Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Species of bacterium}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}{{Italic title}} {{Speciesbox | image = Bacillus_cereus_01.png | image_alt = "B. cereus" colonies on a sheep-blood agar plate | image_caption = ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' colonies on a sheep-blood [[agar plate]] | genus = Bacillus | species = cereus | authority = Frankland & Frankland 1887 | subdivision_ranks = Biovars | subdivision = * [[Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis|''Bacillus cereus'' bv. ''anthracis'']] }} [[File:Bacillus cereus SEM-cr.jpg|thumb|Electron micrograph of ''Bacillus cereus'']] '''''Bacillus cereus''''' is a [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]], [[Bacillus|rod-shaped]], [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultatively anaerobic]], [[Motility|motile]], [[Hemolysis (microbiology)#Beta|beta-hemolytic]], [[spore]]-forming [[bacteria|bacterium]] commonly found in [[soil]], food and marine sponges.<ref name=":0" /> The specific name, ''cereus'', meaning "waxy" in [[Latin]], refers to the appearance of colonies grown on [[blood agar]]. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause [[foodborne illness]], while other strains can be beneficial as [[probiotics]] for animals.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0|editor=Ryan|editor-first=Kenneth J.|edition=4th|editor2=Ray|editor-first2=C. George}}{{page needed|date=September 2020}}</ref><ref name="CharalampopoulosRastall2009">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIn8EIS2iE8C&pg=PA627|title=Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology|last1=Felis|first1=Giovanna E.|last2=Dellaglio|first2=Franco|last3=Torriani|first3=Sandra|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2009|isbn=978-0-387-79057-2|editor-last=Charalampopoulos|editor-first=Dimitris|pages=627|chapter=Taxonomy of probiotic microorganisms|editor-last2=Rastall|editor-first2=Robert A.}}</ref> The bacteria is classically contracted from [[fried rice]] dishes that have been sitting at room temperature for hours.<ref name="SanfordJong2008">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAz-_hBG90sC&pg=PA469|title=The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual|last=Jong|first=Elaine C.|date=2008|publisher=Saunders|isbn=978-1-4160-2613-6|editor-last=Jong|editor-first=Elaine C.|edition=Fourth|pages=469|chapter=Food poisoning: Toxic syndromes|editor-last2=Sanford|editor-first2=Christopher A.}}</ref><ref name=Asaeda>{{Cite journal| pmid = 16373130| volume = 30| pages = 30–32| last1 = Asaeda| first1 = Glenn| last2 = Caicedo| first2 = Gilbert| last3 = Swanson| first3 = Christopher| title = Fried rice syndrome| journal = Journal of Emergency Medical Services| date = December 2005| issue = 12| doi=10.1016/s0197-2510(05)70258-8}}</ref> ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' bacteria are [[facultative anaerobe]]s, and like other members of the genus ''[[Bacillus]]'', can produce protective [[endospore]]s. Its [[virulence factor]]s include [[phospholipase C]], [[cereulide]], [[Metalloproteinase|sphingomyelinase, metalloproteases]], and cytotoxin K.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tuipulotu|first=Daniel Enosi|last2=Mathur|first2=Anukriti|last3=Ngo|first3=Chinh|last4=Man|first4=Si Ming|date=2021-05-01|title=Bacillus cereus: Epidemiology, Virulence Factors, and Host–Pathogen Interactions|url=https://www.cell.com/trends/microbiology/abstract/S0966-842X(20)30237-7|journal=Trends in Microbiology|language=English|volume=29|issue=5|pages=458–471|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2020.09.003|issn=0966-842X|pmid=33004259}}</ref> The ''Bacillus cereus'' group comprises seven closely related species: ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' ''sensu stricto'' (referred to herein as ''B.&nbsp;cereus''), ''[[Bacillus anthracis|B.&nbsp;anthracis]]'', ''[[Bacillus thuringiensis|B.&nbsp;thuringiensis]]'', ''[[Bacillus mycoides|B. mycoides]]'', ''[[Bacillus pseudomycoides|B. pseudomycoides]]'', and ''[[Bacillus cytotoxicus|B.&nbsp;cytotoxicus]]'';<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Guinebretière|first1=Marie-Hélène|last2=Auger|first2=Sandrine|last3=Galleron|first3=Nathalie|last4=Contzen|first4=Matthias|last5=De Sarrau|first5=Benoit|last6=De Buyser|first6=Marie-Laure|last7=Lamberet|first7=Gilles|last8=Fagerlund|first8=Annette|last9=Granum|first9=Per Einar|display-authors=4|date=2013|title=''Bacillus cytotoxicus'' sp. nov. is a novel thermotolerant species of the ''Bacillus cereus'' Group occasionally associated with food poisoning|journal=[[International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology]]|volume=63|issue=1|pages=31–40|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.030627-0|pmid=22328607|first10=Didier|first11=Paul|first12=Christophe|first13=Alexei|last11=De Vos|last10=Lereclus|last12=Nguyen-The|last13=Sorokin|s2cid=2407509}}</ref> or as six species in a ''Bacillus cereus'' sensu lato: ''[[Bacillus weihenstephanensis|B. weihenstephanensis]]'', ''B. mycoides'', ''B. pseudomycoides'', ''B. cereus'', ''B. thuringiensis'', and ''B. anthracis''.<ref name="Kolsto-et-al-2009">{{cite journal | last1=Kolstø | first1=Anne-Brit | author1-link=Anne-Brit Kolstø | last2=Tourasse | first2=Nicolas J. | last3=Økstad | first3=Ole Andreas | title=What Sets ''Bacillus anthracis'' Apart from Other ''Bacillus'' Species? | journal=[[Annual Review of Microbiology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=63 | issue=1 | year=2009 | issn=0066-4227 | doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073255 | pages=451–476| pmid=19514852 }}</ref> ==Ecology== Like most Jed is an Idiot''[[Bacilli]],'' the most common ecosystem of ''Bacillus cereus'' is land. In concert with [[Arbuscular mycorrhiza]] (and [[Rhizobium leguminosarum]] in [[Trifolium repens|clover]]), they can regenerate [[Heavy metals|heavy metal]] [[soil]] by increasing phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium content in certain plants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Azcón|first=Rosario|last2=Perálvarez|first2=María de Carmen|last3=Roldán|first3=Antonio|last4=Barea|first4=José-Miguel|date=16 December 2009|title=Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, ''Bacillus cereus'', and ''Candida parapsilosis'' from a Multicontaminated Soil Alleviate Metal Toxicity in Plants |journal=Microbial Ecology |volume=59|pages=668–677|doi=10.1007/s00248-009-9618-5}}</ref> ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' competes with other microorganisms such as ''[[Salmonella]]'' and ''[[Campylobacter]]'' in the [[Gut (zoology)|gut]]; its presence reduces the numbers of those microorganisms. In food animals such as [[chickens]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vilà|first1=B.|last2=Fontgibell|first2=A.|last3=Badiola|first3=I.|last4=Esteve-Garcia|first4=E.|last5=Jiménez|first5=G.|last6=Castillo|first6=M.|last7=Brufau|first7=J.|display-authors=4|year=2009|title=Reduction of ''Salmonella enterica'' var. ''enteritidis'' colonization and invasion by ''Bacillus cereus'' var. ''toyoi'' inclusion in poultry feeds|journal=[[Poultry Science]]|volume=88|issue=55|pages=975–979|doi=10.3382/ps.2008-00483|pmid=19359685|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[rabbit]]s<ref> {{cite journal | last1=Bories | first1 = Georges | last2=Brantom | first2 = Paul | last3=de Barberà | first3 = Joaquim Brufau | last4=Chesson | first4 = Andrew | last5=Cocconcelli | first5 = Pier Sandro | last6=Debski | first6 = Bogdan | last7=Dierick | first7 = Noël | last8=Gropp | first8 = Jürgen | last9=Halle | first9 = Ingrid | last10=Hogstrand | first10 = Christer | last11=de Knecht | first11 = Joop | last12=Leng | first12 = Lubomir | last13=Lindgren | first13 = Sven | last14=Haldorsen | first14 = Anne-Katrine Lundebye | last15=Mantovani | first15 = Alberto | last16=Mézes | first16 = Miklós | last17=Nebbia | first17 = Carlo | last18=Rambeck | first18 = Walter | last19=Rychen | first19 = Guido | last20=von Wright | first20 = Atte | last21=Wester | first21 = Pieter | display-authors = 4 | date = 9 December 2008 | title=Safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (''Bacillus cereus'' var. ''toyoi'') as feed additive for rabbit breeding does | url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/de/efsajournal/pub/913 | journal = [[EFSA Journal]] | series = Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed | volume = 2009 | issue = 1 | pages = 913 | doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.913 | eissn = 1831-4732 | id = EFSA-Q-2008-287 | access-date = 14 May 2009 | doi-access= free }} </ref> and [[pig]]s,<ref> {{cite journal | last1 = Bories | first1 = Georges | last2 = Brantom | first2 = Paul | last3 = de Barberà | first3 = Joaquim Brufau | last4 = Chesson | first4 = Andrew | last5 = Cocconcelli | first5 = Pier Sandro | last6 = Debski | first6 = Bogdan | last7 = Dierick | first7 = Noël | last8 = Franklin | first8 = Anders | last9 = Gropp | first9 = Jürgen | last10 = Halle | first10 = Ingrid | last11 = Hogstrand | first11 = Christer | last12 = de Knecht | first12 = Joop | last13 = Leng | first13 = Lubomir | last14 = Haldorsen | first14 = Anne-Katrine Lundebye | last15 = Mantovani | first15 = Alberto | last16 = Mézes | first16 = Miklós | last17 = Nebbia | first17 = Carlo | last18 = Rambeck | first18 = Walter | last19 = Rychen | first19 = Guido | last20 = von Wright | first20 = Atte | last21 = Wester | first21 = Pieter | display-authors = 4 | date = 16 March 2007 | title = Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed on the safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin (''Bacillus cereus'' var. Toyoi) as a feed additive for sows from service to weaning, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 | url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/458|journal=[[EFSA Journal]] | series = Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed | volume = 2007 | issue = 3 | pages = 458 | doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.458 | eissn = 1831-4732 | id = EFSA-Q-2006-037 | access-date = 14 May 2009 | doi-access = free }} </ref> some harmless strains of ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' are used as a probiotic [[feed additive]] to reduce ''Salmonella'' in the animals' [[intestine]]s and [[cecum]]. This improves the animals' growth, as well as food safety for humans who eat them. ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' can parasitize [[codling moth]] larvae.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' and other members of ''Bacillus'' are not easily killed by alcohol; they have been known to colonize distilled liquors and alcohol-soaked swabs and pads in numbers sufficient to cause infection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6011a5.htm|title=Notes from the Field: Contamination of alcohol prep pads with ''Bacillus cereus'' group and ''Bacillus'' species — Colorado, 2010|date=25 March 2011|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030750/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6011a5.htm|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hsueh|first1=Po-Ren|last2=Teng|first2=Lee-Jene|last3=Yang|first3=Pan-Chyr|last4=Pan|first4=Hui-Lu|last5=Ho|first5=Shen-Wu|last6=Luh|first6=Kwen-Tay|display-authors=4|date=1999|title=Nosocomial pseudoepidemic caused by ''Bacillus cereus'' traced to contaminated ethyl alcohol from a liquor factory|journal=[[Journal of Clinical Microbiology]]|volume=37|issue=7|pages=2280–2284|pmc=85137|pmid=10364598|doi=10.1128/JCM.37.7.2280-2284.1999}}</ref> Some strains of ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' produce [[cerein]]s, [[bacteriocin]]s active against different ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' strains or other Gram-positive bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Naclerio|first1=Gino|last2=Ricca|first2=Ezio|last3=Sacco|first3=Margherita|last4=De Felice|first4=Maurilio|date=December 1993|title=Antimicrobial activity of a newly identified bacteriocin of ''Bacillus cereus''|journal=[[Applied and Environmental Microbiology]]|volume=59|issue=12|pages=4313–4316|pmc=195902|pmid=8285719|doi=10.1128/AEM.59.12.4313-4316.1993|bibcode=1993ApEnM..59.4313N}}</ref> ==Reproduction== At {{convert|30|C|F}}, a population of ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' can double in as little as 20 minutes or as long as 3 hours, depending on the food product.<ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/20888/foodandi.pdf|title=Food and indoor air isolated ''Bacillus'' non-protein toxins: structures, physico-chemical properties and mechanisms of effects on eukaryotic cells|last=Mikkola|first=Raimo|publisher=[[University of Helsinki]]|year=2006|isbn=952-10-3549-8|page=12|access-date=24 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709153531/https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/20888/foodandi.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status = live}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Food!!style="width:10em"|Minutes to double, {{convert|30|C|F}}!!style="width:10em"|Hours to multiply by 1,000,000 |- |Milk||20–36||{{n-life|n=2|t=20|t2=36|end=10^6|scale=60|dec=1}} |- |Cooked rice||26–31||{{n-life|n=2|t=26|t2=31|end=10^6|scale=60|dec=1}} |- |Infant formula||56||{{n-life|n=2|t=56|end=10^6|scale=60|dec=1}} |} ==Pathogenesis== ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' is responsible for a minority of foodborne illnesses (2–5%), causing severe [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], and [[diarrhea]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kotiranta|first1=Anja|last2=Lounatmaa|first2=Kari|last3=Haapasalo|first3=Markus|date=February 2000|title=Epidemiology and pathogenesis of ''Bacillus cereus'' infections|journal=Microbes and Infection|volume=2|issue=2|pages=189–198|doi=10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00269-0|pmid=10742691}}</ref> ''Bacillus'' foodborne illnesses occur due to survival of the bacterial endospores when infected food is not, or is inadequately, cooked.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7699/#939|title=Baron's Medical Microbiology|last=Turnbull|first=Peter C. B.|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch|year=1996|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|editor=Baron S.|edition=4th|chapter=''Bacillus''|display-editors=etal|via=NCBI Bookshelf}}</ref> Cooking temperatures less than or equal to {{convert|100|C|F}} allow some ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' [[Endospore|spores]] to survive.<ref name="microorganisms.in.foods.p.24">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxycHnaPfCYC&pg=PA24 |last1=Roberts |first1=T. A. |last2=Baird-Parker |first2=A. C. |last3=Tompkin |first3=R. B. |title=Characteristics of Microbial Pathogens |publisher=Blackie Academic & Professional |location=London |year=1996 |page=24 |isbn=978-0-412-47350-0 |access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> This problem is compounded when food is then improperly [[refrigeration|refrigerated]], allowing the endospores to germinate.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McKillip|first=John L.|s2cid=8362130|date=May 2000|title=Prevalence and expression of enterotoxins in ''Bacillus cereus'' and other ''Bacillus'' spp., a literature review|journal=[[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (journal)|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]]|volume=77|issue=4|pages=393–399|doi=10.1023/A:1002706906154|pmid=10959569}}</ref> Cooked foods not meant for either immediate consumption or rapid cooling and refrigeration should be kept at temperatures below {{convert|10|C|F}} or above {{convert|50|C|F}}.<ref name="microorganisms.in.foods.p.24" /> Germination and growth generally occur between 10&nbsp;°C and 50&nbsp;°C,<ref name="microorganisms.in.foods.p.24" /> though some strains can [[Psychrotrophic bacteria|grow at low temperatures]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiK9fcE4xvAC&pg=PA17|title=The Food Safety Hazard Guidebook|last1=Lawley|first1=Richard|last2=Curtis|first2=Laurie|last3=Davis|first3=Judy|publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-85404-460-3|location=Cambridge, UK|page=17|access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> and Bacillus cytotoxicus strains have been shown to grow at temperatures up to 52℃.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/jam.15214 | title=Bacillus cytotoxicus —A potentially virulent food‐associated microbe | year=2022 | last1=Cairo | first1=Jessica | last2=Gherman | first2=Iulia | last3=Day | first3=Andrew | last4=Cook | first4=Paul E. | journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology | volume=132 | issue=1 | pages=31–40 | pmid=34260791 | s2cid=235906633 }}</ref> Bacterial growth results in production of [[enterotoxin]]s, one of which is highly resistant to heat and acids ([[pH]] levels between 2 and 11);<ref name=Todar /> ingestion leads to two types of illness: diarrheal and emetic (vomiting) syndrome.<ref name="pmid15538709">{{cite journal|last1=Ehling-Shulz|first1=Monika|last2=Fricker|first2=Martina|last3=Scherer|first3=Siegfried|date=19 November 2004|title=''Bacillus cereus'', the causative agent of an emetic type of food-borne illness|journal=[[Molecular Nutrition & Food Research]]|volume=48|issue=7|pages=479–487|doi=10.1002/mnfr.200400055|pmid=15538709}}</ref> * The diarrheal type is associated with a wide range of foods, has an 8-to-16-hour [[incubation period|incubation time]], and is associated with diarrhea and gastrointestinal pain. Also known as the 'long-incubation' form of ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' food poisoning, it might be difficult to differentiate from poisoning caused by ''[[Clostridium perfringens]]''.<ref name="Todar">{{cite web|url=http://textbookofbacteriology.net/B.cereus.html|title=''Bacillus cereus''|last=Todar|first=Kenneth|work=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology|access-date=19 September 2009}}</ref> Enterotoxin can be inactivated after heating at {{convert|56|C|F}} for 5 minutes, but whether its presence in food causes the symptom is unclear, since it degrades in stomach enzymes; its subsequent production by surviving ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' spores within the [[small intestine]] may be the cause of illness.<ref name="watson1998">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKIy-iHLaiEC&pg=PA134|title=Natural Toxicants in Food|last1=Millar|first1=Ian|last2=Gray|first2=David|last3=Kay|first3=Helen|date=1998|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-9734-9|editor-last=Watson|editor-first=David H.|pages=133–134|chapter=Bacterial toxins found in foods}}</ref> * The 'emetic' form is commonly caused by rice cooked for a time and temperature insufficient to kill any spores present, then improperly refrigerated. It can produce a [[toxin]], [[cereulide]], which is not inactivated by later reheating. This form leads to nausea and vomiting 1–5 hours after consumption. Distinguishing from other short-term bacterial foodborne intoxications such as by ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' can be difficult.<ref name=Todar /> Emetic toxin can withstand {{convert|121|C|F}} for 90 minutes.<ref name=watson1998/> The diarrhetic syndromes observed in patients are thought to stem from the three toxins: [[hemolysin]] BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic [[enterotoxin]] (Nhe), and [[cytotoxin]] K (CytK).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Guinebretière|first1=Marie-Hélène|last2=Broussolle|first2=Véronique|last3=Nguyen-The|first3=Christophe|date=August 2002|title=Enterotoxigenic profiles of food-poisoning and food-borne ''Bacillus cereus'' strains|journal=[[Journal of Clinical Microbiology]]|volume=40|issue=8|pages=3053–3056|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.8.3053-3056.2002|pmc=120679|pmid=12149378}}</ref> The ''nhe''/''hbl''/''cytK'' genes are located on the chromosome of the bacteria. Transcription of these genes is controlled by ''PlcR''. These genes occur in the taxonomically related [[Bacillus thuringiensis|''B.&nbsp;thuringiensis'']] and [[Bacillus anthracis|''B.&nbsp;anthracis'']], as well. These enterotoxins are all produced in the small intestine of the host, thus thwarting digestion by host endogenous enzymes. The Hbl and Nhe toxins are pore-forming toxins closely related to [[ClyA]] of ''[[Escherichia coli|E.&nbsp;coli]]''. The proteins exhibit a conformation known as a "[[beta-barrel]]" that can insert into cellular membranes due to a [[hydrophobic]] exterior, thus creating pores with [[hydrophilic]] interiors. The effect is loss of cellular [[membrane potential]] and eventually cell death. CytK is a pore-forming protein more related to other hemolysins.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} The timing of the toxin production was previously thought to be possibly responsible for the two different courses of disease, but in fact the emetic syndrome is caused by a toxin, [[cereulide]], found only in emetic strains and is not part of the "standard toolbox" of ''B.&nbsp;cereus''. Cereulide is a cyclic polypeptide containing three repeats of four amino acids: {{sc|D}}-oxy-{{abbr|[[Leucine|Leu]]|leucine}}—{{sc|D}}-{{abbr|[[Alanine|Ala]]|alanine}}—{{sc|L}}-oxy-{{abbr|[[Valine|Val]]|valine}}—{{sc|L}}-{{abbr|Val|valine}} (similar to [[valinomycin]] produced by ''[[Streptomyces griseus]]'') produced by [[nonribosomal peptide|nonribosomal peptide synthesis]]. Cereulide is believed to bind to 5-hydroxytryptamine&nbsp;3 (5-HT3) [[serotonin]] receptors, activating them and leading to increased [[Afferent nerve fiber|afferent]] [[vagus nerve stimulation]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Agata|first1=Norio|last2=Ohta|first2=Michio|last3=Mori|first3=Masashi|last4=Isobe|first4=Minoru|date=June 1995|title=A novel dodecadepsipeptide, cereulide, is an emetic toxin of ''Bacillus cereus''|journal=[[FEMS Microbiology Letters]]|volume=129|issue=1|pages=17–20|doi=10.1016/0378-1097(95)00119-P|pmid=7781985}}</ref> It was shown independently by two research groups to be encoded on multiple [[plasmid]]s: pCERE01<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoton|first1=Florence M.|last2=Andrup|first2=Lars|last3=Swiecicka|first3=Izabela|last4=Mahillon|first4=Jacques|date=July 2005|title=The cereulide genetic determinants of emetic ''Bacillus cereus'' are plasmid-borne|journal=[[Microbiology (journal)|Microbiology]]|volume=151|issue=7|pages=2121–2124|doi=10.1099/mic.0.28069-0|pmid=16000702}}</ref> or pBCE4810.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ehling-Shulz|first1=Monika|last2=Fricker|first2=Martina|last3=Grallert|first3=Harald|last4=Rieck|first4=Petra|last5=Wagner|first5=Martin|last6=Scherer|first6=Siegfried|display-authors=4|date=2 March 2006|title=Cereulide synthetase gene cluster from emetic ''Bacillus cereus'': Structure and location on a mega virulence plasmid related to Bacillus anthracis toxin plasmid pXO1|journal=[[BMC Microbiology]]|volume=6|page=20|doi=10.1186/1471-2180-6-20|pmc=1459170|pmid=16512902}}</ref> Plasmid pBCE4810 shares homology with the ''B.&nbsp;anthracis'' virulence plasmid pXO1, which encodes the [[anthrax toxin]]. Periodontal isolates of ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' also possess distinct pXO1-like plasmids. Like most of cyclic peptides containing nonproteogenic amino acids, cereulide is resistant to heat, proteolysis, and acid conditions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stenfors Arnesen|first1=Lotte P.|last2=Fagerlund|first2=Annette|last3=Granum|first3=Per Einar|date=1 July 2008|title=From soil to gut: ''Bacillus cereus'' and its food poisoning toxins|journal=[[FEMS Microbiology Reviews]]|volume=32|issue=4|pages=579–606|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00112.x|pmid=18422617|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' is also known to cause difficult-to-eradicate chronic skin infections, though less aggressive than [[necrotizing fasciitis]]. ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' can also cause [[keratitis]].<ref name="pmid11581057">{{cite journal|last1=Pinna|first1=Antonio|last2=Sechi|first2=Leonardo A.|last3=Zanetti|first3=Stefania|last4=Usai|first4=Donatella|last5=Delogu|first5=Giovanni|last6=Cappuccinelli|first6=Piero|last7=Carta|first7=Francesco|display-authors=4|date=October 2001|title=''Bacillus cereus'' keratitis associated with contact lens wear|journal=[[Ophthalmology (journal)|Ophthalmology]]|volume=108|issue=10|pages=1830–1834|doi=10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00723-0|pmid=11581057}}</ref> A case study was published in 2019 of a [[catheter]]-related bloodstream infection of ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' in a 91-year-old male previously being treated with [[hemodialysis]] via PermCath for end-stage [[renal disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=Tzu-Chi|last2=Pai|first2=Ching-Chou|last3=Huang|first3=Pin-Wen|last4=Tung|first4=Chun-Bin|date=2019-11-11|title=Infected aneurysm of the thoracic aorta probably caused by ''Bacillus cereus'': a case report|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=1|pages=959|doi=10.1186/s12879-019-4602-2|issn=1471-2334|pmc=6849281|pmid=31711418}}</ref> He presented with chills, [[tachypnea]], and high-grade fever, his [[white blood cell count]] and [[high-sensitivity C-reactive protein]] (CRP) were significantly elevated, and [[CT imaging]] revealed a thoracic [[aortic aneurysm]]. He was successfully treated for the aneurysm with intravenous [[vancomycin]], oral [[fluoroquinolone]]s, and PermCath removal.{{cn|date=June 2022}} <!--It is mentioned as pathogenic microflora in pharmaceutical oral products in Brazilian Pharmacopaeia.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}--> ==Diseases in Aquatic animals== ''Bacillus cereus'' group are also pathogenic to multiple aquatic organisms including Chinese softshell turtle ('' Pelodiscus sinensis'' ) where '' B. cereus (Bc)'' and ''B. thuringiensis (Bt)'' are prominent ones <ref> Cheng, L.-W., Rao, S., Poudyal, S., Wang, P.-C., & Chen, S.-C. (2021). Genotype and virulence gene analyses of Bacillus cereus group clinical isolates from the Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) in Taiwan. Journal of Fish Diseases, 44, 1515– 1529. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13473 </ref> infection characterized by gross lesions such as hepatic congestion and enlarged spleen causes high mortality. ==Spore elimination== While ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' vegetative cells are killed during normal cooking, spores are more resistant. Viable spores in food can become vegetative cells in the intestines and produce a range of diarrheal enterotoxins, so elimination of spores is desirable. In wet heat (poaching, simmering, boiling, braising, stewing, pot roasting, steaming), spores require more than 5 minutes at {{convert|121|C|F}} at the coldest spot to be destroyed. In dry heat (grilling, broiling, baking, roasting, searing, sautéing), {{convert|120|C|F}} for 1 hour kills all spores on the exposed surface.<ref name="bremer">{{cite journal |last1=Bremer |first1=Phil |title=Bacillus spores in the food industry: A review on resistance and response to novel inactivation technologies |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |date=3 October 2016 |volume=15 |issue=2016 |pages=1139–1148 |doi=10.1111/1541-4337.12231 |pmid=33401831 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Diagnosis == In case of [[foodborne illness]], the diagnosis of ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' can be confirmed by the isolation of more than 100,000 ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' organisms per gram from epidemiologically-implicated food, but such testing is often not done because the illness is relatively harmless and usually self-limiting.<ref name="cdc">{{cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm4310.pdf|title=''Bacillus cereus'' food poisoning associated with fried rice at two child day care centers|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|date=18 March 1994|volume=43|issue=10}}</ref> === Identification === For the isolation and enumeration of ''B.&nbsp;cereus'', there are two standardized methods by [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO): ISO 7932 and ISO 21871. Because of ''B.&nbsp;cereus''{{'}} ability to produce [[lecithinase]] and its inability to ferment [[mannitol]], there are some proper [[Selective medium|selective media]] for its isolation and identification such as mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin (MYP) and polymyxin-pyruvate-egg yolk-mannitol-bromothymol blue agar (PEMBA). ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' colonies on MYP have a violet-red background and are surrounded by a zone of egg-yolk precipitate.<ref name="Foodborne Diseases">{{cite book|title=Foodborne Diseases|last1=Griffiths|first1=M.W.|last2=Schraft|first2=H.|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-385007-2|editor-last=Dodd|editor-first=Christine E. R.|edition=3rd|pages=395–405|chapter=''Bacillus cereus'' food poisoning|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-385007-2.00020-6|editor-last2=Aldsworth|editor-first2=Tim|editor-last3=Stein|editor-first3=Richard A.|editor-last4=Cliver|editor-first4=Dean O.|editor-last5=Riemann|editor-first5=Hans P.|display-editors=1}}</ref> Below is a list of differential techniques and results that can help to identify ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' from other bacteria and ''Bacillus'' species.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bacillus|publisher=Springer Science|year=1989|isbn=978-1-4899-3502-1|editor-last=Harwood|editor-first=Colin R.|oclc=913804139}}{{page needed|date=September 2020}}</ref> * [[Anaerobic organism|Anaerobic growth]]: Positive * [[Voges–Proskauer test|Voges Proskauer test]]: Positive * Acid produced from ** {{sc|D}}-glucose: Positive ** {{sc|L}}-arabinose: Negative ** {{sc|D}}-xylose: Negative ** {{sc|D}}-mannitol: Negative * Starch&nbsp;[[hydrolysis]]: Positive * [[Nitrogen fixation|Nitrate reduction]]: Positive * Degradation of&nbsp;[[tyrosine]]: Positive * Growth at ** above 50&nbsp;°C: Negative * Use of&nbsp;[[citrate]]: Positive The Central Public Health Laboratory in the United Kingdom tests for motility, hemolysis, rhizoid growth, susceptibility to γ-phage, and fermentation of ammonium salt-based glucose but no mannitol, arabinose, or xylose.<ref name="Foodborne Diseases" /> == Characteristics of ''B. cereus'' == Colony, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of marine ''B. cereus'' are shown in the Table below.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2021-12-15|title=Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004484862100819X|journal=Aquaculture|language=en|volume=545|pages=737156|doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156|issn=0044-8486|last1=Paul|first1=Sulav Indra|last2=Rahman|first2=Md. Mahbubur|last3=Salam|first3=Mohammad Abdus|last4=Khan|first4=Md. Arifur Rahman|last5=Islam|first5=Md. Tofazzal}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |'''Test type''' |'''Test''' |'''Characteristics''' |- | rowspan="4" |Colony characters |Size |Medium |- |Type |Round |- |Color |Whitish |- |Shape |Convex |- |Morphological characters |Shape |Rod |- | rowspan="2" |Physiological characters |Motility |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Growth at 6.5% NaCl |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- | rowspan="12" |Biochemical characters |Gram's staining |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Oxidase |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Catalase |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Oxidative-Fermentative |Fermentative |- |Motility |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Methyl Red |– |- |Voges-Proskauer |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Indole |– |- |H₂S Production |– |- |Urease |V |- |Nitrate reductase |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |β-Galactosidase |– |- | rowspan="6" |Hydrolysis of |Gelatin |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Aesculin |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Casein |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Tween 40 |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Tween 60 |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Tween 80 |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- | rowspan="13" |Acid production from |Glycerol |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Galactose |V |- |D-Glucose |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |D-Fructose |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |D-Mannose |– |- |Mannitol |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |N-Acetylglucosamine |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Amygdalin |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Maltose |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |D-Melibiose |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |D-Trehalose |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |Glycogen |<nowiki>+</nowiki> |- |D-Turanose |V |} Note: + = Positive, – =Negative, V= Variable (+/–) == Prognosis == Most emetic patients recover within 6 to 24 hours,<ref name="pmid15538709" /> but in some cases, the toxin can be fatal via [[fulminant hepatic failure]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Takabe|first1=Fukutaro|last2=Oya|first2=Masakazu|date=March–April 1976|title=An autopsy case of food poisoning associated with ''Bacillus cereus''|journal=Forensic Science|volume=7|issue=2|pages=97–101|doi=10.1016/0300-9432(76)90024-8|pmid=823082}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mahler|first1=Hellmut|last2=Pasi|first2=Aurelio|last3=Kramer|first3=John M.|last4=Schulte|first4=Petra|last5=Scoging|first5=Anne C.|last6=Bär|first6=Walter|last7=Krähenbühl|first7=Stephan|display-authors=4|date=17 April 1997|title=Fulminant liver failure in association with the emetic toxin of ''Bacillus cereus''|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=336|issue=16|pages=1142–1148|doi=10.1056/NEJM199704173361604|pmid=9099658}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dierick|first1=Katelijne|last2=Van Coillie|first2=Els|last3=Swiecicka|first3=Izabela|last4=Meyfroidt|first4=Geert|last5=Devlieger|first5=Hugo|last6=Meulemans|first6=Agnes|last7=Hoedemaekers|first7=Guy|last8=Fourie|first8=Ludo|last9=Heyndrickx|first9=Marc|display-authors=4|date=August 2005|title=Fatal family outbreak of ''Bacillus cereus''-associated food poisoning|journal=[[Journal of Clinical Microbiology]]|volume=43|issue=8|pages=4277–4279|doi=10.1128/JCM.43.8.4277-4279.2005|pmc=1233987|pmid=16082000|first10=Jacques|last10=Mahillon}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shiota|first1=Mitsutaka|last2=Saitou|first2=Keiko|last3=Mizumoto|first3=Hiroshi|last4=Matsusaka|first4=Masanori|last5=Agata|first5=Norio|last6=Nakayama|first6=Masahiro|last7=Kage|first7=Masayoshi|last8=Tatsumi|first8=Shinji|last9=Okamoto|first9=Akira|display-authors=4|date=April 2010|title=Rapid detoxification of cereulide in ''Bacillus cereus'' food poisoning|journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]|volume=125|issue=4|pages=e951–e955|doi=10.1542/peds.2009-2319|pmid=20194285|first10=Seiji|first11=Michio|first12=Daisuke|last10=Yamaguchi|last11=Ohta|last12=Hata|s2cid=19744459}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Naranjo|first1=María|last2=Denayer|first2=Sarah|last3=Botteldoorn|first3=Nadine|last4=Delbrassinne|first4=Laurence|last5=Veys|first5=Jean|last6=Waegenaere|first6=Jacques|last7=Sirtaine|first7=Nicolas|last8=Driesen|first8=Ronald B.|last9=Sipido|first9=Karin R.|display-authors=4|date=December 2011|title=Sudden death of a young adult associated with ''Bacillus cereus'' food poisoning|journal=[[Journal of Clinical Microbiology]]|volume=49|issue=12|pages=4379–4381|doi=10.1128/JCM.05129-11|pmc=3232990|pmid=22012017|first10=Jacques|first11=Katelijne|last10=Mahillon|last11=Dierick}}</ref> In 2014, 23 newborns in the UK receiving [[total parenteral nutrition]] contaminated with ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' developed [[septicaemia]], with three of the infants later dying as a result of infection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/drug-device-alerts/drug-alert-lipid-phase-only-of-parenteral-nutrition-potential-contamination-with-bacillus-cereus |title=Medical safety alert: Lipid Phase only of Parenteral Nutrition – potential contamination with ''Bacillus cereus'' |publisher=UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency |date=4 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/third-baby-dies-from-contaminated-total-parenteral-nutrition-drip-feed-9576663.html|title=Third baby dies from contaminated 'Total Parenteral Nutrition' drip feed|last=Cooper|first=Charlie|date=1 July 2014|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418220544/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/third-baby-dies-from-contaminated-total-parenteral-nutrition-drip-feed-9576663.html|archive-date=18 April 2019|url-status = live}}</ref> == Bacteriophage == Bacteria of the ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' group are infected by [[bacteriophage]]s belonging to the family [[Tectivirus|Tectiviridae]]. This family includes tailless phages that have a [[lipid membrane]] or vesicle beneath the icosahedral protein shell and that are formed of approximately equal amounts of virus-encoded proteins and [[lipid]]s derived from the host cell's [[Cell membrane|plasma membrane]]. Upon infection, the lipid membrane becomes a tail-like structure used in genome delivery. The genome is composed of about 15-[[kilobase]], linear, double-stranded [[DNA]] (dsDNA) with long, inverted terminal-repeat sequences (100 base pairs). '''GIL01''', '''Bam35''', '''GIL16''', '''AP50''', and '''Wip1''' are examples of temperate tectiviruses infecting the ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' group.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gillis|first1=Annika|last2=Mahillon|first2=Jacques|date=15 July 2014|title=Prevalence, genetic diversity, and host range of tectiviruses among members of the ''Bacillus cereus'' group|journal=[[Applied and Environmental Microbiology]]|volume=80|issue=14|pages=4138–4152|doi=10.1128/AEM.00912-14|issn=0099-2240|pmc=4068676|pmid=24795369|bibcode=2014ApEnM..80.4138G}}</ref> ==History== Colonies of ''B.&nbsp;cereus'' were originally isolated from an [[agar]] plate left exposed to the air in a cow shed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frankland|first1=Grace C.|last2=Frankland|first2=Percy Faraday|date=1 January 1887|title=Studies on some new micro-organisms obtained from air|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]]|volume=178|pages=257–287|bibcode=1887RSPTB.178..257F|doi=10.1098/rstb.1887.0011|jstor=91702|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the 2010s, examination of [[FDA Warning Letter|warning letters]] issued by the [[Food and Drug Administration|US Food and Drug Administration]] issued to [[pharmaceutical manufacturing]] facilities addressing facility microbial contamination revealed that the most common contaminant was ''B.&nbsp;cereus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sandle|first=Tim|date=28 November 2014|title=The risk of ''Bacillus cereus'' to pharmaceutical manufacturing|url=https://www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com/Featured-Articles/169507-The-Risk-of-em-Bacillus-cereus-em-to-Pharmaceutical-Manufacturing/|url-status = live|journal=American Pharmaceutical Review|type=Paper|volume=17|issue=6|page=56|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425154058/http://www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com/Featured-Articles/169507-The-Risk-of-em-Bacillus-cereus-em-to-Pharmaceutical-Manufacturing/|archive-date=25 April 2015}}</ref> Several new enzymes have been discovered in ''B.&nbsp;cereus'', such as [[AlkC]] and [[AlkD]], both of which are involved in [[DNA repair]].<ref> {{cite journal | last1 = Alseth | first1 = Ingrun | last2 = Rognes | first2 = Torbjørn | last3 = Lindbäck | first3 = Toril | last4 = Solberg | first4 = Inger | last5 = Robertsen | first5 = Kristin | last6 = Kristiansen | first6 = Knut Ivan | last7 = Mainieri | first7 = Davide | last8 = Lillehagen | first8 = Lucy | last9 = Kolstø | first9 = Anne-Brit | author9-link = Anne-Brit Kolstø | last10 = Bjørås | first10 = Magnar | display-authors = 4 | year = 2006 | title = A new protein superfamily includes two novel 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylases ''Bacillus cereus'', AlkC and AlkD | journal = [[Molecular Microbiology (journal)|Molecular Microbiology]] | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 1602–1609 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05044.x | pmc = 1413580 | pmid = 16468998 }}</ref> ==In agriculture== {{visible anchor|B25|text=''B. cereus'' B25}} is a [[biofungicide]].<ref name="Lopez-et-al-2016-bundle"> {{Unbulleted list citebundle |{{cite book | first1=Maya | last1=Verma | first2=Jitendra | last2=Mishra | first3=Naveen Kumar | last3=Arora | date=2019 | chapter=Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: Diversity and Applications | editor-first1=Ranbir Chander | editor-last1=Sobti | editor-first2=Naveen Kumar | editor-last2=Arora | editor-first3=Richa | editor-last3=Kothari | title=Environmental Biotechnology: For Sustainable Future | publisher=[[Springer Singapore]] | doi=10.1007/978-981-10-7284-0_6 | s2cid=91258998}} |{{cite journal | last1=Ndemera | first1=Melody | last2=De Boevre | first2=Marthe | last3=De Saeger | first3=Sarah | title=Mycotoxin management in a developing country context: A critical review of strategies aimed at decreasing dietary exposure to mycotoxins in Zimbabwe | journal=[[Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition]] | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | volume=60 | issue=4 | year=2020 | issn=1040-8398 | pmid=30501517 | doi=10.1080/10408398.2018.1543252 | pages=529–540 | s2cid=54523328}} |{{cite book | last1=Verma | first1=Rishi Kumar | last2=Sachan | first2=Manisha | last3=Vishwakarma | first3=Kanchan | last4=Upadhyay | first4=Neha | last5=Mishra | first5=Rohit Kumar | last6=Tripathi | first6=Durgesh Kumar | last7=Sharma | first7=Shivesh | title=Role of Rhizospheric Microbes in Soil | chapter=Role of PGPR in Sustainable Agriculture: Molecular Approach Toward Disease Suppression and Growth Promotion | publisher=[[Springer Singapore]] | publication-place=[[Singapore]] | year=2018 | isbn=978-981-13-0043-1 | doi=10.1007/978-981-13-0044-8_9 | pages=259–290 | s2cid=90538241}} |{{cite book | last1=Shahid | first1=Mohammad | last2=Zaidi | first2=Almas | last3=Khan | first3=Mohd. Saghir | last4=Rizvi | first4=Asfa | last5=Saif | first5=Saima | last6=Ahmed | first6=Bilal | title=Microbial Strategies for Vegetable Production | chapter=Recent Advances in Management Strategies of Vegetable Diseases | publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] | publication-place=[[Cham, Switzerland]] | year=2017 | isbn=978-3-319-54400-7 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-54401-4_9 | pages=197–226 | s2cid=91152604}} |{{cite journal | title=Rhizospheric bacteria of maize with potential for biocontrol of ''Fusarium verticillioides'' | journal=[[SpringerPlus]] | volume=5 | issue=330 | date=2016 | doi=10.1186/s40064-016-1780-x | first1=Alejandro Miguel | last1=Figueroa-López | first2=Jesús Damián | last2=Cordero-Ramírez | first3=Juan Carlos | last3=Martínez-Álvarez | first4=Melina | last4=López-Meyer | first5=Glenda Judith | last5=Lizárraga-Sánchez | first6=Rubén | last6=Félix-Gastélum | first7=Claudia | last7=Castro-Martínez | first8=Ignacio Eduardo | last8=Maldonado-Mendoza | s2cid=12268357}} }} </ref> Figueroa-López ''et al.'' 2016 reduce ''[[Fusarium verticillioides]]'' growth using this [[strain (biology)|strain]].<ref name="Lopez-et-al-2016-bundle" /> B25 shows promise for reduction of [[mycotoxin]] concentrations in [[grain]]s.<ref name="Lopez-et-al-2016-bundle" /> == See also == * [[Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis|''Bacillus cereus'' biovar ''anthracis'']] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Commons category|Bacillus cereus}} {{Wikispecies}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120315134110/http://patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Taxon?cType=taxon&cId=1396 Bacillus cereus] genomes and related information at [http://patricbrc.org/ PATRIC], a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by [https://www.niaid.nih.gov/ NIAID] * [https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/624 Type strain of ''Bacillus cereus'' at Bac''Dive'' – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase] {{Gram-positive bacterial diseases}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q131307}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bacillus|cereus]] [[Category:Foodborne illnesses]] [[Category:Bacteria described in 1887]]'