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Av" title="Av">Av</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_2000%E2%80%932050" title="Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050">Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102477#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102477#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control: National libraries</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102477#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968784t">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968784t">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4178803-5">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548640505171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85116179">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001096013">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph210487&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810539388605606">Poland</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1661566249' |