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'{{Short description|French physician and surgeon}} {{Infobox medical person | honorific_prefix = | name = Guy de Chauliac | honorific_suffix = | image = GuyDeChaulhac.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = A 16th-century depiction | birth_name = | birth_date = {{circa}} 1300 | birth_place = [[Chaulhac]], [[Lozère]], France | death_date = {{Death year and age|1368|1300}} | death_place = [[Avignon]], France | death_cause = | nationality = | citizenship = | education = | occupation = [[physician]] and [[surgeon]] | years_active = | known_for = | relations = | website = | profession = | field = | work_institutions = | specialism = | research_field = | notable_works = [[Chirurgia Magna]] | prizes = | child = | module2 = | signature = }} '''Guy de Chauliac''' ({{IPA-fr|də ʃoljak|lang}}), also called '''Guido''' or '''Guigo de Cauliaco''' ({{circa}} 1300 – 25 July 1368), was a French [[physician]] and [[surgeon]] who wrote a lengthy and influential [[treatise]] on surgery in Latin, titled ''[[Chirurgia Magna]]''. It was translated into many other languages (including [[Middle English]]) and widely read by physicians in late medieval Europe. ==Life== Guy de Chauliac was born in [[Chaulhac]], [[Lozère]], France, into a family of modest means.<ref name="source book">{{Cite book|title=A Source Book in Medieval Science|last=Grant|first=Edward|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1974|isbn=9780674823600|pages=816}}</ref> He began his study of medicine in [[Toulouse]] before going to study in [[Montpellier]], the center for medical knowledge in the 14th century of France. He was in Paris between 1315 and 1320, and around 1325, he became a Master of Medicine and Surgery.<ref name="Thevenet">{{Cite journal|last=Thevenet|first=André|year=1993|title=Guy de Chauliac (1300–1370): The "Father of Surgery"|journal=Annals of Vascular Surgery|volume=7|issue=2|pages=208–12|doi=10.1007/BF02001018|pmid=8518141|s2cid=43578096}}</ref> After receiving his degree, he went to [[Bologna]] to study anatomy under [[Nicola Bertuccio]], from whom he may have learned surgical techniques. It is unknown whether de Chauliac applied his surgical studies and knowledge. Charles H. Talbot writes, <blockquote>"It was seemingly from books that [Chauliac] learned his surgery.... He may have used the knife when embalming the bodies of dead popes, but he was careful to avoid it on living patients".<ref name="Lindberg">{{Cite book|title=Science in the Middle Ages|last=Lindberg|first=David C|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1978|isbn=978-0226482330|pages=410}}</ref> </blockquote>Others, including Thevenet, claim that Chauliac moved to [[Mende, Lozère|Mende]] and then [[Lyon]]s to practice medicine after learning the art of surgery from Bertuccio.<ref name="Thevenet" /> Chauliac's reputation as a physician grew quickly. He was invited to the [[Avignon Papacy|Papal Court in Avignon]], France, to serve as a personal physician to [[Pope Clement VI]] (1342–1352). He went on to become personal physician to [[Pope Innocent VI]] (1352–1362), and then to [[Pope Urban V]] (1362–1370). He died in [[Avignon]] in 1368. He completed his great treatise in 1353. ===Life during the Black Death era === When the [[Black Death]] arrived in Avignon in 1348, physicians fled the city. However, Chauliac stayed on, treating plague patients and documenting symptoms meticulously. He claimed to have been himself infected and survived the disease. Through his observations, Chauliac distinguished between the two forms of the disease, the [[Bubonic Plague]] and the [[Pneumonic Plague]]. As a precautionary measure, he advised Pope Clement to keep a fire burning continuously in his chamber and to keep visitors out.<ref name="Thevenet"/> He gave the following description to the papal court:<blockquote>The great death toll began in our case in the month of January [1348], and lasted for the space of seven months. It was of two kinds: the first lasted two months; with continuous fever and spitting of blood; and death occurred within three days. The second lasted for the whole of the remainder of the time, also with continuous fever, and with ulcers and boils in the extremities, principally under the arm-pits and in the groin; and death took place within five days. And [it] was of so great a contagion (especially when there was spitting of blood) that not only through living in the same house but merely through looking, one person caught it from the other.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Benedictow|first=Ole Jrgen|title=Black Death 1346-1353: The Complete History|year=2004|page=236|isbn=978-1-84383-214-0}}</ref></blockquote>The plague was recognized as being contagious although the agent of contagion was unknown; as treatment, Chauliac recommended air be purified, [[venesection]] (bleeding), and healthy diet. The outbreak of plague and widespread death was blamed on Jews, who were [[heretics]], and in some areas were believed to have poisoned wells; Chauliac fought against this idea, using science to declare the theory untrue.<ref name="bulletin">{{Cite journal|last=Getz|first=Faye Marie Getz|year=1998|title=Inventarium sive Chirurgia Magna. Vol. 1|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=72|issue=3|pages=533–535|doi=10.1353/bhm.1998.0142|s2cid=71371675}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century|last=Tuchman|first=Barbara W.|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf, Inc|year=1978|isbn=978-0-345-34957-6|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/distantmirror00barb/page/111 111]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/distantmirror00barb/page/111}}</ref> ==Works== ===''Chirurgia magna''=== [[File:Chauliac - ita, nel MCCCCLXXXXIII adi XXI del mese di agosto - 499753.jpg|thumb|''Chirurgia'', 1493]] Chauliac's seminal work on surgery, ''[[Chirurgia magna]]'', was finished in 1353 in Avignon, France, just after the bubonic plague. In seven volumes, the treatise covers anatomy, bloodletting, cauterization, drugs, anesthetics, wounds, fractures, ulcers, special diseases, and antidotes.<ref name="bulletin"/> Among de Chaulic's treatments he described the use of [[oakum]], [[bandages]] medicated with egg-whites, and many fascinating treatments such as rubbing the scrotum and performing bloodletting to cure a nosebleed.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Major Surgery of Guy de Chauliac|last=de Chauliac|first=Guy|year=1353|isbn= 1425773168|pages=724}}</ref> He describes surgical techniques such as [[intubation]], [[tracheotomy]], and [[suturing]],<ref name = "Glick214"/> as well as describing the use of anaesthetic gas when performing amputations on patients.<ref>{{Cite book |last=GUERINI |first=VINCENZO |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51991 |title=A History of Dentistry FROM THE MOST ANCIENT TIMES UNTIL THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY |publisher=LEA & FEBIGER PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YORK and National Dental Association of the United States of America |year=1909 |language=English |quote=“Some prescribe medicaments which send the patient to sleep, so that the incision may not be felt, such as opium, the juice of the morel,254 hyoscyamus, mandrake, ivy, hemlock, lettuce. A new sponge is soaked by them in these juices and left to dry in the sun; and when they have need of it they put this sponge into warm water and then hold it under the nostrils of the patient until he goes to sleep. Then they perform the operation.”}}</ref> Chauliac quoted frequently from other medical works, written by contemporaries or those written by earlier physicians and anatomists, as he sought to describe the history of medicine. He claimed that surgery began with [[Hippocrates]] and [[Galen]], and was developed in the Arab world by [[Haly Abbas]], [[Albucasis]], and [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi|Al-Razi]]. Through his position as papal physician, Chauliac had access to [[Galen]]'s texts, recently translated by [[:it:Niccolò da Reggio|Niccolò da Reggio]] from original Greek versions, which were more accurate than the Latin translations.<ref name="Glick214">{{Cite book|title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia|last1=Glick|first1=Thomas F.|last2=Livesey|first2=Steven John|last3=Wallis|first3=Faith|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=9780415969307|location=London|pages=214}}</ref> As well as owing a debt to [[Galen]], ''Chirurgia magna'' was greatly influenced by Islamic scientists, and de Chauliac references [[Avicenna]] often in the work. The work became popular and was translated into English, French, Dutch, Italian, and [[Occitan language|Provençal]]. It was translated into [[Irish language|Irish]] by [[Cormac Mac Duinnshléibhe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dias.ie/celt/celt-staff-and-scholars/celt-dr-aoibheann-nic-dhonnchadha/medical-writing-in-irish-1400-1700/|title = Medical writing in Irish, 1400-1700 – DIAS}}</ref> It was reworked multiple times, including to remove references to Islamic scientists, to the point that the work was no longer recognizable as Chauliac's own.<ref name="bulletin"/> De Chauliac recognized the importance of Montpellier with respect to surgical study.<ref name="bulletin"/> ====Emphasis on anatomy==== [[Galen]]'s influence on Chauliac can clearly be seen in the latter's belief that surgeons should have a thorough understanding of anatomy. He wrote, "A surgeon who does not know his anatomy is like a blind man carving a log".<ref name="Thevenet"/> He also describes the dissection of a corpse in accordance with [[Galen]]'s beliefs about the human body. De Chauliac's (and his contemporaries) unwillingness to look outside of textbook knowledge was one of the reasons that Chauliac's anatomical descriptions are not always correct. ===Other Works=== Three other works were written by Chauliac: ''[[Practica astrolabii]]'' (De astronomia), an essay on astrology; ''[[De ruptura]]'', which describes different types of [[hernias]]; and ''[[De subtilianti diaeta]]'', describing treatments for [[cataracts]]. ==References== <references/> ==Sources== *''Guigo De Caulhiaco'' (Guy de Chaulliac), ''Inventarium Sive Chirurgia Magna'', Michael R. McVaugh, Margrete S. Ogden (editors), Brill Publishers, 1997. {{ISBN|90-04-10784-3}}. Reviewed here: [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1044311] *''Guy de Chauliac Biography (c. 1300-c. 1368)'', 2008. {{ISBN|90-04-10784-3}}. Reviewed here: [http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/53/Guy-de-Chauliac.html] *Ogden, Margaret. (1977). "Review of Guy de Chauliac's Middle English Translation". ''The Review of English Studies''. Vol 28, number 111. *Wallner, Björn. (1995). ”An Interpolated Middle English Version of the Anatomy of Guy de Chauliac. Part 1. Text”, Lund University Press. {{ISBN|0-86238-380-3}}. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chauliac, Guy De}} [[Category:14th-century French physicians]] [[Category:French Roman Catholics]] [[Category:1300s births]] [[Category:1368 deaths]] [[Category:Year of birth uncertain]] [[Category:Papal physicians]] [[Category:14th-century French writers]] [[Category:14th-century Latin writers]]'