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{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Devonian]] ([[Frasnian]] to [[Famennian]]), {{Fossil range|382|358}}
| image = Dunkleosteus (15677042802).jpg
| image_caption = Reconstructed skull, [[Vienna Natural History Museum]]
| image2 = D_Terrelli.png
| image2_caption = Artist's reconstruction of ''D. terrelli''
| display_parents = 7
| taxon = Dunkleosteus
| authority = [[Jean-Pierre Lehman|Lehman]], 1956
| type_species = †'''''Dunkleosteus terrelli'''''
| type_species_authority = [[John Strong Newberry|Newberry]], 1873
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = {{collapsible list|
''D. terrelli'' <small>(Newberry, 1873 [originally ''[[Dinichthys]]''])</small><br />
''D. ? belgicus'' <small>(Newberry) 1873</small><br />
''D. denisoni'' <small>(Kulczycki) 1957</small><br />
''D. marsaisi'' <small>Lehmann, 1956</small><br />
''D. magnificus'' <small>(Hussakof & Bryant) 1919</small><br />
''D. missouriensis'' <small>(Branson) 1914</small><br />
''D. newberryi'' <small>(Clarke) 1885</small><br />
''D. amblyodoratus'' <small>Carr & Hlavin, 2010</small><br />
''D. raveri'' <small>Carr & Hlavin, 2010</small>
}}
}}
'''''Dunkleosteus''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of large [[arthrodira|armored, jawed fishes]] that existed during the [[Late Devonian]] period, about 382–358 [[million years ago]]. It consists of ten species, some of which are among the largest [[placoderm]]s to have ever lived: ''D. terrelli'', ''D. belgicus'', ''D. denisoni'', ''D. marsaisi'', ''D. magnificus'', ''D. missouriensis'', ''D. newberryi'', ''D. amblyodoratus'', and ''D. raveri''. The largest and most well known species is ''D. terrelli'', which grew up to {{convert|8.79|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} long<ref name="Ferron2017"/> and {{convert|4|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name=ScienceDaily>{{cite news |title=Ancient Predator Had Strongest Bite Of Any Fish, Rivaling Bite Of Large Alligators And T. Rex |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061129094125.htm |access-date=October 1, 2020 |work=ScienceDaily |date=November 29, 2006 |language=en}}</ref>{{unreliable source|date=November 2021}} in weight. ''Dunkleosteus'' could quickly open and close its jaw, like modern-day [[Aquatic feeding mechanisms#Suction feeding|suction feeders]], and had a bite force of {{convert|6000|N|kg-f lb-f|0|abbr=on}} at the tip and {{convert|7400|N|kg-f lb-f|0|abbr=on}} at the blade edge. Numerous [[fossil]]s of the various species have been found in [[North America]], [[Poland]], [[Belgium]], and [[Morocco]].
==Etymology==
''Dunkleosteus'' was named in 1956 to honour [[David Dunkle]] (1911–1982), former curator of [[vertebrate paleontology]] at the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]]. The genus name ''Dunkleosteus'' combines [[David Dunkle]]'s surname with the Greek word {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀστέον}} ({{transl|grc|ostéon}} 'bone'), literally meaning 'Dunkle's-bone'. The [[type species]] ''D. terrelli'' was originally described in 1873 as a species of ''[[Dinichthys]]'', its specific epithet chosen in honor of Jay Terrell, the fossil's discoverer.<ref>"Dunkleosteus terrelli: Fierce prehistoric predator" page at ''Cleveland Museum of Natural History''. https://www.cmnh.org/dunk</ref>
==Taxonomy==
Originally thought to be a member of the genus ''[[Dinichthys]]'', ''Dunkleosteus'' was later recognized as belonging to its own genus in 1956. It was thought to be closely related to ''Dinichthys'', and they were grouped together in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Dinichthyidae]]. However, in the 2010 Carr & Hlavin [[phylogenetic]] study, ''Dunkleosteus'' and ''Dinichthys'' were found to belong to two separate [[clade]]s. Carr & Hlavin resurrected the family [[Dunkleosteidae]] and placed ''Dunkleosteus'', ''[[Eastmanosteus]]'', and a few other genera from Dinichthyidae within it.<ref name="Carr+2010">{{cite journal| author =Carr R. K., Hlavin V. J.| title =Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)| journal =Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society| volume =159| issue =1| pages =195–222| year =2010| doi =10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x| doi-access =free}}</ref> Dinichthyidae, in turn, is left a [[Monotypic taxon|monospecific]] family.<ref name=Carr1995>{{cite journal|last=Carr|first=Robert K.|author2=William J. Hlavin|title=Dinichthyidae (Placodermi):A paleontological fiction?|journal=Geobios|date=September 2, 1995|volume=28|pages=85–87|doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80092-1}}</ref>
The [[cladogram]] below from the 2013 Zhu & Zhu study shows the placement of ''Dunkleosteus'' within [[Dunkleosteidae]] and ''[[Dinichthys]]'' within the separate clade [[Aspinothoracidi]]:<ref name=Zhu2013>{{Cite journal |author1=You-An Zhu |author2=Min Zhu |title=A redescription of Kiangyousteus yohii (Arthrodira: Eubrachythoraci) from the Middle Devonian of China, with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci | journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=169 |issue=4 |pages=798–819 |year=2013 |doi=10.1111/zoj12089 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|grouplabel1={{clade labels |width=10em; |label1='''Pachyosteomorphi''' |top1=65% |color1=green}}
|label1='''[[Eubrachythoraci]]'''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1='''[[Coccosteomorphi]]'''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Coccosteus cuspidatus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Harrytoombsia elegans]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Mcnamaraspis kaprios]]''
|label2=[[Incisoscutoidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Compagopiscis croucheri]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Incisoscutum ritchiei]]''
|2=''[[Incisoscutum sarahae]]'' }}
|label3=[[Camuropiscidae]]
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Latocamurus coulthardi]]''
|2=''[[Camuropiscis laidlawi]]''
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Rolfosteus canningensis]]''
|2=''[[Tubonasus lennardensis]]''
|3=''[[Fallacosteus turneri]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2='''[[Aspinothoracidi]]'''
|2={{clade
|1='''''[[Dinichthys herzeri]]''''' |barbegin1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hadrosteus rapax]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gorgonichthys clarki]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Heintzichthys gouldii]]'' |bar1=green
|label2=[[Selenosteidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Stenosteus angustopectus]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gymnotrachelus hydei]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rhinosteus parvulus]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Pachyosteus bulla]]'' |bar2=green }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2='''[[Dunkleosteoidea]]'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Westralichthys uwagedensis]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Protitanichthys rockportensis]]'' |bar1=green
|label2=[[Panxiosteidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Panxiosteus ocullus]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Janiosteus timanicus]]'' |bar2=green
|3=''[[Plourdosteus canadensis]]'' |bar3=green }} }}
|label2='''[[Dunkleosteidae]]'''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eastmanosteus calliaspis]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Xiangshuiosteus wui]]'' |bar2=green }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eastmanosteus pustulosus]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Kiangyousteus yohii]]'' |bar2=green
|3=''[[Golshanichthys asiatica]]'' |bar3=green
|4={{clade
|1='''''Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus''''' |bar1=green
|2='''''Dunkleosteus terrelli''''' |bar2=green
|3='''''Dunkleosteus raveri''''' |barend3=green }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
Alternatively, the subsequent 2016 Zhu ''et al.'' study using a larger [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] dataset recovered [[Panxiosteidae]] well outside of [[Dunkleosteoidea]], leaving the status of [[Dunkleosteidae]] as a clade grouping separate from Dunkleosteoidea in doubt, as shown in the cladogram below:<ref name=Zhu2016>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=You-An |last2=Zhu |first2=Min |last3=Wang |first3=Jun-Qing |date=April 1, 2016 |title=Redescription of Yinostius major (Arthrodira: Heterostiidae) from the Lower Devonian of China, and the interrelationships of Brachythoraci |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=176 |issue=4 |pages=806–834 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12356|issn=0024-4082 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1='''[[Eubrachythoraci]]'''
|1={{clade
|label1='''[[Coccosteomorphi]]'''
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Coccosteoidea]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Coccosteidae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Millerosteus minor]]''
|2=''[[Coccosteus cuspidatus]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dickosteus threiplandi]]''
|2=''[[Watsonosteus fletti]]''
|3=''[[Protitanichthys rockportensis]]'' }} }}
|label2='''[[Panxiosteidae]]'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Plourdosteus canadensis]]''
|2=''[[Panxiosteus ocullus]]''
|3=''[[Janiosteus timanicus]]'' }} }}
|label2=[[Incisoscutoidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Harrytoombsia elegans]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Torosteus tuberculatus]]''
|2=''[[Torosteus pulchellus]]'' }}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Mcnamaraspis kaprios]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Compagopiscis croucheri]]''
|2=''[[Trematosteus fontanellus]]''
|label3=[[Camuropiscidae]]
|3={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Incisoscutum ritchiei]]''
|2=''[[Incisoscutum sarahae]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rolfosteus canningensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tubonasus lennardensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Fallacosteus turneri]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Camuropiscis laidlawi]]''
|2=''[[Latocamurus coulthardi]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2='''[[Pachyosteomorphi]]'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rhachiosteus pterygiatus]]''
|2={{clade
|label1='''[[Dunkleosteoidea]]'''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eastmanosteus calliaspis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eastmanosteus pustulosus]]''
|2=''[[Kiangyousteus yohii]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Golshanichthys asiatica]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Westralichthys uwagedensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1='''''Dunkleosteus raveri'''''
|2='''''Dunkleosteus terrelli''''' }}
|2={{clade
|1='''''Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus'''''
|label2=[[Heterostiidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Heterosteus ingens]]''
|2=''[[Yinosteus major]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2='''[[Aspinothoracidi]]'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tapinosteus heintzi]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Bullerichthys fascidens]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Kendrickichthys cavernosus]]''
|2=''[[Bruntonichthys multidens]]'' }} }}
|2={{clade
|1='''''[[Dinichthys herzeri]]'''''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hadrosteus rapax]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gorgonichthys clarki]]''
|label2=[[Selenosteidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Heintzichthys gouldii]]''
|2=''[[Pachyosteus bulla]]''
|3=''[[Gymnotrachelus hydei]]'
|4=''[[Stenosteus angustopectus]]''
|5=''[[Brachyosteus dietrichi]]''
|6={{clade
|1=''[[Melanosteus occitanus]]''
|2=''[[Rhinosteus parvulus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
=== Species ===
[[File:Dunkleosteus marsaisi 45.JPG|thumb|''D. marsaisi'' skull]]
At least ten different species<ref name="Carr+2010"/><ref name=Denison>{{cite book|last=Denison|first=Robert|chapter=Placodermi|volume=2|title=Handbook of Paleoichthyology|year=1978|publisher=Gustav Fischer Verlag|location=Stuttgart New York|isbn=978-0-89574-027-4|pages=128}}</ref> of ''Dunkleosteus'' have been described so far.
The [[type species]], ''D. terrelli'', is the largest, best-known species of the genus, measuring {{convert|8.79|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} in length. It has a rounded snout. ''D. terrelli''{{'s}} fossil remains are found in Upper Frasnian to Upper Famennian Late Devonian strata of the United States (Huron and [[Cleveland Shale]] of Ohio, the Conneaut of [[Pennsylvania]], [[Chattanooga Shale]] of Tennessee, [[Lost Burro Formation]], California, and possibly Ives [[breccia]] of Texas<ref name=Denison/>) and [[Europe]].
''D. belgicus'' (?) is known from fragments described from the [[Famennian]] of [[Belgium]]. The median dorsal plate is characteristic of the genus, but, a plate that was described as a suborbital is anterolateral.<ref name=Denison/>
''D. denisoni'' is known from a small median dorsal plate, typical in appearance for ''Dunkleosteus'', but much smaller than normal. It is comparable in skull structure to ''D. marsaisi''.<ref name=Denison/>
''D. marsaisi'' refers to the ''Dunkleosteus'' fossils from the Lower Famennian Late Devonian strata of the [[Atlas Mountains]] in [[Morocco]]. It differs in size, the known skulls averaging a length of {{convert|35|cm|ft}} and in form to ''D. terrelli''. In ''D. marsaisi'', the snout is narrower, and a postpineal fenestra may be present. Many researchers and authorities consider it a synonym of ''D. terrelli''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Murray|first=A.M.|title=The Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic fishes of Africa|journal=Fish and Fisheries|year=2000|volume=1|issue=2|pages=111–145|doi=10.1046/j.1467-2979.2000.00015.x}}</ref> H. Schultze regards ''D. marsaisi'' as a member of ''[[Eastmanosteus]]''.<ref name=Denison/><ref name=Schultz>{{cite journal|last=Schultz|first=H|title=Large Upper Devonian arthrodires from Iran|journal=Fieldiana Geology|year=1973|volume=23|pages=53–78|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.5270|doi-access=free}}</ref>
''D. magnificus'' is a large placoderm from the Frasnian [[Rhinestreet Shale]] of New York. It was originally described as ''[[Dinichthys]] magnificus'' by Hussakof and Bryant in 1919, then as "'' Dinichthys mirabilis''" by Heintz in 1932. Dunkle and Lane moved it to ''Dunkleosteus'' in 1971.<ref name=Denison/>
''D. missouriensis'' is known from fragments from Frasnian [[Missouri]]. Dunkle and Lane regard them as being very similar to ''D. terrelli''.<ref name=Denison/>
''D. newberryi'' is known primarily from a {{convert|28|cm|in}} long infragnathal with a prominent anterior cusp, found in the Frasnian portion of the [[Genesee Group]] of New York, and originally described as ''Dinichthys newberryi''.<ref name=Denison/>
''D. amblyodoratus'' is known from some fragmentary remains from Late Devonian strata of [[Kettle Point 44, Ontario|Kettle Point]], Canada. The species name means 'blunt spear' and refers to the way the [[nuchal]] and [[paranuchal]] plates in the back of the head form the shape of a blunted spearhead. Although it is known only from fragments, it is estimated to have been about {{convert|6|m|ft|1}} long in life.<ref name="Carr+2010"/>
''D. raveri'' is a small species, possibly 1 meter long, known from an uncrushed skull roof found in a carbonate concretion from near the bottom of the Huron Shale, of the Famennian [[Ohio Shale]] strata. Besides its small size, it had comparatively large eyes. Because ''D. raveri'' was found in the strata directly below the strata where the remains of ''D. terrelli'' are found, ''D. raveri'' may have given rise to ''D. terrelli''. The species name commemorates Clarence Raver of [[Wakeman, Ohio]], who discovered the concretion where the [[holotype]] was found.<ref name="Carr+2010"/>
==Description==
[[File:Dunkleosteus2021.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration and size comparison of ''D. terrelli'']]
The largest species, ''D. terrelli'', is estimated to have grown up to {{cvt|8.8|m|ft}} in length and {{cvt|4|MT|ST}} in weight,<!--no reliable source for weight among the sources listed--> making it one of the largest placoderms to have existed.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2007/><ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009/><ref name="Carr2010">{{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Robert K. |title=Paleoecology of Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira). |journal=Kirtlandia |date=2010 |volume=57 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235924093}}</ref><ref name="Ferron2017" /><ref name=ScienceDaily/>{{unreliable source|date=November 2021}} Like other placoderms, ''Dunkleosteus'' had a two-part bony, [[Armour (anatomy)|armoured]] exterior, which may have made it a relatively slow but powerful swimmer. Instead of [[teeth]], ''Dunkleosteus'' possessed two pairs of sharp bony plates which formed a beak-like structure.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009/> ''Dunkleosteus'', together with most other placoderms, may have also been among the first [[vertebrate]]s to [[internal fertilization|internalize egg fertilization]], as seen in some modern sharks.<ref name=Ahlberg>{{cite journal |last1=Ahlberg |first1=Per |first2=Kate |last2=Trinajstic |first3=Zerina |last3=Johanson |first4=John |last4=Long |s2cid=205217467 |year=2009 |title=Pelvic claspers confirm chondrichthyan-like internal fertilization in arthrodires |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7257 |pages=888–889 |doi=10.1038/nature08176|pmid=19597477 |bibcode=2009Natur.460..888A }}</ref> Some other placoderms have been found with evidence that they may have been [[viviparity|viviparous]], including what appears to have been an [[umbilical cord]].
[[File: Dunkleosteus skull steveoc.jpg|thumb|A skull diagram of ''Dunkleosteus'']]
Mainly the armored frontal sections of specimens have been [[fossilized]], and consequently, the appearance of the other portions of the fish is mostly unknown.<ref>{{cite AV media|last=Dash|first=Sean|title=Prehistoric Monsters Revealed|location=United States|publisher=Workaholic Productions / History Channel|date=2008|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEEhm4rzxEg|access-date=December 18, 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> In fact, only about 5% of ''Dunkleosteus'' specimens have more than a quarter of their skeleton preserved.<ref>Carr, R, & G.L. Jackson. 2008. The Vertebrates fauna of the Cleveland member (Famennian) of the Ohio Shale. Society of Vertebrates Paleontology. 1–17.</ref> Because of this, many reconstructions of the hindquarters are often based on fossils of smaller [[arthrodire]]s, such as ''[[Coccosteus]]'', which have preserved hind sections. However, an exceptionally preserved specimen of ''D. terrelli'' preserves ceratotrichia in a pectoral fin, implying that the fin morphology of placoderms was much more variable than previously thought, and was heavily influenced by locomotory requirements. This knowledge, coupled with the knowledge that fish morphology is more heavily influenced by feeding niche than phylogeny, allowed a 2017 study to infer the body shape of ''D. terrelli''. This new reconstruction gives ''D. terrelli'' a much more shark-like profile, including a strong anterior lobe on its tail, in contrast to reconstructions based on other placoderms.<ref name="Ferron2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Ferrón|first1=Humberto G.|last2=Martínez-Pérez|first2=Carlos|last3=Botella|first3=Héctor|date=December 6, 2017|title=Ecomorphological inferences in early vertebrates: reconstructing Dunkleosteus terrelli (Arthrodira, Placodermi) caudal fin from palaeoecological data|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=5|pages=e4081|doi=10.7717/peerj.4081|pmid=29230354|pmc=5723140|issn=2167-8359}}</ref>
The largest collection of ''Dunkleosteus'' fossils in the world is housed at the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cmnh.org/dunk |title=Dunkleosteus terrelli: Fierce prehistoric predator |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Cleveland Museum of Natural History |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref> with smaller collections (in descending order of size) held at the [[American Museum of Natural History]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/vertebrate-origins/dunkleosteus |title=Dunkleosteus |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref> [[Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]],<ref name="Smithsonian"></ref> [[Yale Peabody Museum]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Collections Database of the Yale Peabody Museum |url=https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Search/Results?sort=relevance&join=AND&lookfor0%5B%5D=dunkleosteus&type0%5B%5D=AllFields&lookfor0%5B%5D=&type0%5B%5D=AllFields&lookfor0%5B%5D=&type0%5B%5D=AllFields&bool0%5B%5D=AND&lookfor1%5B%5D=VP&type1%5B%5D=CatalogNumber&lookfor1%5B%5D=VPPU&type1%5B%5D=CatalogNumber&bool1%5B%5D=OR&filter%5B%5D=%7Ecollection%3A%22Vertebrate+Paleontology%22&limit=5&daterange%5B%5D=collecting_year_first&collecting_year_firstfrom=&collecting_year_firstto= |publisher=Yale Peabody Museum |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> the [[Natural History Museum in London]], and the [[Cincinnati Museum Center]]. Specimens of ''Dunkleosteus'' are on display in many museums throughout the world (see table below), most of which are casts of CMNH 5768, the largest well-preserved individual of ''D. terrelli'',<ref name="Ferron2017"></ref> the original of which is on display in the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of museums throughout the world that have ''Dunkleosteus'' specimens on display, highlighting the number of museums that display replicas of CMNH 5768
|-
! Museum !! City !! State/Province !! Country !! ''Dunkleosteus'' Specimen
|-
| [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]] || [[Cleveland]] || [[Ohio]] || [[United States|U.S.]]|| CMNH 5768 (original), also has smaller juvenile individual on display (CMNH 7424). Two other mounted individuals currently off display (CMNH 6090 and CMNH 7054), and a fifth that was once mounted but has since been disassembled (CMNH 6194).
|-
| [[American Museum of Natural History]]|| [[New York City]] || [[New York (state)|New York]] || U.S.|| AMNH 7301 (at least in part, may be a composite)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dean |first1=Bashford |title=A Mounted Specimen of ''Dinichthys terrelli'' |journal=Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History |date=1909 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=268–271 |hdl=2246/57 |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/57}}</ref>
|-
| [[Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]] || [[Washington D.C.]] || [[Washington D.C.]] || U.S. || USNM V 21314<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web |title=Collections Catalog of the Department of Paleobiology of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History |url=https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/paleo/ |publisher=Smithsonian Institute |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[The Field Museum]] || [[Chicago]] || [[Illinois]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh|Carnegie Museum]] || [[Pittsburgh]] || [[Pennsylvania]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[University of Michigan Museum of Natural History]] || [[Ann Arbor]] || [[Michigan]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Royal Ontario Museum]] || [[Toronto]] || [[Ontario]] || [[Canada]] || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Royal Tyrell Museum]] || [[Drumheller]] || [[Alberta]] || [[Canada]] || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[University of Alberta Museum of Paleontology]] || [[Edmonton]] || [[Alberta]] || [[Canada]] || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Denver Museum of Nature and Science]] || [[Denver]] || [[Colorado]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Burpee Museum of Natural History]] || [[Rockford, Illinois|Rockford]] || [[Illinois]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |title="Photo of Burpee Museum Dunkleosteus"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Burpee_-_Dunkleosteus_terrelli.JPG}}</ref>
|-
| [[Museum of Comparative Zoology]] || [[Harvard]] || [[Massachusetts]] || U.S. || Had a real mounted specimen of ''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' at one point, no longer clear if specimen is still on display.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stetson |first1=H. |title=Notes on the structure of Dinichthys and Macropetalichthys |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |date=1930 |volume=71 |page=19-39}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History]] || [[Oklahoma City]] || [[Oklahoma]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Museum of the Earth]] || [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]] || [[New York (state)|New York]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Great Lakes Aquarium]] || [[Duluth]] || [[Minnesota]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Indiana State Museum]] || [[Indianapolis]] || [[Indiana]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Orton Geological Museum]] || [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] || [[Ohio]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |title="Photo of Orton Geological Museum Dunkleosteus"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_terrelli_(fossil_fish)_(Cleveland_Shale_Member,_Ohio_Shale,_Upper_Devonian;_Rocky_River_Valley,_Cleveland,_Ohio,_USA)_6_(33974377672).jpg}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cleveland Metroparks]], Rocky River Nature Center || [[Rocky River, Ohio|Rocky River]] || [[Ohio]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Cincinnati Museum Center]] || [[Cincinnati]] || [[Ohio]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Indiana State Museum]] || [[Indianapolis]] || [[Indiana]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Pennsylvania State Museum]] || [[Harrisburg]] || [[Pennsylvania]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statemuseumpa.org/dunkleosteus-websized/ |title=Dunkleosteus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=September 1, 2017 |website=The State Museum of Pennsylvania |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle]] || [[Paris]] || [[Paris]] || [[France]] || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |title="Photo of MNHN Dunkleosteus"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_terrelli_343.JPG}}</ref>
|-
| [[Naturmuseum Senckenberg]] || [[Frankfurt]] || [[Hesse]] || [[Germany]] || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Vienna Natural History Museum]] || [[Vienna]] || Vienna || [[Austria]] || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |title="Photo of Vienna Museum Dunkleosteus"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_(15677042802).jpg}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo|National Museum of Nature and Science]] || [[Tokyo]] || [[Kantō]] || [[Japan]] || Cast of CMNH 5768
|-
| [[Queensland Museum]] || [[South Brisbane]] || [[Queensland]] || [[Australia]] || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_skull_QM_email.jpg |title=File:Dunkleosteus skull QM email.jpg |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 21, 2006 |website=Wikimedia Commons |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Buffalo Museum of Science]]|| [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] || [[New York (state)|New York]] || U.S. || BMS E 2381 Specimen of "''Dinichthys''" ''magnificus'', which may or may not pertain to ''Dunkleosteus''. Additional isolated material of ''D. terrelli'' on display.
|-
| [[Wyoming Dinosaur Center]]|| [[Thermopolis, Wyoming|Thermopolis]] || [[Wyoming]] || U.S. || ''Dunkleosteus maraisai'', purportedly original specimen
|-
| [[Virginia Museum of Natural History]]|| [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] || [[South Carolina]] || U.S. || Cast of ''Dunkleosteus maraisai''
|-
| [[Mace Brown Museum of Natural History]]|| [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] || [[South Carolina]] || U.S. || Cast of ''Dunkleosteus maraisai''
|}
===Diet===
''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' possessed a [[four-bar linkage]] mechanism for [[Fish jaw|jaw]] opening that incorporated connections between the skull, the thoracic shield, the lower jaw and the jaw muscles joined together by movable joints.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009>{{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=P.S.L. |author2=Westneat, M. |title=A biomechanical model of feeding kinematics for ''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' (Arthrodira, Placodermi) |journal=Paleobiology |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=251–269 |doi=10.1666/08011.1 |s2cid=86203770 |url=http://projects.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/DunkPaleoBio.pdf |access-date=October 29, 2017 |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014026/http://projects.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/DunkPaleoBio.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Anderson&Westneat2007>{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=P.S.L. |author2=Westneat, M. |title=Feeding mechanics and bite force modelling of the skull of Dunkleosteus terrelli, an ancient apex predator |journal=Biology Letters |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=76–79 |date=2007 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0569 |pmid=17443970 |pmc=2373817}}</ref> This mechanism allowed ''D. terrelli'' to both achieve a high speed of jaw opening, opening their jaws in 20 milliseconds and completing the whole process in 50–60 milliseconds (comparable to modern fishes that use [[Aquatic feeding mechanisms#Suction feeding|suction feeding]] to assist in prey capture;<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2007/>) and producing high bite forces when closing the jaw, estimated at {{cvt|6000|N|kg-f lb-f|0}} at the tip and {{cvt|7400|N|kg-f lb-f|0}} at the blade edge in the largest individuals.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009/> The pressures generated in those regions were high enough to puncture or cut through [[cuticle]] or [[dermal bone|dermal]] armor<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2007/> suggesting that ''D. terrelli'' was adapted to prey on free-swimming, armored prey such as [[ammonite]]s and other placoderms.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009/> Fossils of ''Dunkleosteus'' are frequently found with [[Bolus (digestion)|bolus]]es of fish bones, semidigested and partially eaten remains of other fish.<ref name="Virtual Fossil">{{cite web|url= http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/Fish_Devonian/Dunkleosteous/Dunkleosteus.htm |title=Dunkleosteus Placodermi Devonian Armored Fish from Morocco |work=Fossil Archives |publisher=The Virtual Fossil Museum |access-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> As a result, the [[fossil]] record indicates it may have routinely regurgitated prey bones rather than digest them. Mature individuals probably inhabited deep sea locations, like other Placoderms, living in shallow waters during adolescence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/f2013/peters_sadi/habitat.htm|title=UWL Website}}</ref>
===Juveniles===
Morphological studies on the lower jaws of juveniles of ''D. terrelli'' reveal they were proportionally as robust as those of adults, indicating they already could produce high bite forces and likely were able to shear into resistant prey tissue similar to adults, albeit on a smaller scale. This pattern is in direct contrast to the condition common in tetrapods in which the jaws of juveniles are more gracile than in adults.<ref name=Snively_etal_2009>{{cite journal|last=Snively|first=E.|author2=Anderson, P.S.L. |author3=Ryan, M.J. |title=Functional and ontogenetic implications of bite stress in arthrodire placoderms|journal=Kirtlandia|date=2009|volume=57}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of placoderms]]
==References==
{{notes}}
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|first=Philip S. L.|last=Anderson|s2cid=86583150|year=2008|title=Shape Variation Between Arthrodire Morphotypes Indicates Possible Feeding Niches|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=28|number=4|pages=961–969|doi=10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.961}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Dunkleosteus}}
{{Wikispecies|Dunkleosteus}}
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/placodermi.html ''Introduction to the Placodermi: Extinct Armored Fishes with Jaws''. Waggoner, Ben (2000). Retrieved Aug 1, 2005]
* [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15940709 MSNBC: Prehistoric fish packed a mean bite]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6195188.stm BBC: Ancient 'Jaws' had monster bite]
{{Arthrodira|E.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q131039|from2=Q911597|from3=Q911599|from4=Q911605|from5=Q911606|from6=Q911611|from7=Q911612|from8=Q911616|from9=Q911618|from10=Q911593|from11=Q25357547}}
[[Category:Dunkleosteidae]]
[[Category:Apex predators]]
[[Category:Placoderms of Africa]]
[[Category:Fossils of Morocco]]
[[Category:Placoderms of Europe]]
[[Category:Fossils of Belgium]]
[[Category:Placoderms of North America]]
[[Category:Fossils of Canada]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Missouri]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Late Devonian first appearances]]
[[Category:Late Devonian animals]]
[[Category:Famennian extinctions]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1956]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Strong Newberry]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Extinct genus of placoderm fish}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Devonian]] ([[Frasnian]] to [[Famennian]]), {{Fossil range|382|358}}
| image = Dunkleosteus (15677042802).jpg
| image_caption = Reconstructed skull, [[Vienna Natural History Museum]]
| image2 = D_Terrelli.png
| image2_caption = Artist's reconstruction of ''D. terrelli''
| display_parents = 7
| taxon = Dunkleosteus
| authority = [[Jean-Pierre Lehman|Lehman]], 1956
| type_species = †'''''Dunkleosteus terrelli'''''
| type_species_authority = [[John Strong Newberry|Newberry]], 1873
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = {{collapsible list|
''D. terrelli'' <small>(Newberry, 1873 [originally ''[[Dinichthys]]''])</small><br />
''D. ? belgicus'' <small>(Newberry) 1873</small><br />
''D. denisoni'' <small>(Kulczycki) 1957</small><br />
''D. marsaisi'' <small>Lehmann, 1956</small><br />
''D. magnificus'' <small>(Hussakof & Bryant) 1919</small><br />
''D. missouriensis'' <small>(Branson) 1914</small><br />
''D. newberryi'' <small>(Clarke) 1885</small><br />
''D. amblyodoratus'' <small>Carr & Hlavin, 2010</small><br />
''D. raveri'' <small>Carr & Hlavin, 2010</small>
}}
}}
'''''Dunkleosteus''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of large [[arthrodira|armored, jawed fishes]] that existed during the [[Late Devonian]] period, about 382–358 [[million years ago]]. It consists of ten species, some of which are among the largest [[placoderm]]s to have ever lived: ''D. terrelli'', ''D. belgicus'', ''D. denisoni'', ''D. marsaisi'', ''D. magnificus'', ''D. missouriensis'', ''D. newberryi'', ''D. amblyodoratus'', and ''D. raveri''. The largest and most well known species is ''D. terrelli'', which grew up to {{convert|8.79|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} long<ref name="Ferron2017"/> and {{convert|4|MT|ST|abbr=on}}<ref name=ScienceDaily>{{cite news |title=Ancient Predator Had Strongest Bite Of Any Fish, Rivaling Bite Of Large Alligators And T. Rex |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061129094125.htm |access-date=October 1, 2020 |work=ScienceDaily |date=November 29, 2006 |language=en}}</ref>{{unreliable source|date=November 2021}} in weight. ''Dunkleosteus'' could quickly open and close its jaw, like modern-day [[Aquatic feeding mechanisms#Suction feeding|suction feeders]], and had a bite force of {{convert|6000|N|kg-f lb-f|0|abbr=on}} at the tip and {{convert|7400|N|kg-f lb-f|0|abbr=on}} at the blade edge. Numerous [[fossil]]s of the various species have been found in [[North America]], [[Poland]], [[Belgium]], and [[Morocco]].
==Etymology==
''Dunkleosteus'' was named in 1956 to honour [[David Dunkle]] (1911–1982), former curator of [[vertebrate paleontology]] at the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]]. The genus name ''Dunkleosteus'' combines [[David Dunkle]]'s surname with the Greek word {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀστέον}} ({{transl|grc|ostéon}} 'bone'), literally meaning 'Dunkle's-bone'. The [[type species]] ''D. terrelli'' was originally described in 1873 as a species of ''[[Dinichthys]]'', its specific epithet chosen in honor of Jay Terrell, the fossil's discoverer.<ref>"Dunkleosteus terrelli: Fierce prehistoric predator" page at ''Cleveland Museum of Natural History''. https://www.cmnh.org/dunk</ref>
==Taxonomy==
Originally thought to be a member of the genus ''[[Dinichthys]]'', ''Dunkleosteus'' was later recognized as belonging to its own genus in 1956. It was thought to be closely related to ''Dinichthys'', and they were grouped together in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Dinichthyidae]]. However, in the 2010 Carr & Hlavin [[phylogenetic]] study, ''Dunkleosteus'' and ''Dinichthys'' were found to belong to two separate [[clade]]s. Carr & Hlavin resurrected the family [[Dunkleosteidae]] and placed ''Dunkleosteus'', ''[[Eastmanosteus]]'', and a few other genera from Dinichthyidae within it.<ref name="Carr+2010">{{cite journal| author =Carr R. K., Hlavin V. J.| title =Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)| journal =Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society| volume =159| issue =1| pages =195–222| year =2010| doi =10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x| doi-access =free}}</ref> Dinichthyidae, in turn, is left a [[Monotypic taxon|monospecific]] family.<ref name=Carr1995>{{cite journal|last=Carr|first=Robert K.|author2=William J. Hlavin|title=Dinichthyidae (Placodermi):A paleontological fiction?|journal=Geobios|date=September 2, 1995|volume=28|pages=85–87|doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80092-1}}</ref>
The [[cladogram]] below from the 2013 Zhu & Zhu study shows the placement of ''Dunkleosteus'' within [[Dunkleosteidae]] and ''[[Dinichthys]]'' within the separate clade [[Aspinothoracidi]]:<ref name=Zhu2013>{{Cite journal |author1=You-An Zhu |author2=Min Zhu |title=A redescription of Kiangyousteus yohii (Arthrodira: Eubrachythoraci) from the Middle Devonian of China, with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci | journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=169 |issue=4 |pages=798–819 |year=2013 |doi=10.1111/zoj12089 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|grouplabel1={{clade labels |width=10em; |label1='''Pachyosteomorphi''' |top1=65% |color1=green}}
|label1='''[[Eubrachythoraci]]'''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1='''[[Coccosteomorphi]]'''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Coccosteus cuspidatus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Harrytoombsia elegans]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Mcnamaraspis kaprios]]''
|label2=[[Incisoscutoidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Compagopiscis croucheri]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Incisoscutum ritchiei]]''
|2=''[[Incisoscutum sarahae]]'' }}
|label3=[[Camuropiscidae]]
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Latocamurus coulthardi]]''
|2=''[[Camuropiscis laidlawi]]''
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Rolfosteus canningensis]]''
|2=''[[Tubonasus lennardensis]]''
|3=''[[Fallacosteus turneri]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2='''[[Aspinothoracidi]]'''
|2={{clade
|1='''''[[Dinichthys herzeri]]''''' |barbegin1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hadrosteus rapax]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gorgonichthys clarki]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Heintzichthys gouldii]]'' |bar1=green
|label2=[[Selenosteidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Stenosteus angustopectus]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gymnotrachelus hydei]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rhinosteus parvulus]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Pachyosteus bulla]]'' |bar2=green }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2='''[[Dunkleosteoidea]]'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Westralichthys uwagedensis]]'' |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Protitanichthys rockportensis]]'' |bar1=green
|label2=[[Panxiosteidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Panxiosteus ocullus]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Janiosteus timanicus]]'' |bar2=green
|3=''[[Plourdosteus canadensis]]'' |bar3=green }} }}
|label2='''[[Dunkleosteidae]]'''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eastmanosteus calliaspis]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Xiangshuiosteus wui]]'' |bar2=green }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eastmanosteus pustulosus]]'' |bar1=green
|2=''[[Kiangyousteus yohii]]'' |bar2=green
|3=''[[Golshanichthys asiatica]]'' |bar3=green
|4={{clade
|1='''''Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus''''' |bar1=green
|2='''''Dunkleosteus terrelli''''' |bar2=green
|3='''''Dunkleosteus raveri''''' |barend3=green }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
Alternatively, the subsequent 2016 Zhu ''et al.'' study using a larger [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] dataset recovered [[Panxiosteidae]] well outside of [[Dunkleosteoidea]], leaving the status of [[Dunkleosteidae]] as a clade grouping separate from Dunkleosteoidea in doubt, as shown in the cladogram below:<ref name=Zhu2016>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=You-An |last2=Zhu |first2=Min |last3=Wang |first3=Jun-Qing |date=April 1, 2016 |title=Redescription of Yinostius major (Arthrodira: Heterostiidae) from the Lower Devonian of China, and the interrelationships of Brachythoraci |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=176 |issue=4 |pages=806–834 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12356|issn=0024-4082 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1='''[[Eubrachythoraci]]'''
|1={{clade
|label1='''[[Coccosteomorphi]]'''
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Coccosteoidea]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Coccosteidae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Millerosteus minor]]''
|2=''[[Coccosteus cuspidatus]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dickosteus threiplandi]]''
|2=''[[Watsonosteus fletti]]''
|3=''[[Protitanichthys rockportensis]]'' }} }}
|label2='''[[Panxiosteidae]]'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Plourdosteus canadensis]]''
|2=''[[Panxiosteus ocullus]]''
|3=''[[Janiosteus timanicus]]'' }} }}
|label2=[[Incisoscutoidea]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Harrytoombsia elegans]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Torosteus tuberculatus]]''
|2=''[[Torosteus pulchellus]]'' }}
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Mcnamaraspis kaprios]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Compagopiscis croucheri]]''
|2=''[[Trematosteus fontanellus]]''
|label3=[[Camuropiscidae]]
|3={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Incisoscutum ritchiei]]''
|2=''[[Incisoscutum sarahae]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rolfosteus canningensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tubonasus lennardensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Fallacosteus turneri]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Camuropiscis laidlawi]]''
|2=''[[Latocamurus coulthardi]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2='''[[Pachyosteomorphi]]'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rhachiosteus pterygiatus]]''
|2={{clade
|label1='''[[Dunkleosteoidea]]'''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eastmanosteus calliaspis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Eastmanosteus pustulosus]]''
|2=''[[Kiangyousteus yohii]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Golshanichthys asiatica]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Westralichthys uwagedensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1='''''Dunkleosteus raveri'''''
|2='''''Dunkleosteus terrelli''''' }}
|2={{clade
|1='''''Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus'''''
|label2=[[Heterostiidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Heterosteus ingens]]''
|2=''[[Yinosteus major]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2='''[[Aspinothoracidi]]'''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tapinosteus heintzi]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Bullerichthys fascidens]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Kendrickichthys cavernosus]]''
|2=''[[Bruntonichthys multidens]]'' }} }}
|2={{clade
|1='''''[[Dinichthys herzeri]]'''''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hadrosteus rapax]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gorgonichthys clarki]]''
|label2=[[Selenosteidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Heintzichthys gouldii]]''
|2=''[[Pachyosteus bulla]]''
|3=''[[Gymnotrachelus hydei]]'
|4=''[[Stenosteus angustopectus]]''
|5=''[[Brachyosteus dietrichi]]''
|6={{clade
|1=''[[Melanosteus occitanus]]''
|2=''[[Rhinosteus parvulus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
=== Species ===
[[File:Dunkleosteus marsaisi 45.JPG|thumb|''D. marsaisi'' skull]]
At least ten different species<ref name="Carr+2010"/><ref name=Denison>{{cite book|last=Denison|first=Robert|chapter=Placodermi|volume=2|title=Handbook of Paleoichthyology|year=1978|publisher=Gustav Fischer Verlag|location=Stuttgart New York|isbn=978-0-89574-027-4|pages=128}}</ref> of ''Dunkleosteus'' have been described so far.
The [[type species]], ''D. terrelli'', is the largest, best-known species of the genus, measuring {{convert|8.79|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} in length. It has a rounded snout. ''D. terrelli''{{'s}} fossil remains are found in Upper Frasnian to Upper Famennian Late Devonian strata of the United States (Huron and [[Cleveland Shale]] of Ohio, the Conneaut of [[Pennsylvania]], [[Chattanooga Shale]] of Tennessee, [[Lost Burro Formation]], California, and possibly Ives [[breccia]] of Texas<ref name=Denison/>) and [[Europe]].
''D. belgicus'' (?) is known from fragments described from the [[Famennian]] of [[Belgium]]. The median dorsal plate is characteristic of the genus, but, a plate that was described as a suborbital is anterolateral.<ref name=Denison/>
''D. denisoni'' is known from a small median dorsal plate, typical in appearance for ''Dunkleosteus'', but much smaller than normal. It is comparable in skull structure to ''D. marsaisi''.<ref name=Denison/>
''D. marsaisi'' refers to the ''Dunkleosteus'' fossils from the Lower Famennian Late Devonian strata of the [[Atlas Mountains]] in [[Morocco]]. It differs in size, the known skulls averaging a length of {{convert|35|cm|ft}} and in form to ''D. terrelli''. In ''D. marsaisi'', the snout is narrower, and a postpineal fenestra may be present. Many researchers and authorities consider it a synonym of ''D. terrelli''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Murray|first=A.M.|title=The Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic fishes of Africa|journal=Fish and Fisheries|year=2000|volume=1|issue=2|pages=111–145|doi=10.1046/j.1467-2979.2000.00015.x}}</ref> H. Schultze regards ''D. marsaisi'' as a member of ''[[Eastmanosteus]]''.<ref name=Denison/><ref name=Schultz>{{cite journal|last=Schultz|first=H|title=Large Upper Devonian arthrodires from Iran|journal=Fieldiana Geology|year=1973|volume=23|pages=53–78|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.5270|doi-access=free}}</ref>
''D. magnificus'' is a large placoderm from the Frasnian [[Rhinestreet Shale]] of New York. It was originally described as ''[[Dinichthys]] magnificus'' by Hussakof and Bryant in 1919, then as "'' Dinichthys mirabilis''" by Heintz in 1932. Dunkle and Lane moved it to ''Dunkleosteus'' in 1971.<ref name=Denison/>
''D. missouriensis'' is known from fragments from Frasnian [[Missouri]]. Dunkle and Lane regard them as being very similar to ''D. terrelli''.<ref name=Denison/>
''D. newberryi'' is known primarily from a {{convert|28|cm|in}} long infragnathal with a prominent anterior cusp, found in the Frasnian portion of the [[Genesee Group]] of New York, and originally described as ''Dinichthys newberryi''.<ref name=Denison/>
''D. amblyodoratus'' is known from some fragmentary remains from Late Devonian strata of [[Kettle Point 44, Ontario|Kettle Point]], Canada. The species name means 'blunt spear' and refers to the way the [[nuchal]] and [[paranuchal]] plates in the back of the head form the shape of a blunted spearhead. Although it is known only from fragments, it is estimated to have been about {{convert|6|m|ft|1}} long in life.<ref name="Carr+2010"/>
''D. raveri'' is a small species, possibly 1 meter long, known from an uncrushed skull roof found in a carbonate concretion from near the bottom of the Huron Shale, of the Famennian [[Ohio Shale]] strata. Besides its small size, it had comparatively large eyes. Because ''D. raveri'' was found in the strata directly below the strata where the remains of ''D. terrelli'' are found, ''D. raveri'' may have given rise to ''D. terrelli''. The species name commemorates Clarence Raver of [[Wakeman, Ohio]], who discovered the concretion where the [[holotype]] was found.<ref name="Carr+2010"/>
==Description==
[[File:Dunkleosteus2021.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration and size comparison of ''D. terrelli'']]
aaghgsgjg im so scared
==See also==
* [[List of placoderms]]
==References==
{{notes}}
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|first=Philip S. L.|last=Anderson|s2cid=86583150|year=2008|title=Shape Variation Between Arthrodire Morphotypes Indicates Possible Feeding Niches|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=28|number=4|pages=961–969|doi=10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.961}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Dunkleosteus}}
{{Wikispecies|Dunkleosteus}}
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/placodermi.html ''Introduction to the Placodermi: Extinct Armored Fishes with Jaws''. Waggoner, Ben (2000). Retrieved Aug 1, 2005]
* [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15940709 MSNBC: Prehistoric fish packed a mean bite]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6195188.stm BBC: Ancient 'Jaws' had monster bite]
{{Arthrodira|E.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q131039|from2=Q911597|from3=Q911599|from4=Q911605|from5=Q911606|from6=Q911611|from7=Q911612|from8=Q911616|from9=Q911618|from10=Q911593|from11=Q25357547}}
[[Category:Dunkleosteidae]]
[[Category:Apex predators]]
[[Category:Placoderms of Africa]]
[[Category:Fossils of Morocco]]
[[Category:Placoderms of Europe]]
[[Category:Fossils of Belgium]]
[[Category:Placoderms of North America]]
[[Category:Fossils of Canada]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Missouri]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Late Devonian first appearances]]
[[Category:Late Devonian animals]]
[[Category:Famennian extinctions]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1956]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Strong Newberry]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -225,82 +225,5 @@
==Description==
[[File:Dunkleosteus2021.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration and size comparison of ''D. terrelli'']]
-The largest species, ''D. terrelli'', is estimated to have grown up to {{cvt|8.8|m|ft}} in length and {{cvt|4|MT|ST}} in weight,<!--no reliable source for weight among the sources listed--> making it one of the largest placoderms to have existed.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2007/><ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009/><ref name="Carr2010">{{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Robert K. |title=Paleoecology of Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira). |journal=Kirtlandia |date=2010 |volume=57 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235924093}}</ref><ref name="Ferron2017" /><ref name=ScienceDaily/>{{unreliable source|date=November 2021}} Like other placoderms, ''Dunkleosteus'' had a two-part bony, [[Armour (anatomy)|armoured]] exterior, which may have made it a relatively slow but powerful swimmer. Instead of [[teeth]], ''Dunkleosteus'' possessed two pairs of sharp bony plates which formed a beak-like structure.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009/> ''Dunkleosteus'', together with most other placoderms, may have also been among the first [[vertebrate]]s to [[internal fertilization|internalize egg fertilization]], as seen in some modern sharks.<ref name=Ahlberg>{{cite journal |last1=Ahlberg |first1=Per |first2=Kate |last2=Trinajstic |first3=Zerina |last3=Johanson |first4=John |last4=Long |s2cid=205217467 |year=2009 |title=Pelvic claspers confirm chondrichthyan-like internal fertilization in arthrodires |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7257 |pages=888–889 |doi=10.1038/nature08176|pmid=19597477 |bibcode=2009Natur.460..888A }}</ref> Some other placoderms have been found with evidence that they may have been [[viviparity|viviparous]], including what appears to have been an [[umbilical cord]].
-
-[[File: Dunkleosteus skull steveoc.jpg|thumb|A skull diagram of ''Dunkleosteus'']]
-Mainly the armored frontal sections of specimens have been [[fossilized]], and consequently, the appearance of the other portions of the fish is mostly unknown.<ref>{{cite AV media|last=Dash|first=Sean|title=Prehistoric Monsters Revealed|location=United States|publisher=Workaholic Productions / History Channel|date=2008|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEEhm4rzxEg|access-date=December 18, 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> In fact, only about 5% of ''Dunkleosteus'' specimens have more than a quarter of their skeleton preserved.<ref>Carr, R, & G.L. Jackson. 2008. The Vertebrates fauna of the Cleveland member (Famennian) of the Ohio Shale. Society of Vertebrates Paleontology. 1–17.</ref> Because of this, many reconstructions of the hindquarters are often based on fossils of smaller [[arthrodire]]s, such as ''[[Coccosteus]]'', which have preserved hind sections. However, an exceptionally preserved specimen of ''D. terrelli'' preserves ceratotrichia in a pectoral fin, implying that the fin morphology of placoderms was much more variable than previously thought, and was heavily influenced by locomotory requirements. This knowledge, coupled with the knowledge that fish morphology is more heavily influenced by feeding niche than phylogeny, allowed a 2017 study to infer the body shape of ''D. terrelli''. This new reconstruction gives ''D. terrelli'' a much more shark-like profile, including a strong anterior lobe on its tail, in contrast to reconstructions based on other placoderms.<ref name="Ferron2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Ferrón|first1=Humberto G.|last2=Martínez-Pérez|first2=Carlos|last3=Botella|first3=Héctor|date=December 6, 2017|title=Ecomorphological inferences in early vertebrates: reconstructing Dunkleosteus terrelli (Arthrodira, Placodermi) caudal fin from palaeoecological data|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=5|pages=e4081|doi=10.7717/peerj.4081|pmid=29230354|pmc=5723140|issn=2167-8359}}</ref>
-
-The largest collection of ''Dunkleosteus'' fossils in the world is housed at the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cmnh.org/dunk |title=Dunkleosteus terrelli: Fierce prehistoric predator |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Cleveland Museum of Natural History |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref> with smaller collections (in descending order of size) held at the [[American Museum of Natural History]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/vertebrate-origins/dunkleosteus |title=Dunkleosteus |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref> [[Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]],<ref name="Smithsonian"></ref> [[Yale Peabody Museum]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Collections Database of the Yale Peabody Museum |url=https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Search/Results?sort=relevance&join=AND&lookfor0%5B%5D=dunkleosteus&type0%5B%5D=AllFields&lookfor0%5B%5D=&type0%5B%5D=AllFields&lookfor0%5B%5D=&type0%5B%5D=AllFields&bool0%5B%5D=AND&lookfor1%5B%5D=VP&type1%5B%5D=CatalogNumber&lookfor1%5B%5D=VPPU&type1%5B%5D=CatalogNumber&bool1%5B%5D=OR&filter%5B%5D=%7Ecollection%3A%22Vertebrate+Paleontology%22&limit=5&daterange%5B%5D=collecting_year_first&collecting_year_firstfrom=&collecting_year_firstto= |publisher=Yale Peabody Museum |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> the [[Natural History Museum in London]], and the [[Cincinnati Museum Center]]. Specimens of ''Dunkleosteus'' are on display in many museums throughout the world (see table below), most of which are casts of CMNH 5768, the largest well-preserved individual of ''D. terrelli'',<ref name="Ferron2017"></ref> the original of which is on display in the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]].
-
-{| class="wikitable sortable"
-|+ List of museums throughout the world that have ''Dunkleosteus'' specimens on display, highlighting the number of museums that display replicas of CMNH 5768
-|-
-! Museum !! City !! State/Province !! Country !! ''Dunkleosteus'' Specimen
-|-
-| [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]] || [[Cleveland]] || [[Ohio]] || [[United States|U.S.]]|| CMNH 5768 (original), also has smaller juvenile individual on display (CMNH 7424). Two other mounted individuals currently off display (CMNH 6090 and CMNH 7054), and a fifth that was once mounted but has since been disassembled (CMNH 6194).
-|-
-| [[American Museum of Natural History]]|| [[New York City]] || [[New York (state)|New York]] || U.S.|| AMNH 7301 (at least in part, may be a composite)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dean |first1=Bashford |title=A Mounted Specimen of ''Dinichthys terrelli'' |journal=Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History |date=1909 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=268–271 |hdl=2246/57 |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/57}}</ref>
-|-
-| [[Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]] || [[Washington D.C.]] || [[Washington D.C.]] || U.S. || USNM V 21314<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web |title=Collections Catalog of the Department of Paleobiology of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History |url=https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/paleo/ |publisher=Smithsonian Institute |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>
-|-
-| [[The Field Museum]] || [[Chicago]] || [[Illinois]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh|Carnegie Museum]] || [[Pittsburgh]] || [[Pennsylvania]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[University of Michigan Museum of Natural History]] || [[Ann Arbor]] || [[Michigan]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Royal Ontario Museum]] || [[Toronto]] || [[Ontario]] || [[Canada]] || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Royal Tyrell Museum]] || [[Drumheller]] || [[Alberta]] || [[Canada]] || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[University of Alberta Museum of Paleontology]] || [[Edmonton]] || [[Alberta]] || [[Canada]] || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Denver Museum of Nature and Science]] || [[Denver]] || [[Colorado]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Burpee Museum of Natural History]] || [[Rockford, Illinois|Rockford]] || [[Illinois]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |title="Photo of Burpee Museum Dunkleosteus"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Burpee_-_Dunkleosteus_terrelli.JPG}}</ref>
-|-
-| [[Museum of Comparative Zoology]] || [[Harvard]] || [[Massachusetts]] || U.S. || Had a real mounted specimen of ''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' at one point, no longer clear if specimen is still on display.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stetson |first1=H. |title=Notes on the structure of Dinichthys and Macropetalichthys |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |date=1930 |volume=71 |page=19-39}}</ref>
-|-
-| [[Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History]] || [[Oklahoma City]] || [[Oklahoma]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Museum of the Earth]] || [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]] || [[New York (state)|New York]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Great Lakes Aquarium]] || [[Duluth]] || [[Minnesota]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Indiana State Museum]] || [[Indianapolis]] || [[Indiana]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Orton Geological Museum]] || [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] || [[Ohio]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |title="Photo of Orton Geological Museum Dunkleosteus"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_terrelli_(fossil_fish)_(Cleveland_Shale_Member,_Ohio_Shale,_Upper_Devonian;_Rocky_River_Valley,_Cleveland,_Ohio,_USA)_6_(33974377672).jpg}}</ref>
-|-
-| [[Cleveland Metroparks]], Rocky River Nature Center || [[Rocky River, Ohio|Rocky River]] || [[Ohio]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Cincinnati Museum Center]] || [[Cincinnati]] || [[Ohio]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Indiana State Museum]] || [[Indianapolis]] || [[Indiana]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Pennsylvania State Museum]] || [[Harrisburg]] || [[Pennsylvania]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statemuseumpa.org/dunkleosteus-websized/ |title=Dunkleosteus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=September 1, 2017 |website=The State Museum of Pennsylvania |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref>
-|-
-| [[Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle]] || [[Paris]] || [[Paris]] || [[France]] || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |title="Photo of MNHN Dunkleosteus"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_terrelli_343.JPG}}</ref>
-|-
-| [[Naturmuseum Senckenberg]] || [[Frankfurt]] || [[Hesse]] || [[Germany]] || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Vienna Natural History Museum]] || [[Vienna]] || Vienna || [[Austria]] || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |title="Photo of Vienna Museum Dunkleosteus"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_(15677042802).jpg}}</ref>
-|-
-| [[National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo|National Museum of Nature and Science]] || [[Tokyo]] || [[Kantō]] || [[Japan]] || Cast of CMNH 5768
-|-
-| [[Queensland Museum]] || [[South Brisbane]] || [[Queensland]] || [[Australia]] || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_skull_QM_email.jpg |title=File:Dunkleosteus skull QM email.jpg |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 21, 2006 |website=Wikimedia Commons |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref>
-|-
-| [[Buffalo Museum of Science]]|| [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] || [[New York (state)|New York]] || U.S. || BMS E 2381 Specimen of "''Dinichthys''" ''magnificus'', which may or may not pertain to ''Dunkleosteus''. Additional isolated material of ''D. terrelli'' on display.
-|-
-| [[Wyoming Dinosaur Center]]|| [[Thermopolis, Wyoming|Thermopolis]] || [[Wyoming]] || U.S. || ''Dunkleosteus maraisai'', purportedly original specimen
-|-
-| [[Virginia Museum of Natural History]]|| [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] || [[South Carolina]] || U.S. || Cast of ''Dunkleosteus maraisai''
-|-
-| [[Mace Brown Museum of Natural History]]|| [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] || [[South Carolina]] || U.S. || Cast of ''Dunkleosteus maraisai''
-|}
-
-===Diet===
-''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' possessed a [[four-bar linkage]] mechanism for [[Fish jaw|jaw]] opening that incorporated connections between the skull, the thoracic shield, the lower jaw and the jaw muscles joined together by movable joints.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009>{{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=P.S.L. |author2=Westneat, M. |title=A biomechanical model of feeding kinematics for ''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' (Arthrodira, Placodermi) |journal=Paleobiology |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=251–269 |doi=10.1666/08011.1 |s2cid=86203770 |url=http://projects.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/DunkPaleoBio.pdf |access-date=October 29, 2017 |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014026/http://projects.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/DunkPaleoBio.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Anderson&Westneat2007>{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=P.S.L. |author2=Westneat, M. |title=Feeding mechanics and bite force modelling of the skull of Dunkleosteus terrelli, an ancient apex predator |journal=Biology Letters |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=76–79 |date=2007 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0569 |pmid=17443970 |pmc=2373817}}</ref> This mechanism allowed ''D. terrelli'' to both achieve a high speed of jaw opening, opening their jaws in 20 milliseconds and completing the whole process in 50–60 milliseconds (comparable to modern fishes that use [[Aquatic feeding mechanisms#Suction feeding|suction feeding]] to assist in prey capture;<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2007/>) and producing high bite forces when closing the jaw, estimated at {{cvt|6000|N|kg-f lb-f|0}} at the tip and {{cvt|7400|N|kg-f lb-f|0}} at the blade edge in the largest individuals.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009/> The pressures generated in those regions were high enough to puncture or cut through [[cuticle]] or [[dermal bone|dermal]] armor<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2007/> suggesting that ''D. terrelli'' was adapted to prey on free-swimming, armored prey such as [[ammonite]]s and other placoderms.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009/> Fossils of ''Dunkleosteus'' are frequently found with [[Bolus (digestion)|bolus]]es of fish bones, semidigested and partially eaten remains of other fish.<ref name="Virtual Fossil">{{cite web|url= http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/Fish_Devonian/Dunkleosteous/Dunkleosteus.htm |title=Dunkleosteus Placodermi Devonian Armored Fish from Morocco |work=Fossil Archives |publisher=The Virtual Fossil Museum |access-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> As a result, the [[fossil]] record indicates it may have routinely regurgitated prey bones rather than digest them. Mature individuals probably inhabited deep sea locations, like other Placoderms, living in shallow waters during adolescence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/f2013/peters_sadi/habitat.htm|title=UWL Website}}</ref>
-
-===Juveniles===
-Morphological studies on the lower jaws of juveniles of ''D. terrelli'' reveal they were proportionally as robust as those of adults, indicating they already could produce high bite forces and likely were able to shear into resistant prey tissue similar to adults, albeit on a smaller scale. This pattern is in direct contrast to the condition common in tetrapods in which the jaws of juveniles are more gracile than in adults.<ref name=Snively_etal_2009>{{cite journal|last=Snively|first=E.|author2=Anderson, P.S.L. |author3=Ryan, M.J. |title=Functional and ontogenetic implications of bite stress in arthrodire placoderms|journal=Kirtlandia|date=2009|volume=57}}</ref>
+aaghgsgjg im so scared
==See also==
' |
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0 => 'The largest species, ''D. terrelli'', is estimated to have grown up to {{cvt|8.8|m|ft}} in length and {{cvt|4|MT|ST}} in weight,<!--no reliable source for weight among the sources listed--> making it one of the largest placoderms to have existed.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2007/><ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009/><ref name="Carr2010">{{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Robert K. |title=Paleoecology of Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira). |journal=Kirtlandia |date=2010 |volume=57 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235924093}}</ref><ref name="Ferron2017" /><ref name=ScienceDaily/>{{unreliable source|date=November 2021}} Like other placoderms, ''Dunkleosteus'' had a two-part bony, [[Armour (anatomy)|armoured]] exterior, which may have made it a relatively slow but powerful swimmer. Instead of [[teeth]], ''Dunkleosteus'' possessed two pairs of sharp bony plates which formed a beak-like structure.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009/> ''Dunkleosteus'', together with most other placoderms, may have also been among the first [[vertebrate]]s to [[internal fertilization|internalize egg fertilization]], as seen in some modern sharks.<ref name=Ahlberg>{{cite journal |last1=Ahlberg |first1=Per |first2=Kate |last2=Trinajstic |first3=Zerina |last3=Johanson |first4=John |last4=Long |s2cid=205217467 |year=2009 |title=Pelvic claspers confirm chondrichthyan-like internal fertilization in arthrodires |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7257 |pages=888–889 |doi=10.1038/nature08176|pmid=19597477 |bibcode=2009Natur.460..888A }}</ref> Some other placoderms have been found with evidence that they may have been [[viviparity|viviparous]], including what appears to have been an [[umbilical cord]].',
1 => '',
2 => '[[File: Dunkleosteus skull steveoc.jpg|thumb|A skull diagram of ''Dunkleosteus'']] ',
3 => 'Mainly the armored frontal sections of specimens have been [[fossilized]], and consequently, the appearance of the other portions of the fish is mostly unknown.<ref>{{cite AV media|last=Dash|first=Sean|title=Prehistoric Monsters Revealed|location=United States|publisher=Workaholic Productions / History Channel|date=2008|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEEhm4rzxEg|access-date=December 18, 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> In fact, only about 5% of ''Dunkleosteus'' specimens have more than a quarter of their skeleton preserved.<ref>Carr, R, & G.L. Jackson. 2008. The Vertebrates fauna of the Cleveland member (Famennian) of the Ohio Shale. Society of Vertebrates Paleontology. 1–17.</ref> Because of this, many reconstructions of the hindquarters are often based on fossils of smaller [[arthrodire]]s, such as ''[[Coccosteus]]'', which have preserved hind sections. However, an exceptionally preserved specimen of ''D. terrelli'' preserves ceratotrichia in a pectoral fin, implying that the fin morphology of placoderms was much more variable than previously thought, and was heavily influenced by locomotory requirements. This knowledge, coupled with the knowledge that fish morphology is more heavily influenced by feeding niche than phylogeny, allowed a 2017 study to infer the body shape of ''D. terrelli''. This new reconstruction gives ''D. terrelli'' a much more shark-like profile, including a strong anterior lobe on its tail, in contrast to reconstructions based on other placoderms.<ref name="Ferron2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Ferrón|first1=Humberto G.|last2=Martínez-Pérez|first2=Carlos|last3=Botella|first3=Héctor|date=December 6, 2017|title=Ecomorphological inferences in early vertebrates: reconstructing Dunkleosteus terrelli (Arthrodira, Placodermi) caudal fin from palaeoecological data|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=5|pages=e4081|doi=10.7717/peerj.4081|pmid=29230354|pmc=5723140|issn=2167-8359}}</ref>',
4 => '',
5 => 'The largest collection of ''Dunkleosteus'' fossils in the world is housed at the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cmnh.org/dunk |title=Dunkleosteus terrelli: Fierce prehistoric predator |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Cleveland Museum of Natural History |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref> with smaller collections (in descending order of size) held at the [[American Museum of Natural History]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/vertebrate-origins/dunkleosteus |title=Dunkleosteus |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref> [[Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]],<ref name="Smithsonian"></ref> [[Yale Peabody Museum]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Collections Database of the Yale Peabody Museum |url=https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Search/Results?sort=relevance&join=AND&lookfor0%5B%5D=dunkleosteus&type0%5B%5D=AllFields&lookfor0%5B%5D=&type0%5B%5D=AllFields&lookfor0%5B%5D=&type0%5B%5D=AllFields&bool0%5B%5D=AND&lookfor1%5B%5D=VP&type1%5B%5D=CatalogNumber&lookfor1%5B%5D=VPPU&type1%5B%5D=CatalogNumber&bool1%5B%5D=OR&filter%5B%5D=%7Ecollection%3A%22Vertebrate+Paleontology%22&limit=5&daterange%5B%5D=collecting_year_first&collecting_year_firstfrom=&collecting_year_firstto= |publisher=Yale Peabody Museum |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> the [[Natural History Museum in London]], and the [[Cincinnati Museum Center]]. Specimens of ''Dunkleosteus'' are on display in many museums throughout the world (see table below), most of which are casts of CMNH 5768, the largest well-preserved individual of ''D. terrelli'',<ref name="Ferron2017"></ref> the original of which is on display in the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]].',
6 => '',
7 => '{| class="wikitable sortable"',
8 => '|+ List of museums throughout the world that have ''Dunkleosteus'' specimens on display, highlighting the number of museums that display replicas of CMNH 5768',
9 => '|-',
10 => '! Museum !! City !! State/Province !! Country !! ''Dunkleosteus'' Specimen',
11 => '|-',
12 => '| [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]] || [[Cleveland]] || [[Ohio]] || [[United States|U.S.]]|| CMNH 5768 (original), also has smaller juvenile individual on display (CMNH 7424). Two other mounted individuals currently off display (CMNH 6090 and CMNH 7054), and a fifth that was once mounted but has since been disassembled (CMNH 6194).',
13 => '|-',
14 => '| [[American Museum of Natural History]]|| [[New York City]] || [[New York (state)|New York]] || U.S.|| AMNH 7301 (at least in part, may be a composite)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dean |first1=Bashford |title=A Mounted Specimen of ''Dinichthys terrelli'' |journal=Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History |date=1909 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=268–271 |hdl=2246/57 |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/57}}</ref>',
15 => '|-',
16 => '| [[Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]] || [[Washington D.C.]] || [[Washington D.C.]] || U.S. || USNM V 21314<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web |title=Collections Catalog of the Department of Paleobiology of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History |url=https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/paleo/ |publisher=Smithsonian Institute |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>',
17 => '|-',
18 => '| [[The Field Museum]] || [[Chicago]] || [[Illinois]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768',
19 => '|-',
20 => '| [[Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh|Carnegie Museum]] || [[Pittsburgh]] || [[Pennsylvania]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768',
21 => '|-',
22 => '| [[University of Michigan Museum of Natural History]] || [[Ann Arbor]] || [[Michigan]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768',
23 => '|-',
24 => '| [[Royal Ontario Museum]] || [[Toronto]] || [[Ontario]] || [[Canada]] || Cast of CMNH 5768',
25 => '|-',
26 => '| [[Royal Tyrell Museum]] || [[Drumheller]] || [[Alberta]] || [[Canada]] || Cast of CMNH 5768',
27 => '|-',
28 => '| [[University of Alberta Museum of Paleontology]] || [[Edmonton]] || [[Alberta]] || [[Canada]] || Cast of CMNH 5768',
29 => '|-',
30 => '| [[Denver Museum of Nature and Science]] || [[Denver]] || [[Colorado]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768',
31 => '|-',
32 => '| [[Burpee Museum of Natural History]] || [[Rockford, Illinois|Rockford]] || [[Illinois]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |title="Photo of Burpee Museum Dunkleosteus"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Burpee_-_Dunkleosteus_terrelli.JPG}}</ref>',
33 => '|-',
34 => '| [[Museum of Comparative Zoology]] || [[Harvard]] || [[Massachusetts]] || U.S. || Had a real mounted specimen of ''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' at one point, no longer clear if specimen is still on display.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stetson |first1=H. |title=Notes on the structure of Dinichthys and Macropetalichthys |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |date=1930 |volume=71 |page=19-39}}</ref>',
35 => '|-',
36 => '| [[Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History]] || [[Oklahoma City]] || [[Oklahoma]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768',
37 => '|-',
38 => '| [[Museum of the Earth]] || [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]] || [[New York (state)|New York]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768',
39 => '|-',
40 => '| [[Great Lakes Aquarium]] || [[Duluth]] || [[Minnesota]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768',
41 => '|-',
42 => '| [[Indiana State Museum]] || [[Indianapolis]] || [[Indiana]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768',
43 => '|-',
44 => '| [[Orton Geological Museum]] || [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] || [[Ohio]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |title="Photo of Orton Geological Museum Dunkleosteus"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_terrelli_(fossil_fish)_(Cleveland_Shale_Member,_Ohio_Shale,_Upper_Devonian;_Rocky_River_Valley,_Cleveland,_Ohio,_USA)_6_(33974377672).jpg}}</ref>',
45 => '|-',
46 => '| [[Cleveland Metroparks]], Rocky River Nature Center || [[Rocky River, Ohio|Rocky River]] || [[Ohio]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768',
47 => '|-',
48 => '| [[Cincinnati Museum Center]] || [[Cincinnati]] || [[Ohio]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768',
49 => '|-',
50 => '| [[Indiana State Museum]] || [[Indianapolis]] || [[Indiana]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768',
51 => '|-',
52 => '| [[Pennsylvania State Museum]] || [[Harrisburg]] || [[Pennsylvania]] || U.S. || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statemuseumpa.org/dunkleosteus-websized/ |title=Dunkleosteus |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=September 1, 2017 |website=The State Museum of Pennsylvania |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref>',
53 => '|-',
54 => '| [[Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle]] || [[Paris]] || [[Paris]] || [[France]] || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |title="Photo of MNHN Dunkleosteus"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_terrelli_343.JPG}}</ref>',
55 => '|-',
56 => '| [[Naturmuseum Senckenberg]] || [[Frankfurt]] || [[Hesse]] || [[Germany]] || Cast of CMNH 5768',
57 => '|-',
58 => '| [[Vienna Natural History Museum]] || [[Vienna]] || Vienna || [[Austria]] || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |title="Photo of Vienna Museum Dunkleosteus"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_(15677042802).jpg}}</ref>',
59 => '|-',
60 => '| [[National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo|National Museum of Nature and Science]] || [[Tokyo]] || [[Kantō]] || [[Japan]] || Cast of CMNH 5768',
61 => '|-',
62 => '| [[Queensland Museum]] || [[South Brisbane]] || [[Queensland]] || [[Australia]] || Cast of CMNH 5768<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_skull_QM_email.jpg |title=File:Dunkleosteus skull QM email.jpg |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 21, 2006 |website=Wikimedia Commons |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref>',
63 => '|-',
64 => '| [[Buffalo Museum of Science]]|| [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] || [[New York (state)|New York]] || U.S. || BMS E 2381 Specimen of "''Dinichthys''" ''magnificus'', which may or may not pertain to ''Dunkleosteus''. Additional isolated material of ''D. terrelli'' on display.',
65 => '|-',
66 => '| [[Wyoming Dinosaur Center]]|| [[Thermopolis, Wyoming|Thermopolis]] || [[Wyoming]] || U.S. || ''Dunkleosteus maraisai'', purportedly original specimen',
67 => '|-',
68 => '| [[Virginia Museum of Natural History]]|| [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] || [[South Carolina]] || U.S. || Cast of ''Dunkleosteus maraisai''',
69 => '|-',
70 => '| [[Mace Brown Museum of Natural History]]|| [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] || [[South Carolina]] || U.S. || Cast of ''Dunkleosteus maraisai''',
71 => '|}',
72 => '',
73 => '===Diet===',
74 => '''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' possessed a [[four-bar linkage]] mechanism for [[Fish jaw|jaw]] opening that incorporated connections between the skull, the thoracic shield, the lower jaw and the jaw muscles joined together by movable joints.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009>{{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=P.S.L. |author2=Westneat, M. |title=A biomechanical model of feeding kinematics for ''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' (Arthrodira, Placodermi) |journal=Paleobiology |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=251–269 |doi=10.1666/08011.1 |s2cid=86203770 |url=http://projects.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/DunkPaleoBio.pdf |access-date=October 29, 2017 |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014026/http://projects.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/DunkPaleoBio.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Anderson&Westneat2007>{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=P.S.L. |author2=Westneat, M. |title=Feeding mechanics and bite force modelling of the skull of Dunkleosteus terrelli, an ancient apex predator |journal=Biology Letters |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=76–79 |date=2007 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0569 |pmid=17443970 |pmc=2373817}}</ref> This mechanism allowed ''D. terrelli'' to both achieve a high speed of jaw opening, opening their jaws in 20 milliseconds and completing the whole process in 50–60 milliseconds (comparable to modern fishes that use [[Aquatic feeding mechanisms#Suction feeding|suction feeding]] to assist in prey capture;<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2007/>) and producing high bite forces when closing the jaw, estimated at {{cvt|6000|N|kg-f lb-f|0}} at the tip and {{cvt|7400|N|kg-f lb-f|0}} at the blade edge in the largest individuals.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009/> The pressures generated in those regions were high enough to puncture or cut through [[cuticle]] or [[dermal bone|dermal]] armor<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2007/> suggesting that ''D. terrelli'' was adapted to prey on free-swimming, armored prey such as [[ammonite]]s and other placoderms.<ref name=Anderson&Westneat2009/> Fossils of ''Dunkleosteus'' are frequently found with [[Bolus (digestion)|bolus]]es of fish bones, semidigested and partially eaten remains of other fish.<ref name="Virtual Fossil">{{cite web|url= http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/Fish_Devonian/Dunkleosteous/Dunkleosteus.htm |title=Dunkleosteus Placodermi Devonian Armored Fish from Morocco |work=Fossil Archives |publisher=The Virtual Fossil Museum |access-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> As a result, the [[fossil]] record indicates it may have routinely regurgitated prey bones rather than digest them. Mature individuals probably inhabited deep sea locations, like other Placoderms, living in shallow waters during adolescence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/f2013/peters_sadi/habitat.htm|title=UWL Website}}</ref>',
75 => '',
76 => '===Juveniles===',
77 => 'Morphological studies on the lower jaws of juveniles of ''D. terrelli'' reveal they were proportionally as robust as those of adults, indicating they already could produce high bite forces and likely were able to shear into resistant prey tissue similar to adults, albeit on a smaller scale. This pattern is in direct contrast to the condition common in tetrapods in which the jaws of juveniles are more gracile than in adults.<ref name=Snively_etal_2009>{{cite journal|last=Snively|first=E.|author2=Anderson, P.S.L. |author3=Ryan, M.J. |title=Functional and ontogenetic implications of bite stress in arthrodire placoderms|journal=Kirtlandia|date=2009|volume=57}}</ref>'
] |
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55 => 'https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/714996',
56 => 'https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1041512',
57 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235924093',
58 => 'https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061129094125.htm',
59 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEEhm4rzxEg'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct genus of placoderm fish</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Dunkleosteus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late Devonian</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frasnian" title="Frasnian">Frasnian</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Famennian" title="Famennian">Famennian</a>), <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">382–358 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;">
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div>
<div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:90.707692307692px; width:8.1230769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:90.707692307692px; width:8.1230769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:91.707692307692px; width:6.1230769230769px; background-color:#6c3;"></div>
</div>
</div></span></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_(15677042802).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Dunkleosteus (15677042802).jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dunkleosteus_%2815677042802%29.jpg/220px-Dunkleosteus_%2815677042802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="790" /></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Reconstructed skull, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vienna_Natural_History_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Natural History Museum">Vienna Natural History Museum</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:D_Terrelli.png" class="image"><img alt="D Terrelli.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/D_Terrelli.png/220px-D_Terrelli.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="1160" /></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Artist's reconstruction of <i>D. terrelli</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Dunkleosteus" title="e"><img alt="e" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:
</td>
<td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Placodermi" title="Placodermi">Placodermi</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:
</td>
<td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthrodira" title="Arthrodira">Arthrodira</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Suborder:
</td>
<td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brachythoraci" title="Brachythoraci">Brachythoraci</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:
</td>
<td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eubrachythoraci" title="Eubrachythoraci">Eubrachythoraci</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:
</td>
<td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pachyosteomorphi" title="Pachyosteomorphi">Pachyosteomorphi</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Superfamily:
</td>
<td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dunkleosteoidea" title="Dunkleosteoidea">Dunkleosteoidea</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:
</td>
<td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dunkleosteidae" title="Dunkleosteidae">Dunkleosteidae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Genus:
</td>
<td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Dunkleosteus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Lehman" title="Jean-Pierre Lehman">Lehman</a>, 1956</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">†<i><b>Dunkleosteus terrelli</b></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Strong_Newberry" title="John Strong Newberry">Newberry</a>, 1873</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; text-align: left;"><div>List</div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">
<i>D. terrelli</i> <small>(Newberry, 1873 [originally <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinichthys" title="Dinichthys">Dinichthys</a></i>])</small><br />
<i>D. ? belgicus</i> <small>(Newberry) 1873</small><br />
<i>D. denisoni</i> <small>(Kulczycki) 1957</small><br />
<i>D. marsaisi</i> <small>Lehmann, 1956</small><br />
<i>D. magnificus</i> <small>(Hussakof & Bryant) 1919</small><br />
<i>D. missouriensis</i> <small>(Branson) 1914</small><br />
<i>D. newberryi</i> <small>(Clarke) 1885</small><br />
<i>D. amblyodoratus</i> <small>Carr & Hlavin, 2010</small><br />
<i>D. raveri</i> <small>Carr & Hlavin, 2010</small>
</li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><i><b>Dunkleosteus</b></i> is an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of large <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthrodira" title="Arthrodira">armored, jawed fishes</a> that existed during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late Devonian</a> period, about 382–358 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Million_years_ago" class="mw-redirect" title="Million years ago">million years ago</a>. It consists of ten species, some of which are among the largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Placoderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Placoderm">placoderms</a> to have ever lived: <i>D. terrelli</i>, <i>D. belgicus</i>, <i>D. denisoni</i>, <i>D. marsaisi</i>, <i>D. magnificus</i>, <i>D. missouriensis</i>, <i>D. newberryi</i>, <i>D. amblyodoratus</i>, and <i>D. raveri</i>. The largest and most well known species is <i>D. terrelli</i>, which grew up to 8.79 m (28.8 ft) long<sup id="cite_ref-Ferron2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferron2017-1">[1]</a></sup> and 4 t (4.4 short tons)<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDaily_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (November 2021)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> in weight. <i>Dunkleosteus</i> could quickly open and close its jaw, like modern-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquatic_feeding_mechanisms#Suction_feeding" title="Aquatic feeding mechanisms">suction feeders</a>, and had a bite force of 6,000 N (612 kg<sub>f</sub>; 1,349 lb<sub>f</sub>) at the tip and 7,400 N (755 kg<sub>f</sub>; 1,664 lb<sub>f</sub>) at the blade edge. Numerous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> of the various species have been found in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Taxonomy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Species"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Species</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
<p><i>Dunkleosteus</i> was named in 1956 to honour <a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Dunkle" title="David Dunkle">David Dunkle</a> (1911–1982), former curator of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vertebrate_paleontology" title="Vertebrate paleontology">vertebrate paleontology</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a>. The genus name <i>Dunkleosteus</i> combines <a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Dunkle" title="David Dunkle">David Dunkle</a>'s surname with the Greek word <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὀστέον">ὀστέον</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ostéon</i></span> 'bone'), literally meaning 'Dunkle's-bone'. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> <i>D. terrelli</i> was originally described in 1873 as a species of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinichthys" title="Dinichthys">Dinichthys</a></i>, its specific epithet chosen in honor of Jay Terrell, the fossil's discoverer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span></h2>
<p>Originally thought to be a member of the genus <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinichthys" title="Dinichthys">Dinichthys</a></i>, <i>Dunkleosteus</i> was later recognized as belonging to its own genus in 1956. It was thought to be closely related to <i>Dinichthys</i>, and they were grouped together in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinichthyidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinichthyidae">Dinichthyidae</a>. However, in the 2010 Carr & Hlavin <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> study, <i>Dunkleosteus</i> and <i>Dinichthys</i> were found to belong to two separate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>. Carr & Hlavin resurrected the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dunkleosteidae" title="Dunkleosteidae">Dunkleosteidae</a> and placed <i>Dunkleosteus</i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastmanosteus" title="Eastmanosteus">Eastmanosteus</a></i>, and a few other genera from Dinichthyidae within it.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr+2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr+2010-4">[4]</a></sup> Dinichthyidae, in turn, is left a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monospecific</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr1995-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> below from the 2013 Zhu & Zhu study shows the placement of <i>Dunkleosteus</i> within <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dunkleosteidae" title="Dunkleosteidae">Dunkleosteidae</a> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinichthys" title="Dinichthys">Dinichthys</a></i> within the separate clade <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aspinothoracidi" title="Aspinothoracidi">Aspinothoracidi</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu2013-6">[6]</a></sup>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r984819063">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style>
</p>
<table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eubrachythoraci" title="Eubrachythoraci">Eubrachythoraci</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
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<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
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<td class="clade-label first"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coccosteomorphi" title="Coccosteomorphi">Coccosteomorphi</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
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<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coccosteus_cuspidatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccosteus cuspidatus">Coccosteus cuspidatus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
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<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harrytoombsia_elegans" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrytoombsia elegans">Harrytoombsia elegans</a></i>
</p>
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<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
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<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
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<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mcnamaraspis_kaprios" class="mw-redirect" title="Mcnamaraspis kaprios">Mcnamaraspis kaprios</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incisoscutoidea" title="Incisoscutoidea">Incisoscutoidea</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
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<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compagopiscis_croucheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagopiscis croucheri">Compagopiscis croucheri</a></i>
</p>
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<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incisoscutum_ritchiei" class="mw-redirect" title="Incisoscutum ritchiei">Incisoscutum ritchiei</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incisoscutum_sarahae" class="mw-redirect" title="Incisoscutum sarahae">Incisoscutum sarahae</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camuropiscidae" title="Camuropiscidae">Camuropiscidae</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latocamurus_coulthardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Latocamurus coulthardi">Latocamurus coulthardi</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camuropiscis_laidlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Camuropiscis laidlawi">Camuropiscis laidlawi</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rolfosteus_canningensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolfosteus canningensis">Rolfosteus canningensis</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tubonasus_lennardensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubonasus lennardensis">Tubonasus lennardensis</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fallacosteus_turneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallacosteus turneri">Fallacosteus turneri</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aspinothoracidi" title="Aspinothoracidi">Aspinothoracidi</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid green;">
<p><i><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinichthys_herzeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinichthys herzeri">Dinichthys herzeri</a></b></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hadrosteus_rapax" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosteus rapax">Hadrosteus rapax</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorgonichthys_clarki" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonichthys clarki">Gorgonichthys clarki</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heintzichthys_gouldii" class="mw-redirect" title="Heintzichthys gouldii">Heintzichthys gouldii</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selenosteidae" title="Selenosteidae">Selenosteidae</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stenosteus_angustopectus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenosteus angustopectus">Stenosteus angustopectus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gymnotrachelus_hydei" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnotrachelus hydei">Gymnotrachelus hydei</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhinosteus_parvulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinosteus parvulus">Rhinosteus parvulus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pachyosteus_bulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachyosteus bulla">Pachyosteus bulla</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dunkleosteoidea" title="Dunkleosteoidea">Dunkleosteoidea</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westralichthys_uwagedensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Westralichthys uwagedensis">Westralichthys uwagedensis</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protitanichthys_rockportensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Protitanichthys rockportensis">Protitanichthys rockportensis</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panxiosteidae" title="Panxiosteidae">Panxiosteidae</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panxiosteus_ocullus" class="mw-redirect" title="Panxiosteus ocullus">Panxiosteus ocullus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janiosteus_timanicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Janiosteus timanicus">Janiosteus timanicus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plourdosteus_canadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plourdosteus canadensis">Plourdosteus canadensis</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dunkleosteidae" title="Dunkleosteidae">Dunkleosteidae</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastmanosteus_calliaspis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastmanosteus calliaspis">Eastmanosteus calliaspis</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xiangshuiosteus_wui" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangshuiosteus wui">Xiangshuiosteus wui</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastmanosteus_pustulosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastmanosteus pustulosus">Eastmanosteus pustulosus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiangyousteus_yohii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiangyousteus yohii">Kiangyousteus yohii</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golshanichthys_asiatica" class="mw-redirect" title="Golshanichthys asiatica">Golshanichthys asiatica</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><b>Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus</b></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;">
<p><i><b>Dunkleosteus terrelli</b></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:2px solid green;border-top:0;">
<p><i><b>Dunkleosteus raveri</b></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-bar" style=""><div style="width:10em;"><div style="position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;color:green;top:65%;"><b>Pachyosteomorphi</b></div></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Alternatively, the subsequent 2016 Zhu <i>et al.</i> study using a larger <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> dataset recovered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panxiosteidae" title="Panxiosteidae">Panxiosteidae</a> well outside of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dunkleosteoidea" title="Dunkleosteoidea">Dunkleosteoidea</a>, leaving the status of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dunkleosteidae" title="Dunkleosteidae">Dunkleosteidae</a> as a clade grouping separate from Dunkleosteoidea in doubt, as shown in the cladogram below:<sup id="cite_ref-Zhu2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhu2016-7">[7]</a></sup>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
</p>
<table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eubrachythoraci" title="Eubrachythoraci">Eubrachythoraci</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coccosteomorphi" title="Coccosteomorphi">Coccosteomorphi</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coccosteoidea" title="Coccosteoidea">Coccosteoidea</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coccosteidae" title="Coccosteidae">Coccosteidae</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Millerosteus_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Millerosteus minor">Millerosteus minor</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coccosteus_cuspidatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccosteus cuspidatus">Coccosteus cuspidatus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dickosteus_threiplandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dickosteus threiplandi">Dickosteus threiplandi</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watsonosteus_fletti" class="mw-redirect" title="Watsonosteus fletti">Watsonosteus fletti</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protitanichthys_rockportensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Protitanichthys rockportensis">Protitanichthys rockportensis</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panxiosteidae" title="Panxiosteidae">Panxiosteidae</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plourdosteus_canadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plourdosteus canadensis">Plourdosteus canadensis</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panxiosteus_ocullus" class="mw-redirect" title="Panxiosteus ocullus">Panxiosteus ocullus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janiosteus_timanicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Janiosteus timanicus">Janiosteus timanicus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incisoscutoidea" title="Incisoscutoidea">Incisoscutoidea</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harrytoombsia_elegans" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrytoombsia elegans">Harrytoombsia elegans</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torosteus_tuberculatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Torosteus tuberculatus">Torosteus tuberculatus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torosteus_pulchellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Torosteus pulchellus">Torosteus pulchellus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mcnamaraspis_kaprios" class="mw-redirect" title="Mcnamaraspis kaprios">Mcnamaraspis kaprios</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compagopiscis_croucheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagopiscis croucheri">Compagopiscis croucheri</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trematosteus_fontanellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematosteus fontanellus">Trematosteus fontanellus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camuropiscidae" title="Camuropiscidae">Camuropiscidae</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incisoscutum_ritchiei" class="mw-redirect" title="Incisoscutum ritchiei">Incisoscutum ritchiei</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incisoscutum_sarahae" class="mw-redirect" title="Incisoscutum sarahae">Incisoscutum sarahae</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rolfosteus_canningensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolfosteus canningensis">Rolfosteus canningensis</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tubonasus_lennardensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubonasus lennardensis">Tubonasus lennardensis</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fallacosteus_turneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallacosteus turneri">Fallacosteus turneri</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camuropiscis_laidlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Camuropiscis laidlawi">Camuropiscis laidlawi</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latocamurus_coulthardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Latocamurus coulthardi">Latocamurus coulthardi</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pachyosteomorphi" title="Pachyosteomorphi">Pachyosteomorphi</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhachiosteus_pterygiatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhachiosteus pterygiatus">Rhachiosteus pterygiatus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dunkleosteoidea" title="Dunkleosteoidea">Dunkleosteoidea</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastmanosteus_calliaspis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastmanosteus calliaspis">Eastmanosteus calliaspis</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastmanosteus_pustulosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastmanosteus pustulosus">Eastmanosteus pustulosus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiangyousteus_yohii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiangyousteus yohii">Kiangyousteus yohii</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golshanichthys_asiatica" class="mw-redirect" title="Golshanichthys asiatica">Golshanichthys asiatica</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westralichthys_uwagedensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Westralichthys uwagedensis">Westralichthys uwagedensis</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><b>Dunkleosteus raveri</b></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><b>Dunkleosteus terrelli</b></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><b>Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus</b></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heterostiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterostiidae">Heterostiidae</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heterosteus_ingens" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosteus ingens">Heterosteus ingens</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yinosteus_major" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinosteus major">Yinosteus major</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aspinothoracidi" title="Aspinothoracidi">Aspinothoracidi</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tapinosteus_heintzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapinosteus heintzi">Tapinosteus heintzi</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bullerichthys_fascidens" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullerichthys fascidens">Bullerichthys fascidens</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendrickichthys_cavernosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendrickichthys cavernosus">Kendrickichthys cavernosus</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruntonichthys_multidens" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruntonichthys multidens">Bruntonichthys multidens</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last"> 
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinichthys_herzeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinichthys herzeri">Dinichthys herzeri</a></b></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hadrosteus_rapax" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosteus rapax">Hadrosteus rapax</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorgonichthys_clarki" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonichthys clarki">Gorgonichthys clarki</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel"> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selenosteidae" title="Selenosteidae">Selenosteidae</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r984819063"/>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"> 
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heintzichthys_gouldii" class="mw-redirect" title="Heintzichthys gouldii">Heintzichthys gouldii</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Species">Species</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_marsaisi_45.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dunkleosteus_marsaisi_45.JPG/220px-Dunkleosteus_marsaisi_45.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_marsaisi_45.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>D. marsaisi</i> skull</div></div></div>
<p>At least ten different species<sup id="cite_ref-Carr+2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr+2010-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Denison_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denison-8">[8]</a></sup> of <i>Dunkleosteus</i> have been described so far.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a>, <i>D. terrelli</i>, is the largest, best-known species of the genus, measuring 8.79 m (28.8 ft) in length. It has a rounded snout. <i>D. terrelli</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> fossil remains are found in Upper Frasnian to Upper Famennian Late Devonian strata of the United States (Huron and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleveland_Shale" title="Cleveland Shale">Cleveland Shale</a> of Ohio, the Conneaut of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chattanooga_Shale" title="Chattanooga Shale">Chattanooga Shale</a> of Tennessee, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lost_Burro_Formation" title="Lost Burro Formation">Lost Burro Formation</a>, California, and possibly Ives <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a> of Texas<sup id="cite_ref-Denison_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denison-8">[8]</a></sup>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.
</p><p><i>D. belgicus</i> (?) is known from fragments described from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Famennian" title="Famennian">Famennian</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. The median dorsal plate is characteristic of the genus, but, a plate that was described as a suborbital is anterolateral.<sup id="cite_ref-Denison_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denison-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>D. denisoni</i> is known from a small median dorsal plate, typical in appearance for <i>Dunkleosteus</i>, but much smaller than normal. It is comparable in skull structure to <i>D. marsaisi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Denison_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denison-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>D. marsaisi</i> refers to the <i>Dunkleosteus</i> fossils from the Lower Famennian Late Devonian strata of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. It differs in size, the known skulls averaging a length of 35 centimetres (1.15 ft) and in form to <i>D. terrelli</i>. In <i>D. marsaisi</i>, the snout is narrower, and a postpineal fenestra may be present. Many researchers and authorities consider it a synonym of <i>D. terrelli</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> H. Schultze regards <i>D. marsaisi</i> as a member of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastmanosteus" title="Eastmanosteus">Eastmanosteus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Denison_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denison-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schultz_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>D. magnificus</i> is a large placoderm from the Frasnian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhinestreet_Shale" title="Rhinestreet Shale">Rhinestreet Shale</a> of New York. It was originally described as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinichthys" title="Dinichthys">Dinichthys</a> magnificus</i> by Hussakof and Bryant in 1919, then as "<i> Dinichthys mirabilis</i>" by Heintz in 1932. Dunkle and Lane moved it to <i>Dunkleosteus</i> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Denison_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denison-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>D. missouriensis</i> is known from fragments from Frasnian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. Dunkle and Lane regard them as being very similar to <i>D. terrelli</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Denison_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denison-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>D. newberryi</i> is known primarily from a 28 centimetres (11 in) long infragnathal with a prominent anterior cusp, found in the Frasnian portion of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genesee_Group" title="Genesee Group">Genesee Group</a> of New York, and originally described as <i>Dinichthys newberryi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Denison_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denison-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>D. amblyodoratus</i> is known from some fragmentary remains from Late Devonian strata of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kettle_Point_44,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle Point 44, Ontario">Kettle Point</a>, Canada. The species name means 'blunt spear' and refers to the way the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuchal">nuchal</a> and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Paranuchal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paranuchal (page does not exist)">paranuchal</a> plates in the back of the head form the shape of a blunted spearhead. Although it is known only from fragments, it is estimated to have been about 6 metres (19.7 ft) long in life.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr+2010_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr+2010-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>D. raveri</i> is a small species, possibly 1 meter long, known from an uncrushed skull roof found in a carbonate concretion from near the bottom of the Huron Shale, of the Famennian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_Shale" title="Ohio Shale">Ohio Shale</a> strata. Besides its small size, it had comparatively large eyes. Because <i>D. raveri</i> was found in the strata directly below the strata where the remains of <i>D. terrelli</i> are found, <i>D. raveri</i> may have given rise to <i>D. terrelli</i>. The species name commemorates Clarence Raver of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wakeman,_Ohio" title="Wakeman, Ohio">Wakeman, Ohio</a>, who discovered the concretion where the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> was found.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr+2010_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr+2010-4">[4]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus2021.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dunkleosteus2021.jpg/220px-Dunkleosteus2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="6085" data-file-height="2037" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus2021.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Restoration and size comparison of <i>D. terrelli</i></div></div></div>
<p>aaghgsgjg im so scared
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_placoderms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of placoderms">List of placoderms</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-Ferron2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferron2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Ferron2017</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ScienceDaily-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ScienceDaily_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061129094125.htm">"Ancient Predator Had Strongest Bite Of Any Fish, Rivaling Bite Of Large Alligators And T. Rex"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>. November 29, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Ancient+Predator+Had+Strongest+Bite+Of+Any+Fish%2C+Rivaling+Bite+Of+Large+Alligators+And+T.+Rex&rft.date=2006-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F11%2F061129094125.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkleosteus" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dunkleosteus terrelli: Fierce prehistoric predator" page at <i>Cleveland Museum of Natural History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cmnh.org/dunk">https://www.cmnh.org/dunk</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Zhu2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhu2013_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFYou-An_ZhuMin_Zhu2013" class="citation journal cs1">You-An Zhu; Min Zhu (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzoj12089">"A redescription of Kiangyousteus yohii (Arthrodira: Eubrachythoraci) from the Middle Devonian of China, with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>169</b> (4): 798–819. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzoj12089">10.1111/zoj12089</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+redescription+of+Kiangyousteus+yohii+%28Arthrodira%3A+Eubrachythoraci%29+from+the+Middle+Devonian+of+China%2C+with+remarks+on+the+systematics+of+the+Eubrachythoraci&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=798-819&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fzoj12089&rft.au=You-An+Zhu&rft.au=Min+Zhu&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fzoj12089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkleosteus" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Zhu2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhu2016_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFZhuZhuWang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, You-An; Zhu, Min; Wang, Jun-Qing (April 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzoj.12356">"Redescription of Yinostius major (Arthrodira: Heterostiidae) from the Lower Devonian of China, and the interrelationships of Brachythoraci"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>176</b> (4): 806–834. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzoj.12356">10.1111/zoj.12356</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4082">0024-4082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Redescription+of+Yinostius+major+%28Arthrodira%3A+Heterostiidae%29+from+the+Lower+Devonian+of+China%2C+and+the+interrelationships+of+Brachythoraci&rft.volume=176&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=806-834&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fzoj.12356&rft.issn=0024-4082&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=You-An&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Min&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jun-Qing&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fzoj.12356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkleosteus" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Denison-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denison_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denison_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denison_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denison_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denison_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denison_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denison_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denison_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDenison1978" class="citation book cs1">Denison, Robert (1978). "Placodermi". <i>Handbook of Paleoichthyology</i>. Vol. 2. Stuttgart New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 128. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89574-027-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89574-027-4"><bdi>978-0-89574-027-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Placodermi&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Paleoichthyology&rft.place=Stuttgart+New+York&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Gustav+Fischer+Verlag&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-89574-027-4&rft.aulast=Denison&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkleosteus" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMurray2000" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, A.M. (2000). "The Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic fishes of Africa". <i>Fish and Fisheries</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 111–145. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1467-2979.2000.00015.x">10.1046/j.1467-2979.2000.00015.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fish+and+Fisheries&rft.atitle=The+Palaeozoic%2C+Mesozoic+and+Early+Cenozoic+fishes+of+Africa&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-145&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1467-2979.2000.00015.x&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkleosteus" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Schultz-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schultz_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSchultz1973" class="citation journal cs1">Schultz, H (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.5270">"Large Upper Devonian arthrodires from Iran"</a>. <i>Fieldiana Geology</i>. <b>23</b>: 53–78. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.5270">10.5962/bhl.title.5270</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fieldiana+Geology&rft.atitle=Large+Upper+Devonian+arthrodires+from+Iran&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=53-78&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.5270&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5962%252Fbhl.title.5270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkleosteus" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Philip S. L. (2008). "Shape Variation Between Arthrodire Morphotypes Indicates Possible Feeding Niches". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 961–969. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634-28.4.961">10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.961</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86583150">86583150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=Shape+Variation+Between+Arthrodire+Morphotypes+Indicates+Possible+Feeding+Niches&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=961-969&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1671%2F0272-4634-28.4.961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86583150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunkleosteus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dunkleosteus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dunkleosteus">Dunkleosteus</a></span>.</div></div>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097025294"/><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox">
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<div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dunkleosteus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Dunkleosteus">Dunkleosteus</a></b></i>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/placodermi.html"><i>Introduction to the Placodermi: Extinct Armored Fishes with Jaws</i>. Waggoner, Ben (2000). Retrieved Aug 1, 2005</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15940709">MSNBC: Prehistoric fish packed a mean bite</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6195188.stm">BBC: Ancient 'Jaws' had monster bite</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arthrodira" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Arthrodira" title="Template:Arthrodira"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Arthrodira" title="Template talk:Arthrodira"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Arthrodira&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arthrodira" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthrodira" title="Arthrodira">Arthrodira</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Subphylum:_Vertebrata_*_Infraphylum:_Gnathostomata_*_Class:_&quot;Placodermi&quot;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">
<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>
<li>Phylum: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li>
<li>Subphylum: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></li>
<li>Infraphylum: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a></li>
<li>Class: "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Placodermi" title="Placodermi">Placodermi</a>"</li></ul>
</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gnathostomata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Gnathostomata" title="Template:Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Placodermi" title="Placodermi">Placodermi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Placodermi" title="Template:Placodermi">Placodermi</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthrodira" title="Arthrodira">Arthrodira</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Arthrodira" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthrodira" title="Arthrodira">Arthrodira</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arthrodira" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthrodira" title="Arthrodira">Arthrodira</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aethaspis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethaspis">Aethaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aleosteus" title="Aleosteus">Aleosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anarthraspis" title="Anarthraspis">Anarthraspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctaspis" title="Antarctaspis">Antarctaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Baringaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baringaspis (page does not exist)">Baringaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bryantolepis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryantolepis (page does not exist)">Bryantolepis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Erikaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erikaspis (page does not exist)">Erikaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eskimaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eskimaspis (page does not exist)">Eskimaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heightingtonaspis" title="Heightingtonaspis">Heightingtonaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kujdanowiaspis" title="Kujdanowiaspis">Kujdanowiaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lataspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lataspis (page does not exist)">Lataspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lehmanosteus" title="Lehmanosteus">Lehmanosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mediaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mediaspis (page does not exist)">Mediaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Proaethaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proaethaspis (page does not exist)">Proaethaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Qataraspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qataraspis (page does not exist)">Qataraspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sigaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigaspis (page does not exist)">Sigaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simblaspis" title="Simblaspis">Simblaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yujiangolepis" title="Yujiangolepis">Yujiangolepis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuttagoonaspidae" title="Wuttagoonaspidae">Wuttagoonaspidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuttagoonaspis" title="Wuttagoonaspis">Wuttagoonaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yiminaspis" title="Yiminaspis">Yiminaspis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phyllolepida" title="Phyllolepida">Phyllolepida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gavinaspis" title="Gavinaspis">Gavinaspis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phyllolepididae" title="Phyllolepididae">Phyllolepididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austrophyllolepis" title="Austrophyllolepis">Austrophyllolepis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cobandrahlepis" title="Cobandrahlepis">Cobandrahlepis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowralepis" title="Cowralepis">Cowralepis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phyllolepis" title="Phyllolepis">Phyllolepis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Placolepis" title="Placolepis">Placolepis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yurammia" title="Yurammia">Yurammia</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Actinolepidae" title="Actinolepidae">Actinolepidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Actinolepis_(placoderm)" title="Actinolepis (placoderm)">Actinolepis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ailuracantha" title="Ailuracantha">Ailuracantha</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bollandaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bollandaspis (page does not exist)">Bollandaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Szelepis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szelepis (page does not exist)">Szelepis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phlyctaenioidei" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlyctaenioidei">Phlyctaenioidei</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dicksonosteus" title="Dicksonosteus">Dicksonosteus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phlyctaeniidae" title="Phlyctaeniidae">Phlyctaeniidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aggeraspis" title="Aggeraspis">Aggeraspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Barwickosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barwickosteus (page does not exist)">Barwickosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cartieraspis" title="Cartieraspis">Cartieraspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diadsomaspis" title="Diadsomaspis">Diadsomaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elegantaspis" title="Elegantaspis">Elegantaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Grifftaylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grifftaylor (page does not exist)">Grifftaylor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neophlyctaenius" title="Neophlyctaenius">Neophlyctaenius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pageauaspis" title="Pageauaspis">Pageauaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phlyctaenius" title="Phlyctaenius">Phlyctaenius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Stipatosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stipatosteus (page does not exist)">Stipatosteus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arctolepididae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arctolepididae (page does not exist)">Arctolepididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctolepis" title="Arctolepis">Arctolepis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heintzosteus" title="Heintzosteus">Heintzosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huginaspis" title="Huginaspis">Huginaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kueichowlepis" title="Kueichowlepis">Kueichowlepis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groenlandaspididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Groenlandaspididae">Groenlandaspididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africanaspis" title="Africanaspis">Africanaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Boomeraspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boomeraspis (page does not exist)">Boomeraspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cosmacanthus" title="Cosmacanthus">Cosmacanthus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groenlandaspis" title="Groenlandaspis">Groenlandaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mithakaspis" title="Mithakaspis">Mithakaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mulgaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulgaspis (page does not exist)">Mulgaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiaraspis" title="Tiaraspis">Tiaraspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turrisaspis" title="Turrisaspis">Turrisaspis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Williamsaspididae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williamsaspididae (page does not exist)">Williamsaspididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Elvaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elvaspis (page does not exist)">Elvaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Williamsaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williamsaspis (page does not exist)">Williamsaspis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg); transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brachythoraci" title="Brachythoraci">Brachythoraci</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Antineosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antineosteus (page does not exist)">Antineosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dhanguura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhanguura (page does not exist)">Dhanguura</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gemuendenaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemuendenaspis (page does not exist)">Gemuendenaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maideria" title="Maideria">Maideria</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xiangshuiosteus" title="Xiangshuiosteus">Xiangshuiosteus</a></i>?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holonematidae" title="Holonematidae">Holonematidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Artesonema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artesonema (page does not exist)">Artesonema</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belemnacanthus" title="Belemnacanthus">Belemnacanthus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bimbianga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bimbianga (page does not exist)">Bimbianga</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deirosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deirosteus (page does not exist)">Deirosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deveonema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deveonema (page does not exist)">Deveonema</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gyroplacosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyroplacosteus (page does not exist)">Gyroplacosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holonema" title="Holonema">Holonema</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Megaloplax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megaloplax (page does not exist)">Megaloplax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhenonema" title="Rhenonema">Rhenonema</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropidosteus" title="Tropidosteus">Tropidosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tropinema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropinema (page does not exist)">Tropinema</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homosteidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosteidae">Homosteidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angarichthys" title="Angarichthys">Angarichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cathlesichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathlesichthys (page does not exist)">Cathlesichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dhanguura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhanguura (page does not exist)">Dhanguura</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Euleptaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euleptaspis (page does not exist)">Euleptaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Euleptaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euleptaspis (page does not exist)">Euleptaspis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luetkeichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luetkeichthys (page does not exist)">Luetkeichthys</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Migmatocephala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migmatocephala (page does not exist)">Migmatocephala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Antineosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antineosteus (page does not exist)">Antineosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantidosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantidosteus (page does not exist)">Atlantidosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homosteus" title="Homosteus">Homosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taemasosteus" title="Taemasosteus">Taemasosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tityosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tityosteus (page does not exist)">Tityosteus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buchanosteidae" title="Buchanosteidae">Buchanosteidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arenipiscis" title="Arenipiscis">Arenipiscis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buchanosteus" title="Buchanosteus">Buchanosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burrinjucosteus" title="Burrinjucosteus">Burrinjucosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Errolosteus" title="Errolosteus">Errolosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goodradigbeeon" title="Goodradigbeeon">Goodradigbeeon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parabuchanosteus" title="Parabuchanosteus">Parabuchanosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Toombsosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toombsosteus (page does not exist)">Toombsosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Uralosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uralosteus (page does not exist)">Uralosteus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eubrachythoraci" title="Eubrachythoraci">Eubrachythoraci</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kudjanowiaspis.png" class="image" title="Kudjanowiaspis"><img alt="Kudjanowiaspis" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kudjanowiaspis.png/140px-Kudjanowiaspis.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="1149" /></a>
<p><span style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ailuracantha.png" class="image" title="Ailuracantha dorsofelis"><img alt="Ailuracantha dorsofelis" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ailuracantha.png/140px-Ailuracantha.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="82" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span>
<span style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: scaleX(-1); -ms-transform: scaleX(-1); -o-transform: scaleX(-1); -webkit-transform: scaleX(-1); transform: scaleX(-1);"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dicksonosteus.png" class="image" title="Dicksonosteus arctirus"><img alt="Dicksonosteus arctirus" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dicksonosteus.png/140px-Dicksonosteus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="751" /></a></span>
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Groenlandaspis.png" class="image" title="Groenlandaspis riniensis"><img alt="Groenlandaspis riniensis" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Groenlandaspis.png/140px-Groenlandaspis.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="58" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="641" /></a>
</p>
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cartieraspis.png" class="image" title="Cartieraspis"><img alt="Cartieraspis" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cartieraspis.png/140px-Cartieraspis.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="52" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="973" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Eubrachythoraci" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eubrachythoraci" title="Eubrachythoraci">Eubrachythoraci</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coccosteomorphi" title="Coccosteomorphi">Coccosteomorphi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coccosteoidea" title="Coccosteoidea">Coccosteoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coccosteidae" title="Coccosteidae">Coccosteidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Belgiosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgiosteus (page does not exist)">Belgiosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Clarkeosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarkeosteus (page does not exist)">Clarkeosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coccosteus" title="Coccosteus">Coccosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dickosteus" title="Dickosteus">Dickosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiuchengia" title="Jiuchengia">Jiuchengia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Livosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livosteus (page does not exist)">Livosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Millerosteus" title="Millerosteus">Millerosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protitanichthys" title="Protitanichthys">Protitanichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watsonosteus" title="Watsonosteus">Watsonosteus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panxiosteidae" title="Panxiosteidae">Panxiosteidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janiosteus" title="Janiosteus">Janiosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kimberleyichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimberleyichthys (page does not exist)">Kimberleyichthys</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panxiosteus" title="Panxiosteus">Panxiosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plourdosteus" title="Plourdosteus">Plourdosteus</a></i>?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incisoscutoidea" title="Incisoscutoidea">Incisoscutoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Belosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belosteus (page does not exist)">Belosteus</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compagopiscis" title="Compagopiscis">Compagopiscis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cyrtosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrtosteus (page does not exist)">Cyrtosteus</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harrytoombsia" title="Harrytoombsia">Harrytoombsia</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mcnamaraspis" title="Mcnamaraspis">Mcnamaraspis</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Parabelosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parabelosteus (page does not exist)">Parabelosteus</a></i>?</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torosteus" title="Torosteus">Torosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trematosteus" title="Trematosteus">Trematosteus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camuropiscidae" title="Camuropiscidae">Camuropiscidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camuropiscis" title="Camuropiscis">Camuropiscis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fallacosteus" title="Fallacosteus">Fallacosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incisoscutum" title="Incisoscutum">Incisoscutum</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latocamurus" title="Latocamurus">Latocamurus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rolfosteus" title="Rolfosteus">Rolfosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tubonasus" title="Tubonasus">Tubonasus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pachyosteomorphi" title="Pachyosteomorphi">Pachyosteomorphi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Leptosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptosteus (page does not exist)">Leptosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhachiosteus" title="Rhachiosteus">Rhachiosteus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dunkleosteoidea" title="Dunkleosteoidea">Dunkleosteoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dunkleosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastmanosteus" title="Eastmanosteus">Eastmanosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golshanichthys" title="Golshanichthys">Golshanichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hussakofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hussakofia (page does not exist)">Hussakofia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiangyousteus" title="Kiangyousteus">Kiangyousteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westralichthys" title="Westralichthys">Westralichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xiangshuiosteus" title="Xiangshuiosteus">Xiangshuiosteus</a></i>?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heterosteidae" title="Heterosteidae">Heterosteidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herasmius" title="Herasmius">Herasmius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heterosteus" title="Heterosteus">Heterosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yinostius" title="Yinostius">Yinostius</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aspinothoracidi" title="Aspinothoracidi">Aspinothoracidi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruntonichthys" title="Bruntonichthys">Bruntonichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bullerichthys" title="Bullerichthys">Bullerichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bungartius" title="Bungartius">Bungartius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinichthys" title="Dinichthys">Dinichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Dinomylostoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinomylostoma (page does not exist)">Dinomylostoma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erromenosteus" title="Erromenosteus">Erromenosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hadrosteus" title="Hadrosteus">Hadrosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holdenius" title="Holdenius">Holdenius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendrickichthys" title="Kendrickichthys">Kendrickichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mylostoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mylostoma (page does not exist)">Mylostoma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Squamatognathus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Squamatognathus (page does not exist)">Squamatognathus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tafilalichthys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tafilalichthys (page does not exist)">Tafilalichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tapinosteus" title="Tapinosteus">Tapinosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titanichthys" title="Titanichthys">Titanichthys</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brachydeiridae" title="Brachydeiridae">Brachydeiridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brachydeirus" title="Brachydeirus">Brachydeirus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxyosteus" title="Oxyosteus">Oxyosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synauchenia" title="Synauchenia">Synauchenia</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selenosteidae" title="Selenosteidae">Selenosteidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brachyosteus" title="Brachyosteus">Brachyosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Braunosteus" title="Braunosteus">Braunosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Draconichthys" title="Draconichthys">Draconichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enseosteus" title="Enseosteus">Enseosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gymnotrachelus" title="Gymnotrachelus">Gymnotrachelus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heintzichthys" title="Heintzichthys">Heintzichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanosteus" title="Melanosteus">Melanosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Microsteus" title="Microsteus">Microsteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pachyosteus" title="Pachyosteus">Pachyosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paramylostoma" title="Paramylostoma">Paramylostoma</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phymosteus" title="Phymosteus">Phymosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhinosteus" title="Rhinosteus">Rhinosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selenosteus" title="Selenosteus">Selenosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stenosteus" title="Stenosteus">Stenosteus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walterosteus" title="Walterosteus">Walterosteus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:C_cuspidatus.png" class="image" title="Coccosteus cuspidatus"><img alt="Coccosteus cuspidatus" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/C_cuspidatus.png/130px-C_cuspidatus.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="95" data-file-width="2037" data-file-height="1488" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:D_Terrelli.png" class="image" title="Dunkleosteus terrelli"><img alt="Dunkleosteus terrelli" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/D_Terrelli.png/130px-D_Terrelli.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="62" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="1160" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Titanichthys_termieri.png" class="image" title="Titanichthys termieri"><img alt="Titanichthys termieri" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Titanichthys_termieri.png/130px-Titanichthys_termieri.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="102" data-file-width="2393" data-file-height="1886" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Dunkleosteus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131039" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q131039">Q131039</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dunkleosteus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Dunkleosteus">Dunkleosteus</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4655862">4655862</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=34328">34328</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4842483">4842483</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/714993">714993</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1041512">1041512</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911597" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q911597">Q911597</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dunkleosteus_amblyodoratus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus">Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/42419619">42419619</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=259736">259736</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8483410">8483410</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/714996">714996</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Dunkleosteus raveri</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911618" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q911618">Q911618</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dunkleosteus_raveri" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Dunkleosteus raveri">Dunkleosteus raveri</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/42419618">42419618</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=259735">259735</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8588343">8588343</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/714995">714995</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Dunkleosteus terrelli</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911593" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q911593">Q911593</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/56959346">56959346</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=421176">421176</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/11198804">11198804</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1666025827' |