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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Overview of sports traditions and activities in Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2012}}
{{Culture of Australia}}
[[Sport]] is an important part of [[Australia]] that dates back to the early colonial period. [[Australian rules football in Australia|Australian rules football]], [[rugby league]], [[rugby union]], [[Soccer in Australia|association football]], [[Cricket in Australia|cricket]] and [[Tennis in Australia|tennis]] are among the earliest organised sports in Australia. Sport has shaped the Australian national identity through events such as the Australia vs USA basketball match in 2019 which attracted over 100,000 people, the [[Melbourne Cup]] and the [[America's Cup]]. [[Australia]] also holds the record for the largest [[attendance]] at a [[Rugby Union]] match with almost 110 000 watching the [[Australian National Rugby Union Team|Wallabies]] play the [[All Blacks]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.espn.co.uk/onthisday/sport/story/212.html|title=Rugby union's largest crowd}}</ref>
There are a number of professional sport leagues in Australia, including the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL) and [[AFL Women's]] (Australian rules football), [[National Rugby League]] (NRL) and [[NRL Women's Premiership|NRL Women's]] (rugby league), [[Super Rugby Pacific]] (Australia/New Zealand) (Rugby Union), the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]] and the [[Women's National Basketball League]], [[A-League Men]] and [[A-League Women]] ([[Association football|soccer]]), the [[Australian Baseball League]], the [[Big Bash League]] (cricket), [[Women's Big Bash League]] (cricket) and [[Sheffield Shield]] (cricket), [[Suncorp Super Netball]] and the [[Supercars Championship]] ([[touring car racing]]). Attendance for the AFL in 2019 attracted more than 7.5 million people to games,<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFL Tables - Crowds 2019 |url=https://afltables.com/afl/crowds/2019.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=afltables.com}}</ref> while the NRL draws just over 3 million people in a single season.
Historically, rugby league and rugby union football codes have been more popular than Australian rules football in New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Queensland, whereas Australian rules football has been more popular in Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Northern Territory and Western Australia.
Major professional sports leagues in Australia are similar to [[major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada]] in that they do not practice [[promotion and relegation]], unlike sports leagues in Europe and South America.
Australia boasts 7 former world number one [[Squash in Australia|squash]] players, along with a history of success in the [[Squash at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]].
The media plays an important part in Australia's sporting landscape, with many sporting events televised or broadcast on radio. The government has [[anti-siphoning laws]] to protect free-to-air stations. Beyond televising live events, there are many sport-related television and radio programs, as well as several magazine publications dedicated to sport. Australian sport has also been the subject of Australian-made films such as ''[[The Club (1980 film)|The Club]]'', ''[[Australian Rules (film)|Australian Rules]]'', ''[[The Final Winter]]'' and ''[[Footy Legends]]''.
As a nation, Australia has competed in many international events, including the [[Olympics]] and [[Paralympics]]. The country has also twice hosted the [[Summer Olympics]] in [[Melbourne]] ([[1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]) and Sydney ([[2000 Summer Olympics|2000]]), as well as the [[Commonwealth Games]] on five occasions.
Australia is one of six countries to have played in the world cups of cricket, soccer and rugby, along with England, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland and Scotland.
The city of [[Melbourne]] is famous for its major sports events and has been described as the 'sporting capital of the world',<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-named-worlds-sporting-capital-20160421-gobebk.html| title = Melbourne named world's sporting capital| date = 20 April 2016}} </ref> and one of its stadiums, the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], is considered the home [[Australian rules football]] and one of the world's premier Cricket grounds.
==History==
{{Main|History of sport in Australia}}
{{Quote box|quote="Australia's sporting history is marked by great successes, great stories and truly great moments. Sport speaks a universal language in this country – we are a nation of players and enthusiasts." |source = — [[Kevin Rudd]], January 2008<ref>{{cite web|title=The National Sports Museum – celebrating moments that made us|url=http://www.nsm.org.au/Whats%20On/News%20Archive/2008/January/NSM%20celebrating%20moments.aspx|publisher=nsm.org.au|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095416/http://www.nsm.org.au/Whats%20On/News%20Archive/2008/January/NSM%20celebrating%20moments.aspx|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|align=right|width=25em}}
[[File:Australianfootball1866.jpg|thumb|right|220px|An 1860s game of [[Australian rules football]] at the [[Yarra Park|Richmond Paddock]]. A pavilion of the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]] seen on the left in the background. ([[Wood engraving]] made by Robert Bruce in 1866.)]]
Sport came to Australia in 1810 when the first athletics tournament was held; soon after cricket, horse racing and sailing clubs and competitions started. Australia's lower classes would play sports on public holidays, with the upper classes playing more regularly on Saturdays.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=14}} Sydney was the early hub of sport in the colony.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=15}} Early forms of football were played there by 1829.{{sfn|Hess|Nicholson|Stewart|de Moore|2008|p=2}} Early sport in Australia was played along class lines. In 1835, the British Parliament banned blood sports except fox hunting in a law that was implemented in Australia; this was not taken well in the country as it was seen as an attack on the working classes.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=3}} By the late 1830s, horse racing was established in New South Wales and other parts of the country, and enjoyed support across class lines. Gambling was part of sport from the time horse racing became an established sport in the colony.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=3}} Horse racing was also happening in Melbourne at [[Batman's Hill]] in 1838, with the first race meeting in Victoria taking place in 1840.{{sfn|Hess|Nicholson|Stewart|de Moore|2008|p=1}} Cricket was also underway with the [[Melbourne Cricket Club]] founded in 1838.{{sfn|Hess|Nicholson|Stewart|de Moore|2008|p=1}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=148}} Sport was being used during the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s as a form of social integration across classes.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=4}} [[Australian rules football|Victorian rules football]] (later known as Australian rules) was codified in 1859.{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=236}}{{sfn|Crego|2003|p=242}} Australian football clubs still around in the current [[Australian Football League]] were founded by 1858.{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=148}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=236}}{{sfn|Crego|2003|p=242}} Originally formed as the South Australian Football Association on 30 April 1877, the SANFL (South Australian National Football League) is the oldest surviving football league of any code in Australia. The [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], Australia's largest sporting arena, opened in 1853.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=96}} The [[Melbourne Cup]] was first run in 1861.{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}} A [[rugby union]] team was established at the [[University of Sydney]] in 1864.{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}} Regular sport did not begin to be played in South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia until the late 1860s and early 1870s.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=15}}
[[File:Ashes Urn 1921.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Early photo of [[The Ashes Urn: Its Origin and History|the Ashes Urn]], from the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'', 1921]]
The first Australian cricket team to go on tour internationally did so in 1868. [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|The Australian side]] was an all Aboriginal one and toured England where they played 47 games, where they won 14 games, drew 19 and lost 14.{{sfn|Rolls|Halligan|Mathews|Cliff|1999|p=27}}Australia's adoption of sport as a national pastime was so comprehensive that [[Anthony Trollope]] remarked in his book, ''Australia'', published in 1870, "The English passion for the amusements which are technically called 'sports', is not a national necessity with the Americans, whereas with the Australians it is almost as much so as home."{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=7}}
The first team formally organised soccer team was formed in Sydney in 1880 and was named the Wanderers.{{sfn|Rolls|Halligan|Mathews|Cliff|1999|p=42}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=203}} Sport was receiving coverage in Australian newspapers by 1876 when a sculling race in England was reported in the ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]''.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=15}} In 1877, Australia played in the first Test Cricket match against England. In 1882, [[The Ashes]] were started following the victory of the [[Australia national cricket team]] over England.{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=9}} Field hockey teams for men and women were established by 1890.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=368–369}} The [[Sheffield Shield]] cricket competition was first held in 1891 with New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia participating in the inaugural competition. The remaining states would not participate until much later, with Queensland first participating in 1926–27, Western Australia in 1947–48 and Tasmania in 1982–83.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=x}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=1999}} In 1897 the [[Victorian Football League (1897–1989)|Victorian Football League]], which later became the AFL the Australian Football League, was founded{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=227}} after breaking away from the [[Victorian Football Association]].{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=227}}
The first [[badminton]] competition in [[Badminton Australia|Australia]] was played in 1900.<ref name=badmintonsource/> The first [[ice hockey]] game was played in Melbourne on 12 July 1906 between a local Melbourne team and a team from the crew of the visiting US warship {{USS|Baltimore|C-3|6}}.<ref name=ussaroudnting/>
Motor racing began in the first years of federation with motorcycle racing beginning at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] in 1901 with automobile motorsport following in 1904 at [[Aspendale Racecourse]] in Melbourne. A dedicated race track was added to Aspendale's horse racing track in 1906, although it fell into disuse almost immediately.
Rugby league has been the overwhelmingly dominant rugby code in Australia since 1908 (this position remains unchallenged to this day). When Messenger and the All Golds returned from Great Britain in 1908, they helped the new clubs adapt to the rules of rugby league prior to the inaugural [[1908 NSWRFL season]]. The Queensland Rugby Football League also formed early in 1908 by seven [[Rugby football|rugby]] players who were dissatisfied with the administration of the [[Queensland Rugby Union]].<ref name="QRLstoryoftheqrl">{{cite web|url=http://www.qrl.com.au/qrl_history/story_of_the_qrl.php|title=Story of the QRL|publisher=Queensland Rugby League|access-date=2 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929074716/http://www.qrl.com.au/qrl_history/story_of_the_qrl.php|archive-date=29 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Australia national rugby union team]] had their first international test against New Zealand in 1903, and first international tour in 1908, earning their nickname of the Wallabies after two British journalists used it to refer to the team.{{sfn|Rolls|Halligan|Mathews|Cliff|1999|p=39}} The team won gold at the [[1908 Summer Olympics]]; however the majority of the squad joined rugby league clubs upon returning to Australia.<ref name="RLHist">{{cite web|url=http://www.rl1908.com/History/rebellion.htm |title=The Founding of Rugby League in Australia & New Zealand |last=Fagan |first=Sean |access-date=25 July 2007 |publisher=rl1908.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021080815/http://www.rl1908.com/History/rebellion.htm |archive-date=21 October 2006 }}</ref>
Women represented Australia for the first time at the [[1912 Summer Olympics|Olympics in 1912]].{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}} [[Surfing in Australia|Surfing]] came to Australia by 1915{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}} with the first [[surf life saving]] competition being held that year.{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=212}} [[Les Darcy]] began his boxing career in 1915, with some of his later fights taking place at [[Sydney Stadium]]. The following year, an American promoter encouraged Darcy to go to the United States at a time when Australia was actively recruiting young men for the armed services. Controversy resulted and Darcy died at the age of 21 in the United States. When his body was returned to Australia, 100,000 people attended his Sydney funeral.{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=68-69}}<ref name="FitzSimons2010"/><ref name="Headoned2003"/><ref name="Seal2001"/><ref name="MacCallum2009"/> Darcy would remain significant to Australians into the 2000s, when [[Kevin Rudd]] mentioned his story.<ref name="MacCallum2009"/>
[[File:StateLibQld 1 292827 Group of tennis players, ca. 1922.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Group of tennis players, ca. 1922.|alt=Five women standing with tennis rackets in hand]]
In 1922, a committee in Australia investigated the benefits of physical education for girls. They came up with several recommendations regarding what sports were and were not appropriate for girls to play based on the level of fitness required. It was determined that for some individual girls that for medical reasons, the girls should probably not be allowed to participate in tennis, netball, lacrosse, golf, hockey, and cricket. Football was completely medically inappropriate for girls to play. It was medically appropriate for all girls to be able to participate in, so long as they were not done in an overly competitive manner, swimming, rowing, cycling and horseback riding.<ref name=evening-post-1922/> [[Dick Eve]] won Australia's first Olympic diving gold medal in 1924.<ref name=firstmedaldiving/> In 1924 the Australian Rugby League Board of Control, later to be known as the [[Australian Rugby League]], was formed to administer the [[Australia national rugby league team|national team]] (the Kangaroos), and later as the national governing body for the sport of [[Rugby league]]. In 1928 the team also adopted the [[National colours of Australia|national colours]] of green and gold for the first time, having previously used blue and maroon, making the Kangaroos the third national sporting body to do so after [[Australian national cricket team|cricket]] (from 1899) and the [[Australian Olympic team]] (from 1908).<ref>{{cite web|last=[[Sean Fagan|Fagan, Sean]]|title=To Wattle Gold and Gum Green Jerseys|url=http://rl1908.com/Kangaroos/arl-colours.htm|work=RL1908.com|access-date=7 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514024646/http://rl1908.com/Kangaroos/arl-colours.htm|archive-date=14 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Netball Australia]] was founded in 1927 as the All Australia Women's Basket Ball Association.{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}}
[[File:4th Test Woodfull.jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|1932–33 Ashes]]: [[Bill Woodfull]] evades a bodyline ball at [[the Gabba]]]]
During the 1930s, the playing of sport on Sunday was banned in most country outside South Australia.<ref name="Sumerling2011"/> The [[Bodyline cricket series]] between Australia and England took place in 1932–33. The English side were very determined to win, using physical intimidation against Australia to insure it.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=xii}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=26}} The bowling style used by the team known [[body-line bowling]] was devised by [[Douglas Jardine]] with advice from [[Frank Foster (cricketer)|Frank Foster]] in England ahead of the series in order to defeat Australian batsman [[Donald Bradman]]. Going into the start of the series, [[Bill Voce]] told the media "If we don't beat you, we'll knock your bloody heads off." The style of play was such that the Australians contemplated cancelling the series after the Adelaide test.{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=26}}{{sfn|Rolls|Halligan|Mathews|Cliff|1999|p=28}}
Following a successful Australian racing career, the race horse [[Phar Lap]] went to the United States where he died. There were many conspiracy theories at the time and later that suggested people in the United States poisoned the horse to prevent him from winning.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=xii}}
Australian women's sports had an advantage over many other women's sport organisations around the world in the period after World War II. [[Women's sports]] organisations had largely remained intact and were holding competitions during the war period. This structure survived in the post war period. Women's sport were not hurt because of food rationing, petrol rationing, population disbursement, and other issues facing post-war Europe.{{sfn|Stell|1991|p=100}} In September 1949, [[Australian Canoeing]] is founded as the Australian Canoe Federation.<ref name=canoeingaust/>
By the 1960s, Australia had an international identity as a sport-obsessed country, an identity which was embraced inside the country. This was so well known that in a 1962 edition of ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', Australia was named the most sports-obsessed country in the world.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=6}} In 1967, Australia hosted the second [[World Netball Championships]] in Perth.{{sfn|All England Netball Association|2009|p=60}} That same year, South Australia became the last state to lift its ban on the playing of sports on Sunday.<ref name="Sumerling2011"/>
Starting in the early 1970s, Australian sport underwent a [[paradigm]] shift with sponsorship becoming one of the fundamental drivers of earnings for Australian sport on amateur and professional levels. By the mid-1980s, the need for the ability to acquire sponsorship dollars in sport was so great that job applicants for sport administrator positions were expected to be able to demonstrate an ability to get it.{{sfn|McKay|1991|p=42}}
During the 1970s, Australia was being routinely defeated in major international competitions as Eastern Bloc countries enjoyed strong government support for sport. The Liberal governments at the time were opposed to similar intervention in Australia's sporting system as they felt it would be government intrusion into an important component of Australian life.{{sfn|Crotty|Roberts|2008|p=198–205}} In the [[1974 Australian federal election|1974 elections]], several Australian sporting competitors endorsed the Liberal party in advertisements that ran on television. Competitors involved included [[Ron Barassi]], NSWRL player [[Johnny Raper]] and horse trainer [[Tommie Smith]].{{sfn|McKay|1991|p=71}} That year, the [[Australia national association football team|Australian team]] qualified for the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]], the first successful qualification to the [[FIFA World Cup]] in the country's history after failing to qualify to the 1966 and 1970 tournaments. It would prove to be the only appearance for the Australian team for more than three decades.{{sfn|Rolls|Halligan|Mathews|Cliff|1999|p=42}}
The [[Barassi Line|regional football code divide in Australia]] was still present in the 1980s, with [[rugby league]] football being the dominant code in [[Queensland]], [[Australian Capital Territory|ACT]] and [[New South Wales]] while [[Australian rules football]] dominated in the rest of the country. When codes went outside of their traditional geographic home, they had little success in gaining new fans and participants.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=x}} The [[Australian Institute of Sport]] was founded in 1981.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=x}} In the lead up to and during the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]], the police were called upon to stop protests by [[Aboriginal land rights]] activists who staged protests timed with the event in order to politicise the event.{{sfn|McKay|1991|p=74}} Australia had competitors in the [[America's Cup]] yacht race for a number of years. Going into the 1983 race, the Australian media was not that interested in the race as they expected a similar result and in the media lead-up to the event, made it out to be a race for rich people. This lack of interest continued throughout the early races. Near the end, when Australia finally appeared poised to win it, millions of Australians turned on their television to watch the [[Australia II]] win the competition.{{sfn|McKay|1991|p=21}} That year, the Liberals used Australian tennis star [[John Newcombe]] and race car drivers [[Peter Brock]] and [[Alan Jones (racing driver)|Alan Jones]] in their political advertising.{{sfn|McKay|1991|p=72}} Athletes would again be used, this time by the Labor Party, in the 1989 elections.{{sfn|McKay|1991|p=72}} During the 1980s, Australian soccer players began to start playing regularly in overseas professional leagues, with the most successful player of the decade being [[Craig Johnston]] who scored a goal in the 1986 FA Cup Final for Liverpool.{{sfn|Rolls|Halligan|Mathews|Cliff|1999|p=42}} During the 1980s, the federal government created a number of sport programs including Aussie Sports and Active Australia.{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=89}} The [[Australia women's national field hockey team]] began their run as one of the top teams in the world in 1985, a place they would hold until 2000.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=368–369}}
In 1990, the Victorian Football League changed its name to the [[Australian Football League]]. During the 1990s, [[soccer in Australia]] faced a challenge in attracting youth players because of the ethnic nature of the sport at the highest levels of national competition. The sport's governing body made an effort to make the game less ethnically oriented. At the same time, rival football codes were intentionally trying to bring in ethnic participants in order to expand their youth playing base.<ref name="Russell2011p11"/> Doping became a concern during the 1980s and more active steps were taken to combat it in Australia in the early 1990s. In 1990, the ''Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990'' was passed and took control of doping test away from the Australian Sport Commission and put it into the hands of an independent doping control agency as of 17 February 1991.{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=88}}
[[File:2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony 1.JPEG|thumb|left|The [[2000 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony]] at [[Stadium Australia]] on 15 September 2000]]
In 2006, Melbourne hosted the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]].{{sfn|Mojumdar|2009|p=172}} Later that year, the [[Australia national association football team|Australian team]] competed in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], their second [[FIFA World Cup]] appearance after 32 years of failing to qualify for the tournament.<ref name="Timeline">{{cite web|title=Timeline of Australian Football|url=http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/worldcup/timeline.shtml|publisher=migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au|access-date=20 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217101940/http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/worldcup/timeline.shtml|archive-date=17 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Black Caviar Ascot.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Black Caviar]] prior to the 2012 [[Diamond Jubilee Stakes]] at [[Royal Ascot]]]]
In 2012, the [[Australian Rugby League Commission]] was formed, bringing to an end the involvement of News Limited in the administration of Rugby League and the media companies' conflict of interests in the sport, finally concluding the fall-out from the [[Super League war]] in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrl.com/About/ARLCommission/tabid/10891/Default.aspx|title=Australian Rugby League Commission|access-date=19 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302082812/http://www.nrl.com/About/ARLCommission/tabid/10891/Default.aspx|archive-date=2 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> From 2008 until 2013, the Australian [[thoroughbred]] mare [[Black Caviar]] was undefeated for her entire 25-race career, a record not equaled in over 100 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/superracing/black-caviar-proves-her-critics-wrong-with-another-whirlwind-success-in-tj-smith/story-fndps3qy-1226619744317|title=Black Caviar proves her critics wrong with another whirlwind success in TJ Smith|access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref> Notable wins include the 2012 Diamond Jubilee Stakes, as well as being named the top sprinter from 2010 to 2012 in the [[World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings]] and entering the [[Australian Racing Hall of Fame]] while still in training. Another thoroughbred mare, [[Winx (horse)|Winx]], though not finishing unbeaten for her career, surpassed Black Caviar's record for consecutive wins by winning the last 33 races of her career, a streak running from May 2015 to April 2019. She also entered the Hall of Fame while in training, and set a world record for most Group 1 wins with 25. Among her wins were four consecutive [[Cox Plate]]s.
==Organisation==
{{Main|Organisation of sport in Australia}}
The organisation of sport in Australia has been largely determined by its Federal system of government – [[Government of Australia|Australian Government]] and [[States and territories of Australia|six states and two territories governments]] and [[Local government in Australia|local governments]].<ref name=profile>{{cite book|title=Australian sport : a profile|year=1985|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|location=Canberra|isbn=0-644-03667-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/australiansport00aust}}</ref>
State and Territory governments have a department with responsibility for sport and recreation. These departments provide assistance to state sports organisations, develop and manage sporting facilities, provide financial assistance for major sporting events and develop policies to assist sports across their state or territory. Each Australian State and Territory has established its own institute/academy of sport – [[ACT Academy of Sport]] (established 1989), [[New South Wales Institute of Sport]] (1996), [[Northern Territory Institute of Sport]] (1996), [[Queensland Academy of Sport]] (1991), [[South Australian Sports Institute]] (1982), [[Tasmanian Institute of Sport]] (1985), [https://web.archive.org/web/20131216093346/http://www.vis.org.au/about-us.html Victorian Institute of Sport] (1990) and [[Western Australian Institute of Sport]] (1984).{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003}}{{pn|date=February 2022}}
There are 560 local councils across Australia. Local governments generally focus on the provision of facilities such as swimming pools, sporting fields, stadiums and tennis courts.<ref name=local>{{cite book|title=Sport and recreation in local government.|year=1998|publisher=Australian Sports Commission|location=Canberra|isbn=0-642-26345-0}}</ref>
Government involvement in sport up until the 1970s was fairly limited with local governments playing a major role through the provision of sporting facilities.<ref name=profile/> However, this changed over the next two decades with an Australian Bureau of Statistics survey in 2001–2002 finding that approximately $2 billion was spent on sport by three levels of government – 10 per cent from the Australian Government, 40 per cent from state and territory governments, and the remaining 50 per cent from local government.<ref name=crawford>{{cite book|title=Future of Sport in Australia|year=2010|publisher=Dept. of Health and Aging|location=Canberra|url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/1DDA76A44E5F4DD4CA257671000E4C45/$File/Crawford_Report.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103172207/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/1DDA76A44E5F4DD4CA257671000E4C45/$File/Crawford_Report.pdf|archive-date=3 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> State, territory and local government spending was predominantly directed to facilities and their upkeep.<ref name=crawford/> In 1973, the Recreation Minister's Council was established to provide a forum for Australian Government and State and Territory Minister's responsible for sport and recreation to discuss matters of interest.<ref name=profile/> With government's taking an increased involvement in sport, it became the Sport and Recreation Minister's Council.<ref name=profile/> More recently is referred to as Meeting of Sport and Recreation Ministers.<ref name=msrm>{{cite web|title=Meeting of Sport and Recreation Ministers|url=http://www.ausport.gov.au/information/casro/about_us/msrm|work=Australian Sports Commission website|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216094829/http://www.ausport.gov.au/information/casro/about_us/msrm|archive-date=16 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Meeting is assisted by the Committee of Australian Sport and Recreation Officials (CASRO) previously called the Standing Committee on Sport and Recreation (SCORS).<ref name=msrm/> The Meeting works cooperatively on issues such as match fixing, sport participation and water safety.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sport and Recreation Ministerial Council Meeting|url=http://www.regional.gov.au/sport/minister/releases/2012/kl027.aspx|work=Department of Regional Australia, Local Government and thy Arts, Sport Minister Release, 11 July 2012|access-date=24 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419021205/http://regional.gov.au/sport/minister/releases/2012/kl027.aspx|archive-date=19 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2011, Minister's signed the ''National Sport and Active Recreation Policy Framework''.<ref name=framework>{{cite book|title=National Sport and Recreation Active Framework|year=2011|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|location=Canberra|isbn=978-1-921739-52-1|page=2011|url=http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/467563/National_Sport_and_Active_Recreation_Policy_Framework.pdf|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212063252/http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/467563/National_Sport_and_Active_Recreation_Policy_Framework.pdf|archive-date=12 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The framework "provides a mechanism for the achievement of national goals for sport and active recreation, sets out agreed roles and responsibilities of governments and their expectations of sport and active recreation partners."<ref name=framework/> In 1993, National Elite Sports Council was established to provide a forum for communication, issues management and national program coordination across the high performance in Australia.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003}}{{pn|date=February 2022}} It includes representatives from AIS, State Institute /Academies, [[Australian Olympic Committee]], [[Australian Paralympic Committee]], and the [[Australian Commonwealth Games Association]].<ref name=asc>{{cite web|title=High performance sport in Australia|url=http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/australias_winning_edge/high_performance_sport_in_australia|work=Australian Sports Commission website|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225045609/http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/australias_winning_edge/high_performance_sport_in_australia|archive-date=25 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ferguson>{{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Jim|title=More than sunshine & vegemite : success the Australian way|year=2007|publisher=Halstead Press|location=Sydney|isbn=978-1-920831-34-9}}</ref>
In 2011, ''National Institute System Intergovernmental Agreement'' provides "guidance on how the sector will operate, with a principal focus on the delivery of the high performance plans of national sporting organisations."<ref name=nisia>{{cite book|title=National Institute System Intergovernmental Agreement, June 2011|year=2011|url=http://www.regional.gov.au/sport/programs/files/IA_national_institute_system.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504211611/http://regional.gov.au/sport/programs/files/IA_national_institute_system.pdf|archive-date=4 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The Australian government provided small amounts of funding in the 1950s and 1960s through the support of the [[National Fitness Council]] and international sporting teams such as the Australian Olympic team.<ref name=profile/> The [[Australian Government]]'s serious involvement and investment into sport came with it establishing the [[Australian Institute of Sport]] (AIS) in 1981.<ref name=profile/> AIS was set up to improve Australia's performances in international sport which had started to decline in the 1960s and 1970s culminating in Australia winning no gold medals at the [[1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Montreal Olympics]].{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003}}{{pn|date=February 2022}} In 1985, the [[Australian Sports Commission]] (ASC) was established to improve the [[Australian Government]]'s administration of sport in terms of funding, participation and elite sport.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003}}{{pn|date=February 2022}} The 1989 Senate Inquiry into drugs in sport resulted in the establishment of the Australian Sport Drug Agency (now called [[Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority]] (ASADA)) in 1990 to manage Australia's anti-doping program.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003}}{{pn|date=February 2022}}
==Participation==
[[File:ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-SportsRecreationActivities-Persons-A2545781V.svg|thumb|right|300px|Total employment in the sports and recreation sector (thousands of people) since 1984]]
The highest rates of participation for Australian sport and recreation are informal, non-organised sports with bike riding, skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter topping the list of activities for children, with 66% of all boys bike riding and 55.9% of all boys skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter in 2009 and 2010. Girls also participated in these activities at high rates with 54.4% of them doing bike riding and 42.4% skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter. Other sports popular for Australian girls include dancing, which had 26.3% participation, swimming with 19.8% participation and netball at 17%. For boys, the other popular sports for participation included soccer with a rate of participation of 19.9%, swimming with a participation rate of 17.2%, Australian rules at 16%.<ref name=abs20092010/>
[[File:GKRP bike.jpg|thumb|left|Bicycle riding is one of the most popular forms of physical recreation in Australia]]
Participation rates for adults in Australia were much lower than that of Australian children. For adult women in Australia, the number one sport activity they participate in is walking with 30% having done this in 2009 and 2010. The second most popular form of exercise and sport was Aerobics/fitness/gym with a rate of 16.7%. The third most popular for adult women was swimming and diving with 8.4%. For men, the most popular sport activity was also walking with a participation rate of 15.6%. This was followed by Aerobics/fitness/gym with 11.2%. The third most popular sport for adult males was cycling/BMXing with a participation rate of 8.2%.<ref name=abs20092010/>
There are 34,000 athletes, officials and coaches currently registered with the [[Athletics Australia]].<ref name=report/> A 2007 estimate claimed that Australian football had 615,549 participants,<ref name="realfooty2007"/> Basketball has become one of the most popular participation sports in Australia. In [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], and [[Melbourne (Victoria)|Melbourne]], particularly, it has more participants than any other sport.<ref name=gelongaobover/><ref name=heraledsunthing/><ref name="heraldsun.com.au"/> Australia's warm climate and long coastline of sandy beaches and rolling waves provide ideal conditions for water sports such as [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]]. The majority of Australians live in cities or towns on or near the coast, and so beaches are a place that millions of Australians visit regularly.<ref name="culture.gov.au"/>
According to the National Cricket Census, a record 1,650,030 people played [[Cricket in Australia|Cricket across Australia]] in 2018–19. Women participation also reached record figures in growing to 496,484 players.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cricket Australia |title=Australian Cricket Census 2018/19 – Official data |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/-/media/4CE4F075FBEB4F02A4D48EF9F9363D82.ashx}}</ref>
==Amateur sport==
Amateur sport in Australia follows a corporate management system, with the national tier composed of national sport organisations that support and fund elite sport development. These organisations include the [[Australian Institute of Sport]] and the [[Australian Sports Commission]]. Below them is the state level, which includes state sporting organisations, state institute of sport and state departments of sport. The last level is district/regional associations and local clubs and community sports along with local government.{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=121}} At the national level, the national sport organisations govern most sports in Australia, with over 120 different national sports organisation overseeing sport in Australia.<ref name="YearBookAustraliap390"/><ref name="YearBookAustraliap391"/> The role of government in this structure is important{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=121}}<ref name="YearBookAustraliap392"/> as government funding for most sport in Australia comes from the national government, state and territory governments, and local governments. In the late 1990s, government support for sport was double that of public non-financial corporations.<ref name="YearBookAustraliap392"/>
Amateur sport was transformed in Australia in the 1980s with the creation of the [[Australian Institute of Sport]]. The institute, formally opened by [[Malcolm Fraser]] in 1981, was designed to make Australian amateur sport at major world competitions, like the Olympics, competitive with the rest of the world and increase the number of medals won by the country.{{sfn|Bennett|Carter|2003|p=239–240}} A few years later, in 1984, the [[Australian Sports Commission]] was created to better address the distribution of funds to support sport.{{sfn|Hoye|Nicholson|Westerbeek|Smith|2012|p=29}} It had a budget of [[Australian dollar|A$]]109 million in 2000.{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=89}} By 2009, the Australian Sports Commission had a budget of [[Australian dollar|A$]]150 million, up from [[Australian dollar|A$]]5 million when it first was created.{{sfn|Hoye|Nicholson|Westerbeek|Smith|2012|p=29}}
Amateur sport has been able to draw large audiences. In the 1950s, 120,000 fans would go to the MCG to watch major athletics events.{{sfn|Boy Scouts of America, Inc.|1956|p=47}}
Australian amateur sport has dealt with financial problems. In the 2000s, [[Athletics Australia]] was facing duel problems of financial problems and failure for the sport to consistently medal at major international sporting events compared to other sports and their representative organisations like [[Swimming Australia]] and [[Rowing Australia]].{{sfn|Hoye|Nicholson|Westerbeek|Smith|2012|p=294}}
==Major Leagues==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! League
! Sport
! Teams
! Popularity by state
! Established
|-
| [[Big Bash League]]
| [[Cricket]]
| 8
| Popular nationwide
| 2005/2011{{refn|group=o|First league established [[KFC Twenty20 Big Bash|2005]], current league established in 2011.}}
|-
| [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]]
| [[Basketball]]
| 10
| Popular in New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania.
| 1979
|-
| [[A-League Men]]
| [[Soccer]]
| 12
| Popular in New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia.
| 2004
|-
| [[National Rugby League]]
| [[Rugby League]]
| 16
| Most Popular sport in New South Wales, Queensland, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.
| 1908
|-
| [[Super Rugby]]
| [[Rugby Union]]
| 5{{refn|group=o|Super Rugby has 12 teams overall — five from Australia, five from New Zealand, with [[Moana Pasifika|one]] representing the Pacific Islands as a whole and [[Fijian Drua|one]] representing Fiji. The teams of Fiji and the Pacific Islands joined in 2022.}}
|
| 1996
|-
| [[Australian Football League]]
| [[Australian rules football]]
| 18
| Most popular in Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Tasmania.
| 1897
|}
{{reflist|group=o}}
==Spectators==
Australian sport fans have historically attended events in large numbers, dating back to the country's early history. An early football game played in Melbourne in 1858 had 2,000 spectators.{{sfn|Hess|Nicholson|Stewart|de Moore|2008|p=60}} By 1897, tens of thousands of spectators attended an early Australian rules football match at a time when top level soccer matches in England would draw six thousand fans. A finals match between the Carlton Football Club and Collingwood in 1938 drew 96,834 fans.{{sfn|Guttmann|2007|p=86–87}} In 1909, at a time when [[rugby union]] had not yet become professionalised, 52,000 people in Sydney attended a game between New South Wales and New Zealand. The spectators accounted for 10% of the total population of Sydney at the time.{{sfn|Andreff|Szymański|2006|p=438}} A world record was set for cricket attendance on 30 December 1932 when 63,993 fans watched England take on Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.{{sfn|Clark|1993|p=544}}
Total average game attendance for the [[Australian Football League]] and the [[National Rugby League]] increased between 1970 and 2000, with the AFL going from an average attendance of 24,344 people per match in 1970 to 27,325 by 1980 to 25,238 in 1990 and 34,094 by 2000. The National Rugby League had an average per game attendance of 11,990 in 1970, saw a decrease in 1980 to 10,860 but increased to 12,073 by 1990 and improved on that to 14,043 by 2000. Founded later, the National Basketball League had an average per game attendance of 1,158 in 1985, increased this to 4,551 by 1990, and kept attendance steady with 4,636 average fans per game in 2000.{{sfn|Fort|Fizel|2004|p=309}}
In March 1999, 104,000 fans attended a double header match in the National Rugby League at [[Stadium Australia]] four days after the venue formally opened.<ref name="Statistics"/> In 2000, during the soccer gold medal match between Cameroon and Spain, 114,000 fans watched the game live inside Stadium Australia.{{sfn|Higham|2012|p=99}} In the 2006–07 season, the [[A-League]] [[Melbourne Victory]] averaged 27,728 people to their home matches throughout the season. The [[2009–10 A-League|2009–10 regular season]] was considerably lower.<ref name=somealeageusource/> In 2011, the [[Australian Football League]] had a cumulative attendance of 7,139,272, a record for the competition and an average attendance of 36,425.<ref name="footywire1"/> Spectator numbers dropped since then and in 2013 average attendance fell below that of the leading domestic motor racing series [[International V8 Supercars Championship]]. In 2010, the [[National Rugby League]]'s premiership set a record for regular season attendance to NRL matches.<ref name=nerlastabntance/>
The [[Big Bash League]] (BBL) was established in 2011. The first season attracted an average of 18,021 spectators per match. In the 2014–15 season, the average attendance for each match was 23,590 with the [[Adelaide Strikers]] attracting a record average home crowd of 36,023 spectators each game.<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/big-bash-league-infant-tournament-now-part-of-australian-crickets-summer-fabric/news-story/98897cf3111da3cb16f6fd9e6744e101 Big Bash League: Infant tournament now part of Australian cricket’s summer fabric] heraldsun.com.au. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015.</ref><ref name="The Roar">{{cite news |url=http://www.theroar.com.au/2015/01/27/whats-next-big-bash-league-since-asked |title=What's next for the Big Bash League? |work=Ryan Buckland |publisher=The Roar |date=19 Nov 2015}}</ref> The [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] final was played in front of 93,013 spectators, a record crowd for a day of cricket in Australia. BBL in its [[2016–17 Big Bash League season|sixth season in 2016–17]], drew an average crowd in excess of 30,000 for the first time in history, with overall count crossing 1 million for 35 matches.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|+National League attendance of team sports (Bolded Competitions are Women's Leagues)
|-
!Competition
!Sport
!Total <br /> spectatorship
!Average <br /> attendance
!Year
!Ref
|-
| scope="row" | [[Australian Football League]]
| [[Australian rules football|Australian football]]
| 7,517,677
|36,317
|[[2019 AFL season|2019]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=1|title=2018 AFL Attendance|publisher=Austadiums.com|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[AFL Women's]]'''
|[[Australian rules football|'''Australian football''']]
|'''251,792'''
|'''6,626'''
|[[2019 AFL Women's season|'''2019''']]
|
|-
| [[Big Bash League]]
| [[Cricket]]
|1,212,696
|20,554
|{{nowrap|[[2018–19 Big Bash League season|2018–19]]}}
|<ref>BBL 2018-2019 ATTENDANCE https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=17</ref>
|-
|'''[[Women's Big Bash League]]'''
|'''[[Cricket]]'''
|'''852,549'''
|'''14,450'''
|[[2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season|'''2018–19''']]
|
|-
| scope="row" | [[A-League Men]]
| [[Soccer]]
| 1,405,469
| 10,411
|[[2018–19 A-League|2018–19]]
|
|-
|'''[[A-League Women]]'''
|'''[[Soccer]]'''
|'''114,003'''
|2,036
|[[2018–19 W-League|2018–19]]
|
|-
|[[Australian Baseball League]]
|[[Baseball]]
|98,397
|834
|[[2017–18 Australian Baseball League season|2017–18]]
|
|-
| scope="row" |[[National Rugby League]]
|[[Rugby league]]
| 3,176,561
| 15,804
|[[2019 NRL season|2019]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=2|title=NRL 2018 ATTENDANCE|website=NRL ATTENDANCE|publisher=Austadiums.com|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[NRL Women's Premiership|'''NRL Women's''']]
|'''[[Rugby league]]'''
|'''46,875'''
|'''11,719'''
|[[2018 NRL Women's season|'''2018''']]
|
|-
|[[National Rugby Championship]]
|[[Rugby union]]
| 78,500
| 2,013
|[[2017 National Rugby Championship|2017]]
|
|-
|[[National Basketball League (Australasia)|National Basketball League]]
|[[Basketball]]
|688,712
|6,622
|[[2017–18 NBL season|2017–18]]
|<ref name="autogenerated1" />
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Other Major Competitions/Leagues/Games attendance (Bolded Competitions are Women's Competitions)
!Competition
!Sport
!Total
Spectatorship
!Average Attendance
!Year
!Ref
|-
|[[AFLX]]
|[[AFLX]] - [[Australian rules football|Australian Football]]
|42,730
|14,243
|[[2018 AFLX competition|2018]]
|
|-
|[[E. J. Whitten Legends Game]]
|[[Australian rules football|Australian Football]]
|8,000
|8,000
|[[E. J. Whitten Legends Game|2018]]
|
|-
|[[2018 JLT Community Series|JLT Community Series]]
|[[Australian rules football|Australian Football]]
|92,333
|5,130
|[[2018 JLT Community Series|2018]]
|
|-
|[[Boxing Day Test]]
|[[Cricket]] ([[test cricket]])
|261,335 (88,173 Boxing Day)
|52,267
|[[2017–18 Ashes series|2017]]
|
|-
|[[State of Origin series|State Of Origin]]
|[[Rugby league]]
|220,559
|73,519
|[[2018 State of Origin series|2018]]
|
|-
|[[State of Origin series|'''Women's State Of Origin''']]
|'''[[Rugby league]]'''
|'''6,824'''
|'''6,824'''
|[[2018 State of Origin series|'''2018''']]
|
|-
|[[The Rugby Championship]]
|[[Rugby union]]
|433,657
|36,138
|[[2018 Rugby Championship|2018]]
|
|-
|[[Super Rugby]]
|[[Rugby union]]
|773,940
|19,348
|[[2015 Super Rugby season|2012]]
|<ref>[http://www.theherald.com.au/story/401291/battle-of-the-codes-soccer-or-rugby/ Battle of the codes – soccer or rugby?] – The Newcastle Herald, 16 October 2012</ref>
|-
|[[Supercars Championship]]
|[[Motorsport in Australia|Motorsport]]
|1,754,501
|116,000 (per event)
|2017
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.supercars.com/news/championship/strong-growth-for-supercars-in-2017/|title=Strong growth for Supercars in 2017|website=Supercars|language=en|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref>
|-
|[[Australian Grand Prix|Formula One Grand Prix]]
|[[Motorsport]]
|324,100 (102,000 Race Day)
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|2019
|
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|+Total attendance by sport
|-
!Sport
!Total <br /> spectatorship
!Average <br /> attendance
!Year
!Ref
|-
| scope="row" |[[Australian rules football|Australian football]]
| 7,998,720
| 30,646
| 2018
|<ref>[http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=1 AFL Football sports attendances] austadiums.com.</ref>
|-
|[[Rugby league]]
| 3,631,592
| 17,130
| 2018
|<ref>[http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=2 Rugby League sports attendances] austadiums.com.</ref>
|-
|[[Soccer]]
| 2,502,789
| 13,242
| 2015–16
|<ref>[http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=3 Football sports attendances] austadiums.com.</ref>
|-
|[[Cricket]]
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: 1734299 + 21832}} }}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: ((1734299 + 21832)/71) round 0}} }}
|2016–17
|<ref>[https://twitter.com/RicFinlay/status/824844576712069120 So far 1,734,299 have attended 70 days in summer of Cricket with BBL final and 3 T20Is to come] ''Ric Finlay- Co-creator of CSW, the cricket database''. Retrieved on 29 January 2017</ref><ref>[http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=7 Cricket sports attendances] austadiums.com.</ref>
|-
|[[Basketball]]
|1,073,643
|7,304
|2019–20
|<ref>[http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=4 Basketball sports attendances] austadiums.com.</ref>
|-
|[[Rugby union]]
|771,521
|18,818
|2016
|<ref>[http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=5 Rugby Union sports attendances] austadiums.com.</ref>
|}
==Sports media==
Media coverage of Australian sport and athletes predates 1876. The first all Australian sport publication, ''The Referee'', was first published in 1886 in Sydney.<ref name=sport-media-gov/> The major newspapers for sport coverage in the country include the [[Sydney Morning Herald]], [[The Courier Mail]], the [[Herald Sun]] and [[The West Australian]].<ref name="sport-media-gov"/>
There is a long history of television coverage of sports in Australia. From 1957 to 2001, the [[Seven Network]] was the network for the Australian Football League. The only year that Seven was not the network for the league was in 1987 when the AFL was on the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC). An exclusive deal was agreed upon by Seven in 1976 for a five-year deal worth A$3 million.{{sfn|Fort|Fizel|2004|p=310}}
[[World Series Cricket]] was a break away professional [[cricket]] competition staged between 1977 and 1979 and organised by [[Kerry Packer]] for his TV network, [[Nine Network|Nine]]. The matches ran in opposition to international cricket. It drastically changed the nature of cricket and its influence continues to be felt today.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/worldseries/content/story/72632.html World Series Cricket] espncricinfo.com. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015</ref>
Not all sports have had favourable deals with networks. The first television offer for the National Basketball League was worth A$1 in an offered made by Seven that the league accepted. The deal made by [[Ten Network]] to the [[New South Wales Rugby League]] was worth considerably more, worth A$48 million for a five-year deal that also included broadcasting rights for the State of Origin and the [[Australia national rugby league team]]. This deal was terminated early because the network could not afford to pay out.{{sfn|Fort|Fizel|2004|p=311}}
The [[1967 NSWRFL season]]'s [[grand final]] became the first football grand final of any code to be televised live in Australia. The [[Nine Network]] had paid $5,000 for the broadcasting rights.<ref name=roymasters/>
[[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] and FoxSports are two of the most important television networks in Australia in terms of covering all Australian sports, not just the popular professional leagues.<ref name="sport-media-gov"/> Administrators for less popular spectator sports, such as basketball and netball, believe that getting additional television and newspaper coverage is fundamental for the growth and success of their sports going forward.<ref name="sport-media-gov"/>
[[Anti-siphoning laws in Australia]] regulate the media companies' access to significant sporting events. In 1992, when the country experienced growth in paid-subscription media, the [[Parliament of Australia]] enacted the Broadcasting Services Act that gave free-to-air broadcasters preferential access to acquire broadcasting rights to sporting events. The anti-siphoning list is a list of major sporting events that the Parliament of Australia has decided must be available for all Australians to see free of charge and cannot be "siphoned off" to pay TV where people are forced to pay to see them. The current anti-siphoning list came into effect in 2006 and expires 31 December 2010. The Minister for Communications can add or remove events from the list at his discretion. There are currently ten sports on the anti-siphoning list plus the Olympic and Commonwealth Games. Events on the anti-siphoning list are delisted 12 weeks before they start to ensure pay TV broadcasters have reasonable access to listed events, if free-to-air broadcasters decide not to purchase the broadcast rights for a particular event. Any rights to listed sporting events that are not acquired by free-to-air broadcasters are available to pay TV. For multi-round events where it is simply not possible for free-to-air networks to broadcast all matches within the event (e.g. the Australian Open) complementary coverage is available on pay television. The Federal Government is obliged by legislation to conduct a review of the list before the end of 2009. The current anti-siphoning list requires showing listed sports on the broadcaster's main channel.<ref name=keepsortsfrea/>
Rugby league, which includes NRL, State of Origin and national team matches, had the highest aggregate television ratings of any sport in 2009<ref name="Newstalk ZB"/> and 2010.<ref name=aggreagat/> Also, in a world first, the [[Nine Network]] broadcast [[free-to-air]] the first match of the [[2010 State of Origin series]] live in [[3D television|3D]] in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.<ref name=byrnes/><ref name=tvtonight/>
[[Rugby union]] is currently aired on numerous [[Nine Entertainment]] platforms, including [[Nine Network|Channel 9]], [[9Gem]], and [[Stan Sport]], as part of a A$100 million deal starting in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/rugby-union/nine-rugby-australia-confirm-groundbreaking-100m-broadcast-deal-20201109-p56csm.html | title=Nine, Rugby Australia confirm groundbreaking $100m broadcast deal | date=9 November 2020 }}</ref> [[Super Rugby]] games are broadcast on [[9Gem]] every Saturday, while all other games are available on [[Stan Sport]]. Within a year of the deal starting, the Super Rugby Final had increased its ratings by 13-fold to 1.3 million, with Wallabies International games also experiencing growth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/nine-amps-up-sports-streaming-war-with-super-rugby-numbers-20210511-p57qw8|title = Nine amps up sports streaming war with Super Rugby numbers|date = 11 May 2021}}</ref>
[[Cricket Australia]] announced an unprecedented $590 million deal with free-to-air television networks [[Nine Network|Nine]] and [[Ten Network|Ten]] in 2013 to broadcast the sport – a 118 per cent increase on the previous five-year contract.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-04/grassroots-cricket-to-benefit-from-financial-windfall/4732566 Cricket Australia announces $590m TV deal with Nine and Ten] abc.net.au. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015.</ref>
[[Big Bash League|BBL]] games are currently broadcast in Australia by the free-to-air [[Network Ten]]. In 2013 Ten paid $100 million for BBL rights over five years, marking the channel's first foray in elite cricket coverage.<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/new-big-bash-league-broadcaster-channel-ten-thrilled-with-ratings-for-season-opening-derby/story-fni2usfi-1226788040468 New Big Bash League broadcaster Channel Ten thrilled with ratings for season opening derby] heraldsun.com.au. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015.</ref> [[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]] had previously covered the Big Bash League.
Network Ten's BBL coverage has become a regular feature of Australian summers and last season attracted an average audience of more than 943,000 people nationally in [[2014–15 Big Bash League season|2014–15 season]], including a peak audience of 1.9 million viewers for the final between the [[Perth Scorchers]] and [[Sydney Sixers]].<ref>[http://www.cricket.com.au/news/bbl05-big-bash-league-fixture-release-2015-16-final-host-highest-qualifying-team-all-matches-live/2015-07-12 Big Bash League schedule released] cricket.com.au. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015</ref>
There are a number of Australian sport films. They include ''[[The Club (1980 film)|The Club]]''. The film was based on a play produced in 1977, in [[Melbourne]]. It has been in the senior English syllabi for four Australian states for many years.<ref name=antoehrverification/> The film was written by David Williamson, directed by [[Bruce Beresford]] and starring [[John Howard (Australian actor)|John Howard]], [[Jack Thompson (actor)|Jack Thompson]], [[Graham Kennedy]] and [[Frank Wilson (Australian actor)|Frank Wilson]].<ref name=moretheclubstuff/> Another Australian sport film is ''[[The Final Winter]]'', released in 2007. It was directed by [[Brian Andrews (director)|Brian Andrews]] and [[Jane Forrest]] and produced by [[Anthony Coffee]], and [[Michelle Russell]], while independently produced it is being distributed by [[Paramount Pictures]]. It was written by [[Matthew Nable]] who also starred as the lead role 'Grub' Henderson. The film, which earned praise from critics,<ref name=wilalisnans/> focuses around Grub who is the captain of the [[Newtown Jets]] [[Rugby league|football]] team in the early 1980s and his determination to stand for what rugby league traditionally stood for while dealing with his own identity crisis.<ref name="movie focus"/> Other Australian sport films include ''[[Australian Rules (film)|Australian Rules]]'' and ''[[Footy Legends]]''.<ref name="SimpsonMurawska2009p43"/>{{sfn|Collins|Davis|2004|p=45}}
Sport is popular on the radio. ''[[This Sporting Life (radio program)|This Sporting Life]]'' was a culturally iconic [[Triple J]] radio comedy program created by actor-writer comedians [[John Doyle (comedian)|John Doyle]] and [[Greig Pickhaver]], who performed as their characters [[Roy and HG]]. Broadcast from 1986 to 2008, it was one of the longest-running, most popular and most successful radio comedy programs of the post-television era in Australia. It was the longest-running show in Triple J's programming history and commanded a large and dedicated nationwide audience throughout its 22-year run.<ref name="somenlassourcne"/> [[2KY]] is a commercial radio station based in Sydney, broadcasting throughout [[New South Wales, Australia|New South Wales]] and [[Canberra, Australia|Canberra]] on a network of over 140 [[narrowcast]] transmitters as well as the main 1017 AM frequency in Sydney. 2KY broadcasts live commentary of [[Thoroughbred racing in Australia|thoroughbred]], [[Harness racing in Australia|harness]] and [[Greyhound racing#In Australia|greyhound]] racing. Over 1500 races are covered each week, including the pre and post [[Form (horse racing)|race form]] and [[Totalizator Agency Board|TAB]] betting information.<ref name=2ykspournce/>
There are a number of Australian sport magazines. One is the ''[[AFL Record]]''. The magazine is published in a sports magazine style format. Eight different versions, one for each game, are published for each weekly round, 60,000 copies in total, and [[Roy Morgan Research]] estimates that the ''Record'' has a weekly readership of over 200,000.<ref name=roy-morgan/> As of 2009, the week's records are published and are able to be viewed in an [[online magazine]] format.<ref name=asflerecords/> Another Australian sporting magazine is ''[[Australia's Surfing Life]]'', a monthly magazine about [[surfing]] published in Australia. It features articles about surf trips in Australia and overseas, surfing technique, [[surfboard|board]] design and [[wetsuit]]s. The magazine was founded in 1985.<ref name=cneyclopeidaofsurging/>
==International competitions==
[[File:Australia national baseball team on March 2, 2013.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Australian national baseball team]] during the [[2013 World Baseball Classic]].]]
Australia participate in many international competitions, such as the [[Olympics]], [[Commonwealth Games]], [[Cricket World Cup]], [[Rugby World Cup]], [[Rugby League World Cup]], [[FIFA World Cup]], the Basketball World Cup for both [[FIBA Basketball World Cup|men's]] and [[FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup|women's]], [[INF Netball World Cup|Netball World Cup]], [[World Baseball Classic]] and the [[Hockey World Cup]].
The [[Australia national cricket team|Australian national cricket team]] have participated in every edition of the [[Cricket World Cup]]. Australia have been very successful in the event, winning the tournament five times, the record number.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shemilt |first=Stephan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/32105654 |title=Cricket World Cup 2015: Australia crush New Zealand in final - BBC Sport |publisher=Bbc.com |date=2015-03-29 |accessdate=2021-11-20}}</ref>
The [[Australia national rugby league team|Australian national Rugby league team]] have also participated in every edition of the [[Rugby League World Cup]]. Australia have been very successful in the event, winning the tournament 11 times, the record number.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/rugby-league/25168674|title=Rugby League World Cup 2013: New Zealand 2-34 Australia|work=BBC Sport|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref>
The [[Australia national rugby union team|Australian national Rugby union team]] have participated in every [[Rugby World Cup]]. Australia have been very successful in the tournament, winning it two times<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.topendsports.com/events/rugby-world-cup/winners.htm| title = Rugby Union World Cup Winners}} </ref> despite it not being a major sport in Australia.
Australia's women have repeatedly won at the highest level. The [[Australia national netball team|Australian national netball team]] have won the Netball World Cup a record 11 times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/sport/australia-crushes-new-zealand-wins-2015-netball-wo/55524b01-a101-42f5-829c-1549059eaf64.htm|title=Australia Crushes New Zealand, Wins 2015 Netball World Cup|work=Pedestrian.TV|date=15 August 2015|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australian women's national cricket team]] have won the Women's Cricket World Cup a record five times.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.topendsports.com/events/cricket-world-cup/women/results.htm| title = Women's ODI Cricket World Cup Winners}} </ref> The [[Australia women's national field hockey team|Australian women's national field hockey team]] have won the gold medal at the Olympics and the Women's Hockey World Cup three and two times respectively.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.olympic.org/hockey| title = Hockey - News, Athletes, Highlights & More}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hockey.org.au/Events/Past-Series/World-Cup/Womens-World-Cup |title=Women's World Cup |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820134045/http://www.hockey.org.au/Events/Past-Series/World-Cup/Womens-World-Cup |accessdate=2021-11-20|archive-date=20 August 2014 }}</ref>
The [[Australia women's national basketball team]], known as the Opals, regularly compete well against the world elite at the [[FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup]], having won the event in [[2006 FIBA World Championship for Women|2006]], finished second in [[2018 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup|2018]] and finished third three times, and at the [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics Basketball Tournament]], where they have won silver medals three times and bronze medals twice.<ref name="archive.fiba.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Australia |title=Federations: Australia|publisher=[[FIBA]] |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref>
[[File:N.Jawai 2014.JPG|thumb|250px|right|[[Nathan Jawai]] (right) represented Australia at the [[2014 Basketball World Cup]]]]
The [[Australia national soccer team]] have appeared at the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]], [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]], [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]], [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] and [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]. At the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]], the Socceroos surprised many by reaching the Round of 16, losing 1–0 in injury time to the eventual champions, Italy.<ref name=fifathing/> They also hold the unusual distinction of having won continental soccer championships of two confederations – Oceania's [[OFC Nations Cup]] four times between [[1980 OFC Nations Cup|1980]] and [[2004 OFC Nations Cup|2004]] and, after moving to the [[Asian Football Confederation]] in 2005, the [[AFC Asian Cup]] in [[2015 AFC Asian Cup|2015]]. The [[Australia women's national soccer team]], the Matildas, have appeared in all [[FIFA Women's World Cup]]s except the first in [[1991 FIFA Women's World Cup|1991]]. They have advanced past the group stage in each of the last four editions of the competition ([[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup|2007]], [[2011 FIFA Women's World Cup|2011]], [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup|2015]] and [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup|2019]]), losing in the quarter-finals in the first three of these editions and the round of 16 in 2019. In 2015, they became the first senior Australian national team of either sex to win a World Cup knockout stage match, specifically in the round of 16, newly instituted for the Women's World Cup in that year. The Matildas have also enjoyed success at the [[AFC Women's Asian Cup]], advancing at least to the semi-finals in all five competitions since joining the AFC in 2006 and winning in [[2010 AFC Women's Asian Cup|2010]]. Australia will co-host the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]] alongside [[New Zealand]].
Australia are the most successful side at the [[Underwater Hockey World Championships]], winning 25 titles including 11 men's elite championships and 8 women's elite championships.
Australia has also hosted a number of major international sporting events, including the [[1956 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2000 Summer Olympics]]. The country also regularly hosts a major tennis [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] event, the [[Australian Open]], an [[Formula One|FIA Formula One World Championship round]] ([[Australian Grand Prix]]), motorcycle [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] round ([[Australian motorcycle Grand Prix]]), as well as rounds of the [[Superbike World Championship]], [[World Rally Championship]] alongside major domestically created, internationally recognised events including the [[Melbourne Cup]] and the [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]].{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=xii}}
Australia has hosted the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] along with New Zealand.<ref name="ESPNCricinfo.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ESPNCricinfo.com/index.php|title=Oops… Looks like something went wrong! This page does not exist or has been moved.|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> The 2015 Cricket World Cup generated more than [[Australian dollar|A$]]1.1 billion in direct spending, created the equivalent of 8,320 full-time jobs, and had a total of 2 million bed nights across the two host countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 gives economic boost to Australia and New Zealand |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/88460/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015-gives-economic-boost-to-australia-and-new-zealand |work=ICC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113031111/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/88460/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015-gives-economic-boost-to-australia-and-new-zealand |archive-date=13 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Australia has also hosted the [[2003 Rugby World Cup]], with the event generating around A$1 billion in economic activity while bringing in 2 million visitors to the country.<ref name="SummersMorgan2005p12"/>
The [[1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England]] was the first tour by any sports team from Australia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meares|first1=Peter|title=Back to the Studio: The Inside Stories from Australia's Best-known Sports Commentators|date=2011|publisher=HarperCollins|location=Australia|isbn=9780730497646|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUeHoYSnFygC|access-date=24 September 2014}}</ref>
{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=9}}
===Olympics===
{{see also| Australia at the Olympics}}
[[File:P33 - Investing in our future sporting champions.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Australia's Olympic medal totals|alt=graph]]
[[File:Bobridge, meares and kelly.jpg|thumb|right|Australian track cyclists [[Jack Bobridge]], [[Anna Meares]] and [[Shane Kelly]].]]
The Olympic movement in Australia started out during the 1900s and 1910s. The first organisations for the Olympics in Australia came out of the athletics governance system and resulted in the creation of state based Olympic committees. The first national governing body for Australian Olympics was created in 1914 and was a joint effort with New Zealand though New Zealand was a less than able partner. The movement in Australia then stagnated as a result of the [[World War I|Great War]]. The New Zealand and Australian organisation was disbanded and an Australian only national organisation was founded in 1920 called the [[Australian Olympic Federation]]. The early goals of the organisation were to ratify team selection and to fundraise to assist Olympians in paying for their travel to compete at the Games. By the 1980s, the organisation had issues on the international level as the IOC wanted them to re-structure; until this time, the organisation followed governance models similar to that of other Australian sporting organisations with a federated model of governance. Changes were made the organisation ended up with an executive board with a president, two vice presidents, a secretary general and a 14-member executive board which had 10 elected members, 4 IOC members and 2 members of the Athlete's Commission.{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=153}}
Australia has hosted the Olympics twice, in 1956 in Melbourne and in 2000 in Sydney. These were the first Games hosted in the southern hemisphere.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=xiii}}{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=46}}<ref name="ThompsonMcGovern2008p102"/> Brisbane will host the 2032 Summer Games.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-21/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city/100311320|title=Brisbane announced as 2032 Olympic Games host city at IOC meeting in Tokyo|work=[[ABC News (Australia)]]|date= 21 July 2021|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref>
Australia has been influential in the Olympic movement, with four Australian representatives who are members of the [[International Olympic Committee]].{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=153}}
The government has provided monetary support for the Olympics. In the lead up to the 1924 Games, they provided 3,000 pounds and in 1936 provided 2,000 pounds. This support was seen as a way of supporting national identity, but no formal system existed for the funding wider sport at the time.{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=39}}
The 1956 Games were the first time Australia had an [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|Equestrian]] competitor when Victorian Ernie Barker competed.<ref name="ThompsonMcGovern2008p102"/> Australia has generally been a world power in Olympic swimming since the [[1956 Melbourne Olympics]]: swimmers like [[Shane Gould]], [[Dawn Fraser]], [[Ian Thorpe]], [[Kieren Perkins]] and [[Ariarne Titmus]] have taken multiple gold medals.<ref name=corpoarateaocsutf/>
Australia performed relatively poorly at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. This upset the nation as it challenged a fundamental part of Australian identity. The following Olympics, the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], some Australian sports sat out as part of a boycott{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=x}}{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=53}} and the country earned only nine medals, two of them gold, in Moscow.{{sfn|Crotty|Roberts|2008|p=198–200}} To prevent a recurrence of this, the Australian Institute of Sport was created to help improve Australia's medal tally at the Games.{{sfn|Crotty|Roberts|2008|p=198–200}}{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=53}}
Channel Seven had exclusive Australian [[free-to-air]], [[pay television]], [[On-line and off-line|online]] and [[Mobile phone|mobile telephone]] broadcast rights to the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]]. The live telecast of the 2008 Summer Olympics was shared by the Seven Network and [[SBS Television]]. Seven broadcast the opening and closing ceremonies and mainstream sports, including [[swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[sport of athletics|athletics]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[cycle sport|cycling]], and [[gymnastics]]. In contrast, [[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS TV]] provided complementary coverage focused on long-form events such as [[association football|soccer]], [[road bicycle racing|road cycling]], [[volleyball]], and [[table tennis]].<ref name=sbsetelevion/>
===Paralympics===
{{see also| Australia at the Paralympics}}
[[File:16 ACPS Atlanta 1996 Australian Swim Team Training.jpg|right|thumb|Australian swimmers at the training pool at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games|alt=Swimmers posed in a group shot around the edge of a pool]]
Australia has attended every Summer Paralympics and hosted the [[2000 Summer Paralympics|2000 Sydney Games]]. Australia sent a delegation of 170 athletes to compete at the [[2008 Summer Paralympics]] in [[Beijing]],<ref name=smhparagrams/> and a team of 11 competitors to compete in two disciplines at the [[2010 Winter Paralympics]] in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]], Canada.<ref name=athletes/> A team of 161 members [[Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics|was sent]] to the [[2012 Summer Paralympics]] in London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/pm-launches-2012-australian-paralympic-team |title=PM launches 2012 Australian Paralympic Team |date=25 June 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704061635/http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/pm-launches-2012-australian-paralympic-team |archive-date=4 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Commonwealth Games===
{{see also|Australia at the Commonwealth Games}}
Australians take the [[Commonwealth Games]] seriously because, on one level of national thinking, the event offers the country an opportunity to prove they are superior to the "original country", the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=368–369}}{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=167-173}}<ref name=mothersareyes/><ref name=theseonlygmaes/> By the [[1938 British Empire Games]], Australia's combined medal total was already greater than that of the [[Home Nations]] tallies combined. Australia would go on to beat England in total medals at the Commonwealth Games in 1950, 1962, 1970, 1974 and 1982.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=368–369}} This rivalry with England continues to be an important component of the games for the country.<ref name=mothersareyes/><ref name=theseonlygmaes/>
==Events==
'''January'''
* [[Brisbane International]]
* [[Sydney International]]
* [[Hobart International]]
* [[Hopman Cup]]
* [[Australian Open]]
'''February – March'''
* [[AFL Women's|AFL Women's Season]]
'''February – August'''
* [[Super Rugby|Super Rugby Season]]
'''March – September'''
* [[National Rugby League|NRL Season]]
* [[Australian Football League|AFL Season]]
'''April'''
* [[A-League Grand Final]]
'''April – August'''
* [[Suncorp Super Netball|Super Netball Season]]
'''June – July'''
* [[State of Origin series]] (rugby league)
'''September'''
* [[AFL Grand Final]]
'''September – February'''
* [[Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament|One-Day Cup]]
'''September – March'''
* [[Sheffield Shield]]
* [[Women's National Cricket League]]
'''October'''
* [[NRL Grand Final]]
'''October – November'''
* [[Women's Big Bash League|WBBL Season]]
'''October – January'''
* [[Women's National Basketball League|WNBL Season]]
'''October – March'''
* [[National Basketball League (Australia)|NBL Season]]
'''October – April'''
* [[A-League Men|A-League Men Season]]
'''November'''
* [[Australian Open (golf)|Australian Open, Golf]]
'''November – February'''
* [[Australian Baseball League|ABL Season]]
'''December – January'''
* [[Big Bash League|BBL Season]]
== See also ==
* [[Concussions in Australian sport]]
=== By demographic ===
* [[Women's sport in Australia]]
* [[Sport in rural and regional Australia]]
* [[Disabled sport in Australia]]
=== By social and cultural context ===
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Australian national sports team nicknames]]
* [[Aussie Aussie Aussie, Oi Oi Oi]]
* [[Indigenous Australians#Recreation and sport]]
* [[List of sports museums and halls of fame in Australia]]
* [[List of international sports events in Australia]]
* [[List of Australian sports controversies]]
* [[List of Australian sports songs]]
* [[List of Australian sports films]]
{{div col end}}
=== By sport ===
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game]]
* [[Athletics in Australia]]
* [[Baseball in Australia]]
* [[Basketball in Australia]]
* [[Castellers de Sydney|Castelling in Australia]]
* [[Cricket in Australia]]
* [[Field hockey in Australia|Hockey in Australia]]
* [[List of Australian equestrians]]
* [[Golf in Australia]]
* [[Motorsport in Australia]]
* [[Rugby league in Australia]]
* [[Rugby union in Australia]]
* [[Soccer in Australia]]
* [[Surfing in Australia]]
* [[Tennis in Australia]]
* [[Winter sport in Australia]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=mothersareyes>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/News/Newsletters/vol02no05.htm|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20051012140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/10196/20051013-0000/www.commonwealthgames.org.au/News/Newsletters/vol02no05.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-10-12|access-date=6 October 2012|via=National Library of Australia|author=Australian Commonwealth Games Association|title=2002 GAMES — An English garden party or a case of "The Empire Strikes Back?"|journal=Australian Commonwealth Games Association Newsletter|volume=2|edition=5|date=June 2001}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
<ref name=abs20092010>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Sports%20and%20physical%20recreation~116|access-date=5 October 2012|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|location=Canberra, Australia|date=3 February 2011|title=Adult Participation in Sport and Physical Recreation}}</ref>
<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbl.com.au/index.php?id=959|publisher=National Basketball League|access-date=4 October 2011|title=Basketball in Australia|location=Australia}}</ref>
<ref name="culture.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://culture.gov.au/articles/surflifesaving/ |title=Surf lifesaving |publisher=Culture.gov.au |date=26 February 2008 |access-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228072923/http://culture.gov.au/articles/surflifesaving/ |archive-date=28 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
<ref name=theseonlygmaes>{{cite news|title=Beating England is the only game in town|newspaper=The Sunday Age|location=Melbourne, Australia|date=October 2010|first=Tony|last=Wilson|page=15|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:ASAB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=132A003EF73C55C8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9}}</ref>
<ref name="footywire1">{{cite web|url=http://www.footywire.com/afl/footy/attendances?year=2011&t=A&h=A&s=A |title=2011 AFL Crowds and Match Attendances |publisher=Footywire.com |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="heraldsun.com.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/opinion/just-a-soccer-ruse/story-e6frfhqf-1225886397854 |title=World Cup soccer fans abandon reality for fantasy, says Neil Mitchell |work=Herald Sun |publisher=News |date=1 July 2010|access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="movie focus">{{cite web| url = http://www.abc.net.au/atthemovies/txt/s2004682.htm| title = At the Movies Review| publisher = ABC| access-date = 29 August 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070904151332/http://www.abc.net.au/atthemovies/txt/s2004682.htm| archive-date = 4 September 2007| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="Newstalk ZB">{{cite web | last = Newstalk ZB | title = League becomes Australia's top sport | work = TVNZ | location =New Zealand | publisher = Television New Zealand Limited | date = 21 December 2009 | url = http://tvnz.co.nz/rugby-league-news/league-becomes-australia-s-top-sport-3315931 | access-date = 24 December 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="realfooty2007">{{cite web|url=http://realfooty.com.au/news/news/we-love-aussie-rules/2007/06/19/1182019117471.html |title=More chase Sherrin than before |publisher=realfooty.com.au |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
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<ref name=roymasters>{{cite web| last = Masters| first = Roy| title = Messenger can watch a better league broadcast in the US than south of the border| work = Brisbane Times| date = 4 October 2009| url = http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/business/messenger-can-watch-a-better-league-broadcast-in-the-us-than-south-of-the-border-20091004-ghve.html| access-date = 4 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=roy-morgan>{{cite web|url=http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2006/489/|title=Press release|access-date=4 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045855/http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2006/489/|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name=sbsetelevion>{{cite web | title = Seven & SBS to Broadcast Beijing Olympics | publisher = SportBusiness | url = http://www.sportbusiness.com/news/161653/seven-sbs-to-broadcast-beijing-olympics | date = 4 April 2007 | access-date = 28 June 2007}}</ref>
<ref name=smhparagrams>{{cite web |title=Missing chair provides Paralympic scare |work =The Sydney Morning Herald |date=2 September 2008 |url=http://news.smh.com.au/sport/missing-chair-provides-paralympic-scare-20080902-47n2.html |access-date=3 September 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name=somealeageusource>{{cite web | first = Rick | last = D'Andrea |url=http://www.insidefutbol.com/2009/10/25/australian-a-league-suffering-attendance-decline/11426/ |title=A-League Suffering Attendance Decline |publisher=Insidefutbol |date=25 October 2009 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=sport-media-gov>{{cite web|url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sport-and-the-media|access-date=5 October 2011|title=Sport and the media|date=15 February 2008|publisher=Australian Government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816034551/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sport-and-the-media|archive-date=16 August 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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<ref name=wilalisnans>{{cite magazine | last = Williams| first = Daniel | title = Footy for Thought| magazine = Time | publisher = Time Inc.| date = 31 August 2007| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1657920,00.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101009110521/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1657920,00.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 9 October 2010| access-date = 2 October 2010}}</ref>
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<ref name=evening-post-1922>{{cite web |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19221219.2.83&srpos=3&e=-------10--1----0Netball+South+Africa-- |title=Women in Print |work= Evening Post |volume=CC |issue=147 |date=19 December 1922|page=19 |location=New Zealand |access-date=28 April 2011 |publisher=National Library of New Zealand}}</ref>
<ref name=firstmedaldiving>{{cite web|url=http://www.diving.asn.au/default.asp?MenuID=About_Us/20002/1785/,Hall_of_Fame/20011/1827/|publisher=Diving Australia|title=About Us|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216054950/http://www.diving.asn.au/default.asp?MenuID=About_Us%2F20002%2F1785%2F%2CHall_of_Fame%2F20011%2F1827%2F|archive-date=16 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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<ref name=canoeingaust>{{cite web|title=Fifty Years – A Celebration|url=http://canoe.org.au/?Page=9019&MenuID=ac%5Finformation%2F93%2F0%2F%2CWho%5Fis%5FAustralian%5FCanoeing%3F%2F68%2F1513%2F%2CAustralian%5FCanoeing%5FHistory%2F69%2F0%2F0|publisher=[[Australian Canoeing]]|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>
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<ref name=ussaroudnting>{{cite web|url=http://www.nswicehockey.com.au/history.aspx#top |title=NSW Ice Hockey Facts and Events |publisher= NSW Icehockey |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>
}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book|title=Sport in Australian history|first1=Daryl|last1=Adair|first2=Wray|last2=Vamplew|location=Melbourne|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-19-553590-7|oclc=37217245}}<!-- Last name sort: Adair!-->
* {{cite book|author=All England Netball Association|title=Netball|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnpCldTMIt8C&pg=PA60|year=2009|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-7136-7697-6}} <!-- Last name sort: All England !-->
* {{cite book|first1=Wladimir|last1=Andreff|first2=Stefan|last2=Szymański|title=Handbook on the Economics of Sport|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGRkblShhU8C&pg=PA438|access-date=18 September 2012|year=2006|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84376-608-7}}<!-- Last name sort: Andreff!-->
* {{cite book|title=The Encyclopaedia of Australian sports|first=Malcolm|last=Andrews|location=Sydney|publisher=Golden Press|year=1979|isbn=0-85558-849-7|oclc=21526949}}
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Bloomfield|title=Australia's Sporting Success: The Inside Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtWto0T5FMEC|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-582-7}}<!-- Last name sort: Andrews!-->
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Bale|title=Running Cultures: Racing in Time and Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3I3PrEgnQZQC&pg=PA145|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7146-5535-2}} <!-- Last name sort: Bale !-->
* {{cite book|first1=Tony|last1=Bennett|first2=David|last2=Carter|title=Culture in Australia: Policies, Publics and Programs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3j-Gg3dbWoC&pg=PA239|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00403-9}} <!-- Last name sort: Bennett !-->
* {{cite journal|author=Boy Scouts of America, Inc.|title=Boys' Life|journal=Boys' Life. Inkprint Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdvlr4TKT4cC&pg=PA47|year=1956|publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc |issn=0006-8608}} <!-- Last name sort: Boy Scouts of America, Inc.!-->
* {{cite book|first=Manning|last=Clark|title=A History of Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYpNYjr_xQEC&pg=PA544|year=1993|publisher=Melbourne University Publish|isbn=978-0-522-84523-5}} <!-- Last name sort: Clark!-->
* {{cite book|first1=Felicity|last1=Collins|first2=Therese|last2=Davis|title=Australian Cinema After Mabo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EonrYXRj94C&pg=PA45|access-date=3 October 2012|date=27 October 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54256-2}} <!-- Last name sort: Collins !-->
* {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Crego|title=Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCl1c2yy5ooC|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31610-4}} <!-- Last name sort: Crego !-->
* {{cite book|first1=Martin|last1=Crotty|first2=David|last2=Roberts|title=Turning Points in Australian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wi5me1HBT7kC&pg=PA198|access-date=2 October 2012|date=1 October 2008|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-1-921410-56-7}} <!-- Last name sort: Crotty !-->
* {{cite book|first1=Rodney D.|last1=Fort|first2=John|last2=Fizel|title=International Sports Economics Comparisons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mQHaZaDTzAC&pg=PA295|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98032-0}} <!-- Last name sort: Fort !-->
* {{cite book|first=Allen|last=Guttmann|title=Sports: The First Five Millennia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdTun2Or_qkC&pg=PA86|year=2007|publisher=Univ of Massachusetts Press|isbn=978-1-55849-610-1}} <!-- Last name sort: Guttmann !-->
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* {{cite book|title=No pain, no gain? : sport and Australian culture|first=Jim|last=McKay|location=New York|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1991|isbn=978-0-7248-1080-2|oclc=24408455}} <!-- Last name sort: McKay !-->
* {{cite book|first=Ram Mohun|last=Mojumdar|title=History of Physical Education and Sports|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBEeH8xAvWQC&pg=PT172|year=2009|publisher=Pinnacle Technology|isbn=978-1-61820-459-2}} <!-- Last name sort: Mojumdar !-->
* {{cite book|first1=John|last1=Nauright|first2=Charles|last2=Parrish|title=Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC&pg=PA384|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-300-2}} <!-- Last name sort: Nauright !-->
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* {{Cite book|title= A sporting nation : celebrating Australia's sporting life|first1=Eric C|last1=Rolls|author-link1=Eric Charles Rolls |first2=Marion|last2=Halligan|first3=Marlene|last3=Mathews|first4=Paul|last4=Cliff|location=Canberra|year=1999|isbn=0-642-10704-1|oclc=44839640}} <!-- Last name sort: Rolls !-->
* {{cite book|title=Sport management in Australia : an organisational overview|first1=David|last1=Shilbury|first2=John|last2=Deane|location=Bentleigh East, Victoria|publisher=Strategic Sport Management|year=2001|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-9580170-0-8 |oclc=777321324}} <!-- Last name sort: Shilbury !-->
* {{cite book|first=Holly|last=Smith|title=Melbourne, Victoria and Tasmania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqAyTWrmU_sC&pg=PT96|year=2011|publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc|isbn=978-1-58843-779-2}} <!-- Last name sort: Smith !-->
* {{cite book|first=Bob|last=Stewart|title=Australian Sport — Better by Design?: The Evolution of Australian Sport Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMDqFsGQ5qoC&pg=PA9|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-34046-5}} <!-- Last name sort: Stewart !-->
* {{cite book|title=A national game : the history of Australian rules football|first1=Rob|last1=Hess|first2=Matthew|last2=Nicholson|first3=Bob|last3=Stewart|first4=Gregory|last4=de Moore|location=Camberwell, Victoria|publisher=Penguin|year=2008|isbn=978-0-670-07089-3 |oclc=247974138}}<!-- Last name sort: Stewart !-->
{{div col end}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikinews category}}
* [http://www.ausport.gov.au/ Australian Sports Commission]
* [http://www.ais.org.au/ Australian Institute of Sport]
{{Australian sport}}
{{Oceania in topic|Sport in}}
{{Australia topics}}
{{World topic|Sport in|noredlinks=yes}}
[[Category:Sport in Australia| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Overview of sports traditions and activities in Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2012}}
{{Culture of Australia}}
[[Sport]] is an important part of [[Australia]] that dates back to the early colonial period. [[Australian rules football in Australia|Australian rules football]], [[rugby league]], [[rugby union]], [[Soccer in Australia|association football]], [[Cricket in Australia|cricket]] and [[Tennis in Australia|tennis]] are among the earliest organised sports in Australia. Sport has shaped the Australian national identity through events such as the Australia vs USA basketball match in 2019 which attracted over 100,000 people, the [[Melbourne Cup]] and the [[America's Cup]]. [[Australia]] also holds the record for the largest [[attendance]] at a [[Rugby Union]] match with almost 110 000 watching the [[Australian National Rugby Union Team|Wallabies]] play the [[All Blacks]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.espn.co.uk/onthisday/sport/story/212.html|title=Rugby union's largest crowd}}</ref>
There are a number of professional sport leagues in Australia, including the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL) and [[AFL Women's]] (Australian rules football), [[National Rugby League]] (NRL) and [[NRL Women's Premiership|NRL Women's]] (rugby league), [[Super Rugby Pacific]] (Australia/New Zealand) (Rugby Union), the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]] and the [[Women's National Basketball League]], [[A-League Men]] and [[A-League Women]] ([[Association football|soccer]]), the [[Australian Baseball League]], the [[Big Bash League]] (cricket), [[Women's Big Bash League]] (cricket) and [[Sheffield Shield]] (cricket), [[Suncorp Super Netball]] and the [[Supercars Championship]] ([[touring car racing]]). Attendance for the AFL in 2019 attracted more than 7.5 million people to games,<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFL Tables - Crowds 2019 |url=https://afltables.com/afl/crowds/2019.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=afltables.com}}</ref> while the NRL draws just over 3 million people in a single season.
Historically, rugby league and rugby union football codes have been more popular than Australian rules football in New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Queensland, whereas Australian rules football has been more popular in Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Northern Territory and Western Australia.
Major professional sports leagues in Australia are similar to [[major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada]] in that they do not practice [[promotion and relegation]], unlike sports leagues in Europe and South America.
Australia boasts 7 former world number one [[Squash in Australia|squash]] players, along with a history of success in the [[Squash at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]].
The media plays an important part in Australia's sporting landscape, with many sporting events televised or broadcast on radio. The government has [[anti-siphoning laws]] to protect free-to-air stations. Beyond televising live events, there are many sport-related television and radio programs, as well as several magazine publications dedicated to sport. Australian sport has also been the subject of Australian-made films such as ''[[The Club (1980 film)|The Club]]'', ''[[Australian Rules (film)|Australian Rules]]'', ''[[The Final Winter]]'' and ''[[Footy Legends]]''.
As a nation, Australia has competed in many international events, including the [[Olympics]] and [[Paralympics]]. The country has also twice hosted the [[Summer Olympics]] in [[Melbourne]] ([[1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]) and Sydney ([[2000 Summer Olympics|2000]]), as well as the [[Commonwealth Games]] on five occasions.
Australia is one of six countries to have played in the world cups of cricket, soccer and rugby, along with England, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland and Scotland.
The city of [[Melbourne]] is famous for its major sports events and has been described as the 'sporting capital of the world',<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-named-worlds-sporting-capital-20160421-gobebk.html| title = Melbourne named world's sporting capital| date = 20 April 2016}} </ref> and one of its stadiums, the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], is considered the home [[Australian rules football]] and one of the world's premier Cricket grounds.
==History==
{{Main|History of sport in Australia}}
{{Quote box|quote="Australia's sporting history is marked by great successes, great stories and truly great moments. Sport speaks a universal language in this country – we are a nation of players and enthusiasts." |source = — [[Kevin Rudd]], January 2008<ref>{{cite web|title=The National Sports Museum – celebrating moments that made us|url=http://www.nsm.org.au/Whats%20On/News%20Archive/2008/January/NSM%20celebrating%20moments.aspx|publisher=nsm.org.au|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095416/http://www.nsm.org.au/Whats%20On/News%20Archive/2008/January/NSM%20celebrating%20moments.aspx|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|align=right|width=25em}}
[[File:Australianfootball1866.jpg|thumb|right|220px|An 1860s game of [[Australian rules football]] at the [[Yarra Park|Richmond Paddock]]. A pavilion of the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]] seen on the left in the background. ([[Wood engraving]] made by Robert Bruce in 1866.)]]
Sport came to Australia in 1810 when the first athletics tournament was held; soon after cricket, horse racing and sailing clubs and competitions started. Australia's lower classes would play sports on public holidays, with the upper classes playing more regularly on Saturdays.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=14}} Sydney was the early hub of sport in the colony.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=15}} Early forms of football were played there by 1829.{{sfn|Hess|Nicholson|Stewart|de Moore|2008|p=2}} Early sport in Australia was played along class lines. In 1835, the British Parliament banned blood sports except fox hunting in a law that was implemented in Australia; this was not taken well in the country as it was seen as an attack on the working classes.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=3}} By the late 1830s, horse racing was established in New South Wales and other parts of the country, and enjoyed support across class lines. Gambling was part of sport from the time horse racing became an established sport in the colony.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=3}} Horse racing was also happening in Melbourne at [[Batman's Hill]] in 1838, with the first race meeting in Victoria taking place in 1840.{{sfn|Hess|Nicholson|Stewart|de Moore|2008|p=1}} Cricket was also underway with the [[Melbourne Cricket Club]] founded in 1838.{{sfn|Hess|Nicholson|Stewart|de Moore|2008|p=1}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=148}} Sport was being used during the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s as a form of social integration across classes.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=4}} [[Australian rules football|Victorian rules football]] (later known as Australian rules) was codified in 1859.{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=236}}{{sfn|Crego|2003|p=242}} Australian football clubs still around in the current [[Australian Football League]] were founded by 1858.{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=148}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=236}}{{sfn|Crego|2003|p=242}} Originally formed as the South Australian Football Association on 30 April 1877, the SANFL (South Australian National Football League) is the oldest surviving football league of any code in Australia. The [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], Australia's largest sporting arena, opened in 1853.{{sfn|Smith|2011|p=96}} The [[Melbourne Cup]] was first run in 1861.{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}} A [[rugby union]] team was established at the [[University of Sydney]] in 1864.{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}} Regular sport did not begin to be played in South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia until the late 1860s and early 1870s.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=15}}
[[File:Ashes Urn 1921.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Early photo of [[The Ashes Urn: Its Origin and History|the Ashes Urn]], from the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'', 1921]]
The first Australian cricket team to go on tour internationally did so in 1868. [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|The Australian side]] was an all Aboriginal one and toured England where they played 47 games, where they won 14 games, drew 19 and lost 14.{{sfn|Rolls|Halligan|Mathews|Cliff|1999|p=27}}Australia's adoption of sport as a national pastime was so comprehensive that [[Anthony Trollope]] remarked in his book, ''Australia'', published in 1870, "The English passion for the amusements which are technically called 'sports', is not a national necessity with the Americans, whereas with the Australians it is almost as much so as home."{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=7}}
The first team formally organised soccer team was formed in Sydney in 1880 and was named the Wanderers.{{sfn|Rolls|Halligan|Mathews|Cliff|1999|p=42}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=203}} Sport was receiving coverage in Australian newspapers by 1876 when a sculling race in England was reported in the ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]''.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=15}} In 1877, Australia played in the first Test Cricket match against England. In 1882, [[The Ashes]] were started following the victory of the [[Australia national cricket team]] over England.{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=9}} Field hockey teams for men and women were established by 1890.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=368–369}} The [[Sheffield Shield]] cricket competition was first held in 1891 with New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia participating in the inaugural competition. The remaining states would not participate until much later, with Queensland first participating in 1926–27, Western Australia in 1947–48 and Tasmania in 1982–83.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=x}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=1999}} In 1897 the [[Victorian Football League (1897–1989)|Victorian Football League]], which later became the AFL the Australian Football League, was founded{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=227}} after breaking away from the [[Victorian Football Association]].{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=227}}
The first [[badminton]] competition in [[Badminton Australia|Australia]] was played in 1900.<ref name=badmintonsource/> The first [[ice hockey]] game was played in Melbourne on 12 July 1906 between a local Melbourne team and a team from the crew of the visiting US warship {{USS|Baltimore|C-3|6}}.<ref name=ussaroudnting/>
Motor racing began in the first years of federation with motorcycle racing beginning at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] in 1901 with automobile motorsport following in 1904 at [[Aspendale Racecourse]] in Melbourne. A dedicated race track was added to Aspendale's horse racing track in 1906, although it fell into disuse almost immediately.
Rugby league has been the overwhelmingly dominant rugby code in Australia since 1908 (this position remains unchallenged to this day). When Messenger and the All Golds returned from Great Britain in 1908, they helped the new clubs adapt to the rules of rugby league prior to the inaugural [[1908 NSWRFL season]]. The Queensland Rugby Football League also formed early in 1908 by seven [[Rugby football|rugby]] players who were dissatisfied with the administration of the [[Queensland Rugby Union]].<ref name="QRLstoryoftheqrl">{{cite web|url=http://www.qrl.com.au/qrl_history/story_of_the_qrl.php|title=Story of the QRL|publisher=Queensland Rugby League|access-date=2 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929074716/http://www.qrl.com.au/qrl_history/story_of_the_qrl.php|archive-date=29 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Australia national rugby union team]] had their first international test against New Zealand in 1903, and first international tour in 1908, earning their nickname of the Wallabies after two British journalists used it to refer to the team.{{sfn|Rolls|Halligan|Mathews|Cliff|1999|p=39}} The team won gold at the [[1908 Summer Olympics]]; however the majority of the squad joined rugby league clubs upon returning to Australia.<ref name="RLHist">{{cite web|url=http://www.rl1908.com/History/rebellion.htm |title=The Founding of Rugby League in Australia & New Zealand |last=Fagan |first=Sean |access-date=25 July 2007 |publisher=rl1908.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021080815/http://www.rl1908.com/History/rebellion.htm |archive-date=21 October 2006 }}</ref>
Women represented Australia for the first time at the [[1912 Summer Olympics|Olympics in 1912]].{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}} [[Surfing in Australia|Surfing]] came to Australia by 1915{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}} with the first [[surf life saving]] competition being held that year.{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=212}} [[Les Darcy]] began his boxing career in 1915, with some of his later fights taking place at [[Sydney Stadium]]. The following year, an American promoter encouraged Darcy to go to the United States at a time when Australia was actively recruiting young men for the armed services. Controversy resulted and Darcy died at the age of 21 in the United States. When his body was returned to Australia, 100,000 people attended his Sydney funeral.{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=68-69}}<ref name="FitzSimons2010"/><ref name="Headoned2003"/><ref name="Seal2001"/><ref name="MacCallum2009"/> Darcy would remain significant to Australians into the 2000s, when [[Kevin Rudd]] mentioned his story.<ref name="MacCallum2009"/>
[[File:StateLibQld 1 292827 Group of tennis players, ca. 1922.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Group of tennis players, ca. 1922.|alt=Five women standing with tennis rackets in hand]]
In 1922, a committee in Australia investigated the benefits of physical education for girls. They came up with several recommendations regarding what sports were and were not appropriate for girls to play based on the level of fitness required. It was determined that for some individual girls that for medical reasons, the girls should probably not be allowed to participate in tennis, netball, lacrosse, golf, hockey, and cricket. Football was completely medically inappropriate for girls to play. It was medically appropriate for all girls to be able to participate in, so long as they were not done in an overly competitive manner, swimming, rowing, cycling and horseback riding.<ref name=evening-post-1922/> [[Dick Eve]] won Australia's first Olympic diving gold medal in 1924.<ref name=firstmedaldiving/> In 1924 the Australian Rugby League Board of Control, later to be known as the [[Australian Rugby League]], was formed to administer the [[Australia national rugby league team|national team]] (the Kangaroos), and later as the national governing body for the sport of [[Rugby league]]. In 1928 the team also adopted the [[National colours of Australia|national colours]] of green and gold for the first time, having previously used blue and maroon, making the Kangaroos the third national sporting body to do so after [[Australian national cricket team|cricket]] (from 1899) and the [[Australian Olympic team]] (from 1908).<ref>{{cite web|last=[[Sean Fagan|Fagan, Sean]]|title=To Wattle Gold and Gum Green Jerseys|url=http://rl1908.com/Kangaroos/arl-colours.htm|work=RL1908.com|access-date=7 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514024646/http://rl1908.com/Kangaroos/arl-colours.htm|archive-date=14 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Netball Australia]] was founded in 1927 as the All Australia Women's Basket Ball Association.{{sfn|R.I.C. Publications|2008|p=90–91}}
[[File:4th Test Woodfull.jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|1932–33 Ashes]]: [[Bill Woodfull]] evades a bodyline ball at [[the Gabba]]]]
During the 1930s, the playing of sport on Sunday was banned in most country outside South Australia.<ref name="Sumerling2011"/> The [[Bodyline cricket series]] between Australia and England took place in 1932–33. The English side were very determined to win, using physical intimidation against Australia to insure it.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=xii}}{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=26}} The bowling style used by the team known [[body-line bowling]] was devised by [[Douglas Jardine]] with advice from [[Frank Foster (cricketer)|Frank Foster]] in England ahead of the series in order to defeat Australian batsman [[Donald Bradman]]. Going into the start of the series, [[Bill Voce]] told the media "If we don't beat you, we'll knock your bloody heads off." The style of play was such that the Australians contemplated cancelling the series after the Adelaide test.{{sfn|Andrews|1979|p=26}}{{sfn|Rolls|Halligan|Mathews|Cliff|1999|p=28}}
Following a successful Australian racing career, the race horse [[Phar Lap]] went to the United States where he died. There were many conspiracy theories at the time and later that suggested people in the United States poisoned the horse to prevent him from winning.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=xii}}
Australian women's sports had an advantage over many other women's sport organisations around the world in the period after World War II. [[Women's sports]] organisations had largely remained intact and were holding competitions during the war period. This structure survived in the post war period. Women's sport were not hurt because of food rationing, petrol rationing, population disbursement, and other issues facing post-war Europe.{{sfn|Stell|1991|p=100}} In September 1949, [[Australian Canoeing]] is founded as the Australian Canoe Federation.<ref name=canoeingaust/>
By the 1960s, Australia had an international identity as a sport-obsessed country, an identity which was embraced inside the country. This was so well known that in a 1962 edition of ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', Australia was named the most sports-obsessed country in the world.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=6}} In 1967, Australia hosted the second [[World Netball Championships]] in Perth.{{sfn|All England Netball Association|2009|p=60}} That same year, South Australia became the last state to lift its ban on the playing of sports on Sunday.<ref name="Sumerling2011"/>
Starting in the early 1970s, Australian sport underwent a [[paradigm]] shift with sponsorship becoming one of the fundamental drivers of earnings for Australian sport on amateur and professional levels. By the mid-1980s, the need for the ability to acquire sponsorship dollars in sport was so great that job applicants for sport administrator positions were expected to be able to demonstrate an ability to get it.{{sfn|McKay|1991|p=42}}
During the 1970s, Australia was being routinely defeated in major international competitions as Eastern Bloc countries enjoyed strong government support for sport. The Liberal governments at the time were opposed to similar intervention in Australia's sporting system as they felt it would be government intrusion into an important component of Australian life.{{sfn|Crotty|Roberts|2008|p=198–205}} In the [[1974 Australian federal election|1974 elections]], several Australian sporting competitors endorsed the Liberal party in advertisements that ran on television. Competitors involved included [[Ron Barassi]], NSWRL player [[Johnny Raper]] and horse trainer [[Tommie Smith]].{{sfn|McKay|1991|p=71}} That year, the [[Australia national association football team|Australian team]] qualified for the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]], the first successful qualification to the [[FIFA World Cup]] in the country's history after failing to qualify to the 1966 and 1970 tournaments. It would prove to be the only appearance for the Australian team for more than three decades.{{sfn|Rolls|Halligan|Mathews|Cliff|1999|p=42}}
The [[Barassi Line|regional football code divide in Australia]] was still present in the 1980s, with [[rugby league]] football being the dominant code in [[Queensland]], [[Australian Capital Territory|ACT]] and [[New South Wales]] while [[Australian rules football]] dominated in the rest of the country. When codes went outside of their traditional geographic home, they had little success in gaining new fans and participants.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=x}} The [[Australian Institute of Sport]] was founded in 1981.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=x}} In the lead up to and during the [[1982 Commonwealth Games]], the police were called upon to stop protests by [[Aboriginal land rights]] activists who staged protests timed with the event in order to politicise the event.{{sfn|McKay|1991|p=74}} Australia had competitors in the [[America's Cup]] yacht race for a number of years. Going into the 1983 race, the Australian media was not that interested in the race as they expected a similar result and in the media lead-up to the event, made it out to be a race for rich people. This lack of interest continued throughout the early races. Near the end, when Australia finally appeared poised to win it, millions of Australians turned on their television to watch the [[Australia II]] win the competition.{{sfn|McKay|1991|p=21}} That year, the Liberals used Australian tennis star [[John Newcombe]] and race car drivers [[Peter Brock]] and [[Alan Jones (racing driver)|Alan Jones]] in their political advertising.{{sfn|McKay|1991|p=72}} Athletes would again be used, this time by the Labor Party, in the 1989 elections.{{sfn|McKay|1991|p=72}} During the 1980s, Australian soccer players began to start playing regularly in overseas professional leagues, with the most successful player of the decade being [[Craig Johnston]] who scored a goal in the 1986 FA Cup Final for Liverpool.{{sfn|Rolls|Halligan|Mathews|Cliff|1999|p=42}} During the 1980s, the federal government created a number of sport programs including Aussie Sports and Active Australia.{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=89}} The [[Australia women's national field hockey team]] began their run as one of the top teams in the world in 1985, a place they would hold until 2000.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=368–369}}
In 1990, the Victorian Football League changed its name to the [[Australian Football League]]. During the 1990s, [[soccer in Australia]] faced a challenge in attracting youth players because of the ethnic nature of the sport at the highest levels of national competition. The sport's governing body made an effort to make the game less ethnically oriented. At the same time, rival football codes were intentionally trying to bring in ethnic participants in order to expand their youth playing base.<ref name="Russell2011p11"/> Doping became a concern during the 1980s and more active steps were taken to combat it in Australia in the early 1990s. In 1990, the ''Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990'' was passed and took control of doping test away from the Australian Sport Commission and put it into the hands of an independent doping control agency as of 17 February 1991.{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=88}}
[[File:2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony 1.JPEG|thumb|left|The [[2000 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony]] at [[Stadium Australia]] on 15 September 2000]]
In 2006, Melbourne hosted the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]].{{sfn|Mojumdar|2009|p=172}} Later that year, the [[Australia national association football team|Australian team]] competed in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], their second [[FIFA World Cup]] appearance after 32 years of failing to qualify for the tournament.<ref name="Timeline">{{cite web|title=Timeline of Australian Football|url=http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/worldcup/timeline.shtml|publisher=migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au|access-date=20 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217101940/http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/worldcup/timeline.shtml|archive-date=17 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Black Caviar Ascot.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Black Caviar]] prior to the 2012 [[Diamond Jubilee Stakes]] at [[Royal Ascot]]]]
In 2012, the [[Australian Rugby League Commission]] was formed, bringing to an end the involvement of News Limited in the administration of Rugby League and the media companies' conflict of interests in the sport, finally concluding the fall-out from the [[Super League war]] in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrl.com/About/ARLCommission/tabid/10891/Default.aspx|title=Australian Rugby League Commission|access-date=19 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302082812/http://www.nrl.com/About/ARLCommission/tabid/10891/Default.aspx|archive-date=2 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> From 2008 until 2013, the Australian [[thoroughbred]] mare [[Black Caviar]] was undefeated for her entire 25-race career, a record not equaled in over 100 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/superracing/black-caviar-proves-her-critics-wrong-with-another-whirlwind-success-in-tj-smith/story-fndps3qy-1226619744317|title=Black Caviar proves her critics wrong with another whirlwind success in TJ Smith|access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref> Notable wins include the 2012 Diamond Jubilee Stakes, as well as being named the top sprinter from 2010 to 2012 in the [[World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings]] and entering the [[Australian Racing Hall of Fame]] while still in training. Another thoroughbred mare, [[Winx (horse)|Winx]], though not finishing unbeaten for her career, surpassed Black Caviar's record for consecutive wins by winning the last 33 races of her career, a streak running from May 2015 to April 2019. She also entered the Hall of Fame while in training, and set a world record for most Group 1 wins with 25. Among her wins were four consecutive [[Cox Plate]]s.
==Organisation==
{{Main|Organisation of sport in Australia}}
The organisation of sport in Australia has been largely determined by its Federal system of government – [[Government of Australia|Australian Government]] and [[States and territories of Australia|six states and two territories governments]] and [[Local government in Australia|local governments]].<ref name=profile>{{cite book|title=Australian sport : a profile|year=1985|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|location=Canberra|isbn=0-644-03667-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/australiansport00aust}}</ref>
State and Territory governments have a department with responsibility for sport and recreation. These departments provide assistance to state sports organisations, develop and manage sporting facilities, provide financial assistance for major sporting events and develop policies to assist sports across their state or territory. Each Australian State and Territory has established its own institute/academy of sport – [[ACT Academy of Sport]] (established 1989), [[New South Wales Institute of Sport]] (1996), [[Northern Territory Institute of Sport]] (1996), [[Queensland Academy of Sport]] (1991), [[South Australian Sports Institute]] (1982), [[Tasmanian Institute of Sport]] (1985), [https://web.archive.org/web/20131216093346/http://www.vis.org.au/about-us.html Victorian Institute of Sport] (1990) and [[Western Australian Institute of Sport]] (1984).{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003}}{{pn|date=February 2022}}
There are 560 local councils across Australia. Local governments generally focus on the provision of facilities such as swimming pools, sporting fields, stadiums and tennis courts.<ref name=local>{{cite book|title=Sport and recreation in local government.|year=1998|publisher=Australian Sports Commission|location=Canberra|isbn=0-642-26345-0}}</ref>
Government involvement in sport up until the 1970s was fairly limited with local governments playing a major role through the provision of sporting facilities.<ref name=profile/> However, this changed over the next two decades with an Australian Bureau of Statistics survey in 2001–2002 finding that approximately $2 billion was spent on sport by three levels of government – 10 per cent from the Australian Government, 40 per cent from state and territory governments, and the remaining 50 per cent from local government.<ref name=crawford>{{cite book|title=Future of Sport in Australia|year=2010|publisher=Dept. of Health and Aging|location=Canberra|url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/1DDA76A44E5F4DD4CA257671000E4C45/$File/Crawford_Report.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103172207/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/1DDA76A44E5F4DD4CA257671000E4C45/$File/Crawford_Report.pdf|archive-date=3 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> State, territory and local government spending was predominantly directed to facilities and their upkeep.<ref name=crawford/> In 1973, the Recreation Minister's Council was established to provide a forum for Australian Government and State and Territory Minister's responsible for sport and recreation to discuss matters of interest.<ref name=profile/> With government's taking an increased involvement in sport, it became the Sport and Recreation Minister's Council.<ref name=profile/> More recently is referred to as Meeting of Sport and Recreation Ministers.<ref name=msrm>{{cite web|title=Meeting of Sport and Recreation Ministers|url=http://www.ausport.gov.au/information/casro/about_us/msrm|work=Australian Sports Commission website|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216094829/http://www.ausport.gov.au/information/casro/about_us/msrm|archive-date=16 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Meeting is assisted by the Committee of Australian Sport and Recreation Officials (CASRO) previously called the Standing Committee on Sport and Recreation (SCORS).<ref name=msrm/> The Meeting works cooperatively on issues such as match fixing, sport participation and water safety.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sport and Recreation Ministerial Council Meeting|url=http://www.regional.gov.au/sport/minister/releases/2012/kl027.aspx|work=Department of Regional Australia, Local Government and thy Arts, Sport Minister Release, 11 July 2012|access-date=24 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419021205/http://regional.gov.au/sport/minister/releases/2012/kl027.aspx|archive-date=19 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2011, Minister's signed the ''National Sport and Active Recreation Policy Framework''.<ref name=framework>{{cite book|title=National Sport and Recreation Active Framework|year=2011|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|location=Canberra|isbn=978-1-921739-52-1|page=2011|url=http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/467563/National_Sport_and_Active_Recreation_Policy_Framework.pdf|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212063252/http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/467563/National_Sport_and_Active_Recreation_Policy_Framework.pdf|archive-date=12 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The framework "provides a mechanism for the achievement of national goals for sport and active recreation, sets out agreed roles and responsibilities of governments and their expectations of sport and active recreation partners."<ref name=framework/> In 1993, National Elite Sports Council was established to provide a forum for communication, issues management and national program coordination across the high performance in Australia.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003}}{{pn|date=February 2022}} It includes representatives from AIS, State Institute /Academies, [[Australian Olympic Committee]], [[Australian Paralympic Committee]], and the [[Australian Commonwealth Games Association]].<ref name=asc>{{cite web|title=High performance sport in Australia|url=http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/australias_winning_edge/high_performance_sport_in_australia|work=Australian Sports Commission website|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225045609/http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/australias_winning_edge/high_performance_sport_in_australia|archive-date=25 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ferguson>{{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Jim|title=More than sunshine & vegemite : success the Australian way|year=2007|publisher=Halstead Press|location=Sydney|isbn=978-1-920831-34-9}}</ref>
In 2011, ''National Institute System Intergovernmental Agreement'' provides "guidance on how the sector will operate, with a principal focus on the delivery of the high performance plans of national sporting organisations."<ref name=nisia>{{cite book|title=National Institute System Intergovernmental Agreement, June 2011|year=2011|url=http://www.regional.gov.au/sport/programs/files/IA_national_institute_system.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504211611/http://regional.gov.au/sport/programs/files/IA_national_institute_system.pdf|archive-date=4 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The Australian government provided small amounts of funding in the 1950s and 1960s through the support of the [[National Fitness Council]] and international sporting teams such as the Australian Olympic team.<ref name=profile/> The [[Australian Government]]'s serious involvement and investment into sport came with it establishing the [[Australian Institute of Sport]] (AIS) in 1981.<ref name=profile/> AIS was set up to improve Australia's performances in international sport which had started to decline in the 1960s and 1970s culminating in Australia winning no gold medals at the [[1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Montreal Olympics]].{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003}}{{pn|date=February 2022}} In 1985, the [[Australian Sports Commission]] (ASC) was established to improve the [[Australian Government]]'s administration of sport in terms of funding, participation and elite sport.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003}}{{pn|date=February 2022}} The 1989 Senate Inquiry into drugs in sport resulted in the establishment of the Australian Sport Drug Agency (now called [[Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority]] (ASADA)) in 1990 to manage Australia's anti-doping program.{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003}}{{pn|date=February 2022}}
==Participation==
[[File:ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-SportsRecreationActivities-Persons-A2545781V.svg|thumb|right|300px|Total employment in the sports and recreation sector (thousands of people) since 1984]]
The highest rates of participation for Australian sport and recreation are informal, non-organised sports with bike riding, skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter topping the list of activities for children, with 66% of all boys bike riding and 55.9% of all boys skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter in 2009 and 2010. Girls also participated in these activities at high rates with 54.4% of them doing bike riding and 42.4% skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter. Other sports popular for Australian girls include dancing, which had 26.3% participation, swimming with 19.8% participation and netball at 17%. For boys, the other popular sports for participation included soccer with a rate of participation of 19.9%, swimming with a participation rate of 17.2%, Australian rules at 16%.<ref name=abs20092010/>
[[File:GKRP bike.jpg|thumb|left|Bicycle riding is one of the most popular forms of physical recreation in Australia]]
Participation rates for adults in Australia were much lower than that of Australian children. For adult women in Australia, the number one sport activity they participate in is walking with 30% having done this in 2009 and 2010. The second most popular form of exercise and sport was Aerobics/fitness/gym with a rate of 16.7%. The third most popular for adult women was swimming and diving with 8.4%. For men, the most popular sport activity was also walking with a participation rate of 15.6%. This was followed by Aerobics/fitness/gym with 11.2%. The third most popular sport for adult males was cycling/BMXing with a participation rate of 8.2%.<ref name=abs20092010/>
There are 34,000 athletes, officials and coaches currently registered with the [[Athletics Australia]].<ref name=report/> A 2007 estimate claimed that Australian football had 615,549 participants,<ref name="realfooty2007"/> Basketball has become one of the most popular participation sports in Australia. In [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], and [[Melbourne (Victoria)|Melbourne]], particularly, it has more participants than any other sport.<ref name=gelongaobover/><ref name=heraledsunthing/><ref name="heraldsun.com.au"/> Australia's warm climate and long coastline of sandy beaches and rolling waves provide ideal conditions for water sports such as [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]]. The majority of Australians live in cities or towns on or near the coast, and so beaches are a place that millions of Australians visit regularly.<ref name="culture.gov.au"/>
According to the National Cricket Census, a record 1,650,030 people played [[Cricket in Australia|Cricket across Australia]] in 2018–19. Women participation also reached record figures in growing to 496,484 players.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cricket Australia |title=Australian Cricket Census 2018/19 – Official data |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/-/media/4CE4F075FBEB4F02A4D48EF9F9363D82.ashx}}</ref>
==Amateur sport==
Amateur sport in Australia follows a corporate management system, with the national tier composed of national sport organisations that support and fund elite sport development. These organisations include the [[Australian Institute of Sport]] and the [[Australian Sports Commission]]. Below them is the state level, which includes state sporting organisations, state institute of sport and state departments of sport. The last level is district/regional associations and local clubs and community sports along with local government.{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=121}} At the national level, the national sport organisations govern most sports in Australia, with over 120 different national sports organisation overseeing sport in Australia.<ref name="YearBookAustraliap390"/><ref name="YearBookAustraliap391"/> The role of government in this structure is important{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=121}}<ref name="YearBookAustraliap392"/> as government funding for most sport in Australia comes from the national government, state and territory governments, and local governments. In the late 1990s, government support for sport was double that of public non-financial corporations.<ref name="YearBookAustraliap392"/>
Amateur sport was transformed in Australia in the 1980s with the creation of the [[Australian Institute of Sport]]. The institute, formally opened by [[Malcolm Fraser]] in 1981, was designed to make Australian amateur sport at major world competitions, like the Olympics, competitive with the rest of the world and increase the number of medals won by the country.{{sfn|Bennett|Carter|2003|p=239–240}} A few years later, in 1984, the [[Australian Sports Commission]] was created to better address the distribution of funds to support sport.{{sfn|Hoye|Nicholson|Westerbeek|Smith|2012|p=29}} It had a budget of [[Australian dollar|A$]]109 million in 2000.{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=89}} By 2009, the Australian Sports Commission had a budget of [[Australian dollar|A$]]150 million, up from [[Australian dollar|A$]]5 million when it first was created.{{sfn|Hoye|Nicholson|Westerbeek|Smith|2012|p=29}}
Amateur sport has been able to draw large audiences. In the 1950s, 120,000 fans would go to the MCG to watch major athletics events.{{sfn|Boy Scouts of America, Inc.|1956|p=47}}
Australian amateur sport has dealt with financial problems. In the 2000s, [[Athletics Australia]] was facing duel problems of financial problems and failure for the sport to consistently medal at major international sporting events compared to other sports and their representative organisations like [[Swimming Australia]] and [[Rowing Australia]].{{sfn|Hoye|Nicholson|Westerbeek|Smith|2012|p=294}}
==Major Leagues==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! League
! Sport
! Teams
! Popularity by state
! Established
|-
| [[Big Bash League]]
| [[Cricket]]
| 8
| Popular nationwide
| 2005/2011{{refn|group=o|First league established [[KFC Twenty20 Big Bash|2005]], current league established in 2011.}}
|-
| [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]]
| [[Basketball]]
| 10
| Popular in New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania.
| 1979
|-
| [[A-League Men]]
| [[Soccer]]
| 12
| Popular in New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia.
| 2004
|-
| [[National Rugby League]]
| [[Rugby League]]
| 16
| Most Popular sport in New South Wales, Queensland, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.
| 1908
|-
| [[Super Rugby]]
| [[Rugby Union]]
| 5{{refn|group=o|Super Rugby has 12 teams overall — five from Australia, five from New Zealand, with [[Moana Pasifika|one]] representing the Pacific Islands as a whole and [[Fijian Drua|one]] representing Fiji. The teams of Fiji and the Pacific Islands joined in 2022.}}
|
| 1996
|-
| [[Australian Football League]]
| [[Australian rules football]]
| 18
| Most popular in Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Tasmania.
| 1897
|}
{{reflist|group=o}}
==Spectators==
Australian sport fans have historically attended events in large numbers, dating back to the country's early history. An early football game played in Melbourne in 1858 had 2,000 spectators.{{sfn|Hess|Nicholson|Stewart|de Moore|2008|p=60}} By 1897, tens of thousands of spectators attended an early Australian rules football match at a time when top level soccer matches in England would draw six thousand fans. A finals match between the Carlton Football Club and Collingwood in 1938 drew 96,834 fans.{{sfn|Guttmann|2007|p=86–87}} In 1909, at a time when [[rugby union]] had not yet become professionalised, 52,000 people in Sydney attended a game between New South Wales and New Zealand. The spectators accounted for 10% of the total population of Sydney at the time.{{sfn|Andreff|Szymański|2006|p=438}} A world record was set for cricket attendance on 30 December 1932 when 63,993 fans watched England take on Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.{{sfn|Clark|1993|p=544}}
Total average game attendance for the [[Australian Football League]] and the [[National Rugby League]] increased between 1970 and 2000, with the AFL going from an average attendance of 24,344 people per match in 1970 to 27,325 by 1980 to 25,238 in 1990 and 34,094 by 2000. The National Rugby League had an average per game attendance of 11,990 in 1970, saw a decrease in 1980 to 10,860 but increased to 12,073 by 1990 and improved on that to 14,043 by 2000. Founded later, the National Basketball League had an average per game attendance of 1,158 in 1985, increased this to 4,551 by 1990, and kept attendance steady with 4,636 average fans per game in 2000.{{sfn|Fort|Fizel|2004|p=309}}
In March 1999, 104,000 fans attended a double header match in the National Rugby League at [[Stadium Australia]] four days after the venue formally opened.<ref name="Statistics"/> In 2000, during the soccer gold medal match between Cameroon and Spain, 114,000 fans watched the game live inside Stadium Australia.{{sfn|Higham|2012|p=99}} In the 2006–07 season, the [[A-League]] [[Melbourne Victory]] averaged 27,728 people to their home matches throughout the season. The [[2009–10 A-League|2009–10 regular season]] was considerably lower.<ref name=somealeageusource/> In 2011, the [[Australian Football League]] had a cumulative attendance of 7,139,272, a record for the competition and an average attendance of 36,425.<ref name="footywire1"/> Spectator numbers dropped since then and in 2013 average attendance fell below that of the leading domestic motor racing series [[International V8 Supercars Championship]]. In 2010, the [[National Rugby League]]'s premiership set a record for regular season attendance to NRL matches.<ref name=nerlastabntance/>
The [[Big Bash League]] (BBL) was established in 2011. The first season attracted an average of 18,021 spectators per match. In the 2014–15 season, the average attendance for each match was 23,590 with the [[Adelaide Strikers]] attracting a record average home crowd of 36,023 spectators each game.<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/big-bash-league-infant-tournament-now-part-of-australian-crickets-summer-fabric/news-story/98897cf3111da3cb16f6fd9e6744e101 Big Bash League: Infant tournament now part of Australian cricket’s summer fabric] heraldsun.com.au. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015.</ref><ref name="The Roar">{{cite news |url=http://www.theroar.com.au/2015/01/27/whats-next-big-bash-league-since-asked |title=What's next for the Big Bash League? |work=Ryan Buckland |publisher=The Roar |date=19 Nov 2015}}</ref> The [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] final was played in front of 93,013 spectators, a record crowd for a day of cricket in Australia. BBL in its [[2016–17 Big Bash League season|sixth season in 2016–17]], drew an average crowd in excess of 30,000 for the first time in history, with overall count crossing 1 million for 35 matches.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|+National League attendance of team sports (Bolded Competitions are Women's Leagues)
|-
!Competition
!Sport
!Total <br /> spectatorship
!Average <br /> attendance
!Year
!Ref
|-
| scope="row" | [[Australian Football League]]
| [[Australian rules football|Australian football]]
| 7,517,677
|36,317
|[[2019 AFL season|2019]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=1|title=2018 AFL Attendance|publisher=Austadiums.com|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[AFL Women's]]'''
|[[Australian rules football|'''Australian football''']]
|'''251,792'''
|'''6,626'''
|[[2019 AFL Women's season|'''2019''']]
|
|-
| [[Big Bash League]]
| [[Cricket]]
|1,212,696
|20,554
|{{nowrap|[[2018–19 Big Bash League season|2018–19]]}}
|<ref>BBL 2018-2019 ATTENDANCE https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=17</ref>
|-
|'''[[Women's Big Bash League]]'''
|'''[[Cricket]]'''
|'''852,549'''
|'''14,450'''
|[[2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season|'''2018–19''']]
|
|-
| scope="row" | [[A-League Men]]
| [[Soccer]]
| 1,405,469
| 10,411
|[[2018–19 A-League|2018–19]]
|
|-
|'''[[A-League Women]]'''
|'''[[Soccer]]'''
|'''114,003'''
|2,036
|[[2018–19 W-League|2018–19]]
|
|-
|[[Australian Baseball League]]
|[[Baseball]]
|98,397
|834
|[[2017–18 Australian Baseball League season|2017–18]]
|
|-
| scope="row" |[[National Rugby League]]
|[[Rugby league]]
| 3,176,561
| 15,804
|[[2019 NRL season|2019]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=2|title=NRL 2018 ATTENDANCE|website=NRL ATTENDANCE|publisher=Austadiums.com|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[NRL Women's Premiership|'''NRL Women's''']]
|'''[[Rugby league]]'''
|'''46,875'''
|'''11,719'''
|[[2018 NRL Women's season|'''2018''']]
|
|-
|[[National Rugby Championship]]
|[[Rugby union]]
| 78,500
| 2,013
|[[2017 National Rugby Championship|2017]]
|
|-
|[[National Basketball League (Australasia)|National Basketball League]]
|[[Basketball]]
|688,712
|6,622
|[[2017–18 NBL season|2017–18]]
|<ref name="autogenerated1" />
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Other Major Competitions/Leagues/Games attendance (Bolded Competitions are Women's Competitions)
!Competition
!Sport
!Total
Spectatorship
!Average Attendance
!Year
!Ref
|-
|[[AFLX]]
|[[AFLX]] - [[Australian rules football|Australian Football]]
|42,730
|14,243
|[[2018 AFLX competition|2018]]
|
|-
|[[E. J. Whitten Legends Game]]
|[[Australian rules football|Australian Football]]
|8,000
|8,000
|[[E. J. Whitten Legends Game|2018]]
|
|-
|[[2018 JLT Community Series|JLT Community Series]]
|[[Australian rules football|Australian Football]]
|92,333
|5,130
|[[2018 JLT Community Series|2018]]
|
|-
|[[Boxing Day Test]]
|[[Cricket]] ([[test cricket]])
|261,335 (88,173 Boxing Day)
|52,267
|[[2017–18 Ashes series|2017]]
|
|-
|[[State of Origin series|State Of Origin]]
|[[Rugby league]]
|220,559
|73,519
|[[2018 State of Origin series|2018]]
|
|-
|[[State of Origin series|'''Women's State Of Origin''']]
|'''[[Rugby league]]'''
|'''6,824'''
|'''6,824'''
|[[2018 State of Origin series|'''2018''']]
|
|-
|[[The Rugby Championship]]
|[[Rugby union]]
|433,657
|36,138
|[[2018 Rugby Championship|2018]]
|
|-
|[[Super Rugby]]
|[[Rugby union]]
|773,940
|19,348
|[[2015 Super Rugby season|2012]]
|<ref>[http://www.theherald.com.au/story/401291/battle-of-the-codes-soccer-or-rugby/ Battle of the codes – soccer or rugby?] – The Newcastle Herald, 16 October 2012</ref>
|-
|[[Supercars Championship]]
|[[Motorsport in Australia|Motorsport]]
|1,754,501
|116,000 (per event)
|2017
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.supercars.com/news/championship/strong-growth-for-supercars-in-2017/|title=Strong growth for Supercars in 2017|website=Supercars|language=en|access-date=2018-12-23}}</ref>
|-
|[[Australian Grand Prix|Formula One Grand Prix]]
|[[Motorsport]]
|324,100 (102,000 Race Day)
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|2019
|
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|+Total attendance by sport
|-
!Sport
!Total <br /> spectatorship
!Average <br /> attendance
!Year
!Ref
|-
| scope="row" |[[Australian rules football|Australian football]]
| 7,998,720
| 30,646
| 2018
|<ref>[http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=1 AFL Football sports attendances] austadiums.com.</ref>
|-
|[[Rugby league]]
| 3,631,592
| 17,130
| 2018
|<ref>[http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=2 Rugby League sports attendances] austadiums.com.</ref>
|-
|[[Soccer]]
| 2,502,789
| 13,242
| 2015–16
|<ref>[http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=3 Football sports attendances] austadiums.com.</ref>
|-
|[[Cricket]]
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: 1734299 + 21832}} }}
|{{formatnum: {{#expr: ((1734299 + 21832)/71) round 0}} }}
|2016–17
|<ref>[https://twitter.com/RicFinlay/status/824844576712069120 So far 1,734,299 have attended 70 days in summer of Cricket with BBL final and 3 T20Is to come] ''Ric Finlay- Co-creator of CSW, the cricket database''. Retrieved on 29 January 2017</ref><ref>[http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=7 Cricket sports attendances] austadiums.com.</ref>
|-
|[[Basketball]]
|1,073,643
|7,304
|2019–20
|<ref>[http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=4 Basketball sports attendances] austadiums.com.</ref>
|-
|[[Rugby union]]
|771,521
|18,818
|2016
|<ref>[http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=5 Rugby Union sports attendances] austadiums.com.</ref>
|}
==Sports media==
Media coverage of Australian sport and athletes predates 1876. The first all Australian sport publication, ''The Referee'', was first published in 1886 in Sydney.<ref name=sport-media-gov/> The major newspapers for sport coverage in the country include the [[Sydney Morning Herald]], [[The Courier Mail]], the [[Herald Sun]] and [[The West Australian]].<ref name="sport-media-gov"/>
There is a long history of television coverage of sports in Australia. From 1957 to 2001, the [[Seven Network]] was the network for the Australian Football League. The only year that Seven was not the network for the league was in 1987 when the AFL was on the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC). An exclusive deal was agreed upon by Seven in 1976 for a five-year deal worth A$3 million.{{sfn|Fort|Fizel|2004|p=310}}
[[World Series Cricket]] was a break away professional [[cricket]] competition staged between 1977 and 1979 and organised by [[Kerry Packer]] for his TV network, [[Nine Network|Nine]]. The matches ran in opposition to international cricket. It drastically changed the nature of cricket and its influence continues to be felt today.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/worldseries/content/story/72632.html World Series Cricket] espncricinfo.com. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015</ref>
Not all sports have had favourable deals with networks. The first television offer for the National Basketball League was worth A$1 in an offered made by Seven that the league accepted. The deal made by [[Ten Network]] to the [[New South Wales Rugby League]] was worth considerably more, worth A$48 million for a five-year deal that also included broadcasting rights for the State of Origin and the [[Australia national rugby league team]]. This deal was terminated early because the network could not afford to pay out.{{sfn|Fort|Fizel|2004|p=311}}
The [[1967 NSWRFL season]]'s [[grand final]] became the first football grand final of any code to be televised live in Australia. The [[Nine Network]] had paid $5,000 for the broadcasting rights.<ref name=roymasters/>
[[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] and FoxSports are two of the most important television networks in Australia in terms of covering all Australian sports, not just the popular professional leagues.<ref name="sport-media-gov"/> Administrators for less popular spectator sports, such as basketball and netball, believe that getting additional television and newspaper coverage is fundamental for the growth and success of their sports going forward.<ref name="sport-media-gov"/>
[[Anti-siphoning laws in Australia]] regulate the media companies' access to significant sporting events. In 1992, when the country experienced growth in paid-subscription media, the [[Parliament of Australia]] enacted the Broadcasting Services Act that gave free-to-air broadcasters preferential access to acquire broadcasting rights to sporting events. The anti-siphoning list is a list of major sporting events that the Parliament of Australia has decided must be available for all Australians to see free of charge and cannot be "siphoned off" to pay TV where people are forced to pay to see them. The current anti-siphoning list came into effect in 2006 and expires 31 December 2010. The Minister for Communications can add or remove events from the list at his discretion. There are currently ten sports on the anti-siphoning list plus the Olympic and Commonwealth Games. Events on the anti-siphoning list are delisted 12 weeks before they start to ensure pay TV broadcasters have reasonable access to listed events, if free-to-air broadcasters decide not to purchase the broadcast rights for a particular event. Any rights to listed sporting events that are not acquired by free-to-air broadcasters are available to pay TV. For multi-round events where it is simply not possible for free-to-air networks to broadcast all matches within the event (e.g. the Australian Open) complementary coverage is available on pay television. The Federal Government is obliged by legislation to conduct a review of the list before the end of 2009. The current anti-siphoning list requires showing listed sports on the broadcaster's main channel.<ref name=keepsortsfrea/>
Rugby league, which includes NRL, State of Origin and national team matches, had the highest aggregate television ratings of any sport in 2009<ref name="Newstalk ZB"/> and 2010.<ref name=aggreagat/> Also, in a world first, the [[Nine Network]] broadcast [[free-to-air]] the first match of the [[2010 State of Origin series]] live in [[3D television|3D]] in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.<ref name=byrnes/><ref name=tvtonight/>
[[Rugby union]] is currently aired on numerous [[Nine Entertainment]] platforms, including [[Nine Network|Channel 9]], [[9Gem]], and [[Stan Sport]], as part of a A$100 million deal starting in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/rugby-union/nine-rugby-australia-confirm-groundbreaking-100m-broadcast-deal-20201109-p56csm.html | title=Nine, Rugby Australia confirm groundbreaking $100m broadcast deal | date=9 November 2020 }}</ref> [[Super Rugby]] games are broadcast on [[9Gem]] every Saturday, while all other games are available on [[Stan Sport]]. Within a year of the deal starting, the Super Rugby Final had increased its ratings by 13-fold to 1.3 million, with Wallabies International games also experiencing growth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/nine-amps-up-sports-streaming-war-with-super-rugby-numbers-20210511-p57qw8|title = Nine amps up sports streaming war with Super Rugby numbers|date = 11 May 2021}}</ref>
[[Cricket Australia]] announced an unprecedented $590 million deal with free-to-air television networks [[Nine Network|Nine]] and [[Ten Network|Ten]] in 2013 to broadcast the sport – a 118 per cent increase on the previous five-year contract.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-04/grassroots-cricket-to-benefit-from-financial-windfall/4732566 Cricket Australia announces $590m TV deal with Nine and Ten] abc.net.au. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015.</ref>
[[Big Bash League|BBL]] games are currently broadcast in Australia by the free-to-air [[Network Ten]]. In 2013 Ten paid $100 million for BBL rights over five years, marking the channel's first foray in elite cricket coverage.<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/new-big-bash-league-broadcaster-channel-ten-thrilled-with-ratings-for-season-opening-derby/story-fni2usfi-1226788040468 New Big Bash League broadcaster Channel Ten thrilled with ratings for season opening derby] heraldsun.com.au. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015.</ref> [[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]] had previously covered the Big Bash League.
Network Ten's BBL coverage has become a regular feature of Australian summers and last season attracted an average audience of more than 943,000 people nationally in [[2014–15 Big Bash League season|2014–15 season]], including a peak audience of 1.9 million viewers for the final between the [[Perth Scorchers]] and [[Sydney Sixers]].<ref>[http://www.cricket.com.au/news/bbl05-big-bash-league-fixture-release-2015-16-final-host-highest-qualifying-team-all-matches-live/2015-07-12 Big Bash League schedule released] cricket.com.au. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015</ref>
There are a number of Australian sport films. They include ''[[The Club (1980 film)|The Club]]''. The film was based on a play produced in 1977, in [[Melbourne]]. It has been in the senior English syllabi for four Australian states for many years.<ref name=antoehrverification/> The film was written by David Williamson, directed by [[Bruce Beresford]] and starring [[John Howard (Australian actor)|John Howard]], [[Jack Thompson (actor)|Jack Thompson]], [[Graham Kennedy]] and [[Frank Wilson (Australian actor)|Frank Wilson]].<ref name=moretheclubstuff/> Another Australian sport film is ''[[The Final Winter]]'', released in 2007. It was directed by [[Brian Andrews (director)|Brian Andrews]] and [[Jane Forrest]] and produced by [[Anthony Coffee]], and [[Michelle Russell]], while independently produced it is being distributed by [[Paramount Pictures]]. It was written by [[Matthew Nable]] who also starred as the lead role 'Grub' Henderson. The film, which earned praise from critics,<ref name=wilalisnans/> focuses around Grub who is the captain of the [[Newtown Jets]] [[Rugby league|football]] team in the early 1980s and his determination to stand for what rugby league traditionally stood for while dealing with his own identity crisis.<ref name="movie focus"/> Other Australian sport films include ''[[Australian Rules (film)|Australian Rules]]'' and ''[[Footy Legends]]''.<ref name="SimpsonMurawska2009p43"/>{{sfn|Collins|Davis|2004|p=45}}
Sport is popular on the radio. ''[[This Sporting Life (radio program)|This Sporting Life]]'' was a culturally iconic [[Triple J]] radio comedy program created by actor-writer comedians [[John Doyle (comedian)|John Doyle]] and [[Greig Pickhaver]], who performed as their characters [[Roy and HG]]. Broadcast from 1986 to 2008, it was one of the longest-running, most popular and most successful radio comedy programs of the post-television era in Australia. It was the longest-running show in Triple J's programming history and commanded a large and dedicated nationwide audience throughout its 22-year run.<ref name="somenlassourcne"/> [[2KY]] is a commercial radio station based in Sydney, broadcasting throughout [[New South Wales, Australia|New South Wales]] and [[Canberra, Australia|Canberra]] on a network of over 140 [[narrowcast]] transmitters as well as the main 1017 AM frequency in Sydney. 2KY broadcasts live commentary of [[Thoroughbred racing in Australia|thoroughbred]], [[Harness racing in Australia|harness]] and [[Greyhound racing#In Australia|greyhound]] racing. Over 1500 races are covered each week, including the pre and post [[Form (horse racing)|race form]] and [[Totalizator Agency Board|TAB]] betting information.<ref name=2ykspournce/>
There are a number of Australian sport magazines. One is the ''[[AFL Record]]''. The magazine is published in a sports magazine style format. Eight different versions, one for each game, are published for each weekly round, 60,000 copies in total, and [[Roy Morgan Research]] estimates that the ''Record'' has a weekly readership of over 200,000.<ref name=roy-morgan/> As of 2009, the week's records are published and are able to be viewed in an [[online magazine]] format.<ref name=asflerecords/> Another Australian sporting magazine is ''[[Australia's Surfing Life]]'', a monthly magazine about [[surfing]] published in Australia. It features articles about surf trips in Australia and overseas, surfing technique, [[surfboard|board]] design and [[wetsuit]]s. The magazine was founded in 1985.<ref name=cneyclopeidaofsurging/>
==Events==
'''January'''
* [[Brisbane International]]
* [[Sydney International]]
* [[Hobart International]]
* [[Hopman Cup]]
* [[Australian Open]]
'''February – March'''
* [[AFL Women's|AFL Women's Season]]
'''February – August'''
* [[Super Rugby|Super Rugby Season]]
'''March – September'''
* [[National Rugby League|NRL Season]]
* [[Australian Football League|AFL Season]]
'''April'''
* [[A-League Grand Final]]
'''April – August'''
* [[Suncorp Super Netball|Super Netball Season]]
'''June – July'''
* [[State of Origin series]] (rugby league)
'''September'''
* [[AFL Grand Final]]
'''September – February'''
* [[Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament|One-Day Cup]]
'''September – March'''
* [[Sheffield Shield]]
* [[Women's National Cricket League]]
'''October'''
* [[NRL Grand Final]]
'''October – November'''
* [[Women's Big Bash League|WBBL Season]]
'''October – January'''
* [[Women's National Basketball League|WNBL Season]]
'''October – March'''
* [[National Basketball League (Australia)|NBL Season]]
'''October – April'''
* [[A-League Men|A-League Men Season]]
'''November'''
* [[Australian Open (golf)|Australian Open, Golf]]
'''November – February'''
* [[Australian Baseball League|ABL Season]]
'''December – January'''
* [[Big Bash League|BBL Season]]
== See also ==
* [[Concussions in Australian sport]]
=== By demographic ===
* [[Women's sport in Australia]]
* [[Sport in rural and regional Australia]]
* [[Disabled sport in Australia]]
=== By social and cultural context ===
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Australian national sports team nicknames]]
* [[Aussie Aussie Aussie, Oi Oi Oi]]
* [[Indigenous Australians#Recreation and sport]]
* [[List of sports museums and halls of fame in Australia]]
* [[List of international sports events in Australia]]
* [[List of Australian sports controversies]]
* [[List of Australian sports songs]]
* [[List of Australian sports films]]
{{div col end}}
=== By sport ===
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game]]
* [[Athletics in Australia]]
* [[Baseball in Australia]]
* [[Basketball in Australia]]
* [[Castellers de Sydney|Castelling in Australia]]
* [[Cricket in Australia]]
* [[Field hockey in Australia|Hockey in Australia]]
* [[List of Australian equestrians]]
* [[Golf in Australia]]
* [[Motorsport in Australia]]
* [[Rugby league in Australia]]
* [[Rugby union in Australia]]
* [[Soccer in Australia]]
* [[Surfing in Australia]]
* [[Tennis in Australia]]
* [[Winter sport in Australia]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
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<ref name="heraldsun.com.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/opinion/just-a-soccer-ruse/story-e6frfhqf-1225886397854 |title=World Cup soccer fans abandon reality for fantasy, says Neil Mitchell |work=Herald Sun |publisher=News |date=1 July 2010|access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
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<ref name=2ykspournce>{{cite web|title=Company Profile|url=http://www.2ky.com.au/company/profile.php|year=2008|access-date=1 July 2008|publisher=2KY|website=www.2ky.com.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719181700/http://www.2ky.com.au/company/profile.php|archive-date=19 July 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name=aggreagat>{{cite web |last=Canning|first=Simon|title=NRL disputes AFL audience claim|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/nrl-disputes-afl-audience-claim/story-e6frg996-1226025045416|access-date=4 October 2011 | work = The Australian | publisher = News |date=21 March 2011}}</ref>
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<ref name=antoehrverification>{{cite web|url=http://www.currency.com.au/newsite/preview/club.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113061720/http://www.currency.com.au/newsite/preview/club.htm |archive-date=13 January 2006 |title=Studies of Australian Drama — David Williamson : The Club |date=13 January 2006 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
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<ref name=athletes>{{cite web|url=http://www.vancouver2010.com/paralympic-games/athletes/ |title=Athletes: Vancouver 2010 Winter Paralympics|publisher=The Official Website of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games}}</ref>
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<ref name=Aus-Profile>{{cite book |author1=Department of Sport, Recreation and Tourism |author2=Australian Sport Commission |title=Australian Sport, a profile |url=https://archive.org/details/australiansport00aust |url-access=registration |publisher=Australian Government Publish Service |location=Canberra, Australia |year=1985 |isbn=0-644-03667-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/australiansport00aust/page/184 184]}}</ref>-->
<ref name=byrnes>{{cite web | last = Byrnes| first = Holly| title = Origin to kick-off 3D revolution| work = The Daily Telegraph | location =Australia| date = 28 April 2010| url = http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/nrl/origin-to-kick-off-3d-revolution/story-e6frfgbo-1225859053250| access-date = 28 April 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=cneyclopeidaofsurging>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Surfing|author=Matt Warshaw|page=646|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DWQSYRx4MUC&q=Matt+Warshaw.+The+Encyclopedia+of+Surfing|year=2005|isbn=978-0-15-603251-3}}</ref>
<ref name=corpoarateaocsutf>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.olympics.com.au/sport/1/14/Swimming |title=Australian Olympic Committee: Swimming |publisher=Corporate.olympics.com.au |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=fifathing>{{cite web|url=http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/enwiki/w/bracket.html|title=FIFA World Cup Bracket}}</ref>
<ref name=gelongaobover>{{cite web|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2010/07/01/187051_geelong_sports.html |title=Basketball numbers are booming in Geelong — Local News — Geelong, VIC, Australia |publisher=Geelong Advertiser |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=heraledsunthing>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/basketball-is-most-popular-sport/story-e6frf7kx-1225884928551 |title=Basketball popularity exploding across Melbourne's fringe |work=Herald Sun |publisher=News |date=28 June 2010 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=keepsortsfrea>{{cite web |url=http://www.keepsportfree.com.au/Content_Common/pg-the-facts.seo|title=Keep Sport Free: The Facts|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=moretheclubstuff>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1004389-club/about.php |title=The Club |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |date=28 March 2010 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=nerlastabntance>{{cite web |publisher=National Rugby League |title=Attendance Record |url=http://www.nrl.com/news/news/newsarticle/tabid/10874/newsid/60086/telstra-premiership-sets-new-attendance-record/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907082643/http://www.nrl.com/news/news/newsarticle/tabid/10874/newsid/60086/telstra-premiership-sets-new-attendance-record/default.aspx |archive-date=7 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
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<ref name=report>{{cite web|url=http://www.athletics.com.au/inside/athletics_australia/annual_reports/2006_2007 |title=Athletics Australia — Annual Report 2006/07 |publisher=Athletics Australia |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=roymasters>{{cite web| last = Masters| first = Roy| title = Messenger can watch a better league broadcast in the US than south of the border| work = Brisbane Times| date = 4 October 2009| url = http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/business/messenger-can-watch-a-better-league-broadcast-in-the-us-than-south-of-the-border-20091004-ghve.html| access-date = 4 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=roy-morgan>{{cite web|url=http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2006/489/|title=Press release|access-date=4 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045855/http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2006/489/|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name=sbsetelevion>{{cite web | title = Seven & SBS to Broadcast Beijing Olympics | publisher = SportBusiness | url = http://www.sportbusiness.com/news/161653/seven-sbs-to-broadcast-beijing-olympics | date = 4 April 2007 | access-date = 28 June 2007}}</ref>
<ref name=smhparagrams>{{cite web |title=Missing chair provides Paralympic scare |work =The Sydney Morning Herald |date=2 September 2008 |url=http://news.smh.com.au/sport/missing-chair-provides-paralympic-scare-20080902-47n2.html |access-date=3 September 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name=somealeageusource>{{cite web | first = Rick | last = D'Andrea |url=http://www.insidefutbol.com/2009/10/25/australian-a-league-suffering-attendance-decline/11426/ |title=A-League Suffering Attendance Decline |publisher=Insidefutbol |date=25 October 2009 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=sport-media-gov>{{cite web|url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sport-and-the-media|access-date=5 October 2011|title=Sport and the media|date=15 February 2008|publisher=Australian Government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816034551/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sport-and-the-media|archive-date=16 August 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<!--ref name=stateorignastions>{{cite web|url=http://stats.rleague.com/rl/soo/soo_idx.html |title=Rugby League Tables / State Of Origin |publisher=Stats.rleague.com |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref-->
<ref name=tvtonight>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2010/05/3d-state-of-origin-approved-world-cup-announcement-expected.html |title=3D State of Origin approved, World Cup announcement expected |publisher=TV Tonight |date=14 May 2010 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=wilalisnans>{{cite magazine | last = Williams| first = Daniel | title = Footy for Thought| magazine = Time | publisher = Time Inc.| date = 31 August 2007| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1657920,00.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101009110521/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1657920,00.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 9 October 2010| access-date = 2 October 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=badmintonsource>{{cite web|url=http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=37 |title=Badminton Australia — History of Badminton in Australia |publisher=Badminton.org.au |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="FitzSimons2010">{{cite book|author=Peter FitzSimons|title=The Ballad of Les Darcy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BIR3FIhVRsC|access-date=8 October 2012|date=1 June 2010|publisher=HarperCollins Australia|isbn=978-0-7304-0066-0}}</ref>
<ref name="Headoned2003">{{cite book|author1=David John Headon|title=The Best Ever Australian Sports Writing: A 200 Year Collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66OBschGE_YC&pg=PA504|access-date=8 October 2012|date=September 2003|publisher=Black Inc.|isbn=978-1-86395-266-8|pages=500–515}}</ref>
<ref name="Seal2001">{{cite book|author=Graham Seal|title=Encyclopedia of Folk Heroes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfTcKDzzqvIC&pg=PA56|access-date=8 October 2012|date=1 December 2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-216-5|page=56}}</ref>
<ref name="MacCallum2009">{{cite book|author=Mungo MacCallum|title=Australian Story: Kevin Rudd and the Lucky Country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZD37NhabRKIC&pg=PA46|access-date=8 October 2012|date=23 November 2009|publisher=Black Inc.|isbn=978-1-86395-457-0|page=46}}</ref>
<ref name=evening-post-1922>{{cite web |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19221219.2.83&srpos=3&e=-------10--1----0Netball+South+Africa-- |title=Women in Print |work= Evening Post |volume=CC |issue=147 |date=19 December 1922|page=19 |location=New Zealand |access-date=28 April 2011 |publisher=National Library of New Zealand}}</ref>
<ref name=firstmedaldiving>{{cite web|url=http://www.diving.asn.au/default.asp?MenuID=About_Us/20002/1785/,Hall_of_Fame/20011/1827/|publisher=Diving Australia|title=About Us|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216054950/http://www.diving.asn.au/default.asp?MenuID=About_Us%2F20002%2F1785%2F%2CHall_of_Fame%2F20011%2F1827%2F|archive-date=16 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="Sumerling2011">{{cite book|first=Patricia|last=Sumerling|title=Adelaide Park Lands, The|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwhdjEuWGOMC&pg=PA93|access-date=2 October 2012|date=1 May 2011|publisher=Wakefield Press|isbn=978-1-86254-914-2|page=93}}</ref>
<ref name=canoeingaust>{{cite web|title=Fifty Years – A Celebration|url=http://canoe.org.au/?Page=9019&MenuID=ac%5Finformation%2F93%2F0%2F%2CWho%5Fis%5FAustralian%5FCanoeing%3F%2F68%2F1513%2F%2CAustralian%5FCanoeing%5FHistory%2F69%2F0%2F0|publisher=[[Australian Canoeing]]|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Russell2011p11">{{cite book|first=Katrina Marie|last=Russell|title=Youth Sport in Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5L_upSbd3AC&pg=PR12|access-date=3 October 2012|year=2011|publisher=Sydney University Press|isbn=978-1-920899-64-6|page=11}}</ref>
<ref name=ussaroudnting>{{cite web|url=http://www.nswicehockey.com.au/history.aspx#top |title=NSW Ice Hockey Facts and Events |publisher= NSW Icehockey |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>
}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book|title=Sport in Australian history|first1=Daryl|last1=Adair|first2=Wray|last2=Vamplew|location=Melbourne|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-19-553590-7|oclc=37217245}}<!-- Last name sort: Adair!-->
* {{cite book|author=All England Netball Association|title=Netball|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnpCldTMIt8C&pg=PA60|year=2009|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-7136-7697-6}} <!-- Last name sort: All England !-->
* {{cite book|first1=Wladimir|last1=Andreff|first2=Stefan|last2=Szymański|title=Handbook on the Economics of Sport|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGRkblShhU8C&pg=PA438|access-date=18 September 2012|year=2006|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84376-608-7}}<!-- Last name sort: Andreff!-->
* {{cite book|title=The Encyclopaedia of Australian sports|first=Malcolm|last=Andrews|location=Sydney|publisher=Golden Press|year=1979|isbn=0-85558-849-7|oclc=21526949}}
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Bloomfield|title=Australia's Sporting Success: The Inside Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtWto0T5FMEC|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-582-7}}<!-- Last name sort: Andrews!-->
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Bale|title=Running Cultures: Racing in Time and Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3I3PrEgnQZQC&pg=PA145|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7146-5535-2}} <!-- Last name sort: Bale !-->
* {{cite book|first1=Tony|last1=Bennett|first2=David|last2=Carter|title=Culture in Australia: Policies, Publics and Programs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3j-Gg3dbWoC&pg=PA239|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00403-9}} <!-- Last name sort: Bennett !-->
* {{cite journal|author=Boy Scouts of America, Inc.|title=Boys' Life|journal=Boys' Life. Inkprint Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdvlr4TKT4cC&pg=PA47|year=1956|publisher=Boy Scouts of America, Inc |issn=0006-8608}} <!-- Last name sort: Boy Scouts of America, Inc.!-->
* {{cite book|first=Manning|last=Clark|title=A History of Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYpNYjr_xQEC&pg=PA544|year=1993|publisher=Melbourne University Publish|isbn=978-0-522-84523-5}} <!-- Last name sort: Clark!-->
* {{cite book|first1=Felicity|last1=Collins|first2=Therese|last2=Davis|title=Australian Cinema After Mabo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EonrYXRj94C&pg=PA45|access-date=3 October 2012|date=27 October 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54256-2}} <!-- Last name sort: Collins !-->
* {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Crego|title=Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCl1c2yy5ooC|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31610-4}} <!-- Last name sort: Crego !-->
* {{cite book|first1=Martin|last1=Crotty|first2=David|last2=Roberts|title=Turning Points in Australian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wi5me1HBT7kC&pg=PA198|access-date=2 October 2012|date=1 October 2008|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-1-921410-56-7}} <!-- Last name sort: Crotty !-->
* {{cite book|first1=Rodney D.|last1=Fort|first2=John|last2=Fizel|title=International Sports Economics Comparisons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mQHaZaDTzAC&pg=PA295|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98032-0}} <!-- Last name sort: Fort !-->
* {{cite book|first=Allen|last=Guttmann|title=Sports: The First Five Millennia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdTun2Or_qkC&pg=PA86|year=2007|publisher=Univ of Massachusetts Press|isbn=978-1-55849-610-1}} <!-- Last name sort: Guttmann !-->
* {{cite book|first=James|last=Higham|title=Sport Tourism Destinations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZF3pPDn-QgC&pg=PA99|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7506-5937-6}}
* {{cite book|first1=Russell|last1=Hoye|first2=Matthew|last2=Nicholson|first3=Hans|last3=Westerbeek|first4=Aaron|last4=Smith|first5=Bob|last5=Stewart|title=Sport Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJzpn_bek7YC&pg=PA272|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7506-8755-3}} <!-- Last name sort: Highman !-->
* {{cite book|title=No pain, no gain? : sport and Australian culture|first=Jim|last=McKay|location=New York|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1991|isbn=978-0-7248-1080-2|oclc=24408455}} <!-- Last name sort: McKay !-->
* {{cite book|first=Ram Mohun|last=Mojumdar|title=History of Physical Education and Sports|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBEeH8xAvWQC&pg=PT172|year=2009|publisher=Pinnacle Technology|isbn=978-1-61820-459-2}} <!-- Last name sort: Mojumdar !-->
* {{cite book|first1=John|last1=Nauright|first2=Charles|last2=Parrish|title=Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC&pg=PA384|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-300-2}} <!-- Last name sort: Nauright !-->
* {{cite book|title=Primary Australian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgRrB74FiqMC&pg=PA90|year=2008|author=R.I.C. Publications|publisher=R.I.C. Publications|isbn=978-1-74126-684-9}} <!-- Last name sort: R.I.C. Publications !-->
* {{Cite book|title= A sporting nation : celebrating Australia's sporting life|first1=Eric C|last1=Rolls|author-link1=Eric Charles Rolls |first2=Marion|last2=Halligan|first3=Marlene|last3=Mathews|first4=Paul|last4=Cliff|location=Canberra|year=1999|isbn=0-642-10704-1|oclc=44839640}} <!-- Last name sort: Rolls !-->
* {{cite book|title=Sport management in Australia : an organisational overview|first1=David|last1=Shilbury|first2=John|last2=Deane|location=Bentleigh East, Victoria|publisher=Strategic Sport Management|year=2001|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-9580170-0-8 |oclc=777321324}} <!-- Last name sort: Shilbury !-->
* {{cite book|first=Holly|last=Smith|title=Melbourne, Victoria and Tasmania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqAyTWrmU_sC&pg=PT96|year=2011|publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc|isbn=978-1-58843-779-2}} <!-- Last name sort: Smith !-->
* {{cite book|first=Bob|last=Stewart|title=Australian Sport — Better by Design?: The Evolution of Australian Sport Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMDqFsGQ5qoC&pg=PA9|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-34046-5}} <!-- Last name sort: Stewart !-->
* {{cite book|title=A national game : the history of Australian rules football|first1=Rob|last1=Hess|first2=Matthew|last2=Nicholson|first3=Bob|last3=Stewart|first4=Gregory|last4=de Moore|location=Camberwell, Victoria|publisher=Penguin|year=2008|isbn=978-0-670-07089-3 |oclc=247974138}}<!-- Last name sort: Stewart !-->
{{div col end}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikinews category}}
* [http://www.ausport.gov.au/ Australian Sports Commission]
* [http://www.ais.org.au/ Australian Institute of Sport]
{{Australian sport}}
{{Oceania in topic|Sport in}}
{{Australia topics}}
{{World topic|Sport in|noredlinks=yes}}
[[Category:Sport in Australia| ]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -401,58 +401,4 @@
There are a number of Australian sport magazines. One is the ''[[AFL Record]]''. The magazine is published in a sports magazine style format. Eight different versions, one for each game, are published for each weekly round, 60,000 copies in total, and [[Roy Morgan Research]] estimates that the ''Record'' has a weekly readership of over 200,000.<ref name=roy-morgan/> As of 2009, the week's records are published and are able to be viewed in an [[online magazine]] format.<ref name=asflerecords/> Another Australian sporting magazine is ''[[Australia's Surfing Life]]'', a monthly magazine about [[surfing]] published in Australia. It features articles about surf trips in Australia and overseas, surfing technique, [[surfboard|board]] design and [[wetsuit]]s. The magazine was founded in 1985.<ref name=cneyclopeidaofsurging/>
-
-==International competitions==
-[[File:Australia national baseball team on March 2, 2013.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Australian national baseball team]] during the [[2013 World Baseball Classic]].]]
-Australia participate in many international competitions, such as the [[Olympics]], [[Commonwealth Games]], [[Cricket World Cup]], [[Rugby World Cup]], [[Rugby League World Cup]], [[FIFA World Cup]], the Basketball World Cup for both [[FIBA Basketball World Cup|men's]] and [[FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup|women's]], [[INF Netball World Cup|Netball World Cup]], [[World Baseball Classic]] and the [[Hockey World Cup]].
-
-The [[Australia national cricket team|Australian national cricket team]] have participated in every edition of the [[Cricket World Cup]]. Australia have been very successful in the event, winning the tournament five times, the record number.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shemilt |first=Stephan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/32105654 |title=Cricket World Cup 2015: Australia crush New Zealand in final - BBC Sport |publisher=Bbc.com |date=2015-03-29 |accessdate=2021-11-20}}</ref>
-
-The [[Australia national rugby league team|Australian national Rugby league team]] have also participated in every edition of the [[Rugby League World Cup]]. Australia have been very successful in the event, winning the tournament 11 times, the record number.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/rugby-league/25168674|title=Rugby League World Cup 2013: New Zealand 2-34 Australia|work=BBC Sport|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref>
-
-The [[Australia national rugby union team|Australian national Rugby union team]] have participated in every [[Rugby World Cup]]. Australia have been very successful in the tournament, winning it two times<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.topendsports.com/events/rugby-world-cup/winners.htm| title = Rugby Union World Cup Winners}} </ref> despite it not being a major sport in Australia.
-
-Australia's women have repeatedly won at the highest level. The [[Australia national netball team|Australian national netball team]] have won the Netball World Cup a record 11 times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/sport/australia-crushes-new-zealand-wins-2015-netball-wo/55524b01-a101-42f5-829c-1549059eaf64.htm|title=Australia Crushes New Zealand, Wins 2015 Netball World Cup|work=Pedestrian.TV|date=15 August 2015|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australian women's national cricket team]] have won the Women's Cricket World Cup a record five times.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.topendsports.com/events/cricket-world-cup/women/results.htm| title = Women's ODI Cricket World Cup Winners}} </ref> The [[Australia women's national field hockey team|Australian women's national field hockey team]] have won the gold medal at the Olympics and the Women's Hockey World Cup three and two times respectively.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.olympic.org/hockey| title = Hockey - News, Athletes, Highlights & More}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hockey.org.au/Events/Past-Series/World-Cup/Womens-World-Cup |title=Women's World Cup |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820134045/http://www.hockey.org.au/Events/Past-Series/World-Cup/Womens-World-Cup |accessdate=2021-11-20|archive-date=20 August 2014 }}</ref>
-
-The [[Australia women's national basketball team]], known as the Opals, regularly compete well against the world elite at the [[FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup]], having won the event in [[2006 FIBA World Championship for Women|2006]], finished second in [[2018 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup|2018]] and finished third three times, and at the [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics Basketball Tournament]], where they have won silver medals three times and bronze medals twice.<ref name="archive.fiba.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Australia |title=Federations: Australia|publisher=[[FIBA]] |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref>
-
-[[File:N.Jawai 2014.JPG|thumb|250px|right|[[Nathan Jawai]] (right) represented Australia at the [[2014 Basketball World Cup]]]]
-
-The [[Australia national soccer team]] have appeared at the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]], [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]], [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]], [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] and [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]. At the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]], the Socceroos surprised many by reaching the Round of 16, losing 1–0 in injury time to the eventual champions, Italy.<ref name=fifathing/> They also hold the unusual distinction of having won continental soccer championships of two confederations – Oceania's [[OFC Nations Cup]] four times between [[1980 OFC Nations Cup|1980]] and [[2004 OFC Nations Cup|2004]] and, after moving to the [[Asian Football Confederation]] in 2005, the [[AFC Asian Cup]] in [[2015 AFC Asian Cup|2015]]. The [[Australia women's national soccer team]], the Matildas, have appeared in all [[FIFA Women's World Cup]]s except the first in [[1991 FIFA Women's World Cup|1991]]. They have advanced past the group stage in each of the last four editions of the competition ([[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup|2007]], [[2011 FIFA Women's World Cup|2011]], [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup|2015]] and [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup|2019]]), losing in the quarter-finals in the first three of these editions and the round of 16 in 2019. In 2015, they became the first senior Australian national team of either sex to win a World Cup knockout stage match, specifically in the round of 16, newly instituted for the Women's World Cup in that year. The Matildas have also enjoyed success at the [[AFC Women's Asian Cup]], advancing at least to the semi-finals in all five competitions since joining the AFC in 2006 and winning in [[2010 AFC Women's Asian Cup|2010]]. Australia will co-host the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]] alongside [[New Zealand]].
-
-Australia are the most successful side at the [[Underwater Hockey World Championships]], winning 25 titles including 11 men's elite championships and 8 women's elite championships.
-
-Australia has also hosted a number of major international sporting events, including the [[1956 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2000 Summer Olympics]]. The country also regularly hosts a major tennis [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] event, the [[Australian Open]], an [[Formula One|FIA Formula One World Championship round]] ([[Australian Grand Prix]]), motorcycle [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] round ([[Australian motorcycle Grand Prix]]), as well as rounds of the [[Superbike World Championship]], [[World Rally Championship]] alongside major domestically created, internationally recognised events including the [[Melbourne Cup]] and the [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]].{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=xii}}
-
-Australia has hosted the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] along with New Zealand.<ref name="ESPNCricinfo.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ESPNCricinfo.com/index.php|title=Oops… Looks like something went wrong! This page does not exist or has been moved.|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> The 2015 Cricket World Cup generated more than [[Australian dollar|A$]]1.1 billion in direct spending, created the equivalent of 8,320 full-time jobs, and had a total of 2 million bed nights across the two host countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 gives economic boost to Australia and New Zealand |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/88460/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015-gives-economic-boost-to-australia-and-new-zealand |work=ICC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113031111/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/88460/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015-gives-economic-boost-to-australia-and-new-zealand |archive-date=13 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Australia has also hosted the [[2003 Rugby World Cup]], with the event generating around A$1 billion in economic activity while bringing in 2 million visitors to the country.<ref name="SummersMorgan2005p12"/>
-
-The [[1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England]] was the first tour by any sports team from Australia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meares|first1=Peter|title=Back to the Studio: The Inside Stories from Australia's Best-known Sports Commentators|date=2011|publisher=HarperCollins|location=Australia|isbn=9780730497646|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUeHoYSnFygC|access-date=24 September 2014}}</ref>
-{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=9}}
-
-===Olympics===
-{{see also| Australia at the Olympics}}
-[[File:P33 - Investing in our future sporting champions.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Australia's Olympic medal totals|alt=graph]]
-[[File:Bobridge, meares and kelly.jpg|thumb|right|Australian track cyclists [[Jack Bobridge]], [[Anna Meares]] and [[Shane Kelly]].]]
-The Olympic movement in Australia started out during the 1900s and 1910s. The first organisations for the Olympics in Australia came out of the athletics governance system and resulted in the creation of state based Olympic committees. The first national governing body for Australian Olympics was created in 1914 and was a joint effort with New Zealand though New Zealand was a less than able partner. The movement in Australia then stagnated as a result of the [[World War I|Great War]]. The New Zealand and Australian organisation was disbanded and an Australian only national organisation was founded in 1920 called the [[Australian Olympic Federation]]. The early goals of the organisation were to ratify team selection and to fundraise to assist Olympians in paying for their travel to compete at the Games. By the 1980s, the organisation had issues on the international level as the IOC wanted them to re-structure; until this time, the organisation followed governance models similar to that of other Australian sporting organisations with a federated model of governance. Changes were made the organisation ended up with an executive board with a president, two vice presidents, a secretary general and a 14-member executive board which had 10 elected members, 4 IOC members and 2 members of the Athlete's Commission.{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=153}}
-
-Australia has hosted the Olympics twice, in 1956 in Melbourne and in 2000 in Sydney. These were the first Games hosted in the southern hemisphere.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=xiii}}{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=46}}<ref name="ThompsonMcGovern2008p102"/> Brisbane will host the 2032 Summer Games.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-21/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city/100311320|title=Brisbane announced as 2032 Olympic Games host city at IOC meeting in Tokyo|work=[[ABC News (Australia)]]|date= 21 July 2021|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref>
-
-Australia has been influential in the Olympic movement, with four Australian representatives who are members of the [[International Olympic Committee]].{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=153}}
-
-The government has provided monetary support for the Olympics. In the lead up to the 1924 Games, they provided 3,000 pounds and in 1936 provided 2,000 pounds. This support was seen as a way of supporting national identity, but no formal system existed for the funding wider sport at the time.{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=39}}
-
-The 1956 Games were the first time Australia had an [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|Equestrian]] competitor when Victorian Ernie Barker competed.<ref name="ThompsonMcGovern2008p102"/> Australia has generally been a world power in Olympic swimming since the [[1956 Melbourne Olympics]]: swimmers like [[Shane Gould]], [[Dawn Fraser]], [[Ian Thorpe]], [[Kieren Perkins]] and [[Ariarne Titmus]] have taken multiple gold medals.<ref name=corpoarateaocsutf/>
-
-Australia performed relatively poorly at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. This upset the nation as it challenged a fundamental part of Australian identity. The following Olympics, the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], some Australian sports sat out as part of a boycott{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=x}}{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=53}} and the country earned only nine medals, two of them gold, in Moscow.{{sfn|Crotty|Roberts|2008|p=198–200}} To prevent a recurrence of this, the Australian Institute of Sport was created to help improve Australia's medal tally at the Games.{{sfn|Crotty|Roberts|2008|p=198–200}}{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=53}}
-
-Channel Seven had exclusive Australian [[free-to-air]], [[pay television]], [[On-line and off-line|online]] and [[Mobile phone|mobile telephone]] broadcast rights to the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]]. The live telecast of the 2008 Summer Olympics was shared by the Seven Network and [[SBS Television]]. Seven broadcast the opening and closing ceremonies and mainstream sports, including [[swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[sport of athletics|athletics]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[cycle sport|cycling]], and [[gymnastics]]. In contrast, [[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS TV]] provided complementary coverage focused on long-form events such as [[association football|soccer]], [[road bicycle racing|road cycling]], [[volleyball]], and [[table tennis]].<ref name=sbsetelevion/>
-
-===Paralympics===
-{{see also| Australia at the Paralympics}}
-[[File:16 ACPS Atlanta 1996 Australian Swim Team Training.jpg|right|thumb|Australian swimmers at the training pool at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games|alt=Swimmers posed in a group shot around the edge of a pool]]
-Australia has attended every Summer Paralympics and hosted the [[2000 Summer Paralympics|2000 Sydney Games]]. Australia sent a delegation of 170 athletes to compete at the [[2008 Summer Paralympics]] in [[Beijing]],<ref name=smhparagrams/> and a team of 11 competitors to compete in two disciplines at the [[2010 Winter Paralympics]] in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]], Canada.<ref name=athletes/> A team of 161 members [[Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics|was sent]] to the [[2012 Summer Paralympics]] in London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/pm-launches-2012-australian-paralympic-team |title=PM launches 2012 Australian Paralympic Team |date=25 June 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704061635/http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/pm-launches-2012-australian-paralympic-team |archive-date=4 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
-
-===Commonwealth Games===
-{{see also|Australia at the Commonwealth Games}}
-Australians take the [[Commonwealth Games]] seriously because, on one level of national thinking, the event offers the country an opportunity to prove they are superior to the "original country", the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=368–369}}{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=167-173}}<ref name=mothersareyes/><ref name=theseonlygmaes/> By the [[1938 British Empire Games]], Australia's combined medal total was already greater than that of the [[Home Nations]] tallies combined. Australia would go on to beat England in total medals at the Commonwealth Games in 1950, 1962, 1970, 1974 and 1982.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=368–369}} This rivalry with England continues to be an important component of the games for the country.<ref name=mothersareyes/><ref name=theseonlygmaes/>
==Events==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 87647 |
Old page size (old_size) | 102873 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -15226 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '',
1 => '==International competitions==',
2 => '[[File:Australia national baseball team on March 2, 2013.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Australian national baseball team]] during the [[2013 World Baseball Classic]].]]',
3 => 'Australia participate in many international competitions, such as the [[Olympics]], [[Commonwealth Games]], [[Cricket World Cup]], [[Rugby World Cup]], [[Rugby League World Cup]], [[FIFA World Cup]], the Basketball World Cup for both [[FIBA Basketball World Cup|men's]] and [[FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup|women's]], [[INF Netball World Cup|Netball World Cup]], [[World Baseball Classic]] and the [[Hockey World Cup]].',
4 => '',
5 => 'The [[Australia national cricket team|Australian national cricket team]] have participated in every edition of the [[Cricket World Cup]]. Australia have been very successful in the event, winning the tournament five times, the record number.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shemilt |first=Stephan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/32105654 |title=Cricket World Cup 2015: Australia crush New Zealand in final - BBC Sport |publisher=Bbc.com |date=2015-03-29 |accessdate=2021-11-20}}</ref>',
6 => '',
7 => 'The [[Australia national rugby league team|Australian national Rugby league team]] have also participated in every edition of the [[Rugby League World Cup]]. Australia have been very successful in the event, winning the tournament 11 times, the record number.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/rugby-league/25168674|title=Rugby League World Cup 2013: New Zealand 2-34 Australia|work=BBC Sport|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref>',
8 => '',
9 => 'The [[Australia national rugby union team|Australian national Rugby union team]] have participated in every [[Rugby World Cup]]. Australia have been very successful in the tournament, winning it two times<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.topendsports.com/events/rugby-world-cup/winners.htm| title = Rugby Union World Cup Winners}} </ref> despite it not being a major sport in Australia.',
10 => ' ',
11 => 'Australia's women have repeatedly won at the highest level. The [[Australia national netball team|Australian national netball team]] have won the Netball World Cup a record 11 times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/sport/australia-crushes-new-zealand-wins-2015-netball-wo/55524b01-a101-42f5-829c-1549059eaf64.htm|title=Australia Crushes New Zealand, Wins 2015 Netball World Cup|work=Pedestrian.TV|date=15 August 2015|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australian women's national cricket team]] have won the Women's Cricket World Cup a record five times.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.topendsports.com/events/cricket-world-cup/women/results.htm| title = Women's ODI Cricket World Cup Winners}} </ref> The [[Australia women's national field hockey team|Australian women's national field hockey team]] have won the gold medal at the Olympics and the Women's Hockey World Cup three and two times respectively.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.olympic.org/hockey| title = Hockey - News, Athletes, Highlights & More}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hockey.org.au/Events/Past-Series/World-Cup/Womens-World-Cup |title=Women's World Cup |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820134045/http://www.hockey.org.au/Events/Past-Series/World-Cup/Womens-World-Cup |accessdate=2021-11-20|archive-date=20 August 2014 }}</ref>',
12 => '',
13 => 'The [[Australia women's national basketball team]], known as the Opals, regularly compete well against the world elite at the [[FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup]], having won the event in [[2006 FIBA World Championship for Women|2006]], finished second in [[2018 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup|2018]] and finished third three times, and at the [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics Basketball Tournament]], where they have won silver medals three times and bronze medals twice.<ref name="archive.fiba.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Australia |title=Federations: Australia|publisher=[[FIBA]] |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref>',
14 => '',
15 => '[[File:N.Jawai 2014.JPG|thumb|250px|right|[[Nathan Jawai]] (right) represented Australia at the [[2014 Basketball World Cup]]]]',
16 => '',
17 => 'The [[Australia national soccer team]] have appeared at the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]], [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]], [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]], [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]] and [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]. At the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]], the Socceroos surprised many by reaching the Round of 16, losing 1–0 in injury time to the eventual champions, Italy.<ref name=fifathing/> They also hold the unusual distinction of having won continental soccer championships of two confederations – Oceania's [[OFC Nations Cup]] four times between [[1980 OFC Nations Cup|1980]] and [[2004 OFC Nations Cup|2004]] and, after moving to the [[Asian Football Confederation]] in 2005, the [[AFC Asian Cup]] in [[2015 AFC Asian Cup|2015]]. The [[Australia women's national soccer team]], the Matildas, have appeared in all [[FIFA Women's World Cup]]s except the first in [[1991 FIFA Women's World Cup|1991]]. They have advanced past the group stage in each of the last four editions of the competition ([[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup|2007]], [[2011 FIFA Women's World Cup|2011]], [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup|2015]] and [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup|2019]]), losing in the quarter-finals in the first three of these editions and the round of 16 in 2019. In 2015, they became the first senior Australian national team of either sex to win a World Cup knockout stage match, specifically in the round of 16, newly instituted for the Women's World Cup in that year. The Matildas have also enjoyed success at the [[AFC Women's Asian Cup]], advancing at least to the semi-finals in all five competitions since joining the AFC in 2006 and winning in [[2010 AFC Women's Asian Cup|2010]]. Australia will co-host the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]] alongside [[New Zealand]].',
18 => '',
19 => 'Australia are the most successful side at the [[Underwater Hockey World Championships]], winning 25 titles including 11 men's elite championships and 8 women's elite championships.',
20 => '',
21 => 'Australia has also hosted a number of major international sporting events, including the [[1956 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2000 Summer Olympics]]. The country also regularly hosts a major tennis [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] event, the [[Australian Open]], an [[Formula One|FIA Formula One World Championship round]] ([[Australian Grand Prix]]), motorcycle [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] round ([[Australian motorcycle Grand Prix]]), as well as rounds of the [[Superbike World Championship]], [[World Rally Championship]] alongside major domestically created, internationally recognised events including the [[Melbourne Cup]] and the [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]].{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=xii}}',
22 => '',
23 => 'Australia has hosted the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] along with New Zealand.<ref name="ESPNCricinfo.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ESPNCricinfo.com/index.php|title=Oops… Looks like something went wrong! This page does not exist or has been moved.|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> The 2015 Cricket World Cup generated more than [[Australian dollar|A$]]1.1 billion in direct spending, created the equivalent of 8,320 full-time jobs, and had a total of 2 million bed nights across the two host countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 gives economic boost to Australia and New Zealand |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/88460/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015-gives-economic-boost-to-australia-and-new-zealand |work=ICC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113031111/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/88460/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015-gives-economic-boost-to-australia-and-new-zealand |archive-date=13 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Australia has also hosted the [[2003 Rugby World Cup]], with the event generating around A$1 billion in economic activity while bringing in 2 million visitors to the country.<ref name="SummersMorgan2005p12"/>',
24 => '',
25 => 'The [[1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England]] was the first tour by any sports team from Australia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meares|first1=Peter|title=Back to the Studio: The Inside Stories from Australia's Best-known Sports Commentators|date=2011|publisher=HarperCollins|location=Australia|isbn=9780730497646|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUeHoYSnFygC|access-date=24 September 2014}}</ref>',
26 => '{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=9}}',
27 => '',
28 => '===Olympics===',
29 => '{{see also| Australia at the Olympics}}',
30 => '[[File:P33 - Investing in our future sporting champions.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Australia's Olympic medal totals|alt=graph]]',
31 => '[[File:Bobridge, meares and kelly.jpg|thumb|right|Australian track cyclists [[Jack Bobridge]], [[Anna Meares]] and [[Shane Kelly]].]]',
32 => 'The Olympic movement in Australia started out during the 1900s and 1910s. The first organisations for the Olympics in Australia came out of the athletics governance system and resulted in the creation of state based Olympic committees. The first national governing body for Australian Olympics was created in 1914 and was a joint effort with New Zealand though New Zealand was a less than able partner. The movement in Australia then stagnated as a result of the [[World War I|Great War]]. The New Zealand and Australian organisation was disbanded and an Australian only national organisation was founded in 1920 called the [[Australian Olympic Federation]]. The early goals of the organisation were to ratify team selection and to fundraise to assist Olympians in paying for their travel to compete at the Games. By the 1980s, the organisation had issues on the international level as the IOC wanted them to re-structure; until this time, the organisation followed governance models similar to that of other Australian sporting organisations with a federated model of governance. Changes were made the organisation ended up with an executive board with a president, two vice presidents, a secretary general and a 14-member executive board which had 10 elected members, 4 IOC members and 2 members of the Athlete's Commission.{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=153}}',
33 => '',
34 => 'Australia has hosted the Olympics twice, in 1956 in Melbourne and in 2000 in Sydney. These were the first Games hosted in the southern hemisphere.{{sfn|Adair|Vamplew|1997|p=xiii}}{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=46}}<ref name="ThompsonMcGovern2008p102"/> Brisbane will host the 2032 Summer Games.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-21/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city/100311320|title=Brisbane announced as 2032 Olympic Games host city at IOC meeting in Tokyo|work=[[ABC News (Australia)]]|date= 21 July 2021|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref>',
35 => '',
36 => 'Australia has been influential in the Olympic movement, with four Australian representatives who are members of the [[International Olympic Committee]].{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=153}}',
37 => '',
38 => 'The government has provided monetary support for the Olympics. In the lead up to the 1924 Games, they provided 3,000 pounds and in 1936 provided 2,000 pounds. This support was seen as a way of supporting national identity, but no formal system existed for the funding wider sport at the time.{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=39}}',
39 => '',
40 => 'The 1956 Games were the first time Australia had an [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|Equestrian]] competitor when Victorian Ernie Barker competed.<ref name="ThompsonMcGovern2008p102"/> Australia has generally been a world power in Olympic swimming since the [[1956 Melbourne Olympics]]: swimmers like [[Shane Gould]], [[Dawn Fraser]], [[Ian Thorpe]], [[Kieren Perkins]] and [[Ariarne Titmus]] have taken multiple gold medals.<ref name=corpoarateaocsutf/>',
41 => '',
42 => 'Australia performed relatively poorly at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. This upset the nation as it challenged a fundamental part of Australian identity. The following Olympics, the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], some Australian sports sat out as part of a boycott{{sfn|Bloomfield|2003|p=x}}{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=53}} and the country earned only nine medals, two of them gold, in Moscow.{{sfn|Crotty|Roberts|2008|p=198–200}} To prevent a recurrence of this, the Australian Institute of Sport was created to help improve Australia's medal tally at the Games.{{sfn|Crotty|Roberts|2008|p=198–200}}{{sfn|Stewart|2005|p=53}}',
43 => '',
44 => 'Channel Seven had exclusive Australian [[free-to-air]], [[pay television]], [[On-line and off-line|online]] and [[Mobile phone|mobile telephone]] broadcast rights to the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]]. The live telecast of the 2008 Summer Olympics was shared by the Seven Network and [[SBS Television]]. Seven broadcast the opening and closing ceremonies and mainstream sports, including [[swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[sport of athletics|athletics]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[cycle sport|cycling]], and [[gymnastics]]. In contrast, [[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS TV]] provided complementary coverage focused on long-form events such as [[association football|soccer]], [[road bicycle racing|road cycling]], [[volleyball]], and [[table tennis]].<ref name=sbsetelevion/>',
45 => '',
46 => '===Paralympics===',
47 => '{{see also| Australia at the Paralympics}}',
48 => '[[File:16 ACPS Atlanta 1996 Australian Swim Team Training.jpg|right|thumb|Australian swimmers at the training pool at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games|alt=Swimmers posed in a group shot around the edge of a pool]]',
49 => 'Australia has attended every Summer Paralympics and hosted the [[2000 Summer Paralympics|2000 Sydney Games]]. Australia sent a delegation of 170 athletes to compete at the [[2008 Summer Paralympics]] in [[Beijing]],<ref name=smhparagrams/> and a team of 11 competitors to compete in two disciplines at the [[2010 Winter Paralympics]] in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]], Canada.<ref name=athletes/> A team of 161 members [[Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics|was sent]] to the [[2012 Summer Paralympics]] in London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/pm-launches-2012-australian-paralympic-team |title=PM launches 2012 Australian Paralympic Team |date=25 June 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704061635/http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/pm-launches-2012-australian-paralympic-team |archive-date=4 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>',
50 => '',
51 => '===Commonwealth Games===',
52 => '{{see also|Australia at the Commonwealth Games}}',
53 => 'Australians take the [[Commonwealth Games]] seriously because, on one level of national thinking, the event offers the country an opportunity to prove they are superior to the "original country", the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=368–369}}{{sfn|Shilbury|Deane|2001|p=167-173}}<ref name=mothersareyes/><ref name=theseonlygmaes/> By the [[1938 British Empire Games]], Australia's combined medal total was already greater than that of the [[Home Nations]] tallies combined. Australia would go on to beat England in total medals at the Commonwealth Games in 1950, 1962, 1970, 1974 and 1982.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=368–369}} This rivalry with England continues to be an important component of the games for the country.<ref name=mothersareyes/><ref name=theseonlygmaes/>'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
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1 => 'http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:ASAB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=132A003EF73C55C8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9',
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3 => 'http://news.smh.com.au/sport/missing-chair-provides-paralympic-scare-20080902-47n2.html',
4 => 'http://www.ESPNCricinfo.com/index.php',
5 => 'http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/News/Newsletters/vol02no05.htm',
6 => 'http://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Australia',
7 => 'http://www.hockey.org.au/Events/Past-Series/World-Cup/Womens-World-Cup',
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9 => 'http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/pm-launches-2012-australian-paralympic-team',
10 => 'http://www.sportbusiness.com/news/161653/seven-sbs-to-broadcast-beijing-olympics',
11 => 'http://www.vancouver2010.com/paralympic-games/athletes/',
12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=R-Kn3jVW39gC&pg=PA9',
13 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=XUeHoYSnFygC',
14 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=dBOnjC-2xk0C',
15 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120704061635/http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/pm-launches-2012-australian-paralympic-team',
16 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140820134045/http://www.hockey.org.au/Events/Past-Series/World-Cup/Womens-World-Cup',
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18 => 'https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20051012140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/10196/20051013-0000/www.commonwealthgames.org.au/News/Newsletters/vol02no05.htm',
19 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-21/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city/100311320',
20 => 'https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/rugby-league/25168674',
21 => 'https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/32105654',
22 => 'https://www.olympic.org/hockey',
23 => 'https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/sport/australia-crushes-new-zealand-wins-2015-netball-wo/55524b01-a101-42f5-829c-1549059eaf64.htm',
24 => 'https://www.topendsports.com/events/cricket-world-cup/women/results.htm',
25 => 'https://www.topendsports.com/events/rugby-world-cup/winners.htm'
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12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=66OBschGE_YC&pg=PA504',
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21 => 'http://canoe.org.au/?Page=9019&MenuID=ac_information/93/0/,Who_is_Australian_Canoeing?/68/1513/,Australian_Canoeing_History/69/0/0',
22 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=g5L_upSbd3AC&pg=PR12',
23 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141217101940/http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/worldcup/timeline.shtml',
24 => 'http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/worldcup/timeline.shtml',
25 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160302082812/http://www.nrl.com/About/ARLCommission/tabid/10891/Default.aspx',
26 => 'http://www.nrl.com/About/ARLCommission/tabid/10891/Default.aspx',
27 => 'http://www.news.com.au/sport/superracing/black-caviar-proves-her-critics-wrong-with-another-whirlwind-success-in-tj-smith/story-fndps3qy-1226619744317',
28 => 'https://archive.org/details/australiansport00aust',
29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111103172207/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/1DDA76A44E5F4DD4CA257671000E4C45/$File/Crawford_Report.pdf',
30 => 'http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/1DDA76A44E5F4DD4CA257671000E4C45/$File/Crawford_Report.pdf',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131216094829/http://www.ausport.gov.au/information/casro/about_us/msrm',
32 => 'http://www.ausport.gov.au/information/casro/about_us/msrm',
33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130419021205/http://regional.gov.au/sport/minister/releases/2012/kl027.aspx',
34 => 'http://www.regional.gov.au/sport/minister/releases/2012/kl027.aspx',
35 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140212063252/http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/467563/National_Sport_and_Active_Recreation_Policy_Framework.pdf',
36 => 'http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/467563/National_Sport_and_Active_Recreation_Policy_Framework.pdf',
37 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130225045609/http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/australias_winning_edge/high_performance_sport_in_australia',
38 => 'http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/australias_winning_edge/high_performance_sport_in_australia',
39 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130504211611/http://regional.gov.au/sport/programs/files/IA_national_institute_system.pdf',
40 => 'http://www.regional.gov.au/sport/programs/files/IA_national_institute_system.pdf',
41 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Sports%20and%20physical%20recreation~116',
42 => 'http://www.athletics.com.au/inside/athletics_australia/annual_reports/2006_2007',
43 => 'http://realfooty.com.au/news/news/we-love-aussie-rules/2007/06/19/1182019117471.html',
44 => 'http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2010/07/01/187051_geelong_sports.html',
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46 => 'http://www.heraldsun.com.au/opinion/just-a-soccer-ruse/story-e6frfhqf-1225886397854',
47 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110228072923/http://culture.gov.au/articles/surflifesaving/',
48 => 'http://culture.gov.au/articles/surflifesaving/',
49 => 'https://www.cricket.com.au/-/media/4CE4F075FBEB4F02A4D48EF9F9363D82.ashx',
50 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Pzx_Nz1qgd8C&pg=PA391',
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52 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=hlJ0QRd_bwcC&pg=PA546',
53 => 'http://www.insidefutbol.com/2009/10/25/australian-a-league-suffering-attendance-decline/11426/',
54 => 'http://www.footywire.com/afl/footy/attendances?year=2011&t=A&h=A&s=A',
55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100907082643/http://www.nrl.com/news/news/newsarticle/tabid/10874/newsid/60086/telstra-premiership-sets-new-attendance-record/default.aspx',
56 => 'http://www.nrl.com/news/news/newsarticle/tabid/10874/newsid/60086/telstra-premiership-sets-new-attendance-record/default.aspx',
57 => 'http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/big-bash-league-infant-tournament-now-part-of-australian-crickets-summer-fabric/news-story/98897cf3111da3cb16f6fd9e6744e101',
58 => 'http://www.theroar.com.au/2015/01/27/whats-next-big-bash-league-since-asked',
59 => 'https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=1',
60 => 'https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=2',
61 => 'http://www.nbl.com.au/index.php?id=959',
62 => 'http://www.theherald.com.au/story/401291/battle-of-the-codes-soccer-or-rugby/',
63 => 'https://www.supercars.com/news/championship/strong-growth-for-supercars-in-2017/',
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65 => 'http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=2',
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69 => 'http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=4',
70 => 'http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=5',
71 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110816034551/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sport-and-the-media',
72 => 'http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sport-and-the-media',
73 => 'http://www.espncricinfo.com/worldseries/content/story/72632.html',
74 => 'http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/business/messenger-can-watch-a-better-league-broadcast-in-the-us-than-south-of-the-border-20091004-ghve.html',
75 => 'http://www.keepsportfree.com.au/Content_Common/pg-the-facts.seo',
76 => 'http://tvnz.co.nz/rugby-league-news/league-becomes-australia-s-top-sport-3315931',
77 => 'http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/nrl-disputes-afl-audience-claim/story-e6frg996-1226025045416',
78 => 'http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/nrl/origin-to-kick-off-3d-revolution/story-e6frfgbo-1225859053250',
79 => 'http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2010/05/3d-state-of-origin-approved-world-cup-announcement-expected.html',
80 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/sport/rugby-union/nine-rugby-australia-confirm-groundbreaking-100m-broadcast-deal-20201109-p56csm.html',
81 => 'https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/nine-amps-up-sports-streaming-war-with-super-rugby-numbers-20210511-p57qw8',
82 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-04/grassroots-cricket-to-benefit-from-financial-windfall/4732566',
83 => 'http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/new-big-bash-league-broadcaster-channel-ten-thrilled-with-ratings-for-season-opening-derby/story-fni2usfi-1226788040468',
84 => 'http://www.cricket.com.au/news/bbl05-big-bash-league-fixture-release-2015-16-final-host-highest-qualifying-team-all-matches-live/2015-07-12',
85 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060113061720/http://www.currency.com.au/newsite/preview/club.htm',
86 => 'http://www.currency.com.au/newsite/preview/club.htm',
87 => 'http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1004389-club/about.php',
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92 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=gmF8Id9vuhcC&pg=PA43',
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97 => 'http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2006/489/',
98 => 'http://www.aflrecord.com.au/displayrecord/id/6',
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101 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131216093346/http://www.vis.org.au/about-us.html',
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127 => '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/247974138',
128 => 'http://www.ausport.gov.au/',
129 => 'http://www.ais.org.au/'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
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1 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0312-4746',
2 => '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/21526949',
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8 => 'http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sport-and-the-media',
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10 => 'http://corporate.olympics.com.au/sport/1/14/Swimming',
11 => 'http://culture.gov.au/articles/surflifesaving/',
12 => 'http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:ASAB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=132A003EF73C55C8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9',
13 => 'http://en.espn.co.uk/onthisday/sport/story/212.html',
14 => 'http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/enwiki/w/bracket.html',
15 => 'http://news.smh.com.au/sport/missing-chair-provides-paralympic-scare-20080902-47n2.html',
16 => 'http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn3530763',
17 => 'http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19221219.2.83&srpos=3&e=-------10--1----0Netball+South+Africa--',
18 => 'http://realfooty.com.au/news/news/we-love-aussie-rules/2007/06/19/1182019117471.html',
19 => 'http://rl1908.com/Kangaroos/arl-colours.htm',
20 => 'http://tvnz.co.nz/rugby-league-news/league-becomes-australia-s-top-sport-3315931',
21 => 'http://www.2ky.com.au/company/profile.php',
22 => 'http://www.ESPNCricinfo.com/index.php',
23 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/atthemovies/txt/s2004682.htm',
24 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-04/grassroots-cricket-to-benefit-from-financial-windfall/4732566',
25 => 'http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Sports%20and%20physical%20recreation~116',
26 => 'http://www.aflrecord.com.au/displayrecord/id/6',
27 => 'http://www.ais.org.au/',
28 => 'http://www.athletics.com.au/inside/athletics_australia/annual_reports/2006_2007',
29 => 'http://www.ausport.gov.au/',
30 => 'http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/467563/National_Sport_and_Active_Recreation_Policy_Framework.pdf',
31 => 'http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/australias_winning_edge/high_performance_sport_in_australia',
32 => 'http://www.ausport.gov.au/information/casro/about_us/msrm',
33 => 'http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=1',
34 => 'http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=7',
35 => 'http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=5',
36 => 'http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=2',
37 => 'http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=3',
38 => 'http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=4',
39 => 'http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=37',
40 => 'http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/business/messenger-can-watch-a-better-league-broadcast-in-the-us-than-south-of-the-border-20091004-ghve.html',
41 => 'http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/News/Newsletters/vol02no05.htm',
42 => 'http://www.cricket.com.au/news/bbl05-big-bash-league-fixture-release-2015-16-final-host-highest-qualifying-team-all-matches-live/2015-07-12',
43 => 'http://www.currency.com.au/newsite/preview/club.htm',
44 => 'http://www.diving.asn.au/default.asp?MenuID=About_Us/20002/1785/,Hall_of_Fame/20011/1827/',
45 => 'http://www.espncricinfo.com/worldseries/content/story/72632.html',
46 => 'http://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Australia',
47 => 'http://www.footywire.com/afl/footy/attendances?year=2011&t=A&h=A&s=A',
48 => 'http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2010/07/01/187051_geelong_sports.html',
49 => 'http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/1DDA76A44E5F4DD4CA257671000E4C45/$File/Crawford_Report.pdf',
50 => 'http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/basketball-is-most-popular-sport/story-e6frf7kx-1225884928551',
51 => 'http://www.heraldsun.com.au/opinion/just-a-soccer-ruse/story-e6frfhqf-1225886397854',
52 => 'http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/big-bash-league-infant-tournament-now-part-of-australian-crickets-summer-fabric/news-story/98897cf3111da3cb16f6fd9e6744e101',
53 => 'http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/new-big-bash-league-broadcaster-channel-ten-thrilled-with-ratings-for-season-opening-derby/story-fni2usfi-1226788040468',
54 => 'http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/nrl/origin-to-kick-off-3d-revolution/story-e6frfgbo-1225859053250',
55 => 'http://www.hockey.org.au/Events/Past-Series/World-Cup/Womens-World-Cup',
56 => 'http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/88460/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015-gives-economic-boost-to-australia-and-new-zealand',
57 => 'http://www.insidefutbol.com/2009/10/25/australian-a-league-suffering-attendance-decline/11426/',
58 => 'http://www.keepsportfree.com.au/Content_Common/pg-the-facts.seo',
59 => 'http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/worldcup/timeline.shtml',
60 => 'http://www.nbl.com.au/index.php?id=959',
61 => 'http://www.news.com.au/sport/superracing/black-caviar-proves-her-critics-wrong-with-another-whirlwind-success-in-tj-smith/story-fndps3qy-1226619744317',
62 => 'http://www.nrl.com/About/ARLCommission/tabid/10891/Default.aspx',
63 => 'http://www.nrl.com/news/news/newsarticle/tabid/10874/newsid/60086/telstra-premiership-sets-new-attendance-record/default.aspx',
64 => 'http://www.nsm.org.au/Whats%20On/News%20Archive/2008/January/NSM%20celebrating%20moments.aspx',
65 => 'http://www.nswicehockey.com.au/history.aspx#top',
66 => 'http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/pm-launches-2012-australian-paralympic-team',
67 => 'http://www.qrl.com.au/qrl_history/story_of_the_qrl.php',
68 => 'http://www.regional.gov.au/sport/minister/releases/2012/kl027.aspx',
69 => 'http://www.regional.gov.au/sport/programs/files/IA_national_institute_system.pdf',
70 => 'http://www.rl1908.com/History/rebellion.htm',
71 => 'http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1004389-club/about.php',
72 => 'http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2006/489/',
73 => 'http://www.sportbusiness.com/news/161653/seven-sbs-to-broadcast-beijing-olympics',
74 => 'http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/nrl-disputes-afl-audience-claim/story-e6frg996-1226025045416',
75 => 'http://www.theherald.com.au/story/401291/battle-of-the-codes-soccer-or-rugby/',
76 => 'http://www.theroar.com.au/2015/01/27/whats-next-big-bash-league-since-asked',
77 => 'http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1657920,00.html',
78 => 'http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2010/05/3d-state-of-origin-approved-world-cup-announcement-expected.html',
79 => 'http://www.vancouver2010.com/paralympic-games/athletes/',
80 => 'https://afltables.com/afl/crowds/2019.html',
81 => 'https://archive.org/details/australiansport00aust',
82 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=-DWQSYRx4MUC&q=Matt+Warshaw.+The+Encyclopedia+of+Surfing',
83 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=-EonrYXRj94C&pg=PA45',
84 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=3I3PrEgnQZQC&pg=PA145',
85 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=66OBschGE_YC&pg=PA504',
86 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=6mQHaZaDTzAC&pg=PA295',
87 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=7BIR3FIhVRsC',
88 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=FMDqFsGQ5qoC&pg=PA9',
89 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=HZF3pPDn-QgC&pg=PA99',
90 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC&pg=PA384',
91 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=NtWto0T5FMEC',
92 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=OdTun2Or_qkC&pg=PA86',
93 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=PGRkblShhU8C&pg=PA438',
94 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=PYpNYjr_xQEC&pg=PA544',
95 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Pzx_Nz1qgd8C&pg=PA391',
96 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=R-Kn3jVW39gC&pg=PA9',
97 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=RnpCldTMIt8C&pg=PA60',
98 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Wi5me1HBT7kC&pg=PA198',
99 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=XCl1c2yy5ooC',
100 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=XUeHoYSnFygC',
101 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ZD37NhabRKIC&pg=PA46',
102 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgRrB74FiqMC&pg=PA90',
103 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=dBOnjC-2xk0C',
104 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=eBEeH8xAvWQC&pg=PT172',
105 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fqAyTWrmU_sC&pg=PT96',
106 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=g5L_upSbd3AC&pg=PR12',
107 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=gdvlr4TKT4cC&pg=PA47',
108 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=gmF8Id9vuhcC&pg=PA43',
109 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=hlJ0QRd_bwcC&pg=PA546',
110 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=iJzpn_bek7YC&pg=PA272',
111 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=q3j-Gg3dbWoC&pg=PA239',
112 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=qfTcKDzzqvIC&pg=PA56',
113 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=uwhdjEuWGOMC&pg=PA93',
114 => 'https://twitter.com/RicFinlay/status/824844576712069120',
115 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060113061720/http://www.currency.com.au/newsite/preview/club.htm',
116 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20061021080815/http://www.rl1908.com/History/rebellion.htm',
117 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070904151332/http://www.abc.net.au/atthemovies/txt/s2004682.htm',
118 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080719181700/http://www.2ky.com.au/company/profile.php',
119 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090929074716/http://www.qrl.com.au/qrl_history/story_of_the_qrl.php',
120 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100907082643/http://www.nrl.com/news/news/newsarticle/tabid/10874/newsid/60086/telstra-premiership-sets-new-attendance-record/default.aspx',
121 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101009110521/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1657920,00.html',
122 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110228072923/http://culture.gov.au/articles/surflifesaving/',
123 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110514024646/http://rl1908.com/Kangaroos/arl-colours.htm',
124 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110816034551/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sport-and-the-media',
125 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045855/http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2006/489/',
126 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111103172207/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/1DDA76A44E5F4DD4CA257671000E4C45/$File/Crawford_Report.pdf',
127 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120704061635/http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/pm-launches-2012-australian-paralympic-team',
128 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130225045609/http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/australias_winning_edge/high_performance_sport_in_australia',
129 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130419021205/http://regional.gov.au/sport/minister/releases/2012/kl027.aspx',
130 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130504211611/http://regional.gov.au/sport/programs/files/IA_national_institute_system.pdf',
131 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131216054950/http://www.diving.asn.au/default.asp?MenuID=About_Us/20002/1785/,Hall_of_Fame/20011/1827/',
132 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131216093346/http://www.vis.org.au/about-us.html',
133 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20131216094829/http://www.ausport.gov.au/information/casro/about_us/msrm',
134 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140212063252/http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/467563/National_Sport_and_Active_Recreation_Policy_Framework.pdf',
135 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095416/http://www.nsm.org.au/Whats%20On/News%20Archive/2008/January/NSM%20celebrating%20moments.aspx',
136 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140820134045/http://www.hockey.org.au/Events/Past-Series/World-Cup/Womens-World-Cup',
137 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141217101940/http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/worldcup/timeline.shtml',
138 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160113031111/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/88460/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015-gives-economic-boost-to-australia-and-new-zealand',
139 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160302082812/http://www.nrl.com/About/ARLCommission/tabid/10891/Default.aspx',
140 => 'https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20051012140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/10196/20051013-0000/www.commonwealthgames.org.au/News/Newsletters/vol02no05.htm',
141 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-21/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city/100311320',
142 => 'https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/nine-amps-up-sports-streaming-war-with-super-rugby-numbers-20210511-p57qw8',
143 => 'https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=1',
144 => 'https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=2',
145 => 'https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=17',
146 => 'https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/rugby-league/25168674',
147 => 'https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/32105654',
148 => 'https://www.cricket.com.au/-/media/4CE4F075FBEB4F02A4D48EF9F9363D82.ashx',
149 => 'https://www.olympic.org/hockey',
150 => 'https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/sport/australia-crushes-new-zealand-wins-2015-netball-wo/55524b01-a101-42f5-829c-1549059eaf64.htm',
151 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-named-worlds-sporting-capital-20160421-gobebk.html',
152 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/sport/rugby-union/nine-rugby-australia-confirm-groundbreaking-100m-broadcast-deal-20201109-p56csm.html',
153 => 'https://www.supercars.com/news/championship/strong-growth-for-supercars-in-2017/',
154 => 'https://www.topendsports.com/events/cricket-world-cup/women/results.htm',
155 => 'https://www.topendsports.com/events/rugby-world-cup/winners.htm'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of sports traditions and activities in Australia</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:#000000;">This article is part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_culture" title="Category:Australian culture">a series</a> on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#00843D; border: 1px double #00843D;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>Culture of </small><br />Australia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="image"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Australia.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; border: 1px double #FFCD00;">
Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian people">People</a><br />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Australia" title="Multiculturalism in Australia">Multiculturalism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; border: 1px double #FFCD00;">
Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia literature">Literature</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Comics</a></li></ul></li>
<li><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Performing_arts_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing arts in Australia">Performing arts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theater</a></li></ul></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; border: 1px double #FFCD00;">
Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Australia" title="List of festivals in Australia">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_folklore" title="Australian folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_comedy" title="Australian comedy">Humour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Australia">Media</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newspapers_in_Australia" title="Newspapers in Australia">Newspapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Australia">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">TV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Australia" title="Internet in Australia">Internet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythology_of_Australia" title="Mythology of Australia">Mythology</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Australia">Video gaming</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFCD00; color:#222; border: 1px double #FFCD00;">
Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Australia" title="Flag of Australia">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Australia" title="Coat of arms of Australia">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advance_Australia_Fair" title="Advance Australia Fair">Anthem</a></li>
<li><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monuments_of_Australia" title="Monuments of Australia">Monuments</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></td>
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<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a> is an important part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> that dates back to the early colonial period. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Australia" title="Australian rules football in Australia">Australian rules football</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soccer_in_Australia" title="Soccer in Australia">association football</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket_in_Australia" title="Cricket in Australia">cricket</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennis_in_Australia" title="Tennis in Australia">tennis</a> are among the earliest organised sports in Australia. Sport has shaped the Australian national identity through events such as the Australia vs USA basketball match in 2019 which attracted over 100,000 people, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne_Cup" title="Melbourne Cup">Melbourne Cup</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> also holds the record for the largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attendance" title="Attendance">attendance</a> at a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</a> match with almost 110 000 watching the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_National_Rugby_Union_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian National Rugby Union Team">Wallabies</a> play the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/All_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="All Blacks">All Blacks</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are a number of professional sport leagues in Australia, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> (AFL) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/AFL_Women%27s" title="AFL Women's">AFL Women's</a> (Australian rules football), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a> (NRL) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NRL_Women%27s_Premiership" title="NRL Women's Premiership">NRL Women's</a> (rugby league), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Super_Rugby_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Rugby Pacific">Super Rugby Pacific</a> (Australia/New Zealand) (Rugby Union), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)" title="National Basketball League (Australia)">National Basketball League</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_League" title="Women's National Basketball League">Women's National Basketball League</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-League_Men" title="A-League Men">A-League Men</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-League_Women" title="A-League Women">A-League Women</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a>), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League" title="Australian Baseball League">Australian Baseball League</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">Big Bash League</a> (cricket), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_Big_Bash_League" title="Women's Big Bash League">Women's Big Bash League</a> (cricket) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheffield_Shield" title="Sheffield Shield">Sheffield Shield</a> (cricket), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suncorp_Super_Netball" title="Suncorp Super Netball">Suncorp Super Netball</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supercars_Championship" title="Supercars Championship">Supercars Championship</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">touring car racing</a>). Attendance for the AFL in 2019 attracted more than 7.5 million people to games,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> while the NRL draws just over 3 million people in a single season.
</p><p>Historically, rugby league and rugby union football codes have been more popular than Australian rules football in New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Queensland, whereas Australian rules football has been more popular in Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Northern Territory and Western Australia.
</p><p>Major professional sports leagues in Australia are similar to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada</a> in that they do not practice <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation" title="Promotion and relegation">promotion and relegation</a>, unlike sports leagues in Europe and South America.
</p><p>Australia boasts 7 former world number one <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Squash_in_Australia" title="Squash in Australia">squash</a> players, along with a history of success in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Squash_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Squash at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>.
</p><p>The media plays an important part in Australia's sporting landscape, with many sporting events televised or broadcast on radio. The government has <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-siphoning_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-siphoning laws">anti-siphoning laws</a> to protect free-to-air stations. Beyond televising live events, there are many sport-related television and radio programs, as well as several magazine publications dedicated to sport. Australian sport has also been the subject of Australian-made films such as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Club_(1980_film)" title="The Club (1980 film)">The Club</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Rules_(film)" title="Australian Rules (film)">Australian Rules</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Final_Winter" title="The Final Winter">The Final Winter</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Footy_Legends" title="Footy Legends">Footy Legends</a></i>.
</p><p>As a nation, Australia has competed in many international events, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympics">Olympics</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympics">Paralympics</a>. The country has also twice hosted the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a>) and Sydney (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a>), as well as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> on five occasions.
</p><p>Australia is one of six countries to have played in the world cups of cricket, soccer and rugby, along with England, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland and Scotland.
</p><p>The city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> is famous for its major sports events and has been described as the 'sporting capital of the world',<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> and one of its stadiums, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a>, is considered the home <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> and one of the world's premier Cricket grounds.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Organisation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Organisation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Participation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Participation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Amateur_sport"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Amateur sport</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Major_Leagues"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Major Leagues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Spectators"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Spectators</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sports_media"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Sports media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Events"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Events</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#By_demographic"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">By demographic</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#By_social_and_cultural_context"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">By social and cultural context</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#By_sport"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">By sport</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_sport_in_Australia" title="History of sport in Australia">History of sport in Australia</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1062260506">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;">
<blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">
<p>"Australia's sporting history is marked by great successes, great stories and truly great moments. Sport speaks a universal language in this country – we are a nation of players and enthusiasts."
</p>
</blockquote>
<p><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a>, January 2008<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></cite>
</p>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Australianfootball1866.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Australianfootball1866.jpg/220px-Australianfootball1866.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Australianfootball1866.jpg/330px-Australianfootball1866.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Australianfootball1866.jpg/440px-Australianfootball1866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="698" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Australianfootball1866.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An 1860s game of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yarra_Park" title="Yarra Park">Richmond Paddock</a>. A pavilion of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">MCG</a> seen on the left in the background. (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wood_engraving" title="Wood engraving">Wood engraving</a> made by Robert Bruce in 1866.)</div></div></div>
<p>Sport came to Australia in 1810 when the first athletics tournament was held; soon after cricket, horse racing and sailing clubs and competitions started. Australia's lower classes would play sports on public holidays, with the upper classes playing more regularly on Saturdays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200314_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200314-5">[5]</a></sup> Sydney was the early hub of sport in the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200315_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200315-6">[6]</a></sup> Early forms of football were played there by 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore20082_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore20082-7">[7]</a></sup> Early sport in Australia was played along class lines. In 1835, the British Parliament banned blood sports except fox hunting in a law that was implemented in Australia; this was not taken well in the country as it was seen as an attack on the working classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19973_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19973-8">[8]</a></sup> By the late 1830s, horse racing was established in New South Wales and other parts of the country, and enjoyed support across class lines. Gambling was part of sport from the time horse racing became an established sport in the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19973_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19973-8">[8]</a></sup> Horse racing was also happening in Melbourne at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batman%27s_Hill" title="Batman's Hill">Batman's Hill</a> in 1838, with the first race meeting in Victoria taking place in 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore20081_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore20081-9">[9]</a></sup> Cricket was also underway with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Club" title="Melbourne Cricket Club">Melbourne Cricket Club</a> founded in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore20081_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore20081-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979148_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979148-10">[10]</a></sup> Sport was being used during the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s as a form of social integration across classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19974_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19974-11">[11]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Victorian rules football</a> (later known as Australian rules) was codified in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979236_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979236-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrego2003242_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrego2003242-13">[13]</a></sup> Australian football clubs still around in the current <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> were founded by 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979148_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979148-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979236_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979236-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrego2003242_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrego2003242-13">[13]</a></sup> Originally formed as the South Australian Football Association on 30 April 1877, the SANFL (South Australian National Football League) is the oldest surviving football league of any code in Australia. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a>, Australia's largest sporting arena, opened in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201196_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201196-14">[14]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne_Cup" title="Melbourne Cup">Melbourne Cup</a> was first run in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91-15">[15]</a></sup> A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> team was established at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a> in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91-15">[15]</a></sup> Regular sport did not begin to be played in South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia until the late 1860s and early 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200315_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200315-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ashes_Urn_1921.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ashes_Urn_1921.jpg/200px-Ashes_Urn_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ashes_Urn_1921.jpg/300px-Ashes_Urn_1921.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ashes_Urn_1921.jpg/400px-Ashes_Urn_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1651" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ashes_Urn_1921.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Early photo of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Ashes_Urn:_Its_Origin_and_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ashes Urn: Its Origin and History">the Ashes Urn</a>, from the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a></i>, 1921</div></div></div>
<p>The first Australian cricket team to go on tour internationally did so in 1868. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_cricket_team_in_England_in_1868" title="Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868">The Australian side</a> was an all Aboriginal one and toured England where they played 47 games, where they won 14 games, drew 19 and lost 14.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199927_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199927-16">[16]</a></sup>Australia's adoption of sport as a national pastime was so comprehensive that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a> remarked in his book, <i>Australia</i>, published in 1870, "The English passion for the amusements which are technically called 'sports', is not a national necessity with the Americans, whereas with the Australians it is almost as much so as home."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19977_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19977-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first team formally organised soccer team was formed in Sydney in 1880 and was named the Wanderers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199942_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199942-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979203_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979203-19">[19]</a></sup> Sport was receiving coverage in Australian newspapers by 1876 when a sculling race in England was reported in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200315_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200315-6">[6]</a></sup> In 1877, Australia played in the first Test Cricket match against England. In 1882, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Ashes" title="The Ashes">The Ashes</a> were started following the victory of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team" title="Australia national cricket team">Australia national cricket team</a> over England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews19799_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews19799-20">[20]</a></sup> Field hockey teams for men and women were established by 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012368–369_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012368–369-21">[21]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheffield_Shield" title="Sheffield Shield">Sheffield Shield</a> cricket competition was first held in 1891 with New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia participating in the inaugural competition. The remaining states would not participate until much later, with Queensland first participating in 1926–27, Western Australia in 1947–48 and Tasmania in 1982–83.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997x_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997x-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews19791999_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews19791999-23">[23]</a></sup> In 1897 the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victorian_Football_League_(1897%E2%80%931989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Football League (1897–1989)">Victorian Football League</a>, which later became the AFL the Australian Football League, was founded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979227_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979227-24">[24]</a></sup> after breaking away from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victorian_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Football Association">Victorian Football Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979227_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979227-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a> competition in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badminton_Australia" title="Badminton Australia">Australia</a> was played in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-badmintonsource_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-badmintonsource-25">[25]</a></sup> The first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> game was played in Melbourne on 12 July 1906 between a local Melbourne team and a team from the crew of the visiting US warship <a href="/enwiki/wiki/USS_Baltimore_(C-3)" title="USS Baltimore (C-3)">USS <i>Baltimore</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ussaroudnting_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ussaroudnting-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>Motor racing began in the first years of federation with motorcycle racing beginning at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground" title="Sydney Cricket Ground">Sydney Cricket Ground</a> in 1901 with automobile motorsport following in 1904 at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aspendale_Racecourse" title="Aspendale Racecourse">Aspendale Racecourse</a> in Melbourne. A dedicated race track was added to Aspendale's horse racing track in 1906, although it fell into disuse almost immediately.
</p><p>Rugby league has been the overwhelmingly dominant rugby code in Australia since 1908 (this position remains unchallenged to this day). When Messenger and the All Golds returned from Great Britain in 1908, they helped the new clubs adapt to the rules of rugby league prior to the inaugural <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1908_NSWRFL_season" title="1908 NSWRFL season">1908 NSWRFL season</a>. The Queensland Rugby Football League also formed early in 1908 by seven <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> players who were dissatisfied with the administration of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland_Rugby_Union" title="Queensland Rugby Union">Queensland Rugby Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QRLstoryoftheqrl_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QRLstoryoftheqrl-27">[27]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team" title="Australia national rugby union team">Australia national rugby union team</a> had their first international test against New Zealand in 1903, and first international tour in 1908, earning their nickname of the Wallabies after two British journalists used it to refer to the team.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199939_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199939-28">[28]</a></sup> The team won gold at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908 Summer Olympics</a>; however the majority of the squad joined rugby league clubs upon returning to Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-RLHist_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RLHist-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>Women represented Australia for the first time at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">Olympics in 1912</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91-15">[15]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surfing_in_Australia" title="Surfing in Australia">Surfing</a> came to Australia by 1915<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91-15">[15]</a></sup> with the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surf_life_saving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf life saving">surf life saving</a> competition being held that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979212_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979212-30">[30]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Les_Darcy" title="Les Darcy">Les Darcy</a> began his boxing career in 1915, with some of his later fights taking place at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sydney_Stadium" title="Sydney Stadium">Sydney Stadium</a>. The following year, an American promoter encouraged Darcy to go to the United States at a time when Australia was actively recruiting young men for the armed services. Controversy resulted and Darcy died at the age of 21 in the United States. When his body was returned to Australia, 100,000 people attended his Sydney funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews197968-69_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews197968-69-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FitzSimons2010_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzSimons2010-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Headoned2003_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Headoned2003-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seal2001_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seal2001-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacCallum2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCallum2009-35">[35]</a></sup> Darcy would remain significant to Australians into the 2000s, when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> mentioned his story.<sup id="cite_ref-MacCallum2009_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCallum2009-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_292827_Group_of_tennis_players,_ca._1922.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Five women standing with tennis rackets in hand" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/StateLibQld_1_292827_Group_of_tennis_players%2C_ca._1922.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_292827_Group_of_tennis_players%2C_ca._1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/StateLibQld_1_292827_Group_of_tennis_players%2C_ca._1922.jpg/330px-StateLibQld_1_292827_Group_of_tennis_players%2C_ca._1922.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/StateLibQld_1_292827_Group_of_tennis_players%2C_ca._1922.jpg/440px-StateLibQld_1_292827_Group_of_tennis_players%2C_ca._1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="648" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_292827_Group_of_tennis_players,_ca._1922.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Group of tennis players, ca. 1922.</div></div></div>
<p>In 1922, a committee in Australia investigated the benefits of physical education for girls. They came up with several recommendations regarding what sports were and were not appropriate for girls to play based on the level of fitness required. It was determined that for some individual girls that for medical reasons, the girls should probably not be allowed to participate in tennis, netball, lacrosse, golf, hockey, and cricket. Football was completely medically inappropriate for girls to play. It was medically appropriate for all girls to be able to participate in, so long as they were not done in an overly competitive manner, swimming, rowing, cycling and horseback riding.<sup id="cite_ref-evening-post-1922_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evening-post-1922-36">[36]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dick_Eve" title="Dick Eve">Dick Eve</a> won Australia's first Olympic diving gold medal in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-firstmedaldiving_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstmedaldiving-37">[37]</a></sup> In 1924 the Australian Rugby League Board of Control, later to be known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Rugby League">Australian Rugby League</a>, was formed to administer the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team" title="Australia national rugby league team">national team</a> (the Kangaroos), and later as the national governing body for the sport of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a>. In 1928 the team also adopted the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_colours_of_Australia" title="National colours of Australia">national colours</a> of green and gold for the first time, having previously used blue and maroon, making the Kangaroos the third national sporting body to do so after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_national_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian national cricket team">cricket</a> (from 1899) and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Olympic_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Olympic team">Australian Olympic team</a> (from 1908).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netball_Australia" title="Netball Australia">Netball Australia</a> was founded in 1927 as the All Australia Women's Basket Ball Association.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:4th_Test_Woodfull.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/4th_Test_Woodfull.jpg/220px-4th_Test_Woodfull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/4th_Test_Woodfull.jpg/330px-4th_Test_Woodfull.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/4th_Test_Woodfull.jpg/440px-4th_Test_Woodfull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="316" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:4th_Test_Woodfull.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_1932%E2%80%9333" title="English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33">1932–33 Ashes</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Woodfull" title="Bill Woodfull">Bill Woodfull</a> evades a bodyline ball at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Gabba" title="The Gabba">the Gabba</a></div></div></div>
<p>During the 1930s, the playing of sport on Sunday was banned in most country outside South Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumerling2011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumerling2011-39">[39]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bodyline_cricket_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodyline cricket series">Bodyline cricket series</a> between Australia and England took place in 1932–33. The English side were very determined to win, using physical intimidation against Australia to insure it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997xii_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997xii-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews197926_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews197926-41">[41]</a></sup> The bowling style used by the team known <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Body-line_bowling" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-line bowling">body-line bowling</a> was devised by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douglas_Jardine" title="Douglas Jardine">Douglas Jardine</a> with advice from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_Foster_(cricketer)" title="Frank Foster (cricketer)">Frank Foster</a> in England ahead of the series in order to defeat Australian batsman <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Bradman" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Bradman">Donald Bradman</a>. Going into the start of the series, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Voce" title="Bill Voce">Bill Voce</a> told the media "If we don't beat you, we'll knock your bloody heads off." The style of play was such that the Australians contemplated cancelling the series after the Adelaide test.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews197926_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews197926-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199928_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199928-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following a successful Australian racing career, the race horse <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phar_Lap" title="Phar Lap">Phar Lap</a> went to the United States where he died. There were many conspiracy theories at the time and later that suggested people in the United States poisoned the horse to prevent him from winning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997xii_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997xii-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>Australian women's sports had an advantage over many other women's sport organisations around the world in the period after World War II. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Women's sports</a> organisations had largely remained intact and were holding competitions during the war period. This structure survived in the post war period. Women's sport were not hurt because of food rationing, petrol rationing, population disbursement, and other issues facing post-war Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStell1991100_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStell1991100-43">[43]</a></sup> In September 1949, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Canoeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Canoeing">Australian Canoeing</a> is founded as the Australian Canoe Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-canoeingaust_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canoeingaust-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the 1960s, Australia had an international identity as a sport-obsessed country, an identity which was embraced inside the country. This was so well known that in a 1962 edition of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i>, Australia was named the most sports-obsessed country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19976_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19976-45">[45]</a></sup> In 1967, Australia hosted the second <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Netball_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Netball Championships">World Netball Championships</a> in Perth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAll_England_Netball_Association200960_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAll_England_Netball_Association200960-46">[46]</a></sup> That same year, South Australia became the last state to lift its ban on the playing of sports on Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumerling2011_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumerling2011-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>Starting in the early 1970s, Australian sport underwent a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> shift with sponsorship becoming one of the fundamental drivers of earnings for Australian sport on amateur and professional levels. By the mid-1980s, the need for the ability to acquire sponsorship dollars in sport was so great that job applicants for sport administrator positions were expected to be able to demonstrate an ability to get it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay199142_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay199142-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the 1970s, Australia was being routinely defeated in major international competitions as Eastern Bloc countries enjoyed strong government support for sport. The Liberal governments at the time were opposed to similar intervention in Australia's sporting system as they felt it would be government intrusion into an important component of Australian life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrottyRoberts2008198–205_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrottyRoberts2008198–205-48">[48]</a></sup> In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1974_Australian_federal_election" title="1974 Australian federal election">1974 elections</a>, several Australian sporting competitors endorsed the Liberal party in advertisements that ran on television. Competitors involved included <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ron_Barassi" title="Ron Barassi">Ron Barassi</a>, NSWRL player <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnny_Raper" title="Johnny Raper">Johnny Raper</a> and horse trainer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tommie_Smith" title="Tommie Smith">Tommie Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay199171_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay199171-49">[49]</a></sup> That year, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_national_association_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia national association football team">Australian team</a> qualified for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1974 FIFA World Cup">1974 FIFA World Cup</a>, the first successful qualification to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> in the country's history after failing to qualify to the 1966 and 1970 tournaments. It would prove to be the only appearance for the Australian team for more than three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199942_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199942-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barassi_Line" title="Barassi Line">regional football code divide in Australia</a> was still present in the 1980s, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> football being the dominant code in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> while <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> dominated in the rest of the country. When codes went outside of their traditional geographic home, they had little success in gaining new fans and participants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997x_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997x-22">[22]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport" title="Australian Institute of Sport">Australian Institute of Sport</a> was founded in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003x_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003x-50">[50]</a></sup> In the lead up to and during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games" title="1982 Commonwealth Games">1982 Commonwealth Games</a>, the police were called upon to stop protests by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_land_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal land rights">Aboriginal land rights</a> activists who staged protests timed with the event in order to politicise the event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay199174_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay199174-51">[51]</a></sup> Australia had competitors in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a> yacht race for a number of years. Going into the 1983 race, the Australian media was not that interested in the race as they expected a similar result and in the media lead-up to the event, made it out to be a race for rich people. This lack of interest continued throughout the early races. Near the end, when Australia finally appeared poised to win it, millions of Australians turned on their television to watch the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_II" title="Australia II">Australia II</a> win the competition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay199121_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay199121-52">[52]</a></sup> That year, the Liberals used Australian tennis star <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Newcombe" title="John Newcombe">John Newcombe</a> and race car drivers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Brock" title="Peter Brock">Peter Brock</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alan_Jones_(racing_driver)" title="Alan Jones (racing driver)">Alan Jones</a> in their political advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay199172_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay199172-53">[53]</a></sup> Athletes would again be used, this time by the Labor Party, in the 1989 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay199172_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay199172-53">[53]</a></sup> During the 1980s, Australian soccer players began to start playing regularly in overseas professional leagues, with the most successful player of the decade being <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Craig_Johnston" title="Craig Johnston">Craig Johnston</a> who scored a goal in the 1986 FA Cup Final for Liverpool.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199942_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199942-18">[18]</a></sup> During the 1980s, the federal government created a number of sport programs including Aussie Sports and Active Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane200189_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane200189-54">[54]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="Australia women's national field hockey team">Australia women's national field hockey team</a> began their run as one of the top teams in the world in 1985, a place they would hold until 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012368–369_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012368–369-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1990, the Victorian Football League changed its name to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a>. During the 1990s, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soccer_in_Australia" title="Soccer in Australia">soccer in Australia</a> faced a challenge in attracting youth players because of the ethnic nature of the sport at the highest levels of national competition. The sport's governing body made an effort to make the game less ethnically oriented. At the same time, rival football codes were intentionally trying to bring in ethnic participants in order to expand their youth playing base.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell2011p11_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2011p11-55">[55]</a></sup> Doping became a concern during the 1980s and more active steps were taken to combat it in Australia in the early 1990s. In 1990, the <i>Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990</i> was passed and took control of doping test away from the Australian Sport Commission and put it into the hands of an independent doping control agency as of 17 February 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane200188_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane200188-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2000_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1.JPEG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2000_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1.JPEG/220px-2000_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2000_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1.JPEG/330px-2000_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1.JPEG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2000_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1.JPEG/440px-2000_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1870" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2000_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1.JPEG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics_Opening_Ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony">2000 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stadium_Australia" title="Stadium Australia">Stadium Australia</a> on 15 September 2000</div></div></div>
<p>In 2006, Melbourne hosted the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006 Commonwealth Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojumdar2009172_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojumdar2009172-57">[57]</a></sup> Later that year, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_national_association_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia national association football team">Australian team</a> competed in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a>, their second <a href="/enwiki/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> appearance after 32 years of failing to qualify for the tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Black_Caviar_Ascot.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Black_Caviar_Ascot.jpg/220px-Black_Caviar_Ascot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Black_Caviar_Ascot.jpg/330px-Black_Caviar_Ascot.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Black_Caviar_Ascot.jpg/440px-Black_Caviar_Ascot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Black_Caviar_Ascot.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Caviar" title="Black Caviar">Black Caviar</a> prior to the 2012 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_Stakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Jubilee Stakes">Diamond Jubilee Stakes</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Ascot" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Ascot">Royal Ascot</a></div></div></div>
<p>In 2012, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League_Commission" title="Australian Rugby League Commission">Australian Rugby League Commission</a> was formed, bringing to an end the involvement of News Limited in the administration of Rugby League and the media companies' conflict of interests in the sport, finally concluding the fall-out from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Super_League_war" title="Super League war">Super League war</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> From 2008 until 2013, the Australian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">thoroughbred</a> mare <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Caviar" title="Black Caviar">Black Caviar</a> was undefeated for her entire 25-race career, a record not equaled in over 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> Notable wins include the 2012 Diamond Jubilee Stakes, as well as being named the top sprinter from 2010 to 2012 in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Thoroughbred_Racehorse_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings">World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings</a> and entering the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Racing_Hall_of_Fame" title="Australian Racing Hall of Fame">Australian Racing Hall of Fame</a> while still in training. Another thoroughbred mare, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winx_(horse)" title="Winx (horse)">Winx</a>, though not finishing unbeaten for her career, surpassed Black Caviar's record for consecutive wins by winning the last 33 races of her career, a streak running from May 2015 to April 2019. She also entered the Hall of Fame while in training, and set a world record for most Group 1 wins with 25. Among her wins were four consecutive <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cox_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cox Plate">Cox Plates</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Organisation">Organisation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organisation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organisation_of_sport_in_Australia" title="Organisation of sport in Australia">Organisation of sport in Australia</a></div>
<p>The organisation of sport in Australia has been largely determined by its Federal system of government – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">six states and two territories governments</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">local governments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p><p>State and Territory governments have a department with responsibility for sport and recreation. These departments provide assistance to state sports organisations, develop and manage sporting facilities, provide financial assistance for major sporting events and develop policies to assist sports across their state or territory. Each Australian State and Territory has established its own institute/academy of sport – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ACT_Academy_of_Sport" title="ACT Academy of Sport">ACT Academy of Sport</a> (established 1989), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_South_Wales_Institute_of_Sport" title="New South Wales Institute of Sport">New South Wales Institute of Sport</a> (1996), <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Northern_Territory_Institute_of_Sport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Territory Institute of Sport (page does not exist)">Northern Territory Institute of Sport</a> (1996), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland_Academy_of_Sport" title="Queensland Academy of Sport">Queensland Academy of Sport</a> (1991), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Australian_Sports_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australian Sports Institute">South Australian Sports Institute</a> (1982), <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tasmanian_Institute_of_Sport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tasmanian Institute of Sport (page does not exist)">Tasmanian Institute of Sport</a> (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216093346/http://www.vis.org.au/about-us.html">Victorian Institute of Sport</a> (1990) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Australian_Institute_of_Sport" title="Western Australian Institute of Sport">Western Australian Institute of Sport</a> (1984).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003-62">[62]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>There are 560 local councils across Australia. Local governments generally focus on the provision of facilities such as swimming pools, sporting fields, stadiums and tennis courts.<sup id="cite_ref-local_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p>Government involvement in sport up until the 1970s was fairly limited with local governments playing a major role through the provision of sporting facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-61">[61]</a></sup> However, this changed over the next two decades with an Australian Bureau of Statistics survey in 2001–2002 finding that approximately $2 billion was spent on sport by three levels of government – 10 per cent from the Australian Government, 40 per cent from state and territory governments, and the remaining 50 per cent from local government.<sup id="cite_ref-crawford_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawford-64">[64]</a></sup> State, territory and local government spending was predominantly directed to facilities and their upkeep.<sup id="cite_ref-crawford_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawford-64">[64]</a></sup> In 1973, the Recreation Minister's Council was established to provide a forum for Australian Government and State and Territory Minister's responsible for sport and recreation to discuss matters of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-61">[61]</a></sup> With government's taking an increased involvement in sport, it became the Sport and Recreation Minister's Council.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-61">[61]</a></sup> More recently is referred to as Meeting of Sport and Recreation Ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-msrm_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msrm-65">[65]</a></sup> The Meeting is assisted by the Committee of Australian Sport and Recreation Officials (CASRO) previously called the Standing Committee on Sport and Recreation (SCORS).<sup id="cite_ref-msrm_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msrm-65">[65]</a></sup> The Meeting works cooperatively on issues such as match fixing, sport participation and water safety.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> In 2011, Minister's signed the <i>National Sport and Active Recreation Policy Framework</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-framework_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-framework-67">[67]</a></sup> The framework "provides a mechanism for the achievement of national goals for sport and active recreation, sets out agreed roles and responsibilities of governments and their expectations of sport and active recreation partners."<sup id="cite_ref-framework_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-framework-67">[67]</a></sup> In 1993, National Elite Sports Council was established to provide a forum for communication, issues management and national program coordination across the high performance in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003-62">[62]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It includes representatives from AIS, State Institute /Academies, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Olympic_Committee" title="Australian Olympic Committee">Australian Olympic Committee</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Paralympic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Paralympic Committee">Australian Paralympic Committee</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Commonwealth_Games_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Commonwealth Games Association">Australian Commonwealth Games Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-asc_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asc-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-69">[69]</a></sup>
In 2011, <i>National Institute System Intergovernmental Agreement</i> provides "guidance on how the sector will operate, with a principal focus on the delivery of the high performance plans of national sporting organisations."<sup id="cite_ref-nisia_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nisia-70">[70]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Australian government provided small amounts of funding in the 1950s and 1960s through the support of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Fitness_Council" title="National Fitness Council">National Fitness Council</a> and international sporting teams such as the Australian Olympic team.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-61">[61]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a>'s serious involvement and investment into sport came with it establishing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport" title="Australian Institute of Sport">Australian Institute of Sport</a> (AIS) in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-61">[61]</a></sup> AIS was set up to improve Australia's performances in international sport which had started to decline in the 1960s and 1970s culminating in Australia winning no gold medals at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Montreal Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003-62">[62]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1985, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Sports_Commission" title="Australian Sports Commission">Australian Sports Commission</a> (ASC) was established to improve the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a>'s administration of sport in terms of funding, participation and elite sport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003-62">[62]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 1989 Senate Inquiry into drugs in sport resulted in the establishment of the Australian Sport Drug Agency (now called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Sports_Anti-Doping_Authority" title="Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority">Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority</a> (ASADA)) in 1990 to manage Australia's anti-doping program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003-62">[62]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Participation">Participation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Participation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-SportsRecreationActivities-Persons-A2545781V.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-SportsRecreationActivities-Persons-A2545781V.svg/300px-ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-SportsRecreationActivities-Persons-A2545781V.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-SportsRecreationActivities-Persons-A2545781V.svg/450px-ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-SportsRecreationActivities-Persons-A2545781V.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-SportsRecreationActivities-Persons-A2545781V.svg/600px-ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-SportsRecreationActivities-Persons-A2545781V.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-SportsRecreationActivities-Persons-A2545781V.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Total employment in the sports and recreation sector (thousands of people) since 1984</div></div></div>
<p>The highest rates of participation for Australian sport and recreation are informal, non-organised sports with bike riding, skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter topping the list of activities for children, with 66% of all boys bike riding and 55.9% of all boys skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter in 2009 and 2010. Girls also participated in these activities at high rates with 54.4% of them doing bike riding and 42.4% skateboarding, rollerblading or riding a scooter. Other sports popular for Australian girls include dancing, which had 26.3% participation, swimming with 19.8% participation and netball at 17%. For boys, the other popular sports for participation included soccer with a rate of participation of 19.9%, swimming with a participation rate of 17.2%, Australian rules at 16%.<sup id="cite_ref-abs20092010_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs20092010-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:GKRP_bike.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/GKRP_bike.jpg/220px-GKRP_bike.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/GKRP_bike.jpg/330px-GKRP_bike.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/GKRP_bike.jpg/440px-GKRP_bike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="454" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:GKRP_bike.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Bicycle riding is one of the most popular forms of physical recreation in Australia</div></div></div>
<p>Participation rates for adults in Australia were much lower than that of Australian children. For adult women in Australia, the number one sport activity they participate in is walking with 30% having done this in 2009 and 2010. The second most popular form of exercise and sport was Aerobics/fitness/gym with a rate of 16.7%. The third most popular for adult women was swimming and diving with 8.4%. For men, the most popular sport activity was also walking with a participation rate of 15.6%. This was followed by Aerobics/fitness/gym with 11.2%. The third most popular sport for adult males was cycling/BMXing with a participation rate of 8.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-abs20092010_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs20092010-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are 34,000 athletes, officials and coaches currently registered with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athletics_Australia" title="Athletics Australia">Athletics Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-report_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-72">[72]</a></sup> A 2007 estimate claimed that Australian football had 615,549 participants,<sup id="cite_ref-realfooty2007_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realfooty2007-73">[73]</a></sup> Basketball has become one of the most popular participation sports in Australia. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne_(Victoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne (Victoria)">Melbourne</a>, particularly, it has more participants than any other sport.<sup id="cite_ref-gelongaobover_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelongaobover-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heraledsunthing_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraledsunthing-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heraldsun.com.au_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraldsun.com.au-76">[76]</a></sup> Australia's warm climate and long coastline of sandy beaches and rolling waves provide ideal conditions for water sports such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>. The majority of Australians live in cities or towns on or near the coast, and so beaches are a place that millions of Australians visit regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-culture.gov.au_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture.gov.au-77">[77]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to the National Cricket Census, a record 1,650,030 people played <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket_in_Australia" title="Cricket in Australia">Cricket across Australia</a> in 2018–19. Women participation also reached record figures in growing to 496,484 players.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Amateur_sport">Amateur sport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amateur sport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Amateur sport in Australia follows a corporate management system, with the national tier composed of national sport organisations that support and fund elite sport development. These organisations include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport" title="Australian Institute of Sport">Australian Institute of Sport</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Sports_Commission" title="Australian Sports Commission">Australian Sports Commission</a>. Below them is the state level, which includes state sporting organisations, state institute of sport and state departments of sport. The last level is district/regional associations and local clubs and community sports along with local government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane2001121_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane2001121-79">[79]</a></sup> At the national level, the national sport organisations govern most sports in Australia, with over 120 different national sports organisation overseeing sport in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-YearBookAustraliap390_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YearBookAustraliap390-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YearBookAustraliap391_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YearBookAustraliap391-81">[81]</a></sup> The role of government in this structure is important<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane2001121_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane2001121-79">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YearBookAustraliap392_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YearBookAustraliap392-82">[82]</a></sup> as government funding for most sport in Australia comes from the national government, state and territory governments, and local governments. In the late 1990s, government support for sport was double that of public non-financial corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-YearBookAustraliap392_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YearBookAustraliap392-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>Amateur sport was transformed in Australia in the 1980s with the creation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport" title="Australian Institute of Sport">Australian Institute of Sport</a>. The institute, formally opened by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a> in 1981, was designed to make Australian amateur sport at major world competitions, like the Olympics, competitive with the rest of the world and increase the number of medals won by the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettCarter2003239–240_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettCarter2003239–240-83">[83]</a></sup> A few years later, in 1984, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Sports_Commission" title="Australian Sports Commission">Australian Sports Commission</a> was created to better address the distribution of funds to support sport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith201229_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith201229-84">[84]</a></sup> It had a budget of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>109 million in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane200189_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane200189-54">[54]</a></sup> By 2009, the Australian Sports Commission had a budget of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>150 million, up from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>5 million when it first was created.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith201229_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith201229-84">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p>Amateur sport has been able to draw large audiences. In the 1950s, 120,000 fans would go to the MCG to watch major athletics events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoy_Scouts_of_America,_Inc.195647_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoy_Scouts_of_America,_Inc.195647-85">[85]</a></sup>
</p><p>Australian amateur sport has dealt with financial problems. In the 2000s, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athletics_Australia" title="Athletics Australia">Athletics Australia</a> was facing duel problems of financial problems and failure for the sport to consistently medal at major international sporting events compared to other sports and their representative organisations like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swimming_Australia" title="Swimming Australia">Swimming Australia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rowing_Australia" title="Rowing Australia">Rowing Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith2012294_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith2012294-86">[86]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Major_Leagues">Major Leagues</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Major Leagues">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>League
</th>
<th>Sport
</th>
<th>Teams
</th>
<th>Popularity by state
</th>
<th>Established
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">Big Bash League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a>
</td>
<td>8
</td>
<td>Popular nationwide
</td>
<td>2005/2011<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[o 1]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)" title="National Basketball League (Australia)">National Basketball League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a>
</td>
<td>10
</td>
<td>Popular in New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania.
</td>
<td>1979
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-League_Men" title="A-League Men">A-League Men</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Soccer</a>
</td>
<td>12
</td>
<td>Popular in New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia.
</td>
<td>2004
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League">Rugby League</a>
</td>
<td>16
</td>
<td>Most Popular sport in New South Wales, Queensland, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.
</td>
<td>1908
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</a>
</td>
<td>5<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[o 2]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>1996
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>
</td>
<td>18
</td>
<td>Most popular in Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Tasmania.
</td>
<td>1897
</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First league established <a href="/enwiki/wiki/KFC_Twenty20_Big_Bash" title="KFC Twenty20 Big Bash">2005</a>, current league established in 2011.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Super Rugby has 12 teams overall — five from Australia, five from New Zealand, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moana_Pasifika" title="Moana Pasifika">one</a> representing the Pacific Islands as a whole and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fijian_Drua" title="Fijian Drua">one</a> representing Fiji. The teams of Fiji and the Pacific Islands joined in 2022.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Spectators">Spectators</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spectators">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Australian sport fans have historically attended events in large numbers, dating back to the country's early history. An early football game played in Melbourne in 1858 had 2,000 spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore200860_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore200860-89">[87]</a></sup> By 1897, tens of thousands of spectators attended an early Australian rules football match at a time when top level soccer matches in England would draw six thousand fans. A finals match between the Carlton Football Club and Collingwood in 1938 drew 96,834 fans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuttmann200786–87_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttmann200786–87-90">[88]</a></sup> In 1909, at a time when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> had not yet become professionalised, 52,000 people in Sydney attended a game between New South Wales and New Zealand. The spectators accounted for 10% of the total population of Sydney at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreffSzymański2006438_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreffSzymański2006438-91">[89]</a></sup> A world record was set for cricket attendance on 30 December 1932 when 63,993 fans watched England take on Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1993544_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1993544-92">[90]</a></sup>
</p><p>Total average game attendance for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a> increased between 1970 and 2000, with the AFL going from an average attendance of 24,344 people per match in 1970 to 27,325 by 1980 to 25,238 in 1990 and 34,094 by 2000. The National Rugby League had an average per game attendance of 11,990 in 1970, saw a decrease in 1980 to 10,860 but increased to 12,073 by 1990 and improved on that to 14,043 by 2000. Founded later, the National Basketball League had an average per game attendance of 1,158 in 1985, increased this to 4,551 by 1990, and kept attendance steady with 4,636 average fans per game in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortFizel2004309_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortFizel2004309-93">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>In March 1999, 104,000 fans attended a double header match in the National Rugby League at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stadium_Australia" title="Stadium Australia">Stadium Australia</a> four days after the venue formally opened.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics-94">[92]</a></sup> In 2000, during the soccer gold medal match between Cameroon and Spain, 114,000 fans watched the game live inside Stadium Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham201299_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham201299-95">[93]</a></sup> In the 2006–07 season, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-League" class="mw-redirect" title="A-League">A-League</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Victory">Melbourne Victory</a> averaged 27,728 people to their home matches throughout the season. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_A-League" title="2009–10 A-League">2009–10 regular season</a> was considerably lower.<sup id="cite_ref-somealeageusource_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somealeageusource-96">[94]</a></sup> In 2011, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> had a cumulative attendance of 7,139,272, a record for the competition and an average attendance of 36,425.<sup id="cite_ref-footywire1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footywire1-97">[95]</a></sup> Spectator numbers dropped since then and in 2013 average attendance fell below that of the leading domestic motor racing series <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_V8_Supercars_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="International V8 Supercars Championship">International V8 Supercars Championship</a>. In 2010, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a>'s premiership set a record for regular season attendance to NRL matches.<sup id="cite_ref-nerlastabntance_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nerlastabntance-98">[96]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">Big Bash League</a> (BBL) was established in 2011. The first season attracted an average of 18,021 spectators per match. In the 2014–15 season, the average attendance for each match was 23,590 with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adelaide_Strikers" title="Adelaide Strikers">Adelaide Strikers</a> attracting a record average home crowd of 36,023 spectators each game.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Roar_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Roar-100">[98]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2015_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2015 Cricket World Cup">2015 Cricket World Cup</a> final was played in front of 93,013 spectators, a record crowd for a day of cricket in Australia. BBL in its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Big_Bash_League_season" title="2016–17 Big Bash League season">sixth season in 2016–17</a>, drew an average crowd in excess of 30,000 for the first time in history, with overall count crossing 1 million for 35 matches.
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;">
<caption>National League attendance of team sports (Bolded Competitions are Women's Leagues)
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Competition
</th>
<th>Sport
</th>
<th>Total <br /> spectatorship
</th>
<th>Average <br /> attendance
</th>
<th>Year
</th>
<th>Ref
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian football</a>
</td>
<td>7,517,677
</td>
<td>36,317
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2019_AFL_season" title="2019 AFL season">2019</a>
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AFL_Women%27s" title="AFL Women's">AFL Women's</a></b>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football"><b>Australian football</b></a>
</td>
<td><b>251,792</b>
</td>
<td><b>6,626</b>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2019_AFL_Women%27s_season" title="2019 AFL Women's season"><b>2019</b></a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">Big Bash League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a>
</td>
<td>1,212,696
</td>
<td>20,554
</td>
<td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Big_Bash_League_season" title="2018–19 Big Bash League season">2018–19</a></span>
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_Big_Bash_League" title="Women's Big Bash League">Women's Big Bash League</a></b>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a></b>
</td>
<td><b>852,549</b>
</td>
<td><b>14,450</b>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Women%27s_Big_Bash_League_season" title="2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season"><b>2018–19</b></a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-League_Men" title="A-League Men">A-League Men</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Soccer</a>
</td>
<td>1,405,469
</td>
<td>10,411
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_A-League" title="2018–19 A-League">2018–19</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-League_Women" title="A-League Women">A-League Women</a></b>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Soccer</a></b>
</td>
<td><b>114,003</b>
</td>
<td>2,036
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_W-League" title="2018–19 W-League">2018–19</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League" title="Australian Baseball League">Australian Baseball League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a>
</td>
<td>98,397
</td>
<td>834
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Australian_Baseball_League_season" title="2017–18 Australian Baseball League season">2017–18</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a>
</td>
<td>3,176,561
</td>
<td>15,804
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2019_NRL_season" title="2019 NRL season">2019</a>
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NRL_Women%27s_Premiership" title="NRL Women's Premiership"><b>NRL Women's</b></a>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a></b>
</td>
<td><b>46,875</b>
</td>
<td><b>11,719</b>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_NRL_Women%27s_season" title="2018 NRL Women's season"><b>2018</b></a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rugby_Championship" title="National Rugby Championship">National Rugby Championship</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a>
</td>
<td>78,500
</td>
<td>2,013
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017_National_Rugby_Championship" title="2017 National Rugby Championship">2017</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australasia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Basketball League (Australasia)">National Basketball League</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a>
</td>
<td>688,712
</td>
<td>6,622
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NBL_season" title="2017–18 NBL season">2017–18</a>
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-104">[102]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible">
<caption>Other Major Competitions/Leagues/Games attendance (Bolded Competitions are Women's Competitions)
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Competition
</th>
<th>Sport
</th>
<th>Total
<p>Spectatorship
</p>
</th>
<th>Average Attendance
</th>
<th>Year
</th>
<th>Ref
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AFLX" title="AFLX">AFLX</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AFLX" title="AFLX">AFLX</a> - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian Football</a>
</td>
<td>42,730
</td>
<td>14,243
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_AFLX_competition" title="2018 AFLX competition">2018</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E._J._Whitten_Legends_Game" title="E. J. Whitten Legends Game">E. J. Whitten Legends Game</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian Football</a>
</td>
<td>8,000
</td>
<td>8,000
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E._J._Whitten_Legends_Game" title="E. J. Whitten Legends Game">2018</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_JLT_Community_Series" title="2018 JLT Community Series">JLT Community Series</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian Football</a>
</td>
<td>92,333
</td>
<td>5,130
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_JLT_Community_Series" title="2018 JLT Community Series">2018</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boxing_Day_Test" title="Boxing Day Test">Boxing Day Test</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">test cricket</a>)
</td>
<td>261,335 (88,173 Boxing Day)
</td>
<td>52,267
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Ashes_series" title="2017–18 Ashes series">2017</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_of_Origin_series" title="State of Origin series">State Of Origin</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a>
</td>
<td>220,559
</td>
<td>73,519
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_State_of_Origin_series" title="2018 State of Origin series">2018</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_of_Origin_series" title="State of Origin series"><b>Women's State Of Origin</b></a>
</td>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a></b>
</td>
<td><b>6,824</b>
</td>
<td><b>6,824</b>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_State_of_Origin_series" title="2018 State of Origin series"><b>2018</b></a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Rugby_Championship" title="The Rugby Championship">The Rugby Championship</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a>
</td>
<td>433,657
</td>
<td>36,138
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_Rugby_Championship" title="2018 Rugby Championship">2018</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a>
</td>
<td>773,940
</td>
<td>19,348
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2015_Super_Rugby_season" title="2015 Super Rugby season">2012</a>
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supercars_Championship" title="Supercars Championship">Supercars Championship</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motorsport_in_Australia" title="Motorsport in Australia">Motorsport</a>
</td>
<td>1,754,501
</td>
<td>116,000 (per event)
</td>
<td>2017
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Grand_Prix" title="Australian Grand Prix">Formula One Grand Prix</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorsport</a>
</td>
<td>324,100 (102,000 Race Day)
</td>
<td>-
</td>
<td>2019
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;">
<caption>Total attendance by sport
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Sport
</th>
<th>Total <br /> spectatorship
</th>
<th>Average <br /> attendance
</th>
<th>Year
</th>
<th>Ref
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian football</a>
</td>
<td>7,998,720
</td>
<td>30,646
</td>
<td>2018
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a>
</td>
<td>3,631,592
</td>
<td>17,130
</td>
<td>2018
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Soccer</a>
</td>
<td>2,502,789
</td>
<td>13,242
</td>
<td>2015–16
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a>
</td>
<td>1,756,131
</td>
<td>24,734
</td>
<td>2016–17
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a>
</td>
<td>1,073,643
</td>
<td>7,304
</td>
<td>2019–20
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a>
</td>
<td>771,521
</td>
<td>18,818
</td>
<td>2016
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports_media">Sports media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sports media">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Media coverage of Australian sport and athletes predates 1876. The first all Australian sport publication, <i>The Referee</i>, was first published in 1886 in Sydney.<sup id="cite_ref-sport-media-gov_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sport-media-gov-114">[112]</a></sup> The major newspapers for sport coverage in the country include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Courier_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courier Mail">The Courier Mail</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herald_Sun" title="Herald Sun">Herald Sun</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sport-media-gov_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sport-media-gov-114">[112]</a></sup>
</p><p>There is a long history of television coverage of sports in Australia. From 1957 to 2001, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a> was the network for the Australian Football League. The only year that Seven was not the network for the league was in 1987 when the AFL was on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (ABC). An exclusive deal was agreed upon by Seven in 1976 for a five-year deal worth A$3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortFizel2004310_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortFizel2004310-115">[113]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Series_Cricket" title="World Series Cricket">World Series Cricket</a> was a break away professional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> competition staged between 1977 and 1979 and organised by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerry_Packer" title="Kerry Packer">Kerry Packer</a> for his TV network, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine</a>. The matches ran in opposition to international cricket. It drastically changed the nature of cricket and its influence continues to be felt today.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a></sup>
</p><p>Not all sports have had favourable deals with networks. The first television offer for the National Basketball League was worth A$1 in an offered made by Seven that the league accepted. The deal made by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Network">Ten Network</a> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rugby_League" title="New South Wales Rugby League">New South Wales Rugby League</a> was worth considerably more, worth A$48 million for a five-year deal that also included broadcasting rights for the State of Origin and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team" title="Australia national rugby league team">Australia national rugby league team</a>. This deal was terminated early because the network could not afford to pay out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortFizel2004311_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortFizel2004311-117">[115]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1967_NSWRFL_season" title="1967 NSWRFL season">1967 NSWRFL season</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_final" title="Grand final">grand final</a> became the first football grand final of any code to be televised live in Australia. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a> had paid $5,000 for the broadcasting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-roymasters_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roymasters-118">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a> and FoxSports are two of the most important television networks in Australia in terms of covering all Australian sports, not just the popular professional leagues.<sup id="cite_ref-sport-media-gov_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sport-media-gov-114">[112]</a></sup> Administrators for less popular spectator sports, such as basketball and netball, believe that getting additional television and newspaper coverage is fundamental for the growth and success of their sports going forward.<sup id="cite_ref-sport-media-gov_114-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sport-media-gov-114">[112]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-siphoning_laws_in_Australia" title="Anti-siphoning laws in Australia">Anti-siphoning laws in Australia</a> regulate the media companies' access to significant sporting events. In 1992, when the country experienced growth in paid-subscription media, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> enacted the Broadcasting Services Act that gave free-to-air broadcasters preferential access to acquire broadcasting rights to sporting events. The anti-siphoning list is a list of major sporting events that the Parliament of Australia has decided must be available for all Australians to see free of charge and cannot be "siphoned off" to pay TV where people are forced to pay to see them. The current anti-siphoning list came into effect in 2006 and expires 31 December 2010. The Minister for Communications can add or remove events from the list at his discretion. There are currently ten sports on the anti-siphoning list plus the Olympic and Commonwealth Games. Events on the anti-siphoning list are delisted 12 weeks before they start to ensure pay TV broadcasters have reasonable access to listed events, if free-to-air broadcasters decide not to purchase the broadcast rights for a particular event. Any rights to listed sporting events that are not acquired by free-to-air broadcasters are available to pay TV. For multi-round events where it is simply not possible for free-to-air networks to broadcast all matches within the event (e.g. the Australian Open) complementary coverage is available on pay television. The Federal Government is obliged by legislation to conduct a review of the list before the end of 2009. The current anti-siphoning list requires showing listed sports on the broadcaster's main channel.<sup id="cite_ref-keepsortsfrea_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keepsortsfrea-119">[117]</a></sup>
</p><p>Rugby league, which includes NRL, State of Origin and national team matches, had the highest aggregate television ratings of any sport in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-Newstalk_ZB_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newstalk_ZB-120">[118]</a></sup> and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-aggreagat_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aggreagat-121">[119]</a></sup> Also, in a world first, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a> broadcast <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> the first match of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_State_of_Origin_series" title="2010 State of Origin series">2010 State of Origin series</a> live in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D</a> in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-byrnes_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrnes-122">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tvtonight_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvtonight-123">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is currently aired on numerous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nine_Entertainment" title="Nine Entertainment">Nine Entertainment</a> platforms, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Channel 9</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/9Gem" title="9Gem">9Gem</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stan_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stan Sport">Stan Sport</a>, as part of a A$100 million deal starting in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a> games are broadcast on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/9Gem" title="9Gem">9Gem</a> every Saturday, while all other games are available on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stan_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stan Sport">Stan Sport</a>. Within a year of the deal starting, the Super Rugby Final had increased its ratings by 13-fold to 1.3 million, with Wallabies International games also experiencing growth.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket_Australia" title="Cricket Australia">Cricket Australia</a> announced an unprecedented $590 million deal with free-to-air television networks <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Network">Ten</a> in 2013 to broadcast the sport – a 118 per cent increase on the previous five-year contract.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">BBL</a> games are currently broadcast in Australia by the free-to-air <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Network_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Ten">Network Ten</a>. In 2013 Ten paid $100 million for BBL rights over five years, marking the channel's first foray in elite cricket coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fox_Sports_(Australia)" title="Fox Sports (Australia)">Fox Sports</a> had previously covered the Big Bash League.
</p><p>Network Ten's BBL coverage has become a regular feature of Australian summers and last season attracted an average audience of more than 943,000 people nationally in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Big_Bash_League_season" title="2014–15 Big Bash League season">2014–15 season</a>, including a peak audience of 1.9 million viewers for the final between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Scorchers" title="Perth Scorchers">Perth Scorchers</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sydney_Sixers" title="Sydney Sixers">Sydney Sixers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are a number of Australian sport films. They include <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Club_(1980_film)" title="The Club (1980 film)">The Club</a></i>. The film was based on a play produced in 1977, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. It has been in the senior English syllabi for four Australian states for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-antoehrverification_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antoehrverification-129">[127]</a></sup> The film was written by David Williamson, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruce_Beresford" title="Bruce Beresford">Bruce Beresford</a> and starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Howard_(Australian_actor)" title="John Howard (Australian actor)">John Howard</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Thompson_(actor)" title="Jack Thompson (actor)">Jack Thompson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graham_Kennedy" title="Graham Kennedy">Graham Kennedy</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_Wilson_(Australian_actor)" title="Frank Wilson (Australian actor)">Frank Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-moretheclubstuff_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moretheclubstuff-130">[128]</a></sup> Another Australian sport film is <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Final_Winter" title="The Final Winter">The Final Winter</a></i>, released in 2007. It was directed by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Brian_Andrews_(director)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Andrews (director) (page does not exist)">Brian Andrews</a> and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jane_Forrest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Forrest (page does not exist)">Jane Forrest</a> and produced by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Coffee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Coffee (page does not exist)">Anthony Coffee</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michelle_Russell" title="Michelle Russell">Michelle Russell</a>, while independently produced it is being distributed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>. It was written by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthew_Nable" title="Matthew Nable">Matthew Nable</a> who also starred as the lead role 'Grub' Henderson. The film, which earned praise from critics,<sup id="cite_ref-wilalisnans_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilalisnans-131">[129]</a></sup> focuses around Grub who is the captain of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newtown_Jets" title="Newtown Jets">Newtown Jets</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">football</a> team in the early 1980s and his determination to stand for what rugby league traditionally stood for while dealing with his own identity crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-movie_focus_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-movie_focus-132">[130]</a></sup> Other Australian sport films include <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Rules_(film)" title="Australian Rules (film)">Australian Rules</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Footy_Legends" title="Footy Legends">Footy Legends</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonMurawska2009p43_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonMurawska2009p43-133">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsDavis200445_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsDavis200445-134">[132]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sport is popular on the radio. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/This_Sporting_Life_(radio_program)" title="This Sporting Life (radio program)">This Sporting Life</a></i> was a culturally iconic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triple_J" title="Triple J">Triple J</a> radio comedy program created by actor-writer comedians <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Doyle_(comedian)" title="John Doyle (comedian)">John Doyle</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greig_Pickhaver" title="Greig Pickhaver">Greig Pickhaver</a>, who performed as their characters <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roy_and_HG" title="Roy and HG">Roy and HG</a>. Broadcast from 1986 to 2008, it was one of the longest-running, most popular and most successful radio comedy programs of the post-television era in Australia. It was the longest-running show in Triple J's programming history and commanded a large and dedicated nationwide audience throughout its 22-year run.<sup id="cite_ref-somenlassourcne_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somenlassourcne-135">[133]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2KY" class="mw-redirect" title="2KY">2KY</a> is a commercial radio station based in Sydney, broadcasting throughout <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_South_Wales,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="New South Wales, Australia">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canberra,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra, Australia">Canberra</a> on a network of over 140 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narrowcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrowcast">narrowcast</a> transmitters as well as the main 1017 AM frequency in Sydney. 2KY broadcasts live commentary of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thoroughbred_racing_in_Australia" title="Thoroughbred racing in Australia">thoroughbred</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harness_racing_in_Australia" title="Harness racing in Australia">harness</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greyhound_racing#In_Australia" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound</a> racing. Over 1500 races are covered each week, including the pre and post <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Form_(horse_racing)" title="Form (horse racing)">race form</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totalizator_Agency_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalizator Agency Board">TAB</a> betting information.<sup id="cite_ref-2ykspournce_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ykspournce-136">[134]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are a number of Australian sport magazines. One is the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AFL_Record" title="AFL Record">AFL Record</a></i>. The magazine is published in a sports magazine style format. Eight different versions, one for each game, are published for each weekly round, 60,000 copies in total, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roy_Morgan_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Morgan Research">Roy Morgan Research</a> estimates that the <i>Record</i> has a weekly readership of over 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-roy-morgan_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roy-morgan-137">[135]</a></sup> As of 2009, the week's records are published and are able to be viewed in an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Online_magazine" title="Online magazine">online magazine</a> format.<sup id="cite_ref-asflerecords_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asflerecords-138">[136]</a></sup> Another Australian sporting magazine is <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia%27s_Surfing_Life" title="Australia's Surfing Life">Australia's Surfing Life</a></i>, a monthly magazine about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> published in Australia. It features articles about surf trips in Australia and overseas, surfing technique, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surfboard" title="Surfboard">board</a> design and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">wetsuits</a>. The magazine was founded in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-cneyclopeidaofsurging_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cneyclopeidaofsurging-139">[137]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Events">Events</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Events">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><b>January</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brisbane_International" title="Brisbane International">Brisbane International</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sydney_International" title="Sydney International">Sydney International</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hobart_International" title="Hobart International">Hobart International</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopman_Cup" title="Hopman Cup">Hopman Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a></li></ul>
<p><b>February – March</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AFL_Women%27s" title="AFL Women's">AFL Women's Season</a></li></ul>
<p><b>February – August</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby Season</a></li></ul>
<p><b>March – September</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">NRL Season</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">AFL Season</a></li></ul>
<p><b>April</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-League_Grand_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="A-League Grand Final">A-League Grand Final</a></li></ul>
<p><b>April – August</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suncorp_Super_Netball" title="Suncorp Super Netball">Super Netball Season</a></li></ul>
<p><b>June – July</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_of_Origin_series" title="State of Origin series">State of Origin series</a> (rugby league)</li></ul>
<p><b>September</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AFL_Grand_Final" title="AFL Grand Final">AFL Grand Final</a></li></ul>
<p><b>September – February</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_domestic_limited-overs_cricket_tournament" title="Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament">One-Day Cup</a></li></ul>
<p><b>September – March</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheffield_Shield" title="Sheffield Shield">Sheffield Shield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_National_Cricket_League" title="Women's National Cricket League">Women's National Cricket League</a></li></ul>
<p><b>October</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NRL_Grand_Final" title="NRL Grand Final">NRL Grand Final</a></li></ul>
<p><b>October – November</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_Big_Bash_League" title="Women's Big Bash League">WBBL Season</a></li></ul>
<p><b>October – January</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_League" title="Women's National Basketball League">WNBL Season</a></li></ul>
<p><b>October – March</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)" title="National Basketball League (Australia)">NBL Season</a></li></ul>
<p><b>October – April</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-League_Men" title="A-League Men">A-League Men Season</a></li></ul>
<p><b>November</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Open_(golf)" title="Australian Open (golf)">Australian Open, Golf</a></li></ul>
<p><b>November – February</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League" title="Australian Baseball League">ABL Season</a></li></ul>
<p><b>December – January</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">BBL Season</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concussions_in_Australian_sport" title="Concussions in Australian sport">Concussions in Australian sport</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="By_demographic">By demographic</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: By demographic">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_sport_in_Australia" title="Women's sport in Australia">Women's sport in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_rural_and_regional_Australia" title="Sport in rural and regional Australia">Sport in rural and regional Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disabled_sport_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled sport in Australia">Disabled sport in Australia</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="By_social_and_cultural_context">By social and cultural context</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: By social and cultural context">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_national_sports_team_nicknames" title="Australian national sports team nicknames">Australian national sports team nicknames</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aussie_Aussie_Aussie,_Oi_Oi_Oi" title="Aussie Aussie Aussie, Oi Oi Oi">Aussie Aussie Aussie, Oi Oi Oi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians#Recreation_and_sport" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians#Recreation and sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sports_museums_and_halls_of_fame_in_Australia" title="List of sports museums and halls of fame in Australia">List of sports museums and halls of fame in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_international_sports_events_in_Australia" title="List of international sports events in Australia">List of international sports events in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_sports_controversies" title="List of Australian sports controversies">List of Australian sports controversies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_sports_songs" title="List of Australian sports songs">List of Australian sports songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_sports_films" title="List of Australian sports films">List of Australian sports films</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="By_sport">By sport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: By sport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r998391716"/><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1916_Pioneer_Exhibition_Game" title="1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game">1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athletics_in_Australia" title="Athletics in Australia">Athletics in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baseball_in_Australia" title="Baseball in Australia">Baseball in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basketball_in_Australia" title="Basketball in Australia">Basketball in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Castellers_de_Sydney" title="Castellers de Sydney">Castelling in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket_in_Australia" title="Cricket in Australia">Cricket in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Field_hockey_in_Australia" title="Field hockey in Australia">Hockey in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_equestrians" title="List of Australian equestrians">List of Australian equestrians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golf_in_Australia" title="Golf in Australia">Golf in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motorsport_in_Australia" title="Motorsport in Australia">Motorsport in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Australia" title="Rugby league in Australia">Rugby league in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Australia" title="Rugby union in Australia">Rugby union in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soccer_in_Australia" title="Soccer in Australia">Soccer in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surfing_in_Australia" title="Surfing in Australia">Surfing in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennis_in_Australia" title="Tennis in Australia">Tennis in Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winter_sport_in_Australia" title="Winter sport in Australia">Winter sport in Australia</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.espn.co.uk/onthisday/sport/story/212.html">"Rugby union's largest crowd"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rugby+union%27s+largest+crowd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.espn.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fsport%2Fstory%2F212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afltables.com/afl/crowds/2019.html">"AFL Tables - Crowds 2019"</a>. <i>afltables.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=afltables.com&rft.atitle=AFL+Tables+-+Crowds+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafltables.com%2Fafl%2Fcrowds%2F2019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-named-worlds-sporting-capital-20160421-gobebk.html">"Melbourne named world's sporting capital"</a>. 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melbourne+named+world%27s+sporting+capital&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fsport%2Fmelbourne-named-worlds-sporting-capital-20160421-gobebk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span> </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095416/http://www.nsm.org.au/Whats%20On/News%20Archive/2008/January/NSM%20celebrating%20moments.aspx">"The National Sports Museum – celebrating moments that made us"</a>. nsm.org.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsm.org.au/Whats%20On/News%20Archive/2008/January/NSM%20celebrating%20moments.aspx">the original</a> on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Sports+Museum+%E2%80%93+celebrating+moments+that+made+us&rft.pub=nsm.org.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsm.org.au%2FWhats%2520On%2FNews%2520Archive%2F2008%2FJanuary%2FNSM%2520celebrating%2520moments.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200314-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200314_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomfield2003">Bloomfield 2003</a>, p. 14.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200315-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200315_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200315_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield200315_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomfield2003">Bloomfield 2003</a>, p. 15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore20082-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore20082_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore2008">Hess et al. 2008</a>, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19973-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19973_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19973_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdairVamplew1997">Adair & Vamplew 1997</a>, p. 3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore20081-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore20081_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore20081_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore2008">Hess et al. 2008</a>, p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979148-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979148_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979148_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1979">Andrews 1979</a>, p. 148.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19974-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19974_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdairVamplew1997">Adair & Vamplew 1997</a>, p. 4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979236-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979236_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979236_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1979">Andrews 1979</a>, p. 236.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrego2003242-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrego2003242_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrego2003242_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrego2003">Crego 2003</a>, p. 242.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201196-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201196_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. 96.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.I.C._Publications200890–91_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR.I.C._Publications2008">R.I.C. Publications 2008</a>, p. 90–91.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199927-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199927_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRollsHalliganMathewsCliff1999">Rolls et al. 1999</a>, p. 27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19977-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19977_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdairVamplew1997">Adair & Vamplew 1997</a>, p. 7.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199942-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199942_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199942_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199942_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRollsHalliganMathewsCliff1999">Rolls et al. 1999</a>, p. 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979203-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979203_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1979">Andrews 1979</a>, p. 203.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews19799-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews19799_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1979">Andrews 1979</a>, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012368–369-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012368–369_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaurightParrish2012368–369_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaurightParrish2012">Nauright & Parrish 2012</a>, p. 368–369.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997x-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997x_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997x_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdairVamplew1997">Adair & Vamplew 1997</a>, p. x.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews19791999-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews19791999_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1979">Andrews 1979</a>, p. 1999.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979227-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979227_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979227_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1979">Andrews 1979</a>, p. 227.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-badmintonsource-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-badmintonsource_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=37">"Badminton Australia — History of Badminton in Australia"</a>. Badminton.org.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Badminton+Australia+%E2%80%94+History+of+Badminton+in+Australia&rft.pub=Badminton.org.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.badminton.org.au%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ussaroudnting-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ussaroudnting_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nswicehockey.com.au/history.aspx#top">"NSW Ice Hockey Facts and Events"</a>. NSW Icehockey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSW+Ice+Hockey+Facts+and+Events&rft.pub=NSW+Icehockey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nswicehockey.com.au%2Fhistory.aspx%23top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-QRLstoryoftheqrl-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QRLstoryoftheqrl_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090929074716/http://www.qrl.com.au/qrl_history/story_of_the_qrl.php">"Story of the QRL"</a>. Queensland Rugby League. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qrl.com.au/qrl_history/story_of_the_qrl.php">the original</a> on 29 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Story+of+the+QRL&rft.pub=Queensland+Rugby+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qrl.com.au%2Fqrl_history%2Fstory_of_the_qrl.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199939-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199939_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRollsHalliganMathewsCliff1999">Rolls et al. 1999</a>, p. 39.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RLHist-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RLHist_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFagan" class="citation web cs1">Fagan, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021080815/http://www.rl1908.com/History/rebellion.htm">"The Founding of Rugby League in Australia & New Zealand"</a>. rl1908.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rl1908.com/History/rebellion.htm">the original</a> on 21 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+Rugby+League+in+Australia+%26+New+Zealand&rft.pub=rl1908.com&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rl1908.com%2FHistory%2Frebellion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979212-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews1979212_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1979">Andrews 1979</a>, p. 212.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews197968-69-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews197968-69_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1979">Andrews 1979</a>, p. 68-69.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FitzSimons2010-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FitzSimons2010_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPeter_FitzSimons2010" class="citation book cs1">Peter FitzSimons (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7BIR3FIhVRsC"><i>The Ballad of Les Darcy</i></a>. HarperCollins Australia. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7304-0066-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7304-0066-0"><bdi>978-0-7304-0066-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ballad+of+Les+Darcy&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Australia&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7304-0066-0&rft.au=Peter+FitzSimons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7BIR3FIhVRsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Headoned2003-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Headoned2003_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDavid_John_Headon2003" class="citation book cs1">David John Headon (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=66OBschGE_YC&pg=PA504"><i>The Best Ever Australian Sports Writing: A 200 Year Collection</i></a>. Black Inc. pp. 500–515. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-266-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-266-8"><bdi>978-1-86395-266-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+Ever+Australian+Sports+Writing%3A+A+200+Year+Collection&rft.pages=500-515&rft.pub=Black+Inc.&rft.date=2003-09&rft.isbn=978-1-86395-266-8&rft.au=David+John+Headon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D66OBschGE_YC%26pg%3DPA504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Seal2001-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seal2001_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Seal2001" class="citation book cs1">Graham Seal (1 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfTcKDzzqvIC&pg=PA56"><i>Encyclopedia of Folk Heroes</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-216-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-216-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-216-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Folk+Heroes&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-216-5&rft.au=Graham+Seal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqfTcKDzzqvIC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MacCallum2009-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacCallum2009_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacCallum2009_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMungo_MacCallum2009" class="citation book cs1">Mungo MacCallum (23 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZD37NhabRKIC&pg=PA46"><i>Australian Story: Kevin Rudd and the Lucky Country</i></a>. Black Inc. p. 46. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-457-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86395-457-0"><bdi>978-1-86395-457-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Story%3A+Kevin+Rudd+and+the+Lucky+Country&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Black+Inc.&rft.date=2009-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-86395-457-0&rft.au=Mungo+MacCallum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZD37NhabRKIC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-evening-post-1922-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-evening-post-1922_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19221219.2.83&srpos=3&e=-------10--1----0Netball+South+Africa--">"Women in Print"</a>. <i>Evening Post</i>. New Zealand: National Library of New Zealand. 19 December 1922. p. 19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Post&rft.atitle=Women+in+Print&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1922-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpaperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26cl%3Dsearch%26d%3DEP19221219.2.83%26srpos%3D3%26e%3D-------10--1----0Netball%2BSouth%2BAfrica--&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-firstmedaldiving-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-firstmedaldiving_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216054950/http://www.diving.asn.au/default.asp?MenuID=About_Us%2F20002%2F1785%2F%2CHall_of_Fame%2F20011%2F1827%2F">"About Us"</a>. Diving Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diving.asn.au/default.asp?MenuID=About_Us/20002/1785/,Hall_of_Fame/20011/1827/">the original</a> on 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Diving+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diving.asn.au%2Fdefault.asp%3FMenuID%3DAbout_Us%2F20002%2F1785%2F%2CHall_of_Fame%2F20011%2F1827%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFagan,_Sean" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sean_Fagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sean Fagan (page does not exist)">Fagan, Sean</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514024646/http://rl1908.com/Kangaroos/arl-colours.htm">"To Wattle Gold and Gum Green Jerseys"</a>. <i>RL1908.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rl1908.com/Kangaroos/arl-colours.htm">the original</a> on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RL1908.com&rft.atitle=To+Wattle+Gold+and+Gum+Green+Jerseys&rft.au=Fagan%2C+Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frl1908.com%2FKangaroos%2Farl-colours.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sumerling2011-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sumerling2011_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sumerling2011_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSumerling2011" class="citation book cs1">Sumerling, Patricia (1 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwhdjEuWGOMC&pg=PA93"><i>Adelaide Park Lands, The</i></a>. Wakefield Press. p. 93. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86254-914-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86254-914-2"><bdi>978-1-86254-914-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adelaide+Park+Lands%2C+The&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-86254-914-2&rft.aulast=Sumerling&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwhdjEuWGOMC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997xii-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997xii_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew1997xii_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdairVamplew1997">Adair & Vamplew 1997</a>, p. xii.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews197926-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews197926_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews197926_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews1979">Andrews 1979</a>, p. 26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199928-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollsHalliganMathewsCliff199928_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRollsHalliganMathewsCliff1999">Rolls et al. 1999</a>, p. 28.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStell1991100-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStell1991100_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStell1991">Stell 1991</a>, p. 100.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFStell1991 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-canoeingaust-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canoeingaust_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canoe.org.au/?Page=9019&MenuID=ac%5Finformation%2F93%2F0%2F%2CWho%5Fis%5FAustralian%5FCanoeing%3F%2F68%2F1513%2F%2CAustralian%5FCanoeing%5FHistory%2F69%2F0%2F0">"Fifty Years – A Celebration"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Canoeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Canoeing">Australian Canoeing</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fifty+Years+%E2%80%93+A+Celebration&rft.pub=Australian+Canoeing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanoe.org.au%2F%3FPage%3D9019%26MenuID%3Dac%255Finformation%252F93%252F0%252F%252CWho%255Fis%255FAustralian%255FCanoeing%253F%252F68%252F1513%252F%252CAustralian%255FCanoeing%255FHistory%252F69%252F0%252F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19976-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdairVamplew19976_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdairVamplew1997">Adair & Vamplew 1997</a>, p. 6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAll_England_Netball_Association200960-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAll_England_Netball_Association200960_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAll_England_Netball_Association2009">All England Netball Association 2009</a>, p. 60.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay199142-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay199142_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay1991">McKay 1991</a>, p. 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrottyRoberts2008198–205-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrottyRoberts2008198–205_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrottyRoberts2008">Crotty & Roberts 2008</a>, p. 198–205.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay199171-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay199171_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay1991">McKay 1991</a>, p. 71.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003x-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003x_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomfield2003">Bloomfield 2003</a>, p. x.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay199174-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay199174_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay1991">McKay 1991</a>, p. 74.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay199121-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay199121_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay1991">McKay 1991</a>, p. 21.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay199172-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay199172_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay199172_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay1991">McKay 1991</a>, p. 72.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane200189-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane200189_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane200189_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShilburyDeane2001">Shilbury & Deane 2001</a>, p. 89.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Russell2011p11-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell2011p11_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRussell2011" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Katrina Marie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5L_upSbd3AC&pg=PR12"><i>Youth Sport in Australia</i></a>. Sydney University Press. p. 11. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920899-64-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920899-64-6"><bdi>978-1-920899-64-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youth+Sport+in+Australia&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Sydney+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-920899-64-6&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Katrina+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5L_upSbd3AC%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane200188-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane200188_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShilburyDeane2001">Shilbury & Deane 2001</a>, p. 88.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojumdar2009172-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojumdar2009172_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMojumdar2009">Mojumdar 2009</a>, p. 172.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Timeline-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217101940/http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/worldcup/timeline.shtml">"Timeline of Australian Football"</a>. migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/worldcup/timeline.shtml">the original</a> on 17 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+Australian+Football&rft.pub=migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au%2Fexhibitions%2Fworldcup%2Ftimeline.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302082812/http://www.nrl.com/About/ARLCommission/tabid/10891/Default.aspx">"Australian Rugby League Commission"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrl.com/About/ARLCommission/tabid/10891/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 2 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Rugby+League+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrl.com%2FAbout%2FARLCommission%2Ftabid%2F10891%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/sport/superracing/black-caviar-proves-her-critics-wrong-with-another-whirlwind-success-in-tj-smith/story-fndps3qy-1226619744317">"Black Caviar proves her critics wrong with another whirlwind success in TJ Smith"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Black+Caviar+proves+her+critics+wrong+with+another+whirlwind+success+in+TJ+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fsport%2Fsuperracing%2Fblack-caviar-proves-her-critics-wrong-with-another-whirlwind-success-in-tj-smith%2Fstory-fndps3qy-1226619744317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-profile-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-profile_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile_61-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/australiansport00aust"><i>Australian sport : a profile</i></a></span>. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 1985. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-644-03667-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-644-03667-2"><bdi>0-644-03667-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+sport+%3A+a+profile&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Publishing+Service&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-644-03667-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faustraliansport00aust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomfield2003_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomfield2003">Bloomfield 2003</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-local-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-local_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Sport and recreation in local government</i>. Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. 1998. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-26345-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-26345-0"><bdi>0-642-26345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+and+recreation+in+local+government.&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Sports+Commission&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-642-26345-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-crawford-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crawford_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawford_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103172207/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/1DDA76A44E5F4DD4CA257671000E4C45/$File/Crawford_Report.pdf"><i>Future of Sport in Australia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canberra: Dept. of Health and Aging. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/1DDA76A44E5F4DD4CA257671000E4C45/$File/Crawford_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+of+Sport+in+Australia&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Health+and+Aging&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.gov.au%2Finternet%2Fmain%2Fpublishing.nsf%2FContent%2F1DDA76A44E5F4DD4CA257671000E4C45%2F%24File%2FCrawford_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-msrm-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-msrm_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msrm_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216094829/http://www.ausport.gov.au/information/casro/about_us/msrm">"Meeting of Sport and Recreation Ministers"</a>. <i>Australian Sports Commission website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausport.gov.au/information/casro/about_us/msrm">the original</a> on 16 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Sports+Commission+website&rft.atitle=Meeting+of+Sport+and+Recreation+Ministers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausport.gov.au%2Finformation%2Fcasro%2Fabout_us%2Fmsrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419021205/http://regional.gov.au/sport/minister/releases/2012/kl027.aspx">"Sport and Recreation Ministerial Council Meeting"</a>. <i>Department of Regional Australia, Local Government and thy Arts, Sport Minister Release, 11 July 2012</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regional.gov.au/sport/minister/releases/2012/kl027.aspx">the original</a> on 19 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Regional+Australia%2C+Local+Government+and+thy+Arts%2C+Sport+Minister+Release%2C+11+July+2012&rft.atitle=Sport+and+Recreation+Ministerial+Council+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regional.gov.au%2Fsport%2Fminister%2Freleases%2F2012%2Fkl027.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-framework-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-framework_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-framework_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212063252/http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/467563/National_Sport_and_Active_Recreation_Policy_Framework.pdf"><i>National Sport and Recreation Active Framework</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. 2011. p. 2011. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921739-52-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921739-52-1"><bdi>978-1-921739-52-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/467563/National_Sport_and_Active_Recreation_Policy_Framework.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Sport+and+Recreation+Active+Framework&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=2011&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-921739-52-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausport.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0004%2F467563%2FNational_Sport_and_Active_Recreation_Policy_Framework.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-asc-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asc_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225045609/http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/australias_winning_edge/high_performance_sport_in_australia">"High performance sport in Australia"</a>. <i>Australian Sports Commission website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/australias_winning_edge/high_performance_sport_in_australia">the original</a> on 25 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Sports+Commission+website&rft.atitle=High+performance+sport+in+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausport.gov.au%2Fais%2Faustralias_winning_edge%2Fhigh_performance_sport_in_australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ferguson-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ferguson_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2007" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Jim (2007). <i>More than sunshine & vegemite : success the Australian way</i>. Sydney: Halstead Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920831-34-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920831-34-9"><bdi>978-1-920831-34-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+than+sunshine+%26+vegemite+%3A+success+the+Australian+way&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Halstead+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-920831-34-9&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nisia-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nisia_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504211611/http://regional.gov.au/sport/programs/files/IA_national_institute_system.pdf"><i>National Institute System Intergovernmental Agreement, June 2011</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regional.gov.au/sport/programs/files/IA_national_institute_system.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Institute+System+Intergovernmental+Agreement%2C+June+2011&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regional.gov.au%2Fsport%2Fprograms%2Ffiles%2FIA_national_institute_system.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-abs20092010-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abs20092010_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abs20092010_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Sports%20and%20physical%20recreation~116">"Adult Participation in Sport and Physical Recreation"</a>. Canberra, Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adult+Participation+in+Sport+and+Physical+Recreation&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2011-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2Fby%2520Subject%2F1301.0~2012~Main%2520Features~Sports%2520and%2520physical%2520recreation~116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-report-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-report_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athletics.com.au/inside/athletics_australia/annual_reports/2006_2007">"Athletics Australia — Annual Report 2006/07"</a>. Athletics Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athletics+Australia+%E2%80%94+Annual+Report+2006%2F07&rft.pub=Athletics+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.athletics.com.au%2Finside%2Fathletics_australia%2Fannual_reports%2F2006_2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-realfooty2007-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-realfooty2007_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://realfooty.com.au/news/news/we-love-aussie-rules/2007/06/19/1182019117471.html">"More chase Sherrin than before"</a>. realfooty.com.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+chase+Sherrin+than+before&rft.pub=realfooty.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frealfooty.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fwe-love-aussie-rules%2F2007%2F06%2F19%2F1182019117471.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gelongaobover-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gelongaobover_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2010/07/01/187051_geelong_sports.html">"Basketball numbers are booming in Geelong — Local News — Geelong, VIC, Australia"</a>. Geelong Advertiser. 1 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basketball+numbers+are+booming+in+Geelong+%E2%80%94+Local+News+%E2%80%94+Geelong%2C+VIC%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Geelong+Advertiser&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geelongadvertiser.com.au%2Farticle%2F2010%2F07%2F01%2F187051_geelong_sports.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-heraledsunthing-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heraledsunthing_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/basketball-is-most-popular-sport/story-e6frf7kx-1225884928551">"Basketball popularity exploding across Melbourne's fringe"</a>. <i>Herald Sun</i>. News. 28 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herald+Sun&rft.atitle=Basketball+popularity+exploding+across+Melbourne%27s+fringe&rft.date=2010-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com.au%2Fnews%2Fvictoria%2Fbasketball-is-most-popular-sport%2Fstory-e6frf7kx-1225884928551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-heraldsun.com.au-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heraldsun.com.au_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldsun.com.au/opinion/just-a-soccer-ruse/story-e6frfhqf-1225886397854">"World Cup soccer fans abandon reality for fantasy, says Neil Mitchell"</a>. <i>Herald Sun</i>. News. 1 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herald+Sun&rft.atitle=World+Cup+soccer+fans+abandon+reality+for+fantasy%2C+says+Neil+Mitchell&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com.au%2Fopinion%2Fjust-a-soccer-ruse%2Fstory-e6frfhqf-1225886397854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-culture.gov.au-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-culture.gov.au_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228072923/http://culture.gov.au/articles/surflifesaving/">"Surf lifesaving"</a>. Culture.gov.au. 26 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culture.gov.au/articles/surflifesaving/">the original</a> on 28 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surf+lifesaving&rft.pub=Culture.gov.au&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fculture.gov.au%2Farticles%2Fsurflifesaving%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCricket_Australia" class="citation web cs1">Cricket Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cricket.com.au/-/media/4CE4F075FBEB4F02A4D48EF9F9363D82.ashx">"Australian Cricket Census 2018/19 – Official data"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Cricket+Census+2018%2F19+%E2%80%93+Official+data&rft.au=Cricket+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricket.com.au%2F-%2Fmedia%2F4CE4F075FBEB4F02A4D48EF9F9363D82.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane2001121-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane2001121_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShilburyDeane2001121_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShilburyDeane2001">Shilbury & Deane 2001</a>, p. 121.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-YearBookAustraliap390-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YearBookAustraliap390_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pzx_Nz1qgd8C&pg=PA391"><i>Year Book Australia</i></a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1985. p. 390. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0312-4746">0312-4746</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Year+Book+Australia&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0312-4746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzx_Nz1qgd8C%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-YearBookAustraliap391-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YearBookAustraliap391_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pzx_Nz1qgd8C&pg=PA391"><i>Year Book Australia</i></a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1985. p. 391. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0312-4746">0312-4746</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Year+Book+Australia&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0312-4746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzx_Nz1qgd8C%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-YearBookAustraliap392-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YearBookAustraliap392_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YearBookAustraliap392_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pzx_Nz1qgd8C&pg=PA391"><i>Year Book Australia</i></a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1985. p. 392. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0312-4746">0312-4746</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Year+Book+Australia&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0312-4746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzx_Nz1qgd8C%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettCarter2003239–240-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettCarter2003239–240_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennettCarter2003">Bennett & Carter 2003</a>, p. 239–240.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennettCarter2003 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith201229-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith201229_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith201229_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith2012">Hoye et al. 2012</a>, p. 29.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoy_Scouts_of_America,_Inc.195647-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoy_Scouts_of_America,_Inc.195647_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoy_Scouts_of_America,_Inc.1956">Boy Scouts of America, Inc. 1956</a>, p. 47.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith2012294-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith2012294_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith2012">Hoye et al. 2012</a>, p. 294.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore200860-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore200860_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore2008">Hess et al. 2008</a>, p. 60.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttmann200786–87-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuttmann200786–87_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuttmann2007">Guttmann 2007</a>, p. 86–87.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreffSzymański2006438-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreffSzymański2006438_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreffSzymański2006">Andreff & Szymański 2006</a>, p. 438.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1993544-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1993544_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1993">Clark 1993</a>, p. 544.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortFizel2004309-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortFizel2004309_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortFizel2004">Fort & Fizel 2004</a>, p. 309.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Statistics-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2000" class="citation book cs1">Australian Bureau of Statistics (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hlJ0QRd_bwcC&pg=PA546"><i>2000 Year Book Australia No. 82</i></a>. Aust. Bureau of Statistics. pp. 546–547. GGKEY:7270H4LHC4X<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2000+Year+Book+Australia+No.+82&rft.pages=546-547&rft.pub=Aust.+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhlJ0QRd_bwcC%26pg%3DPA546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham201299-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham201299_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2012">Higham 2012</a>, p. 99.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-somealeageusource-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-somealeageusource_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFD'Andrea2009" class="citation web cs1">D'Andrea, Rick (25 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidefutbol.com/2009/10/25/australian-a-league-suffering-attendance-decline/11426/">"A-League Suffering Attendance Decline"</a>. Insidefutbol<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A-League+Suffering+Attendance+Decline&rft.pub=Insidefutbol&rft.date=2009-10-25&rft.aulast=D%27Andrea&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidefutbol.com%2F2009%2F10%2F25%2Faustralian-a-league-suffering-attendance-decline%2F11426%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-footywire1-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-footywire1_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footywire.com/afl/footy/attendances?year=2011&t=A&h=A&s=A">"2011 AFL Crowds and Match Attendances"</a>. Footywire.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+AFL+Crowds+and+Match+Attendances&rft.pub=Footywire.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footywire.com%2Fafl%2Ffooty%2Fattendances%3Fyear%3D2011%26t%3DA%26h%3DA%26s%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nerlastabntance-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nerlastabntance_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100907082643/http://www.nrl.com/news/news/newsarticle/tabid/10874/newsid/60086/telstra-premiership-sets-new-attendance-record/default.aspx">"Attendance Record"</a>. National Rugby League. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrl.com/news/news/newsarticle/tabid/10874/newsid/60086/telstra-premiership-sets-new-attendance-record/default.aspx">the original</a> on 7 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attendance+Record&rft.pub=National+Rugby+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrl.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fnewsarticle%2Ftabid%2F10874%2Fnewsid%2F60086%2Ftelstra-premiership-sets-new-attendance-record%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/big-bash-league-infant-tournament-now-part-of-australian-crickets-summer-fabric/news-story/98897cf3111da3cb16f6fd9e6744e101">Big Bash League: Infant tournament now part of Australian cricket’s summer fabric</a> heraldsun.com.au. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=1">"2018 AFL Attendance"</a>. Austadiums.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+AFL+Attendance&rft.pub=Austadiums.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austadiums.com%2Fsport%2Fcomp.php%3Fsid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBL 2018-2019 ATTENDANCE <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=17">https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=17</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austadiums.com/sport/comp.php?sid=2">"NRL 2018 ATTENDANCE"</a>. <i>NRL ATTENDANCE</i>. Austadiums.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRL+ATTENDANCE&rft.atitle=NRL+2018+ATTENDANCE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austadiums.com%2Fsport%2Fcomp.php%3Fsid%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbl.com.au/index.php?id=959">"Basketball in Australia"</a>. Australia: National Basketball League<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basketball+in+Australia&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=National+Basketball+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbl.com.au%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theherald.com.au/story/401291/battle-of-the-codes-soccer-or-rugby/">Battle of the codes – soccer or rugby?</a> – The Newcastle Herald, 16 October 2012</span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supercars.com/news/championship/strong-growth-for-supercars-in-2017/">"Strong growth for Supercars in 2017"</a>. <i>Supercars</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supercars&rft.atitle=Strong+growth+for+Supercars+in+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supercars.com%2Fnews%2Fchampionship%2Fstrong-growth-for-supercars-in-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=1">AFL Football sports attendances</a> austadiums.com.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=2">Rugby League sports attendances</a> austadiums.com.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=3">Football sports attendances</a> austadiums.com.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/RicFinlay/status/824844576712069120">So far 1,734,299 have attended 70 days in summer of Cricket with BBL final and 3 T20Is to come</a> <i>Ric Finlay- Co-creator of CSW, the cricket database</i>. Retrieved on 29 January 2017</span>
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=7">Cricket sports attendances</a> austadiums.com.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=4">Basketball sports attendances</a> austadiums.com.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austadiums.com/sport/sport.php?sid=5">Rugby Union sports attendances</a> austadiums.com.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortFizel2004310-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortFizel2004310_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortFizel2004">Fort & Fizel 2004</a>, p. 310.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/worldseries/content/story/72632.html">World Series Cricket</a> espncricinfo.com. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortFizel2004311-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortFizel2004311_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortFizel2004">Fort & Fizel 2004</a>, p. 311.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-roymasters-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roymasters_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMasters2009" class="citation web cs1">Masters, Roy (4 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/business/messenger-can-watch-a-better-league-broadcast-in-the-us-than-south-of-the-border-20091004-ghve.html">"Messenger can watch a better league broadcast in the US than south of the border"</a>. <i>Brisbane Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brisbane+Times&rft.atitle=Messenger+can+watch+a+better+league+broadcast+in+the+US+than+south+of+the+border&rft.date=2009-10-04&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fmessenger-can-watch-a-better-league-broadcast-in-the-us-than-south-of-the-border-20091004-ghve.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-keepsortsfrea-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keepsortsfrea_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keepsportfree.com.au/Content_Common/pg-the-facts.seo">"Keep Sport Free: The Facts"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keep+Sport+Free%3A+The+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keepsportfree.com.au%2FContent_Common%2Fpg-the-facts.seo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Newstalk_ZB-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newstalk_ZB_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNewstalk_ZB2009" class="citation web cs1">Newstalk ZB (21 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvnz.co.nz/rugby-league-news/league-becomes-australia-s-top-sport-3315931">"League becomes Australia's top sport"</a>. <i>TVNZ</i>. New Zealand: Television New Zealand Limited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVNZ&rft.atitle=League+becomes+Australia%27s+top+sport&rft.date=2009-12-21&rft.au=Newstalk+ZB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvnz.co.nz%2Frugby-league-news%2Fleague-becomes-australia-s-top-sport-3315931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-aggreagat-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aggreagat_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCanning2011" class="citation web cs1">Canning, Simon (21 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/nrl-disputes-afl-audience-claim/story-e6frg996-1226025045416">"NRL disputes AFL audience claim"</a>. <i>The Australian</i>. News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=NRL+disputes+AFL+audience+claim&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft.aulast=Canning&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fnrl-disputes-afl-audience-claim%2Fstory-e6frg996-1226025045416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-byrnes-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-byrnes_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFByrnes2010" class="citation web cs1">Byrnes, Holly (28 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/nrl/origin-to-kick-off-3d-revolution/story-e6frfgbo-1225859053250">"Origin to kick-off 3D revolution"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Origin+to+kick-off+3D+revolution&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft.aulast=Byrnes&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com.au%2Fsport%2Fnrl%2Forigin-to-kick-off-3d-revolution%2Fstory-e6frfgbo-1225859053250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tvtonight-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tvtonight_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2010/05/3d-state-of-origin-approved-world-cup-announcement-expected.html">"3D State of Origin approved, World Cup announcement expected"</a>. TV Tonight. 14 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3D+State+of+Origin+approved%2C+World+Cup+announcement+expected&rft.pub=TV+Tonight&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvtonight.com.au%2F2010%2F05%2F3d-state-of-origin-approved-world-cup-announcement-expected.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/sport/rugby-union/nine-rugby-australia-confirm-groundbreaking-100m-broadcast-deal-20201109-p56csm.html">"Nine, Rugby Australia confirm groundbreaking $100m broadcast deal"</a>. 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nine%2C+Rugby+Australia+confirm+groundbreaking+%24100m+broadcast+deal&rft.date=2020-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fsport%2Frugby-union%2Fnine-rugby-australia-confirm-groundbreaking-100m-broadcast-deal-20201109-p56csm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/nine-amps-up-sports-streaming-war-with-super-rugby-numbers-20210511-p57qw8">"Nine amps up sports streaming war with Super Rugby numbers"</a>. 11 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nine+amps+up+sports+streaming+war+with+Super+Rugby+numbers&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afr.com%2Fcompanies%2Fmedia-and-marketing%2Fnine-amps-up-sports-streaming-war-with-super-rugby-numbers-20210511-p57qw8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-04/grassroots-cricket-to-benefit-from-financial-windfall/4732566">Cricket Australia announces $590m TV deal with Nine and Ten</a> abc.net.au. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/new-big-bash-league-broadcaster-channel-ten-thrilled-with-ratings-for-season-opening-derby/story-fni2usfi-1226788040468">New Big Bash League broadcaster Channel Ten thrilled with ratings for season opening derby</a> heraldsun.com.au. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cricket.com.au/news/bbl05-big-bash-league-fixture-release-2015-16-final-host-highest-qualifying-team-all-matches-live/2015-07-12">Big Bash League schedule released</a> cricket.com.au. Retrieved on 25 Nov 2015</span>
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<li id="cite_note-antoehrverification-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antoehrverification_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060113061720/http://www.currency.com.au/newsite/preview/club.htm">"Studies of Australian Drama — David Williamson : The Club"</a>. 13 January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.currency.com.au/newsite/preview/club.htm">the original</a> on 13 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studies+of+Australian+Drama+%E2%80%94+David+Williamson+%3A+The+Club&rft.date=2006-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.currency.com.au%2Fnewsite%2Fpreview%2Fclub.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-moretheclubstuff-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moretheclubstuff_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1004389-club/about.php">"The Club"</a>. Rotten Tomatoes. 28 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Club&rft.pub=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.date=2010-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2F1004389-club%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wilalisnans-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wilalisnans_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Williams, Daniel (31 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009110521/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1657920,00.html">"Footy for Thought"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Time Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1657920,00.html">the original</a> on 9 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Footy+for+Thought&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1657920%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-movie_focus-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-movie_focus_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070904151332/http://www.abc.net.au/atthemovies/txt/s2004682.htm">"At the Movies Review"</a>. ABC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/atthemovies/txt/s2004682.htm">the original</a> on 4 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+the+Movies+Review&rft.pub=ABC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fatthemovies%2Ftxt%2Fs2004682.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SimpsonMurawska2009p43-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonMurawska2009p43_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_SimpsonRenata_MurawskaAnthony_Lambert2009" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Simpson; Renata Murawska; Anthony Lambert (3 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmF8Id9vuhcC&pg=PA43"><i>Diasporas of Australian Cinema</i></a>. Intellect Books. p. 43. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-197-0"><bdi>978-1-84150-197-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diasporas+of+Australian+Cinema&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft.isbn=978-1-84150-197-0&rft.au=Catherine+Simpson&rft.au=Renata+Murawska&rft.au=Anthony+Lambert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmF8Id9vuhcC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsDavis200445-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsDavis200445_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinsDavis2004">Collins & Davis 2004</a>, p. 45.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-somenlassourcne-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-somenlassourcne_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn3530763">"Roy and HG (comedians): programmes and related material collected by the National Library of Australia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2009</span> – via National Library of Australia (Australian performing arts collection).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roy+and+HG+%28comedians%29%3A+programmes+and+related+material+collected+by+the+National+Library+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.cat-vn3530763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2ykspournce-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2ykspournce_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719181700/http://www.2ky.com.au/company/profile.php">"Company Profile"</a>. <i>www.2ky.com.au</i>. 2KY. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2ky.com.au/company/profile.php">the original</a> on 19 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.2ky.com.au&rft.atitle=Company+Profile&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2ky.com.au%2Fcompany%2Fprofile.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-roy-morgan-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roy-morgan_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045855/http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2006/489/">"Press release"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2006/489/">the original</a> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roymorgan.com%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2F2006%2F489%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-asflerecords-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asflerecords_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aflrecord.com.au/displayrecord/id/6">"AFL Record — Online Edition"</a>. Slattery Media, Issuu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFL+Record+%E2%80%94+Online+Edition&rft.pub=Slattery+Media%2C+Issuu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aflrecord.com.au%2Fdisplayrecord%2Fid%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cneyclopeidaofsurging-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cneyclopeidaofsurging_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Warshaw2005" class="citation book cs1">Matt Warshaw (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-DWQSYRx4MUC&q=Matt+Warshaw.+The+Encyclopedia+of+Surfing"><i>The Encyclopedia of Surfing</i></a>. p. 646. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603251-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603251-3"><bdi>978-0-15-603251-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Surfing&rft.pages=646&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-15-603251-3&rft.au=Matt+Warshaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-DWQSYRx4MUC%26q%3DMatt%2BWarshaw.%2BThe%2BEncyclopedia%2Bof%2BSurfing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol>
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</p>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAdairVamplew1997" class="citation book cs1">Adair, Daryl; Vamplew, Wray (1997). <i>Sport in Australian history</i>. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-553590-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-553590-7"><bdi>978-0-19-553590-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/37217245">37217245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+in+Australian+history&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37217245&rft.isbn=978-0-19-553590-7&rft.aulast=Adair&rft.aufirst=Daryl&rft.au=Vamplew%2C+Wray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAll_England_Netball_Association2009" class="citation book cs1">All England Netball Association (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnpCldTMIt8C&pg=PA60"><i>Netball</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-7697-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-7697-6"><bdi>978-0-7136-7697-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Netball&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7136-7697-6&rft.au=All+England+Netball+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRnpCldTMIt8C%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAndreffSzymański2006" class="citation book cs1">Andreff, Wladimir; Szymański, Stefan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PGRkblShhU8C&pg=PA438"><i>Handbook on the Economics of Sport</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-608-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-608-7"><bdi>978-1-84376-608-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+the+Economics+of+Sport&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84376-608-7&rft.aulast=Andreff&rft.aufirst=Wladimir&rft.au=Szyma%C5%84ski%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPGRkblShhU8C%26pg%3DPA438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1979" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Malcolm (1979). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Australian sports</i>. Sydney: Golden Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85558-849-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85558-849-7"><bdi>0-85558-849-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/21526949">21526949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Australian+sports&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Golden+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21526949&rft.isbn=0-85558-849-7&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBloomfield2003" class="citation book cs1">Bloomfield, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NtWto0T5FMEC"><i>Australia's Sporting Success: The Inside Story</i></a>. UNSW Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-582-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-582-7"><bdi>978-0-86840-582-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Sporting+Success%3A+The+Inside+Story&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-582-7&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNtWto0T5FMEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBale2003" class="citation book cs1">Bale, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3I3PrEgnQZQC&pg=PA145"><i>Running Cultures: Racing in Time and Space</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5535-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5535-2"><bdi>978-0-7146-5535-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Running+Cultures%3A+Racing+in+Time+and+Space&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5535-2&rft.aulast=Bale&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3I3PrEgnQZQC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBennettCarter2001" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Tony; Carter, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3j-Gg3dbWoC&pg=PA239"><i>Culture in Australia: Policies, Publics and Programs</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00403-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00403-9"><bdi>978-0-521-00403-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+in+Australia%3A+Policies%2C+Publics+and+Programs&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00403-9&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Carter%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3j-Gg3dbWoC%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBoy_Scouts_of_America,_Inc.1956" class="citation journal cs1">Boy Scouts of America, Inc. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdvlr4TKT4cC&pg=PA47">"Boys' Life"</a>. <i>Boys' Life. Inkprint Edition</i>. Boy Scouts of America, Inc. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8608">0006-8608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boys%27+Life.+Inkprint+Edition&rft.atitle=Boys%27+Life&rft.date=1956&rft.issn=0006-8608&rft.au=Boy+Scouts+of+America%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgdvlr4TKT4cC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFClark1993" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Manning (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYpNYjr_xQEC&pg=PA544"><i>A History of Australia</i></a>. Melbourne University Publish. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84523-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84523-5"><bdi>978-0-522-84523-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Australia&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publish&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84523-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Manning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYpNYjr_xQEC%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCollinsDavis2004" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Felicity; Davis, Therese (27 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-EonrYXRj94C&pg=PA45"><i>Australian Cinema After Mabo</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54256-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54256-2"><bdi>978-0-521-54256-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Cinema+After+Mabo&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54256-2&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Felicity&rft.au=Davis%2C+Therese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-EonrYXRj94C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCrego2003" class="citation book cs1">Crego, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCl1c2yy5ooC"><i>Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31610-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31610-4"><bdi>978-0-313-31610-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+and+Games+of+the+18th+and+19th+Centuries&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31610-4&rft.aulast=Crego&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCl1c2yy5ooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCrottyRoberts2008" class="citation book cs1">Crotty, Martin; Roberts, David (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wi5me1HBT7kC&pg=PA198"><i>Turning Points in Australian History</i></a>. UNSW Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921410-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921410-56-7"><bdi>978-1-921410-56-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+Points+in+Australian+History&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-921410-56-7&rft.aulast=Crotty&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Roberts%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWi5me1HBT7kC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFortFizel2004" class="citation book cs1">Fort, Rodney D.; Fizel, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mQHaZaDTzAC&pg=PA295"><i>International Sports Economics Comparisons</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98032-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98032-0"><bdi>978-0-275-98032-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Sports+Economics+Comparisons&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98032-0&rft.aulast=Fort&rft.aufirst=Rodney+D.&rft.au=Fizel%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mQHaZaDTzAC%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGuttmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Guttmann, Allen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OdTun2Or_qkC&pg=PA86"><i>Sports: The First Five Millennia</i></a>. Univ of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-610-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-610-1"><bdi>978-1-55849-610-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports%3A+The+First+Five+Millennia&rft.pub=Univ+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-610-1&rft.aulast=Guttmann&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOdTun2Or_qkC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHigham2012" class="citation book cs1">Higham, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZF3pPDn-QgC&pg=PA99"><i>Sport Tourism Destinations</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5937-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5937-6"><bdi>978-0-7506-5937-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+Tourism+Destinations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-5937-6&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZF3pPDn-QgC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHoyeNicholsonWesterbeekSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Hoye, Russell; Nicholson, Matthew; Westerbeek, Hans; Smith, Aaron; Stewart, Bob (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJzpn_bek7YC&pg=PA272"><i>Sport Management</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8755-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8755-3"><bdi>978-0-7506-8755-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+Management&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-8755-3&rft.aulast=Hoye&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Westerbeek%2C+Hans&rft.au=Smith%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiJzpn_bek7YC%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMcKay1991" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Jim (1991). <i>No pain, no gain? : sport and Australian culture</i>. New York: Prentice Hall. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7248-1080-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7248-1080-2"><bdi>978-0-7248-1080-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/24408455">24408455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+pain%2C+no+gain%3F+%3A+sport+and+Australian+culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24408455&rft.isbn=978-0-7248-1080-2&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMojumdar2009" class="citation book cs1">Mojumdar, Ram Mohun (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eBEeH8xAvWQC&pg=PT172"><i>History of Physical Education and Sports</i></a>. Pinnacle Technology. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61820-459-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61820-459-2"><bdi>978-1-61820-459-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Physical+Education+and+Sports&rft.pub=Pinnacle+Technology&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61820-459-2&rft.aulast=Mojumdar&rft.aufirst=Ram+Mohun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeBEeH8xAvWQC%26pg%3DPT172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNaurightParrish2012" class="citation book cs1">Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC&pg=PA384"><i>Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-300-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-300-2"><bdi>978-1-59884-300-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+Around+the+World%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Practice&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-300-2&rft.aulast=Nauright&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Parrish%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIkLYDgTnMxEC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFR.I.C._Publications2008" class="citation book cs1">R.I.C. Publications (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgRrB74FiqMC&pg=PA90"><i>Primary Australian History</i></a>. R.I.C. Publications. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74126-684-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74126-684-9"><bdi>978-1-74126-684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primary+Australian+History&rft.pub=R.I.C.+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74126-684-9&rft.au=R.I.C.+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgRrB74FiqMC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRollsHalliganMathewsCliff1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eric_Charles_Rolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Charles Rolls">Rolls, Eric C</a>; Halligan, Marion; Mathews, Marlene; Cliff, Paul (1999). <i>A sporting nation : celebrating Australia's sporting life</i>. Canberra. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-10704-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-10704-1"><bdi>0-642-10704-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44839640">44839640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+sporting+nation+%3A+celebrating+Australia%27s+sporting+life&rft.place=Canberra&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44839640&rft.isbn=0-642-10704-1&rft.aulast=Rolls&rft.aufirst=Eric+C&rft.au=Halligan%2C+Marion&rft.au=Mathews%2C+Marlene&rft.au=Cliff%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFShilburyDeane2001" class="citation book cs1">Shilbury, David; Deane, John (2001). <i>Sport management in Australia : an organisational overview</i> (Second ed.). Bentleigh East, Victoria: Strategic Sport Management. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9580170-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9580170-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9580170-0-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/777321324">777321324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+management+in+Australia+%3A+an+organisational+overview&rft.place=Bentleigh+East%2C+Victoria&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Strategic+Sport+Management&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F777321324&rft.isbn=978-0-9580170-0-8&rft.aulast=Shilbury&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Deane%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Holly (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqAyTWrmU_sC&pg=PT96"><i>Melbourne, Victoria and Tasmania</i></a>. Hunter Publishing, Inc. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-779-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-779-2"><bdi>978-1-58843-779-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melbourne%2C+Victoria+and+Tasmania&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58843-779-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqAyTWrmU_sC%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFStewart2005" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Bob (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FMDqFsGQ5qoC&pg=PA9"><i>Australian Sport — Better by Design?: The Evolution of Australian Sport Policy</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34046-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34046-5"><bdi>978-0-415-34046-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Sport+%E2%80%94+Better+by+Design%3F%3A+The+Evolution+of+Australian+Sport+Policy&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34046-5&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFMDqFsGQ5qoC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHessNicholsonStewartde_Moore2008" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Rob; Nicholson, Matthew; Stewart, Bob; de Moore, Gregory (2008). <i>A national game : the history of Australian rules football</i>. Camberwell, Victoria: Penguin. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-07089-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-07089-3"><bdi>978-0-670-07089-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/247974138">247974138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+national+game+%3A+the+history+of+Australian+rules+football&rft.place=Camberwell%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247974138&rft.isbn=978-0-670-07089-3&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Bob&rft.au=de+Moore%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <i><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Australia" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Sport in Australia"> Sport in Australia </a> </b></i> </div></div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausport.gov.au/">Australian Sports Commission</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ais.org.au/">Australian Institute of Sport</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sport_in_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Sport_in_Australia" title="Template:Sport in Australia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Sport_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Sport in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Sport_in_Australia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sport_in_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sport in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_History_*_Disabled_sports_*_Winter_sport_*_Women&#039;s_sport">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_sport_in_Australia" title="History of sport in Australia">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disabled_sports_in_Australia" title="Disabled sports in Australia">Disabled sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winter_sport_in_Australia" title="Winter sport in Australia">Winter sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_sport_in_Australia" title="Women's sport in Australia">Women's sport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state/territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Sport in the Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_New_South_Wales" title="Sport in New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Northern_Territory" title="Sport in the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Queensland" title="Sport in Queensland">Queensland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_South_Australia" title="Sport in South Australia">South Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Tasmania" title="Sport in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Victoria" title="Sport in Victoria">Victoria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Western_Australia" title="Sport in Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_football_in_Australia" title="American football in Australia">American football</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Australia" title="Australian rules football in Australia">Australian rules football</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baseball_in_Australia" title="Baseball in Australia">Baseball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basketball_in_Australia" title="Basketball in Australia">Basketball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket_in_Australia" title="Cricket in Australia">Cricket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Field_hockey_in_Australia" title="Field hockey in Australia">Field hockey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Football_in_Australia" title="Football in Australia">Football</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futsal_in_Australia" title="Futsal in Australia">Futsal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australasia_GAA" title="Australasia GAA">Gaelic Games</a> (Gaelic football, hurling)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Handball_Federation" title="Australian Handball Federation">Handball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Australia" title="Ice hockey in Australia">Ice hockey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lacrosse_in_Australia" title="Lacrosse in Australia">Lacrosse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netball_in_Australia" title="Netball in Australia">Netball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quidditch_in_Australia" title="Quidditch in Australia">Quidditch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roller_derby_in_Australia" title="Roller derby in Australia">Roller derby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Australia" title="Rugby league in Australia">Rugby league</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Australia" title="Rugby union in Australia">Rugby union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soccer_in_Australia" title="Soccer in Australia">Soccer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Softball_in_Australia" title="Softball in Australia">Softball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vigoro" title="Vigoro">Vigoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_polo_in_Australia" title="Water polo in Australia">Water polo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Individual_sport" title="Individual sport">Individual sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athletics_in_Australia" title="Athletics in Australia">Athletics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badminton_Australia" title="Badminton Australia">Badminton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bodybuilding_in_Australia" title="Bodybuilding in Australia">Bodybuilding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boxing_in_Australia" title="Boxing in Australia">Boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campdrafting" title="Campdrafting">Campdrafting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cycling_in_Australia" title="Cycling in Australia">Cycling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fives" title="Fives">Fives</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golf_in_Australia" title="Golf in Australia">Golf</a></li>
<li>Horse racing (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thoroughbred_racing_in_Australia" title="Thoroughbred racing in Australia">Thoroughbred</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harness_racing_in_Australia" title="Harness racing in Australia">harness</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)#Australia" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">steeplechase</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_in_Australia" title="Mixed martial arts in Australia">Mixed martial arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motorsport_in_Australia" title="Motorsport in Australia">Motorsport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Australia" title="Professional wrestling in Australia">Pro wrestling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amateur_wrestling_in_Australia" title="Amateur wrestling in Australia">Sport wrestling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surfing_in_Australia" title="Surfing in Australia">Surfing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skeleton_sport_in_Australia" title="Skeleton sport in Australia">Skeleton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skiing_in_Australia" title="Skiing in Australia">Skiing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swimming_in_Australia" title="Swimming in Australia">Swimming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennis_in_Australia" title="Tennis in Australia">Tennis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trugo" title="Trugo">Trugo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wood_chopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood chopping">Wood cutting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_at_the_Olympics" title="Australia at the Olympics">Olympics</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Australia at the Winter Olympics">Winter</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_at_the_Paralympics" title="Australia at the Paralympics">Paralympics</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_at_the_Winter_Paralympics" title="Australia at the Winter Paralympics">Winter</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Australia at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_at_the_Baseball_World_Cup" title="Australia at the Baseball World Cup">Baseball World Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team#Tournament_history" title="Australia national cricket team">Cricket World Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_at_the_Deaflympics" title="Australia at the Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_at_the_FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="Australia at the FIFA Confederations Cup">FIFA Confederations Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup" title="Australia at the FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_at_the_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="Australia at the FIFA Women's World Cup">FIFA Women's World Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_at_the_Rugby_World_Cup" title="Australia at the Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_at_the_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="Australia at the Rugby League World Cup">Rugby League World Cup</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sport_in_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Oceania_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sport_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Oceania" title="Sport in Oceania">Sport in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Fiji" title="Sport in Fiji">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Nauru">Nauru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_New_Zealand" title="Sport in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Sport in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Samoa" title="Sport in Samoa">Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Sport in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Tonga" title="Sport in Tonga">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Tuvalu" title="Sport in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Vanuatu" title="Sport in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Sport in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Guam">Guam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Tokelau" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Australia_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_archaeology" title="Australian archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European Exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Australia_since_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Australia since 1945">Since 1945</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBT rights in Australia">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Australia">Law</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Australia">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dementia_and_Alzheimer%27s_disease_in_Australia" title="Dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Australia">Dementia and Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Health care</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demography_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Australia">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sport_in_the_World" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:World_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sport_in_the_World" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in the World (page does not exist)">Sport in the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Afghanistan" title="Sport in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Albania" title="Sport in Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Algeria" title="Sport in Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Argentina" title="Sport in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Armenia" title="Sport in Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Austria" title="Sport in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Sport in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Bahamas" title="Sport in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Bahrain" title="Sport in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Bangladesh" title="Sport in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Barbados" title="Sport in Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Belgium" title="Sport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Belize" title="Sport in Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Botswana" title="Sport in Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Brunei" title="Sport in Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Bulgaria" title="Sport in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Sport in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Cambodia" title="Sport in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Cameroon" title="Sport in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Cape_Verde" title="Sport in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Chile" title="Sport in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Colombia" title="Sport in Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Croatia" title="Sport in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Cuba" title="Sport in Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Cyprus" title="Sport in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Sport in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Denmark" title="Sport in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Sport in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_East_Timor" title="Sport in East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Ecuador" title="Sport in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Eritrea" title="Sport in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Estonia" title="Sport in Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia" title="Sport in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Fiji" title="Sport in Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Finland" title="Sport in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Honduras" title="Sport in Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Iceland" title="Sport in Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia" title="Sport in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Israel" title="Sport in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Jamaica" title="Sport in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Jordan" title="Sport in Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Sport in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Kenya" title="Sport in Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Kosovo" title="Sport in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Kuwait" title="Sport in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Latvia" title="Sport in Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Lebanon" title="Sport in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Lesotho" title="Sport in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Libya" title="Sport in Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Lithuania" title="Sport in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Luxembourg" title="Sport in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Malaysia" title="Sport in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Malta" title="Sport in Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Mauritania" title="Sport in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Mexico" title="Sport in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Moldova" title="Sport in Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Montenegro" title="Sport in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Morocco" title="Sport in Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Namibia" title="Sport in Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_New_Zealand" title="Sport in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_North_Korea" title="Sport in North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Sport in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Paraguay" title="Sport in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Peru" title="Sport in Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Poland" title="Sport in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Portugal" title="Sport in Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Qatar" title="Sport in Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Romania" title="Sport in Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Rwanda" title="Sport in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Sport in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Samoa" title="Sport in Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_San_Marino" title="Sport in San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sport in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Serbia" title="Sport in Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Sport in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Singapore" title="Sport in Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Slovakia" title="Sport in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Slovenia" title="Sport in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_South_Africa" title="Sport in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_South_Korea" title="Sport in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_South_Sudan" title="Sport in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sport in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Sweden" title="Sport in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Taiwan" title="Sport in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Tanzania" title="Sport in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Tonga" title="Sport in Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Tunisia" title="Sport in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Tuvalu" title="Sport in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sport in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Uruguay" title="Sport in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Sport in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Vanuatu" title="Sport in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Vatican_City" title="Sport in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Venezuela" title="Sport in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Vietnam" title="Sport in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Zimbabwe" title="Sport in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1666280233' |