Examine individual changes

'{{short description|Species of bird}} {{more citations needed|date=August 2013}} {{speciesbox | name = Palawan peacock-pheasant | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Polyplectron napoleonis'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22679398A132051467 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679398A132051467.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | image = Palawan Peacock Pheasant - male.jpg | genus = Polyplectron | species = napoleonis | authority = [[René-Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], 1831 | synonyms = * ''Polyplectrum napoleonis''<br/><small>Lesson, 1831 (''lapsus'')</small> * ''Polyplectron emphanum''<br/><small>[[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1832<ref>See Dickinson (2001).</ref></small> | range_map = Palawan Peacock Pheasant range.svg | range_map_caption = Palawan peacock-pheasant range }} The '''Palawan peacock-pheasant''' (''Polyplectron napoleonis'') is a medium-sized (up to 50&nbsp;cm long) bird in the family [[Phasianidae]]. It is featured prominently in the culture of the indigenous [[Palawan people|people of Palawan]]. The bird is also depicted in the official seal of the city of [[Puerto Princesa]]. ==Description== The adult male is the most [[peacock]]-like member of the genus ''[[Polyplectron]]'' in appearance. It has an erectile crest and highly [[iridescence|iridescent]] electric blue-violet, metallic green-turquoise dorsal plumage. Its breast and ventral regions are dark black. The [[rectrices]] are wide, flat, and rigid. Their terminal edges are squared. Each tail plume and upper-tail covert is marked with highly iridescent, light reflective, [[ocellus|ocelli]]. The tail is erected and expanded laterally together with the bodies of the birds. The male also raise one wing and lower the other, laterally compressing the body during pair-bonding, courtship displays as well and may also be [[antipredator adaptation]]. The female is slightly smaller than the male. Its contour plumage is cloudy silt in colouration. The mantle and breast are a dark sepia in coloration. The rectrices are essentially similar to those of the male, exhibiting marked adumbrations and stunning ocelli. Throughout, their plumage is earthen and difficult to distinguish from the substrate and branches. While it has similar proportions of the tail to the male, its markings are not as visually arresting. Like the male, the female has a short crest and is whitish on the throat, cheeks and eyebrows. Chicks are vivid ginger and cinnamon hued with prominent yellow markings. Juveniles of both sexes in the first year closely resemble their mothers. Subadult males in their second year more closely resemble their fathers but the mantle and wing coverts are marked with adumbrations analogous with the ocelli in the contour plumage of other peacock-pheasant species. Like other peacock-pheasants, Palawan males and some females exhibit multiple spurs on the metatarsus. These are used in anti-predator defense, foraging in leaf litter and contests with other males. The male Palawan excavates slight depressions in which it orients its body during postural display behaviors. The bird vibrates loudly via stridulation of rectrice quills. This communicative signal is both audible and as a form of [[seismic communication]]. Palawan peacock-pheasants are strong fliers. Their flight is swift, direct and sustained. ==Distribution and habitat== [[Endemism in birds|Endemic]] to the [[Philippines]], the Palawan peacock-pheasant is found in the humid forests of [[Palawan Island]] in the southern part of the Philippine [[archipelago]]. ==Taxonomy== The Palawan peacock-pheasant, with its unique male plumage and distant range, represents a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] (Early? [[Pliocene]], c.5-4 [[mya (unit)|mya]])<ref> Note that the [[molecular clock]] calibration method used by Kimball ''et al.'' (2001) is now known to be inappropriate, yielding far too low estimates in galliform birds.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}</ref> offshoot of the [[genus]] ''Polyplectron'' (Kimball ''et al.'' 2001). The species is widely accepted to be monotypic, but while some males have white supercillia, giving a "double-barred" or masked appearance, others lack this trait, exhibiting dark faces, taller, denser crests and prominent white cheek spots. The birds with white supercillia are sometimes classified as a distinct subspecies, ''nehrkornae''. The white-cheeked form may inhabit deep forest habitat with low ambient light in rolling terrain whilst the masked form appears to inhabit taller, more open forest on flatter terrain with higher ambient light. This masked form exhibits an abbreviated, more tightly compacted and highly iridescent crest. Females of the two respective forms exhibit analogous differentiation. The female of the masked form is more prominently patterned and densely crested with paler contour plumage. It was long known as ''Polyplectron emphanum'', but the name ''Polyplectron napoleonis'' was given one year before and takes [[Principle of Priority|priority]] over the newer name (Dickinson 2001). ==Behavior and ecology== Peacock-pheasants are highly invertivorous, taking [[isopod]]s, [[earwig]]s, [[insect larva]]e, [[mollusk]]s, [[centipede]]s and [[termite]]s as well as small [[frog]]s, [[drupe]]s, [[seed]]s and [[berry|berries]]. They are strictly monogamous, renesting yearly. The female usually lays up to two eggs. Both parents rearing chicks for up to two years. Males act as sentinels of nest sites and are highly pugnacious during the reproductive cycle. ==Status and conservation== Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size and limited range as well as hunting and capture for trade, the Palawan peacock-pheasant is classified as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] in the [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of [[CITES]]. == Gallery == <gallery> File:Stavenn Polyplectron napoleonis 01.jpg|male File:Polyplectron napoleonis-female-Lisbon.jpg|female File:palawan_peacock.jpg|male </gallery> == References == === Footnotes === {{Reflist}} === Works cited === *Dickinson, E. C. (2001): The correct scientific name of the Palawan Peacock-Pheasant is ''Polyplectron napoleonis'' (Lesson, 1831). ''[[Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|Bull. B. O. C.]]'' '''121'''(4): 266–272. *Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L.; Ligon, J. David; Lucchini, Vittorio & Randi, Ettore (2001): A molecular phylogeny of the peacock-pheasants (Galliformes: ''Polyplectron'' spp.) indicates loss and reduction of ornamental traits and display behaviour. ''[[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|Biol. J. Linn. Soc.]]'' '''73'''(2): 187–198. [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00244066/2001/00000073/00000002/art90536 HTML abstract] *Lesson, René-Primevère (1831): ''Traite d'Ornithologie'' '''7''':487; '''8''': 650. *Temminck, Coenraad Jacob (1832): ''Nouveau Recueil de Planches coloriées d'Oiseaux'' '''88''' plate 540. == External links == {{Commons category|Polyplectron napoleonis}} * ARKive - [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313023638/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Polyplectron_napoleonis/ images and movies of the Palawan peacock-pheasant ''(Polyplectron napoleonis)''] * [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=281&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061013175741/http://www.rdb.or.id/detailbird.php?id=222 Red Data Book] {{Phasianidae}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q591987}} [[Category:Polyplectron|Palawan peacock-pheasant]] [[Category:Birds of Palawan]] [[Category:Birds described in 1831]] [[Category:Taxa named by René Lesson]]'