Examine individual changes

'{{short description|Soviet anti-ship missile}} {{Infobox weapon |is_missile=yes |name=Kh-22 <br /><small>([[NATO reporting name]]: AS-4 'Kitchen'</small>) | image= Raduga Kh-22, side view.JPG | image_size = 300 |caption=Kh-22 at museum |origin=[[Soviet Union]] |type=[[Air-to-surface missile]] |used_by=Russia |designer=[[MKB Raduga]] |unit_cost= $1 million<ref name=Forbes01>{{cite news|url=https://forbes.ua/inside/rosiya-za-vikhidni-vipustila-po-ukraini-raket-vartistyu-blizko-200-mln-otsinka-forbes-27062022-6838?utm_source=Telegram&utm_medium=post |first1=Volodymyr |last1=Landa|first2=Konstantin|last2= Gnenny |title=Over the weekend, Russia launched missiles worth about $200 million over Ukraine., Росія за вихідні випустила по Україні ракет вартістю близько $200 млн.|lang=uk|agency=[[Forbes]]|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref> |propellant=[[Tonka (fuel)|Tonka-250]] and [[IRFNA]] |production_date=1962 |engine=R-201 [[Liquid-fuel rocket]] |engine_power= |weight={{convert|5820|kg|lb|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} |length={{convert|11.65|m|ft|abbr=on}} |height= |diameter={{convert|92|cm|in|abbr=on}} |wingspan={{convert|300|cm|in|abbr=on}} |speed={{convert|4.6|Mach|sigfig=2}}<ref name="Anti Shipping Missile Survey">{{citation|title=Anti Shipping Missile Survey|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/43672723/Anti-Ship-Missile|publisher=Scribd | last=Scribd|page=37}}</ref> |vehicle_range={{convert|600|km|nmi|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} (Kh-22M/MA)<ref name="Soviet/Russian Cruise Missiles">{{citation|title=Anti Shipping Missile Survey|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-Cruise-Missiles.html#mozTocId738927|publisher=ausairpower | last=ausairpower|date=6 August 2009 |pages=1 }}</ref> |ceiling={{cvt|10|-|14|km|ft}} or {{cvt|27|km|ft}} |altitude= |filling={{convert|1000|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} RDX <br />or {{cvt|350|-|1,000|ktonTNT|PJ|lk=in}} [[thermonuclear weapon]] |guidance=[[Inertial guidance]] followed by terminal [[active radar homing]] |detonation= |launch_platform=Tu-22M, Тu-22К, Тu-95К22 }} The '''Kh-22''' ({{lang-ru|Х-22}}; AS-4 'Kitchen') is a large, long-range [[anti-ship missile]] developed by [[MKB Raduga]] in the [[Soviet Union]]. It was designed for use against [[aircraft carrier]]s and [[carrier battle group]]s, with either a conventional or [[nuclear warhead]]. ==Development== After analyzing [[:Category:Naval battles and operations of World War II|World War II naval battles]] and encounters in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Soviet military thinkers concluded that the era of large seaborne battles was over, and that [[Standoff (missile)|stand-off]] attacks would be the way to neutralize and incapacitate large [[Carrier battle group|battle group]]s without having to field a similar force against them. Substituting cruise missiles for air attacks, [[Soviet Air Forces]] and [[AV-MF|Soviet Naval Aviation]] commanders set about to convert their heavy bombers to ''raketonosets'', or missile carriers, which could be launched against approaching enemy fleets from coastal or island airfields. The Kh-22 (Complex 22) weapon was developed by the [[MKB Raduga|Raduga design bureau]] and used to arm the [[Tupolev Tu-22M]]. ==Design== The Kh-22 uses a Tumansky liquid-fuel [[rocket engine]], fueled with TG-02 ([[Tonka-250]]) and IRFNA (inhibited [[red fuming nitric acid]]), giving it a maximum speed of [[Mach number|Mach 4.6]] and a range of up to {{convert|600|km|nmi|abbr=on}}. It can be launched in either high-altitude or low-altitude mode. In high-altitude mode, it climbs to an altitude of {{convert|27000|m|abbr=on}} and makes a high-speed dive into the target, with a terminal speed of about Mach 4.6. In low-altitude mode, it climbs to {{convert|12000|m|abbr=on}} and makes a shallow dive at about Mach 3.5, The missile is guided by a [[gyroscope]]-stabilized autopilot in conjunction with a [[radio altimeter]]. Soviet tests revealed that when a [[shaped charge]] warhead weighing {{convert|1000|kg|abbr=on}} was used in the missile, the resulting hole measured {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}} in diameter, {{convert|19.6|m2|ft2|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} in area, and was {{convert|12|m|abbr=on|-1}} deep.<ref name=":0">[http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Regional-PGM.html#Raduga_Kh-22M_Burya Precision Guided Munitions in the Region], Technical Report APA-TR-2007-0109, 2004 - 2012 Carlo Kopp, ausairpower.net</ref><ref>[http://vs.milrf.ru/armament/marine/krm_x22.htm КРЫЛАТАЯ РАКЕТА Х-22Н "Буря"], Д-2Н, AS-4 Kitchen, Образцы вооружений Военно - морского флота, vs.milrf.ru</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vs.milrf.ru/armament/marine/krm_x22.htm |title=Вооружения ВМФ Крылатая ракета Х-22Н |publisher=Vs.milrf.ru |access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/x22/x22.shtml |title=Крылатая ракета Х-22 (комплекс К-22) &#124; Ракетная техника |publisher=Rbase.new-factoria.ru |access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://defendingrussia.ru/enc/pkr/protivokorabelnaja_krylataja_raketa_vozdushnogo_bazirovanija_kh22_burja-1466/ |title=Противокорабельная крылатая ракета воздушного базирования Х-22 "Буря" |language=ru |publisher=Defendingrussia.ru |access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://biblioteka.mycity-military.com/biblioteka/cyber%20fulkrum/E%20N%20G%20L%20E%20S%20K%20I/AC%204%20Publication%20i%20drugo/AC_-_Tupolev_Tu-22_BLINDER___Tu-22M_BACKFIRE_Russia_s_Long_Range_Supersonic_Bombers.pdf |title=Tupolev Tu-22 'Blinder', Tu-22M 'Backfire': Russia's long range supersonic bombers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171054/http://biblioteka.mycity-military.com/biblioteka/cyber%20fulkrum/E%20N%20G%20L%20E%20S%20K%20I/AC%204%20Publication%20i%20drugo/AC_-_Tupolev_Tu-22_BLINDER___Tu-22M_BACKFIRE_Russia_s_Long_Range_Supersonic_Bombers.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2017}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2022}} By August 2016, Russia was finalizing the trials of the [[Kh-32]] cruise missile, a derivative of the Kh-22. Designed for use by the Tu-22M3 bomber, the missile is designed to climb to {{convert|40|km|ft|abbr=on}} to the [[stratosphere]] after launch, transition to level flight, then perform a steep dive to the target. The cruise missile version is also designed to target enemy ships, as well as radars, and "radio-contrast targets" like bridges, military bases, electric power plants, and others. The Kh-32 has an [[inertial navigation system]] and radar homing head, making it independent of [[GPS]]/[[GLONASS]] navigation satellites. Presumably, it has a range of {{convert|1000|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} and a speed of at least {{convert|5000|km/h|mph Mach|abbr=on}}.<ref name="navyreco24aug16">[http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4306 Next Gen Kh-32 ant-ship cruise missile tests drawing to a close in Russia] - Navyrecognition.com, 24 August 2016</ref> Apparently the missile entered service in the same year.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} Thirty-two Kh-22 missiles will be modernized to the Kh-32 level in 2018–2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/may-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6227-russian-mod-to-upgrade-32-kh-22-long-range-anti-ship-missiles.html |title=Russian MoD to upgrade 32 Kh-22 long-range anti-ship missiles |publisher=Navyrecognition.com |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref> ==Operational history== [[File:X-22 under Tu-22M3.jpg|thumb|Kh-22 under a Tu-22M3]] The first combat-ready missiles entered service in 1962. The missiles were used by Soviet and then Russian Air Forces on the [[Tupolev Tu-22|Тu-22]]K ('Blinder-B') and [[Tupolev Tu-95|Tu-95]]К22 ('Bear-G') strategic bombers. Current main launch platform is the Tupolev Tu-22M3 ('Backfire') long-range strategic bomber.<ref name="Rosoboronexport">{{citation|title=AEROSPACE SYSTEMS export catalogue |url=http://www.rusarm.ru/cataloque/air_craft/aircraft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030213111/http://www.rusarm.ru/cataloque/air_craft/aircraft.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-30 |publisher=Rosoboronexport State Corporation |last=Rosoboronexport Air Force Department and Media & PR Service |page=122 }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GYGV3VOUgxoC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147 China's Military Faces the Future], James R. Lilley, David L. Shambaugh, illustrated, M.E. Sharpe, 1999, {{ISBN|0765605066}}, {{ISBN|9780765605061}}</ref> The first combat use of the missile was reported during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. On 11 May 2022, a video emerged on internet showing a Russian Air Force Tu-22M3 strategic bomber launching a pair of two Kh-22 or Kh-32 missiles at targets somewhere in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/we-may-have-our-first-sight-of-a-russian-bomber-launching-missiles-at-ukraine|title=We May Have Our First Sight Of A Russian Bomber Launching Missiles At Ukraine|website=thedrive.com|date=11 May 2022}}</ref> UK MoD stated that Russia is possibly using anti-ship missiles, like the Kh-22, against ground targets. Such missiles “are highly inaccurate and therefore can cause severe collateral damage and casualties”.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=KEYTON |first1=David | last2=LEICESTER | first2=John|title= Ukraine: Russia said to be using more deadly weapons in war |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/uk-military-russia-anti-ship-missiles-land-targets-85325793 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www. abcnews.go.com |language=en}}</ref> On 9 May 2022, 13 Kh-22 missiles were reportedly fired by the [[Russian Air Force]]: seven at Fontanka, a coastal village about {{cvt|15|km}} north of [[Odessa|Odesa]], where at least one smashed into the Riviera shopping mall around 10:35 PM (after curfew), killing one, and six at targets in the [[Donetsk Oblast]].<ref name="Roblin-2022-06-29">{{Cite web|lang=en-US|url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/06/why-russia-is-using-old-kh-22-aircraft-carrier-killer-missiles-to-hit-ukraine/|title=Why Russia Is Using Old Kh-22 Aircraft Carrier-Killer Missiles to Hit Ukraine|author=Sebastien Roblin|website=19FortyFive|date=2022-06-29|access-date=2022-06-30}}</ref> Between 12 May and 25 June 2022, at least 10 other Russian Kh-22 strikes in Ukraine, involving at least 44 missiles in total, were reported in the media.<ref name="Roblin-2022-06-29"/> On 27 June 2022, two Kh-22 or Kh-32 missiles, launched by Russian Tupolev Tu-22M3 bombers, were reportedly used in the [[Kremenchuk shopping mall attack]], killing at least 21 people and injuring at least 59.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-61957087 |title=Российская ракета попала в торговый центр в Кременчуге. Погибли 20 человек, десятки раненых |trans-title=A Russian rocket hit a shopping mall in Kremenchug. 20 people died, dozens injured |language=ru |work=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref name="Roblin-2022-06-29"/> <ref name=":0" /> One missile smashed directly into the mall while the other fell about 450 meters away, into the edge of the Kredmash Road Machinery Plant, which primarily manufactures asphalt and concrete mixers, where it injured two of the 100 employees present.<ref name="Roblin-2022-06-29"/> Both missiles might have been aimed at the same target since such distance is within the limited accuracy of Kh-22 missiles (according to the international security analyst Sebastien Roblin, ″only half of the shots land within 600 meters of the aiming point″).<ref name="Roblin-2022-06-29"/> In the night between 30 June and 1 July 2022, three Kh-22 missiles were fired from Tu-22M3s [[Serhiivka missile strike|into a 9-storey apartment building and a recreational center]] in [[Serhiivka, Serhiivka settlement hromada, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion, Odessa Oblast|Serhiivka]], a Ukrainian settlement on the Black sea coast about {{cvt|70|km}} south-west of Odessa. A whole section of the apartment building was destroyed. At least 21 people were killed in both strikes, including a 12 year-old boy, and more than 39 wounded, including six children.<ref name="Meduza_Serhiivka">{{cite news |title=В Одесской области из-за ракетного удара погибли 18 человек |trans-title=18 people have died in Odessa Oblast after missile strike |url=https://meduza.io/news/2022/07/01/v-odesskoy-oblasti-iz-za-raketnogo-udara-pogibli-17-chelovek |agency=[[Meduza]] |date=1 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Medina |first1=Eduardo |last2=Kim |first2=Victoria |date=2022-07-01 |title=Missile Strikes on Ukraine Kill at Least 21 Near Odesa |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/30/world/europe/ukraine-odesa-missile-strike.html |access-date=2022-07-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Williams|first1=Sophie |last2=Lukov|first2=Yaroslav |date=2022-07-01 |title=Ukraine war: Russian missile strikes kill 21 in Odesa region - emergency service |language=en-UK |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62006743 |access-date=2022-07-01 |issn=}}</ref> Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] said of the attack: "Today, the Russian army launched another brutal missile attack. A Russian missile was a supersonic anti-ship cruise missile, by the way. It hit an ordinary residential building in the Odesa region, in the village of Serhiivka. Such Kh-22 missiles were created to hit aircraft carriers and other large warships, but the Russian army used them against an ordinary nine-story building with ordinary civilians."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-02 |title= Russians fired at Serhiivka missile designed to destroy aircraft carriers - Zelensky |language=en-UK |work= ukrinform |url= https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3519934-russians-fired-at-serhiivka-missile-designed-to-destroy-aircraft-carriers-zelensky.html |access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref> On 14 September 2022, it was reported at least seven Kh-22 missiles were launched at various hydraulic structures in [[Kryvyi Rih]], including a nearby dam. This caused that the water level of the [[Inhulets]] river increased by {{Convert|2–3|m}}, or even {{Convert|5–6|m}}. Previously, the Inhulets became too shallow, allowing the Ukrainian army to build [[pontoon bridge]]s during its [[2022 Ukrainian southern counteroffensive|southern counteroffensive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/09/14/water-level-of-ukraines-river-inhulets-rises-after-russia-strikes-hydraulic-structures-of-kryvyi-rih-news|title=Water level of Ukraine's river Inhulets rises after Russia strikes hydraulic structures of Kryvyi Rih|work=[[Novaya Gazeta]]|date=14 September 2022}}</ref> However, Ukrainian MoD claimed [[Kh-55|Kh-101]] missiles were used during the missile strike.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/russian-missile-strike-damaged-hydraulic-structures-in-kryvyi-rih/|title=Russian missile strike damaged hydraulic structures in Kryvyi Rih|website=mil.in.ua|date=14 September 2022}}</ref> ==Variants== Two initial versions were built, the Kh-22 with a large conventional warhead and the Kh-22N with a 350–1000-kiloton nuclear warhead.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220508001950/http://fly.hausnet.ru/spravochnik/5/05r/h-22/index.html В Полтаве готовятся к утилизации последнего бомбардировщика] , 26 Jan 2006, aviaport.ru</ref> In the mid-1970s this was supplemented by the Kh-22P, an [[anti-radiation missile]] for the destruction of radar installations. In the 1970s the Kh-22 was upgraded to Kh-22M and Kh-22MA standard, with new attack profiles, somewhat longer range, and a [[datalink]] allowing mid-course updates. * '''Kh-22M/MA''' — upgraded variants with Mach 3.3 speed and {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} range. Weighs {{cvt|5780|kg|lb}}, contains {{cvt|960|kg|lb}} of RDX.<ref>{{cite web|author=Air Power Australia |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-Cruise-Missiles.html |title=Soviet/Russian Cruise Missiles |publisher=Ausairpower.net |date=2014-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208010251/https://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-Cruise-Missiles.html |archive-date=2014-02-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrLgAwAAQBAJ&q=kh-22m+missile&pg=PA100 |title=Tupolev TU-22 - Sergey Burdin - Google Książki |date=2005-11-17 |isbn=9781844152414 |access-date=2018-12-31|last1=Burdin |first1=Sergey }}</ref> * '''[[Kh-32]]''' — a radically upgraded conventional/nuclear variant of Kh-22 with Mach 5 speed and {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}} range.<ref name="navyreco24aug16"/> It features an improved rocket motor and a new seeker head. Currently produced for the Tu-22M3 launch platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eng.ktrv.ru/news/publ/830.html?PHPSESSID=b55062d53f861256438076e6c6d01f44 |title=ОАО «Корпорация Тактическое Ракетное Вооружение» |website=www.eng.ktrv.ru |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130417004410/http://www.eng.ktrv.ru/news/publ/830.html?PHPSESSID=b55062d53f861256438076e6c6d01f44 |archive-date=17 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dubnapress.ru/social/9370-2019-07-09-12-19-24 |title = ДМЗ им. Н.П. Федорова: важное звено обороноспособности страны}}</ref> Warhead weight has been reduced to {{convert|500|kg|lbs|abbr=on}} to improve range.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2016/08/30/New-Russian-cruise-missiles-to-hit-targets-from-130000-feet/4301472562569/ |title=New Russian cruise missiles to hit targets from 130,000 feet |publisher=UPI.com |date=2016-08-30 |access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref> [[File:Tu-22M.Rakete.jpg|thumb|Kh-22 under a Tu-22M3]] ==Operators== ;{{RUS}} * [[Russian Air Force]] ===Former operators=== ;{{USSR}} ;{{UKR}} * 423 scrapped after Ukrainian [[Tupolev Tu-22M|Tu-22M]] fleet's decommission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviaport.ru/digest/2006/01/26/100145.html |title=В Полтаве готовятся к утилизации последнего бомбардировщика|date= January 26, 2006|website= www.aviaport.ru|language=RU}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|30em}} ==References== * {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Yefim|title=Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two|year=2004|location=Hinckley, England|publisher=Midland Publishing|isbn=1-85780-188-1}} *{{cite magazine|last=Healey|first=John K.|title=Retired Warriors: 'Cold War' Bomber Legacy |magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]] |date=January–February 2004|issue=109 |pages=75–79 |issn=0143-5450}} == External links == {{Commonscatinline}} * [http://airwar.ru/weapon/kr/x22.html Х-22 БУРЯ] {{in lang|ru}} * [http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/6088-new-kh-32-antiship-missile-becomes-operational-in-russia-part-1.html New Kh-32 Antiship Missile Becomes Operational in Russia - part 1] Navy Recognition * [http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/6094-new-kh-32-antiship-missile-becomes-operational-in-russia-part-2.html New Kh-32 Antiship Missile Becomes Operational in Russia - part 2] Navy Recognition {{Russian and Soviet missiles|ASM}} {{Russian and Soviet Aircraft Ordnance}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} [[Category:Cold War anti-ship missiles of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Nuclear air-to-surface missiles]] [[Category:Anti-ship missiles of the Soviet Union|Kh-022]] [[Category:Anti-ship missiles of Russia|Kh-022]] [[Category:Air-to-surface missiles of Russia|Kh-022]] [[Category:Air-to-surface missiles of the Soviet Union|Kh-022]] [[Category:MKB Raduga products]] [[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s]]'