Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Uvular consonant}} {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ʁ |ipa number=143 |decimal1=641 |x-sampa=R |kirshenbaum=g" |braille=* |braille2=3456 |imagefile=Voiced uvular fricative (vector).svg |imagesize=150px }} {{Infobox IPA |above=Voiced uvular approximant |ipa symbol=ʁ̞ |ipa number=144 |x-sampa=R_o }} The '''voiced uvular fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʁ}}, an inverted small uppercase letter {{angbr IPA|ʀ}}, or in [[broad transcription]] {{angbr IPA|r}} if [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]. This consonant is one of several collectively called [[guttural R]] when found in European languages. The '''voiced uvular approximant''' is also found [[Complementary distribution|interchangeably]] with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ʁ}}. Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the [[approximant]] may be specified by adding the [[lowered (phonetics)|downtack]]: {{angbr IPA|ʁ̞}}, though some writings<ref>Such as {{Harvcoltxt|Krech et al.|2009}}.</ref> use a superscript {{angbr IPA|ʶ}}, which is not an official IPA practice. For a '''voiced pre-uvular fricative''' (also called '''post-velar'''), see [[voiced velar fricative]]. ==Features== Features of the voiced uvular fricative: {{fricative}} In many languages it is closer to an [[approximant consonant|approximant]], however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation. {{uvular}} {{voiced}} {{oral}} {{central articulation}} {{pulmonic}} ==Occurrence== In Western Europe, a [[uvular trill]] pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern [[French language|French]] to several dialects and [[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] of [[Basque language|Basque]],<ref name="Basque">''Grammar of Basque'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Kss999lxKm0C&ots=J2P3eH25-V&pg=PA30 page 30], [[José Ignacio Hualde]], Jon Ortiz De Urbina, [[Walter de Gruyter]], 2003</ref> [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[German language|German]], [[Judaeo-Spanish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], some variants of [[Low German|Low Saxon]],<ref>Ph Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, Anderhalve Eeuw Zwols Vocaalveranderingsprocessen in de periode 1838-1972. IJsselacademie (2012). {{ISBN|978-90-6697-228-5}}</ref> and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} However, not all of them remain a uvular trill today. In [[Brazilian Portuguese]], it is usually a velar fricative ({{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}), [[voiceless uvular fricative]] {{IPA|[χ]}}, or glottal transition ({{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}}), except in southern Brazil, where alveolar, velar and uvular trills as well as the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular [[rhotic consonant|rhotics]] often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use {{angbr|r}} to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see [[guttural R]]. {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}} note, "There is... a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=167}}</ref> It is also present in most [[Turkic languages]], except for [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], and in [[Caucasian languages]]. It could also come in [[ɣ]]. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes |- | colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|цы'''ҕ''']]}} {{lang|ab-Latn|cëğ}}||{{IPA|[tsəʁ]}}|| '[[marten]]'|| See [[Abkhaz phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|ты'''гъ'''э]]}} {{lang|ady-Latn|të'''ğ'''a}} ||{{Audio-IPA|Trha1.ogg|[təʁa]}}|| 'sun'|| |- | [[Afrikaans]] || Parts of the former [[Cape Province]]{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=15}} || {{lang|af|'''r'''ooi|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʁoːi̯]}} || 'red' || May be a trill {{IPAblink|ʀ}} instead.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=15}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]] |- |[[Albanian language|Albanian]] |[[Arbëresh]] Some Moresian accents |vëlla |[vʁa] |'brother' |May be pronounced as a normal double l. Sometimes, the guttural r is present in words starting with g in some dialects. |- | [[Aleut language|Aleut]] ||Atkan dialect|| {{lang|ale-Latn|cham'''ĝ'''ul}} || {{IPA|[tʃɑmʁul]}}||'to wash'|| |- | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]]{{sfnp|Watson|2002|pp=17}} || {{lang|arb|[[Arabic alphabet|غرفة]]|rtl=yes}} {{lang|arb-Latn|ġurfa}} || {{IPA|[ˈʁʊrfɐ]}} || 'room' || Mostly transcribed as {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, may be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.{{sfnp|Watson|2002|pp=17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38}} See [[Arabic phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Archi language|Archi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Archi Language Tutorial|url=https://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/handout.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121902/http://www.archi.surrey.ac.uk/handout.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-02|access-date=2021-05-22}}</ref>|| {{lang|aqc-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''гъӀ'''абос]]}} {{lang|aqc-Latn|ġabos}}|| {{IPA|[ʁˤabos]}}<ref>http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/Archi/Linguists/links/3r/raibos/raibos_inf.mp3 {{Bare URL AV media|date=June 2022}}</ref> || 'croak' || |- | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] ||[[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}}</ref>||{{lang|am|[[Armenian alphabet|'''ղ'''եկ]]}} {{lang|am-Latn|łek}}|| {{Audio-IPA|ʁɛk.ogg |[ʁɛk]}} || 'rudder' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Avar language|Avar]]|| {{lang|av-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|тIа'''гъ'''ур]]}} {{lang|av-Latn|thaġur}}||{{IPA|[tʼaˈʁur]}}|| 'cap'|| |- | colspan="2" | [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] || {{lang|gah-Cyrl|[[:wikt:туғыҙ|ту'''ғ'''ыҙ]]}} {{lang|gah-Latn|tu'''ğ'''ïð}}|| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-туғыҙ.ogg|[tuˈʁɤð]}} || 'nine' || |- |[[Basque language|Basque]]|| [[Northern Basque Country|Northern]] dialects|| {{lang|eu|[[Basque alphabet|u'''rr'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[uʁe]}}|| 'gold' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Chilcotin language|Chilcotin]] || {{lang|chc|'''r'''elkɨsh}} || {{IPA|[ʁəlkɪʃ]}} ||'he walks'|| |- | [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard<ref name="basb62">{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=62}}</ref> || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|'''r'''ød]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʁ̞œ̠ð̠]}} || 'red' || Most often an approximant when initial.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=66}}</ref> In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless {{IPAblink|χ}}) or an approximant.<ref name="basb62"/> Also described as pharyngeal {{IPAblink|ʕ̞}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=323}}</ref> It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=157}} See [[Danish phonology]] |- | rowspan="6" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Booij|1999|p=8}}</ref><ref name="Collins 2003 39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291}}</ref><ref name="Goeman 2001 91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108">{{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|pp=91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108}}</ref><ref name="Verstraten 2001 51–55">{{Harvcoltxt|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|pp=51–55}}</ref> || [[Belgian Limburg]]<ref name="Verhoeven">{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}}</ref><ref name="VerVan52">{{Harvcoltxt|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=52}}</ref> || rowspan="6" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''r'''ad]]}} || rowspan="6" | {{IPA|[ʁɑt]}} || rowspan="6" | 'wheel' || rowspan="6" | Either a fricative or an approximant.<ref name="Goeman 2001 91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108"/><ref name="Verhoeven"/><ref name="Verstraten 2001 51–55"/><ref name="Collins 2003 39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291"/><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|pp=91–92, 94–95, 97, 102}}</ref> Realization of {{IPA|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See [[Dutch phonology]] |- | Central Netherlands<ref name="VerVan54">{{Harvcoltxt|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=54}}</ref> |- | [[East Flanders]]<ref name="VerVan52"/> |- | Northern Netherlands<ref name="VerVan54"/> |- | [[Randstad]]<ref name="VerVan54"/> |- | Southern Netherlands<ref name="VerVan54"/> |- | rowspan="5" | [[English language|English]] || [[Dyfed]]<ref name="Wells390">{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=390}}</ref> || rowspan="5" | {{lang|en|[[English orthography|'''r'''ed]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[ʁɛd]}} || rowspan="5" | 'red' || rowspan="2" | Not all speakers.<ref name="Wells390"/> Alveolar in other [[Welsh English|Welsh accents]]. |- | [[Gwynedd]]<ref name="Wells390"/> |- | [[Hiberno-English|North-east Leinster]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007|p=?}}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref> || Corresponds to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɹ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɻ}}]}} in other dialects of English in Ireland. |- | [[English of Northumbria|Northumbrian]]<ref name="LaMa236">{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}}</ref><ref name="Ogden93">{{Harvcoltxt|Ogden|2009|p=93}}</ref> || Described both as a fricative<ref name="LaMa236"/> and an approximant.<ref name="Ogden93"/> More rarely it is a trill {{IPAblink|ʀ}}.<ref name="LaMa236"/> Mostly found in rural areas of [[Northumberland]] and northern [[County Durham]], declining. See [[English phonology]] and [[Northumbrian Burr]]. |- | [[Sierra Leonean English|Sierra Leonean]]<ref name="LaMa236"/> || More rarely a trill {{IPAblink|ʀ}}.<ref name="LaMa236"/> |- | colspan="2" | [[French language|French]] || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''r'''ester]]|italic=yes}} ||{{IPA|[ʁɛste]}}|| 'to stay'|| See [[French phonology]] |- | rowspan="3" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]<ref name="Hall 1993 89">{{Harvcoltxt|Hall|1993|p=89}}</ref> || rowspan="3" | {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''R'''ost]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʁɔst]}} || rowspan="3" | 'rust' || rowspan="2" | Either a fricative or, more often, an approximant. In free variation with a [[uvular trill]]. See [[Standard German phonology]] |- | Lower Rhine<ref name="Hall 1993 89"/> |- | [[Swabian German|Swabian]]<ref name="Hiller">{{cite web|title=Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality|author=Markus Hiller|publisher=Institut für Deutsche Sprache|place=Mannheim|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf|access-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010540/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf|archive-date=2014-05-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> || {{IPA|[ʁ̞oʃt]}} || An approximant.<ref name="Hiller"/> It is the realization of {{IPA|/ʁ/}} in [[Syllable#Onset|onsets]],<ref name="Hiller"/> otherwise it is an [[epiglottal approximant]].<ref name="Hiller"/> |- | rowspan="2" | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || [[Biblical Hebrew|Biblical]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|'''ע'''וֹרֵב]]}} ||{{IPA|[ʁoˈreβ]}} || rowspan="2" | 'raven'|| See [[Biblical Hebrew phonology]]. |- | [[Modern Hebrew|Modern]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|עוֹ'''רֵ'''ב]]}} || {{IPA|[oˈʁ̞ev]}} || See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]].<ref>The pronunciation of the [[Modern Hebrew]] consonant ר ''resh'' has been described as a unique uvular approximant {{IPA|[[ʁ]]}}, specifically {{IPA|[ʁ̞]}}, which also exists in [[Yiddish]], see [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] (2003), [[Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew]], [[Palgrave Macmillan]], pp. 261-262.</ref> |- | [[Inuit language|Inuktitut]] ||East Inuktitut dialect|| {{lang|ale-Latn|ma'''rr'''uuk}} || {{IPA|[mɑʁːuːk]}}||'two'|| |- | [[Italian language|Italian]] || Some speakers{{sfnp|Canepari|1999|pp=98–101}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|'''r'''a'''r'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʁäːʁo]}} || 'rare' || Rendition alternative to the standard Italian [[alveolar trill]] {{IPAblink|r}}, due to individual [[Orthoepy|orthoepic]] defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in [[South Tyrol|Alto Adige]] (bordering with German-speaking Austria), [[Val d'Aosta]] (bordering with France) and in parts of the [[Parma]] province, more markedly around [[Fidenza]]. Other alternative sounds may be a [[uvular trill]] {{IPAblink|ʀ}} or a [[labiodental approximant]] {{IPAblink|ʋ}}.{{sfnp|Canepari|1999|pp=98–101}} See [[Italian phonology]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]]|| {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|б'''гъ'''э]]}} {{lang|ady-Latn|bğa}}||{{Audio-IPA|бгъэ.ogg|[bʁa]}}|| 'eagle'|| |- | colspan="2" | [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]|| {{lang|kab|[[Tifinagh|'''ⴱⴻ'''ⵖ]]}}<br />{{lang|kab-Latn|[[Berber Latin alphabet|bbe'''ɣ''']]}}<br />{{lang|kab-Arab|[[Berber Arabic alphabet|بغ]]}} ||{{IPA|[bːəʁ]}}|| 'to dive'|| |- | colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]|| {{lang|kk|[[Kazakh alphabets|са'''ғ'''ан]]}}, {{lang|kk-Latn|sa'''ğ'''an}}||{{IPA|[sɑˈʁɑn]}}|| 'you'&nbsp;(dat.&nbsp;sing.)|| |- | colspan="2" | [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]|| {{lang|ky-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|жам'''г'''ыр]]}} {{lang|ky-Latn|cam'''ğ'''ır'}}||{{IPA|[dʒɑmˈʁɯr]}}|| 'rain'|| |- | colspan="2" | [[Lakota language|Lakota]]|| {{lang|lkt|a'''ǧ'''úyapi}} || {{IPA|[aʁʊjapɪ]}}|| 'bread'|| |- |rowspan=2| [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || [[Maastrichtian dialect|Maastrichtian]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}} || {{lang|li|d'''r'''ei}} || {{IPA|[dʀ̝ɛi̯]}} ||rowspan=2| 'three' ||rowspan=2| Fricative trill; the fricative component varies between uvular and post-velar.{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}}{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}} See [[Maastrichtian dialect phonology]] and [[Weert dialect phonology]] |- | Weert dialect{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}} || {{lang|li|d'''r'''ej}} || {{IPA|[dʀ̝æj]}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=68}} || {{lang|lb|Pa'''r'''mesan|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈpʰɑʁməzaːn]}} || 'parmesan' || Appears as an allophone of {{IPA|/ʀ/}} between a vowel and a voiced consonant and as an allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}} between a back vowel and another vowel (back or otherwise). A minority of speakers use it as the only consonantal variety of {{IPA|/ʀ/}} (in a complementary distribution with {{IPAblink|χ}}), also where it is [[Uvular trill|trilled]] in the standard language.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=68}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]] |- | [[Malay language|Malay]] || Perak dialect|| ''[[Malay alphabet|Pe'''r'''ak]]'' || {{IPA|[peʁɑk̚]}} || '[[Perak]]' || See [[Malay phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Malto language|Malto]]{{sfnp|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|2003|p=150}} || पो'''ग़े''' || {{IPA|[poʁe]}} || 'smoke' || |- | rowspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || Southern [[Norwegian dialects|dialects]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|no|'''r'''a'''r'''|italic=yes}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞]}} || rowspan="2" | 'strange' || rowspan="2" | Either an approximant or a fricative. See [[Norwegian phonology]] |- | Southwestern [[Norwegian dialects|dialects]] |- |[[Toba Qom language|Toba qom]] |Takshek dialect |''Awo<s>'''g'''</s>oyk'' |[awoʁojk] |'moon' | |- |[[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]] |Some speakers |ва'''р'''а |[waʁa] |'goose' | |- |[[Ossetian language|Ossetic]] |[[Iron Ossetian|Iron]] |æ'''гъгъ'''æд æ'''ğğ'''æd |{{IPA|[ˈəʁːəd]}} |'enough' | |- | rowspan="4" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]||[[European Portuguese|European]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=92}}</ref> || {{lang|pt-PT|[[Portuguese orthography|ca'''rr'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkaʁu]}} || 'car'|| Word-initial {{IPA|/ʁ/}} is commonly realized as a fricative trill in Lisbon.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=157}} See [[Portuguese phonology]] |- | [[Setúbal|Setubalense]]<ref name="rhotics of RJ">{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/NascimentoTAM.pdf Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty]. Page 11.</ref> || {{lang|pt-PT|[[Portuguese orthography|'''r'''u'''r'''aliza'''r''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʁuɾɐɫiˈzaɾ]}} || 'to ruralize' || Often [[Uvular trill|trilled]]. Due to a merger, corresponds to both {{IPAslink|ɾ}} and {{IPA|/ʁ/}} in other dialects. |- | [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Fluminense]]<ref name="rhotics of RJ"/><ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206084049/http://www.caravelas.com.pt/actas_herr.pdf |date=2016-02-06 }} Page 36.</ref> || {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|a'''r'''dência]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɐʁˈdẽsjə]}} || 'burning feeling' || rowspan=2 | Due to [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|19th century Portuguese influence]], Rio de Janeiro's dialect merged coda {{IPAslink|ɾ}} into {{IPA|/ʁ/}}.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/dominiosdelinguagem/article/download/12450/8064 The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony]. Pages 229 and 230.</ref> Often trilled. In free variation with {{IPAblink|ɣ}}, {{IPAblink|ʕ}} and {{IPAblink|ɦ}} before voiced sounds, {{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|ħ}} and {{IPAblink|h}} before voiceless consonants |- | [[South Region, Brazil|Sulista]] ||{{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|a'''rr'''oz]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɐˈʁos]}} || 'rice' |- | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]||[[Puerto Rican Spanish|Puerto Rican]]|| {{lang|es-PR|[[Spanish orthography|ca'''rr'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkaʁo]}} || 'car'|| Word-initial, and inter-vocallic double r ('rr') {{IPA|/r/}} are commonly realized as a fricative trill in rural sectors and generally (but not exclusively) lower socioeconomic strata among Puerto Ricans. {{IPAblink|ʁ}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lipski|1994|p=333}}</ref> |- | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ||[[South Swedish dialects|Southern dialects]]|| {{lang|sv-SE|'''r'''ö'''r'''}} || {{IPA|[ʁɶʁ]}}||'pipe(s)'|| See [[Swedish phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Tatar language|Tatar]]|| {{lang|tt-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|яң'''г'''ыр]]}}, {{lang|tt-Latn|yañ'''ğ'''ır}} ||{{IPA|[jɒŋˈʁɯr]}}|| 'rain'|| |- | colspan="2" | [[Tsez language|Tsez]]|| [[Cyrillic script|а'''гъ'''и]] ''a'''ɣ'''i'' ||{{IPA|[ˈʔaʁi]}}|| 'bird'|| |- | colspan="2" | [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ʁa]}}||'his'|| Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See [[Ubykh phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] || ئۇي'''غ'''ۇر || {{IPA|[ʊjʁʊr]}} || 'Uyghur' | |- | colspan="2" | [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] || {{lang|uz-Latn|[[Uzbek alphabet|o'''gʻ'''ir]]}} || {{IPA|[ɒˈʁɨr]}}|| 'heavy'|| |- | [[West Flemish]] || [[Bruges dialect]]{{sfnp|Hinskens|Taeldeman|2013|p=167}} || {{lang|vls|onde'''r'''}} || {{IPA|[ˈuŋəʀ̝]}} || 'under' || A fricative trill with little friction. An alveolar {{IPAblink|r}} is used in the neighbouring rural area.{{sfnp|Hinskens|Taeldeman|2013|p=167}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Yakut language|Yakut]]|| {{lang|sah-Cyrl|[[Yakut scripts|то'''ҕ'''ус]]}} {{lang|sah-Latn|to'''ğ'''us}} ||{{IPA|[toʁus]}}|| 'nine'|| |} ==See also== * [[Index of phonetics articles]] * [[Guttural]] ==Notes== {{reflist|30em}} ==References== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{citation |last=Basbøll |first=Hans |author-link=Hans Basbøll |year=2005 |title=The Phonology of Danish |isbn=0-203-97876-5 }} *{{citation |last=Booij |first=Geert |year=1999 |title=The phonology of Dutch |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-823869-X }} * {{Citation |last1=Collins |first1=Beverley |last2=Mees |first2=Inger M. |year=2003 |orig-year=First published 1981 |title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch |edition=5th |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=9004103406 }} *{{Citation |last=Cruz-Ferreira |first=Madalena |year= 1995 |title=European Portuguese |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=90–94 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300005223 |s2cid=249414876 }} *{{Citation |last=Donaldson |first=Bruce C. |year=1993 |title=A Grammar of Afrikaans |chapter=1. Pronunciation |publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]] |pages=1–35 |isbn=9783110134261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzioRvJzTUC }} *{{citation |last=Dum-Tragut |first=Jasmine |year=2009 |title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |place=Amsterdam }} * {{citation |last1=Gilles |first1=Peter |last2=Trouvain |first2=Jürgen |year=2013 |title=Luxembourgish |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=67–74 |doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278 |doi-access=free }} * {{Cite book|last1=Goeman |first1=Ton |last2=van de Velde |first2=Hans |chapter=Co-occurrence constraints on {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} in Dutch dialects |pages=91–112 |editor2-last=van Hout |editor2-first=Roeland |editor1-last=van de Velde |editor1-first=Hans |year=2001 |title='r-atics |journal=Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique |publisher=Etudes & Travaux |place=Brussels |issn=0777-3692 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745 }} * {{citation |last=Grønnum |first=Nina |year=2005 |title=Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk |edition=3rd |publisher=Akademisk Forlag |place=Copenhagen |isbn=87-500-3865-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ }} * {{citation |last1=Gussenhoven |first1=Carlos |last2=Aarts |first2=Flor |year=1999 |title=The dialect of Maastricht |publisher=University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=155–166 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300006526 |s2cid=145782045 |url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf }} *{{citation |last=Hall |first=Tracy Alan |year=1993 |title=The phonology of German /ʀ/ |journal=Phonology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=83–105 |doi=10.1017/S0952675700001743 }} * {{citation |last1=Heijmans |first1=Linda |last2=Gussenhoven |first2=Carlos |year=1998 |title=The Dutch dialect of Weert |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=28 |issue=1–2 |pages=107–112 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300006307 |s2cid=145635698 |url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/weert.pdf }} *{{Cite book |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |year=2007 |title=Irish English: History and Present-day Forms |location = Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85299-9 }} * {{citation |editor1-last=Hinskens |editor1-first=Frans |editor2-last=Taeldeman |editor2-first=Johan |year=2013 |title=Dutch |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-11-018005-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8jmBQAAQBAJ }} * {{citation |last=Kachru |first=Yamuna |author-link=Yamuna Kachru |year=2006 |title=Hindi |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=90-272-3812-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC }} * {{citation |last1=Krech |first1=Eva Maria |last2=Stock |first2=Eberhard |last3=Hirschfeld |first3=Ursula |last4=Anders |first4=Lutz-Christian |year=2009 |title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch |location=Berlin, New York |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-018202-6 |ref={{harvid|Krech et al.|2009}} }} * {{SOWL}} *{{Citation |last = Lipski |first= John |year= 1994 |title=Latin American Spanish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbodAQAAIAAJ&q=lipski+latin+american+spanish |place=London |publisher=Longman |isbn= 9780582087613 }} * {{citation |last=Ogden |first=Richard |year=2009 |title=An Introduction to English Phonetics |publisher=Edinburgh University Press Ltd. |place=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-2540-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlfgKA34jP8C }} * {{citation |last=Sjoberg |first=Andrée F. |year=1963 |title=Uzbek Structural Grammar |series=Uralic and Altaic Series |volume=18 |place=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University }} * {{citation |last=Verhoeven |first=Jo |year=2005 |title=Belgian Standard Dutch |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1017/S0025100305002173 |doi-access=free }} * {{Cite book|last1=Verstraten |first1=Bart |last2=van de Velde |first2=Hans |chapter=Socio-geographical variation of {{IPA|/r/}} in standard Dutch |pages=45–61 |editor2-last=van Hout |editor2-first=Roeland |editor1-last=van de Velde |editor1-first=Hans |year=2001 |title='r-atics |journal=Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique |publisher=Etudes & Travaux |place=Brussels |issn=0777-3692 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745 }} * {{citation |last=Watson |first=Janet C. E. |year=2002 |title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic |place=New York |publisher= Oxford University Press }} *{{citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |author-link=John C. Wells |year=1982 |title=Accents of English |volume=2: The British Isles |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |postscript=. }} {{refend}} ==External links== * {{phoible|ʁ}} {{IPA navigation}} {{LetterR}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Voiced Uvular Fricative}} [[Category:Approximant-fricative consonants]] [[Category:Uvular consonants]] [[Category:Pulmonic consonants]] [[Category:Voiced oral consonants]] [[Category:Central consonants]]'