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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Church of England chaplain, missionary, agriculturalist, magistrate (1765–1838)}}
{{For|the inaugural Bishop of Bathurst|Samuel Marsden (bishop)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
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{{Infobox clergy
| name = Samuel Marsden
| image = Samuel marsden.jpg
| caption = Marsden, 1833
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1765|6|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Farsley]], Yorkshire
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1838|5|12|1765|6|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Windsor, New South Wales]]
| church = [[Church of England]]
| other_names =
| education = [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
| ordained = May 1793
| writings =
| congregations =
| offices_held =
| title =
| spouse = Elizabeth Fristan
m. 21 April 1793
| children = 8, including Ann, Mary, Martha<ref name=dnzb>{{DNZB|Parsonson|G.S.|1m16}}</ref>
| family = [[Samuel Marsden (bishop)|Samuel Marsden]]
| parents = Bathsheba Brown and Thomas Marsden<ref name="dnzb"/>
}}
'''Samuel Marsden''' (25 June 1765 – 12 May 1838) was an English-born priest of the [[Church of England]] in Australia and a prominent member of the [[Church Missionary Society]], believed to have introduced Christianity to [[New Zealand]]. Marsden was a prominent figure in [[History of New South Wales|early New South Wales]] and [[History of Australia|Australian]] history, partly through his ecclesiastical offices as the colony's senior Church of England cleric and as a pioneer of the Australian wool industry, but also for his employment of convicts for farming and his actions as a magistrate at [[Parramatta]], both of which attracted contemporary criticism.<ref>Yarwood, 1967.</ref><ref>Ryder, 1973</ref>
==Early life==
Born in [[Farsley]], near [[Pudsey]], [[Yorkshire]] in England as the son of a [[Wesleyan]] blacksmith turned farmer, Marsden attended the village school and spent some years assisting his father on the farm. In his early twenties his reputation as a [[lay preacher]] drew the attention of the evangelical Elland Society, which sought to train poor men for the ministry of the Church of England. With a scholarship from the Elland Society Marsden attended [[Hull Grammar School]], where he became associated with [[Joseph Milner (priest)|Joseph Milner]] and the reformist [[William Wilberforce]], and after two years, he matriculated, at the age of 25, at [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id=MRSN790S|name= Marsden, Samuel}}</ref> He abandoned his degree studies to respond to the call of the evangelical leader [[Charles Simeon]] for service in overseas missions. Marsden was offered the position of second chaplain to the Reverend [[Richard Johnson (chaplain)|Richard Johnson]]'s ministry to the [[Colony of New South Wales]] on 1 January 1793.
Marsden married Elizabeth Fristan at [[Hull Minster|Holy Trinity, Hull]] on 21 April 1793. The following month [[William Buller (bishop)|William Buller]], the [[Bishop of Exeter]], ordained him as a priest.<ref>
{{CCEd
|type= ordination |id= 53375
|name= Marsden, Samuel (1793–1793)
|accessed= 9 January 2018
}}
</ref>
==In Australia==
[[File:St Matthew's Church Windsor (10338478576).jpg|thumb|St Matthew's Church, [[Windsor, New South Wales]], consecrated by Marsden on 8 December 1822]]
Marsden travelled as a passenger on the [[convict ship]], {{ship||William |1770 ship|2}} to Australia, his first child Anne being born en route. He arrived in the colony on 2 March 1794, and set up house in [[Parramatta]], {{Convert|15|mi|km}} outside the main [[Port Jackson]] settlement.
In 1800 Marsden succeeded Johnson and became the senior Church of England chaplain in New South Wales; he would keep this post until his death.
Marsden was given grants of land by the colonial government and bought more of his own, which were worked with [[Convicts in Australia|convict]] labour, a common practice in Australia at the time. By 1807 he owned {{convert|3000|acre|km2}} of land. Successful farming ventures provided him with a secure financial base, although they also formed a plank of contemporary criticism of Marsden for alleged over-involvement in non-church affairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wannan|first=Bill|title=Very strange tales: the turbulent times of Samuel Marsden.|publisher=Lansdowne Press.|year=1962|isbn=|location=Melbourne|pages=176}}</ref> In 1807 he returned to England to report on the state of the colony to the government, and to solicit further assistance of clergy and schoolmasters.
He concentrated on the development of strong heavy-framed sheep such as the [[Suffolk sheep]] breed, which had a more immediate value in the colony than the fine-fleeced Spanish merinos imported by [[John Macarthur (wool pioneer)|John Macarthur]]. In 1809, Marsden was the first to ship wool to England from Australia for commercial use; this was made into cloth by Messrs W. & J. Thompson, at [[Rawdon, West Yorkshire]], and so impressed George III that he was given a present of [[Merino sheep]] from the Windsor stud. Four years later more than 4000 lbs (1814 kg) of his wool was sold in England. Marsden was an important promoter of the wool staple, even though his contribution to technology, breeding and marketing was far eclipsed by that of Macarthur. He is believed to have later introduced sheep to [[New Zealand]], where he would develop a somewhat gentler reputation than in Australia.
In 1795, Governor [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]] made the chaplains [[magistrate]]s. Marsden's role as magistrate at [[Parramatta]], attracted criticism in his lifetime. History has remembered Marsden as the "Flogging Parson", with contemporaries claiming that he inflicted severe punishments (notably extended [[flogging]]s), even by the standards of his day. This view of Marsden is disputed in some circles as part of an anti-clerical writing of history, in turn attributed to a dislike of [[Roman Catholic]]s and the Irish.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
[[Joseph Holt (rebel)|Joseph Holt]], who was transported to Sydney following his negotiated surrender after the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]], gave vivid account in his memoirs of the search for Irish plotters in which he was arrested. Marsden was held to be involved in this secret action by the authorities. Holt himself was released but witnessed the fate of others. He related: "I have witnessed many horrible scenes; but this was the most appalling sight I had ever seen. The day was windy and I protest, that although I was at least fifteen yards to the leeward, from the sufferers, the blood, skin, and flesh blew in my face", as floggers "shook it off from their cats" (referring to the cat-of-nine-tails scourging lash). He continued "The next prisoner who was tied up was Paddy Galvin, a young lad about twenty years of age; he was also sentenced to receive three hundred lashes. The first hundred were given on his shoulders, and he was cut to the bone between the shoulder-blades, which were both bare. The doctor then directed the next hundred to be inflicted lower down, which reduced his flesh to such a jelly that the doctor ordered him to have the remaining hundred on the calves of his legs .... 'you shall have no music out of my mouth to make others dance upon nothing'. Some have written that Marsden ordered such treatment but Holt's memoirs do not explicitly link Marsden to the floggings at Toongabbie on that day.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Holt, Joseph | author2=Croker, Thomas Crofton, 1798-1854 | title=Memoirs of Joseph Holt : general of the Irish rebels, in 1798, edited from his original manuscript | date=1838 | publisher=Henry Colburn | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/11314921| pages=119–122}} [https://archive.org/details/memoirsjosephho00crokgoog Internet Archive preview]</ref> Holt's memoirs express his impression of Marsden, as "a busy meddling man, of shallow understanding" who thought himself "a great lawyer". Holt believed that Marsden tried to intimate to Holt that his wife and children were free, but he was not. Holt considered that he had surrendered back in Ireland under terms of free exile. But when the Holt family arrived in Parramatta, Marsden, Aitkins and Dr Thomson called on them and asked Holt to accompany them to Toongabbie, where Captain Johnstone tried to assign him to the overseer Michael Fitzgerald. The next day the Governor was to come to Parramatta and Holt determined to ask the Governor, determined to "have the highest authority, even the Governor himself, and not submit to the whims of understrappers, who always assume tenfold the airs that their superiors might be supposed to have" (his opinion of Marsden). The Governor confirmed he was free.
Marsden's attitudes to Irish Roman Catholic convicts were illustrated in a memorandum which he sent to his church superiors during his time at Parramatta:
{{cquote|"The number of Catholic Convicts is very great... and these in general composed of the lowest class of the Irish nation; who are the most wild, ignorant and savage Race that were ever favoured with the light of Civilization; men that have been familiar with ... every horrid Crime from their Infancy. Their minds being Destitute of every Principle of Religion & Morality render them capable of perpetrating the most nefarious Acts in cool Blood. As they never appear to reflect upon Consequences; but to be ... always alive to Rebellion and Mischief, they are very dangerous members of Society. No Confidence whatever can be placed in them...
[If Catholicism in Australia] were tolerated they would assemble together from every Quarter, not so much from a desire of celebrating Mass, as to recite the Miseries and Injustice of their Banishment, the Hardships they suffer, and to enflame one another's minds with some wild Scheme of Revenge."<ref>Samuel Marsden, "A Few Observations on the Toleration of the Catholic Religion in New South Wales", memorandum, cited in Hughes, p. 188</ref>}}
Despite Marsden's opposition to Catholicism being practised in Australia, Governor [[Philip Gidley King]] permitted monthly Catholic Masses in Sydney from May 1803, although these were to take place under police surveillance.{{sfn|Hughes|1987|p=190}}
In 1806, Marsden was the originator of the New South Wales "Female Register" which classed all women in the colony (excepting some widows) as either "married" or "concubine". Only marriages within the Church of England were recognised as legitimate on this list; women who married in Roman Catholic or Jewish ceremonies were automatically classed as concubines. The document eventually circulated within influential circles in London, and is believed to have influenced contemporary views of the Australian colony as a land of sexual immorality, some of which survived into 20th century historiography.{{sfn|Hughes|1987|pp=247–248}}
In 1809, Marsden was in England. There he befriended the Maori chief [[Ruatara (chief)|Ruatara]] who had gone to Britain in the [[whaling ship]] ''[[Santa Anna (1806 ship)|Santa Anna]]'' and been stranded there.{{Sfn|McNab|1907|pp=95-8}} Marsden and Ruatara returned together on the convict transport [[Ann (1797 ship)|''Ann'']] (or ''Anne''),{{Sfn|McNab|1907|pp=95-8}} which was under the command of Captain Charles Clarke and which carried some 198 male convicts.{{Sfn|Bateson|1974|pp=288-9}} They arrived in Sydney on 17 or 27 February 1810. Ruatara stayed with Marsden at Parramatta for some time, and again in 1811 after a failed attempt to reach New Zealand. Ruatara eventually reached New Zealand where he did more to facilitate Marsden's mission to the Maori than any other native.{{Sfn|McNab|1907|pp=95-8}}
In 1822, Marsden was dismissed from his civil post as a Parramatta magistrate (along with several other officials) on charges of exceeding his jurisdiction.
During his time at Parramatta, Marsden befriended many Māori visitors and sailors from New Zealand. He cared for them on his farm, providing accommodation, food, drink, work and an education for up to three years. He gave one Māori chief some land on which he could grow his own crops and taught other Māori to read and write English. He learnt Māori, beginning an English-Māori translation sheet of common words and expressions.{{Sfn|Jones|Jenkins|2011}}
Marsden described himself as first and foremost a preacher. His sermons therefore are important primary documentation in Marsden studies. There are approximately 135 sermons written by Marsden in various collections around the world. The largest collection is in the [[Moore Theological College]] Library in Sydney, Australia. These sermons reveal Marsden's attitudes to some of the controversial issues he faced, including magistrates, the aboriginal people and wealth. A transcription of the Moore College collection can be found online.<ref>{{Cite web| last1=Pettett| first1=David| title=Transcription of Samuel Marsden's sermons| url=https://myrrh.library.moore.edu.au/handle/10248/5508| website=Moore Theological College| publisher=Donald Robinson Library| date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| author1=Pettett, David B| title=Samuel Marsden : preacher, pastor, magistrate and missionary| date=2016| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/210255485| publisher=Bolt Publishing Services| location=Camperdown, N.S.W.| isbn=978-0-9946349-0-0}}</ref>
Of Aboriginal People he wrote that "The Aborigines (sic) are the most degraded of the human race … The time has not yet arrived for them to receive the blessings of civilisation and the knowledge of Christianity".<ref>Cited in Harris, J. 1990. 'One Blood: 200 years of Aboriginal encounter with Christianity: A story of Hope.' Albatross Books. p. 22</ref>
==Mission to New Zealand==
===Background===
Marsden was a member of the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society (CMS)]] (founded in 1799) and remained formally based in New South Wales, but developed an interest in evangelising [[New Zealand]] from the early 1800s onwards. Europeans had known of New Zealand since the 1640s and by the early 19th century there had been increasing contact between [[Māori people|Māori]] and Europeans, mainly by the many whalers and sealers around the coast of New Zealand and especially in the [[Bay of Islands]]. A small community of Europeans had formed in the Bay of Islands, made up of explorers, flax traders, timber merchants, seamen, and ex-convicts who had served their sentences in Australia (as well as some who had escaped the Australian penal system). Marsden was concerned that they were corrupting the Māori way of life, and lobbied the Church Missionary Society to send a mission to New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Marsden|first1=Samuel|title=The Marsden Collection|url=https://marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/home|website=Marsden Online Archive|publisher=University of Otago|access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
In June 1813, Marsden wrote to the Secretary of the CMS seeking £500 per annum to form an Auxiliary CMS Society in New South Wales, with a view of assisting engaging in missionary work among the [[Māori people]] in [[New Zealand]].<ref name="TMR463">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=463–469 |date= 1813| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4021&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> At a meeting in the Colony of New South Wales, held at Sydney, on 20 December 1813, Marsden formed the New South Wales Society for affording Protection to the Natives of the South Sea Islands, and promoting their Civilization, for the protection of South Sea Islanders who may be brought to Port Jackson, and to defend their claims on the masters and owners of the vessels who mistreat those islanders.<ref name="TMR459">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=459–462 |date= 1813| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4021&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>
===First trip to New Zealand===
[[File:Rev. Samuel Marsden.jpg|thumb|right|Rev. Samuel Marsden, c.1809]]
[[File:Depiction of the sermon by Samuel Marsden, 1814 (28316237562).jpg|thumb|[[Russell Clark (artist)|Russell Clark]]'s depiction of the sermon by Marsden, 1814]]
[[Thomas Kendall]] and William Hall sailed on the ''Earl Spencer'', departing on 31 May 1813 to the [[Bay of Islands]], New Zealand, on a voyage of investigation, and returned to Sydney on 10 October.<ref name="TMR101">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=101–102 |date= 1815| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4029&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>
In 1814, he purchased a [[brig]], the ''Active'', for £1,400, mostly with his own money as the [[Church Missionary Society]] refused to provide funds for a ship.<ref name=dnzb /> Lay missionaries Thomas Kendall, John King and William Hall were chosen for the New Zealand mission and departed on the ''Active'' from Sydney on 14 November 1814.<ref>Source: J.R. Elder, ed., ''The Letters and Journals of Samuel Marsden 1765–1838'', Dunedin: Coulls Somerville Wilkie, 1932, pp.93–94.</ref> The missionaries, Kendall, King and Hall, together with free settler Thomas Hansen, arrived in [[Rangihoua Bay]] on 22 December 1814. With them were the first horses in New Zealand, a stallion and two mares, brought from Australia by Marsden.
Marsden met Māori [[rangatira]] (chiefs) from the [[Ngāpuhi]] [[iwi]] (tribe), who controlled the region around the [[Bay of Islands]], including the chief [[Ruatara (chief)|Ruatara]] who had lived with him in Australia, and a junior war leader, [[Hongi Hika]], who had helped pioneer the introduction of the musket to Māori warfare in the previous decade. Hongi Hika returned with them to Australia on 22 August.<ref name="CARv1">{{cite book |last1= Carleton |first1=Hugh |title= The Life of Henry Williams|year= 1874 |publisher= [[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library|page=26 |chapter= Vol. I |chapter-url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1038&action=null}}</ref>
The first known Christian sermon on land in New Zealand was preached by Marsden at Oihi Bay (a small cove in the north-east of Rangihoua Bay) on [[Christmas|Christmas Day]], 1814.<ref name=WisesRangi>Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.367.</ref><ref>A French Dominican Priest [[Paul-Antoine Léonard de Villefeix]] was in New Zealand in 1769. It is known that he conducted prayer and funeral services and probably a Mass on Christmas Day onboard a boat in that year: [http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1s28/1 John Dunmore. 'Surville, Jean François Marie de - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 1-Sep-10]; Michael King, ''God's Farthest Outpost: A History of Catholics in New Zealand'', Penguin Books, Auckland, 1997, p. 73; Michael King, ''The Penguin History of New Zealand, Penguin Books, Auckland, 2003, p. 110.''</ref> The service from the Church of England ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' was read in English but it is likely that, having learnt the language from Ruatara, Marsden preached his sermon in the Māori language.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Te Rongopai 1814 'Takoto Te Pai!' Bicentenary Reflections on Christian Beginnings and Developments in Aotearoa New Zealand|last=Pettett|first=David|publisher=General Synod Office, 'Tuia', of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia|year=2014|editor-last=Lange|editor-first=Stuart|location=Aukland|pages=72–85|chapter=Samuel Marsden – Christmas Day 1814. What did he say? The Content of New Zealand’s first Christian Sermon|editor-last2=Davidson|editor-first2=Allan|editor-last3=Lineham|editor-first3=Peter|editor-last4=Puckey|editor-first4=Adrienne}}</ref> Ruatara was prevailed upon to explain those parts of the sermon the 400-strong Māori congregation did not understand.
On 24 February 1815 Marsden purchased land at Rangihoua for the first Christian mission in New Zealand.<ref name=WisesRangi/> The death of Ruatara on 15 March 1815 and the loss of his protection for the mission may have contributed to a lack of growth of European settlement in the area and its displacement, in the 1820s, by the [[Kerikeri]] as the senior mission in New Zealand. By the 1830s<ref>Wises says 1837, New Zealand Historic Places says 1832</ref> the houses of the mission at Oihi had deteriorated and the mission moved to [[Te Puna]], further to the west in Rangihoua Bay.<ref name=WisesRangi/><ref name=WisesOihi>Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.308.</ref> The mission finally closed in the 1850s.<ref name=NZHPT>{{NZHPT|7724|Rangihoua Historic Area|2009-12-21}}</ref>
===Establishment of the mission===
{{See also|New Zealand Church Missionary Society}}
At the end of the year Kendall, Hall and King returned to start a mission to the Ngāpuhi under Ruatara's (and, later, Hongi Hika's) protection in the Bay of Islands. Hongi Hika returned with them, bringing a large number of firearms from Australia for his warriors.
A mission station was founded with a base at [[Rangihoua Bay]], later moved to [[Kerikeri]], (where the [[Mission House|mission house]] and [[Stone Store|stone store]] can still be seen), and ultimately a model farming village at [[Te Waimate mission|Te Waimate]]. The mission would struggle on for a decade before attracting converts, in competition with Wesleyan and Catholic missions. Thomas Kendall abandoned his wife for the daughter of a Māori [[tohunga]] (priest), and also flirted with [[Māori religion|Maori traditional religion]].
In 1815 the Ngāpuhi chief [[Tītore]] went to Sydney and spent two years with Marsden.<ref name="LMR1874-56">{{cite book |last1= Rogers |first1= Lawrence M. |title= Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams|year=1973 |publisher=Pegasus Press |page=56 }}</ref> In 1817 Tītore and Tui (also known as Tuhi or Tupaea (1797?-1824)) sailed to England in the [[brig]], [[HM Colonial brig Kangaroo (1812)|''Kangaroo'']].<ref name=NZETC1>[http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiMaor-t1-body-d12b.html NZETC: Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century, 1816]</ref> They visited [[Samuel Lee (linguist)|Professor Samuel Lee]] at [[Cambridge University]] and assisted him in the preparation of a grammar and vocabulary of Māori which, following a visit to Lee by the Ngāpuhi chiefs [[Hongi Hika]] and Waikato, was published in 1820 as ''First Grammar and Vocabulary of the New Zealand Language''.<ref name="TIT3">{{cite web|first=Ron |last= Brownson |title = Outpost| date = 23 December 2010|url= http://aucklandartgallery.blogspot.com.au/2010/12/wonderful-letter-from-titore.html|publisher=Staff and friends of Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>
Marsden was in the Bay of Islands in May 1820 when [[HMS Malabar (1804)|HMS ''Coromandel'']], under the command of Captain James Downie, arrived at the Bay of Islands from England for the purpose of procuring a cargo of timber in the [[Firth of Thames]]. When ''Coromandel'' sailed for the Thames a few days later, Marsden accompanied them on their voyage. Downie reported that while at the Bay of Islands whalers were in the practice of trading muskets and ammunition for pork and potatoes.<ref name="ESNZC">{{cite web| work=Early shipping in New Zealand waters|title= ''HMS Coromandel''|url= http://www.myancestorsstory.com/shiplist_05.html#coromandel | access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
In 1820 [[Hongi Hika]] and Thomas Kendall travelled to England on the [[whaling ship]] {{ship||New Zealander|1808 ship|2}}.<ref name="ESnz">{{cite web| work=Early shipping in New Zealand waters|title= ''New Zealander'' |url=http://www.myancestorsstory.com/shiplist_16.html#newzealander| access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Hongi Hika met [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]], who gifted him a suit of armour; he also obtained further muskets when passing through Sydney on his return to New Zealand. On his return to the Bay of Islands, Ngāpuhi demanded the Church Missionary Society missionaries trade muskets for food, which under Kendall became an important means of support for the Kerikeri mission station. The trade was opposed by Marsden, largely because of its impact on the wide-ranging [[Musket Wars|intertribal warfare]] occurring among Māori at the time.<ref name="rsm">{{cite web|title= Notices of the Rev S. Marsden|pages= 247–267|date= 1822| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QbIPAAAAIAAJ| publisher = Missionary Register| access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="GT17">{{cite book |editor-last1= Troughton |editor-first1= Geoffrey |title= Saints and Stirrers: Christianity, Conflict and Peacemaking in New Zealand, 1814–1845|year=2017|publisher= Wellington : Victoria University Press |isbn=9781776561643}}</ref>
For refusing to stop trading arms, Kendall was dismissed by the Church Missionary Society in 1822. Marsden, who also knew of Kendall's romantic affair, returned to New Zealand in August 1823 to sack him in person. When Marsden and Kendall sailed from the Bay of Islands, their ship the ''Brampton'' was wrecked.<ref name="ESNZB">{{Cite web| title=Convict Ship Brampton 1823|url=http://www.jenwilletts.com/convict_ship_brampton_1823.htm| website=Free Settler or Felon| access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> Marsden later went to some trouble talking to all Australian printers to prevent Kendall from publishing a Māori grammar book, apparently largely out of spite.
===Legacy===
Marsden is generally remembered favourably in New Zealand, which he visited seven times (the longest trip lasting seven months). The Anglican school, [[Samuel Marsden Collegiate School]] in [[Karori]], [[Wellington]] was named after Marsden. Houses at [[King's College, Auckland]], [[King's School, Auckland]] and at [[Corran School for Girls]] are also named after him.
In 1819, Marsden introduced [[winegrowing]] to New Zealand with the planting of over 100 different varieties of vine in [[Kerikeri]], Northland. He wrote:
{{cquote|New Zealand promises to be very favourable to the vine as far as I can judge at present of the nature of the soil and climate<ref>{{cite web|last1=Marsden|first1=Samuel|title=Journal: Continuation of Reverend Samuel Marsden's Second Visit to New Zealand|url=https://marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/MS_0176_003#page/27/mode/1up/search/vine|website=Marsden Online Archive|publisher=University of Otago|access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>}}
==Later life==
[[File:Memorial to Samuel Marsden (detail) - geograph.org.uk - 43911.jpg|thumbnail|A memorial to Marsden in [[Farsley]], [[City of Leeds]], England]]
Marsden was on a visit to the Reverend Henry Stiles at St Matthew's Church at [[Windsor, New South Wales]] when he succumbed to an incipient chill and died at the rectory on 12 May 1838.<ref>{{Cite book| author1=Yarwood, A. T. (Alexander Turnbull)| title=Samuel Marsden : the great survivor| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/7547684| date=1977| publisher=A.H. & A.W. Reed| isbn=978-0-589-01091-1| page=279}}</ref>
Marsden is buried in the cemetery near his old church at Parramatta, [[St John's Cathedral, Parramatta|St John's]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Heritage|url=http://stjohnscathedral.org.au/our-heritage/|website=St John's Anglican Cathedral Parramatta NSW}}</ref>
==In fiction and popular culture==
The Australian poet [[Kenneth Slessor]] wrote a satirical poem criticising the parson, ''Vesper-Song of the Reverend Samuel Marsden''.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://allpoetry.com/poem/8521579-Vesper-Song-Of-The-Reverend-Samuel-Marsden-by-Kenneth-Slessor| title=Vesper-Song of the Reverend Samuel Marsden| website=All Poetry}}</ref>
A portrait of Marsden based on [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]]' ''[[The Fatal Shore]]'' appears in [[Patrick O'Brian]]'s book ''[[The Nutmeg of Consolation]]''.
In the 1978 Australian television series ''[[Against the Wind (TV series)|Against the Wind]]'', Marsden was portrayed by David Ravenswood.
Reggae band [[1814 (band)|1814]] took their name from the year that Marsden held the first sermon in the [[Bay of Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.niceup.org.nz/news/1814| title=1814 Reggae runnings in Aotearoa, New Zealand| website=Nice Up - Reggae runnings in Aotearoa| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090646/https://www.niceup.org.nz/news/1814| archive-date=21 May 2010}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Thomas Hassall (clergyman)]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book| last1=Bateson | first1=Charles| title=The convict ships, 1787-1868| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/9809115| date=1974| publisher=A.H. and A.W. Reed| edition=2nd| isbn=978-0-589-07146-2}} <!-- changed edition as old one isbn was glasgow and dated diff -->
* {{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Hughes (critic) |title=[[The Fatal Shore]]: A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787-1868 |date=1987 |publisher=Collins Harvill|location= Great Britain|isbn=978-0-09-944854-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book| last1=Jones|first1=Alison| last2=Jenkins|first2= Kuni| title=Words between us : first Māori-Pākehā conversations on paper = He Kōrero| date=2011| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/177435529| publisher=Wellington, N.Z. Huia| isbn=978-1-86969-478-4}}
* {{Cite book| author1=Marsden, Samuel| author2=[[John Buxton Marsden|Marsden, J. B. (John Buxton)]], 1803-1870| title=Memoirs of the life and labours of the Rev. Samuel Marsden, of Parramatta, Senior Chaplain of New South Wales : and of his early connexion with the missions to New Zealand and Tahiti| date=1858| publisher=Religious Tract Society| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/165849382}}
* {{Cite book| last=McNab| first=Robert| title=Murihiku and the Southern Islands : a history of the West Coast Sounds, Foveaux Strait, Stewart Island, the Snares, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland, Campbell and Macquarie Islands, from 1770 to 1829| date=1907| publisher=W. Smith, printer| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/992302}}
* {{Cite book| last=Quinn| first=Richard| title=Samuel Marsden : altar ego| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32536177| date=2008| publisher=Dunmore Pub| isbn=978-1-877399-35-0}}
* {{Cite book| author1=Reed, A. H. (Alfred Hamish)| title=Samuel Marsden, greatheart of Maoriland| date=1939| publisher=A. H. & A. W. Reed| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6919784}}
* Ryder, M. L. (1973) "Samuel Marsden: Australian Pioneer, 1764-1838" ''History Today'' (Dec 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 12, pp 864–870 online.
* {{Cite book | first=Percival| last=Serle| title =Marsden, Samuel (1764–1838)| publisher =[[Project Gutenberg Australia]]| work=[[Dictionary of Australian Biography]]| url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogMa-Mo.html#marsden1 | access-date=7 April 2008}}
* {{Cite book| last=Sharp| first=Andrew| title=The World, The Flesh, and the Devil: The Life and Opinions of Samuel Marsden in England and the Antipodes 1765-1838| date=2016| publisher=Auckland University Press| isbn=978 1869-408121}}
* {{Australian Dictionary of Biography| last=Yarwood| first=A. T.| year=1967| id2=marsden-samuel-2433| title=Marsden, Samuel (1765–1838)| access-date=7 April 2008}}
==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Samuel Marsden}}
* [http://marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/home Marsden Online Archive], [[University of Otago]]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Marsden,+Samuel | name=Samuel Marsden}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Samuel Marsden}}
* [http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/object/76368?solrsort=score%20desc&search=Samuel%20Marsden/ A Short Account of the Character and Labours of The Rev Samuel Marsden] – National Museum of Australia
* [http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/ce/Samuel%20Marsden#Samuel%20Marsden?object=71311&_suid=143217348551105512627098581573/ Samuel Marsden's Preaching Bands] – National Museum of Australia
{{Protestant missions to Pacific Islands}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Marsden, Samuel}}
[[Category:1764 births]]
[[Category:1838 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English Anglican priests]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Australian Anglican priests]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglican clergy]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglican theologians]]
[[Category:People from Pudsey]]
[[Category:Musket Wars]]
[[Category:People from Parramatta]]
[[Category:English emigrants to colonial Australia]]
[[Category:English chaplains]]
[[Category:Clergy from Leeds]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Church of England chaplain, missionary, agriculturalist, magistrate (1765–1838)}}
{{For|the inaugural Bishop of Bathurst|Samuel Marsden (bishop)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox clergy
| name = Samuel Marsden
| image = Samuel marsden.
| caption = Marsden, 1833
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1765|6|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Farsley]], Yorkshire
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1838|5|12|1765|6|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Windsor, New South Wales]]
| church = [[Church of England]]
| other_names =
| education = [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
| ordained = May 1793
| writings =
| congregations =
| offices_held =
| title =
| spouse = Elizabeth Fristan
m. 21 April 1793
| children = 8, including Ann, Mary, Martha<ref name=dnzb>{{DNZB|Parsonson|G.S.|1m16}}</ref>
| family = [[Samuel Marsden (bishop)|Samuel Marsden]]
| parents = Bathsheba Brown and Thomas Marsden<ref name="dnzb"/>
}}
'''Samuel Marsden''' (25 June 1765 – 12 May 1838) was an English-born priest of the [[Church of England]] in Australia and a prominent member of the [[Church Missionary Society]], believed to have introduced Christianity to [[New Zealand]]. Marsden was a prominent figure in [[History of New South Wales|early New South Wales]] and [[History of Australia|Australian]] history, partly through his ecclesiastical offices as the colony's senior Church of England cleric and as a pioneer of the Australian wool industry, but also for his employment of convicts for farming and his actions as a magistrate at [[Parramatta]], both of which attracted contemporary criticism.<ref>Yarwood, 1967.</ref><ref>Ryder, 1973</ref>
==Early life==
Born in [[Farsley]], near [[Pudsey]], [[Yorkshire]] in England as the son of a [[Wesleyan]] blacksmith turned farmer, Marsden attended the village school and spent some years assisting his father on the farm. In his early twenties his reputation as a [[lay preacher]] drew the attention of the evangelical Elland Society, which sought to train poor men for the ministry of the Church of England. With a scholarship from the Elland Society Marsden attended [[Hull Grammar School]], where he became associated with [[Joseph Milner (priest)|Joseph Milner]] and the reformist [[William Wilberforce]], and after two years, he matriculated, at the age of 25, at [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id=MRSN790S|name= Marsden, Samuel}}</ref> He abandoned his degree studies to respond to the call of the evangelical leader [[Charles Simeon]] for service in overseas missions. Marsden was offered the position of second chaplain to the Reverend [[Richard Johnson (chaplain)|Richard Johnson]]'s ministry to the [[Colony of New South Wales]] on 1 January 1793.
Marsden married Elizabeth Fristan at [[Hull Minster|Holy Trinity, Hull]] on 21 April 1793. The following month [[William Buller (bishop)|William Buller]], the [[Bishop of Exeter]], ordained him as a priest.<ref>
{{CCEd
|type= ordination |id= 53375
|name= Marsden, Samuel (1793–1793)
|accessed= 9 January 2018
}}
</ref>
==In Australia==
[[File:St Matthew's Church Windsor (10338478576).jpg|thumb|St Matthew's Church, [[Windsor, New South Wales]], consecrated by Marsden on 8 December 1822]]
Marsden travelled as a passenger on the [[convict ship]], {{ship||William |1770 ship|2}} to Australia, his first child Anne being born en route. He arrived in the colony on 2 March 1794, and set up house in [[Parramatta]], {{Convert|15|mi|km}} outside the main [[Port Jackson]] settlement.
In 1800 Marsden succeeded Johnson and became the senior Church of England chaplain in New South Wales; he would keep this post until his death.
Marsden was given grants of land by the colonial government and bought more of his own, which were worked with [[Convicts in Australia|convict]] labour, a common practice in Australia at the time. By 1807 he owned {{convert|3000|acre|km2}} of land. Successful farming ventures provided him with a secure financial base, although they also formed a plank of contemporary criticism of Marsden for alleged over-involvement in non-church affairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wannan|first=Bill|title=Very strange tales: the turbulent times of Samuel Marsden.|publisher=Lansdowne Press.|year=1962|isbn=|location=Melbourne|pages=176}}</ref> In 1807 he returned to England to report on the state of the colony to the government, and to solicit further assistance of clergy and schoolmasters.
He concentrated on the development of strong heavy-framed sheep such as the [[Suffolk sheep]] breed, which had a more immediate value in the colony than the fine-fleeced Spanish merinos imported by [[John Macarthur (wool pioneer)|John Macarthur]]. In 1809, Marsden was the first to ship wool to England from Australia for commercial use; this was made into cloth by Messrs W. & J. Thompson, at [[Rawdon, West Yorkshire]], and so impressed George III that he was given a present of [[Merino sheep]] from the Windsor stud. Four years later more than 4000 lbs (1814 kg) of his wool was sold in England. Marsden was an important promoter of the wool staple, even though his contribution to technology, breeding and marketing was far eclipsed by that of Macarthur. He is believed to have later introduced sheep to [[New Zealand]], where he would develop a somewhat gentler reputation than in Australia.
In 1795, Governor [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]] made the chaplains [[magistrate]]s. Marsden's role as magistrate at [[Parramatta]], attracted criticism in his lifetime. History has remembered Marsden as the "Flogging Parson", with contemporaries claiming that he inflicted severe punishments (notably extended [[flogging]]s), even by the standards of his day. This view of Marsden is disputed in some circles as part of an anti-clerical writing of history, in turn attributed to a dislike of [[Roman Catholic]]s and the Irish.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
[[Joseph Holt (rebel)|Joseph Holt]], who was transported to Sydney following his negotiated surrender after the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]], gave vivid account in his memoirs of the search for Irish plotters in which he was arrested. Marsden was held to be involved in this secret action by the authorities. Holt himself was released but witnessed the fate of others. He related: "I have witnessed many horrible scenes; but this was the most appalling sight I had ever seen. The day was windy and I protest, that although I was at least fifteen yards to the leeward, from the sufferers, the blood, skin, and flesh blew in my face", as floggers "shook it off from their cats" (referring to the cat-of-nine-tails scourging lash). He continued "The next prisoner who was tied up was Paddy Galvin, a young lad about twenty years of age; he was also sentenced to receive three hundred lashes. The first hundred were given on his shoulders, and he was cut to the bone between the shoulder-blades, which were both bare. The doctor then directed the next hundred to be inflicted lower down, which reduced his flesh to such a jelly that the doctor ordered him to have the remaining hundred on the calves of his legs .... 'you shall have no music out of my mouth to make others dance upon nothing'. Some have written that Marsden ordered such treatment but Holt's memoirs do not explicitly link Marsden to the floggings at Toongabbie on that day.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Holt, Joseph | author2=Croker, Thomas Crofton, 1798-1854 | title=Memoirs of Joseph Holt : general of the Irish rebels, in 1798, edited from his original manuscript | date=1838 | publisher=Henry Colburn | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/11314921| pages=119–122}} [https://archive.org/details/memoirsjosephho00crokgoog Internet Archive preview]</ref> Holt's memoirs express his impression of Marsden, as "a busy meddling man, of shallow understanding" who thought himself "a great lawyer". Holt believed that Marsden tried to intimate to Holt that his wife and children were free, but he was not. Holt considered that he had surrendered back in Ireland under terms of free exile. But when the Holt family arrived in Parramatta, Marsden, Aitkins and Dr Thomson called on them and asked Holt to accompany them to Toongabbie, where Captain Johnstone tried to assign him to the overseer Michael Fitzgerald. The next day the Governor was to come to Parramatta and Holt determined to ask the Governor, determined to "have the highest authority, even the Governor himself, and not submit to the whims of understrappers, who always assume tenfold the airs that their superiors might be supposed to have" (his opinion of Marsden). The Governor confirmed he was free.
Marsden's attitudes to Irish Roman Catholic convicts were illustrated in a memorandum which he sent to his church superiors during his time at Parramatta:
{{cquote|"The number of Catholic Convicts is very great... and these in general composed of the lowest class of the Irish nation; who are the most wild, ignorant and savage Race that were ever favoured with the light of Civilization; men that have been familiar with ... every horrid Crime from their Infancy. Their minds being Destitute of every Principle of Religion & Morality render them capable of perpetrating the most nefarious Acts in cool Blood. As they never appear to reflect upon Consequences; but to be ... always alive to Rebellion and Mischief, they are very dangerous members of Society. No Confidence whatever can be placed in them...
[If Catholicism in Australia] were tolerated they would assemble together from every Quarter, not so much from a desire of celebrating Mass, as to recite the Miseries and Injustice of their Banishment, the Hardships they suffer, and to enflame one another's minds with some wild Scheme of Revenge."<ref>Samuel Marsden, "A Few Observations on the Toleration of the Catholic Religion in New South Wales", memorandum, cited in Hughes, p. 188</ref>}}
Despite Marsden's opposition to Catholicism being practised in Australia, Governor [[Philip Gidley King]] permitted monthly Catholic Masses in Sydney from May 1803, although these were to take place under police surveillance.{{sfn|Hughes|1987|p=190}}
In 1806, Marsden was the originator of the New South Wales "Female Register" which classed all women in the colony (excepting some widows) as either "married" or "concubine". Only marriages within the Church of England were recognised as legitimate on this list; women who married in Roman Catholic or Jewish ceremonies were automatically classed as concubines. The document eventually circulated within influential circles in London, and is believed to have influenced contemporary views of the Australian colony as a land of sexual immorality, some of which survived into 20th century historiography.{{sfn|Hughes|1987|pp=247–248}}
In 1809, Marsden was in England. There he befriended the Maori chief [[Ruatara (chief)|Ruatara]] who had gone to Britain in the [[whaling ship]] ''[[Santa Anna (1806 ship)|Santa Anna]]'' and been stranded there.{{Sfn|McNab|1907|pp=95-8}} Marsden and Ruatara returned together on the convict transport [[Ann (1797 ship)|''Ann'']] (or ''Anne''),{{Sfn|McNab|1907|pp=95-8}} which was under the command of Captain Charles Clarke and which carried some 198 male convicts.{{Sfn|Bateson|1974|pp=288-9}} They arrived in Sydney on 17 or 27 February 1810. Ruatara stayed with Marsden at Parramatta for some time, and again in 1811 after a failed attempt to reach New Zealand. Ruatara eventually reached New Zealand where he did more to facilitate Marsden's mission to the Maori than any other native.{{Sfn|McNab|1907|pp=95-8}}
In 1822, Marsden was dismissed from his civil post as a Parramatta magistrate (along with several other officials) on charges of exceeding his jurisdiction.
During his time at Parramatta, Marsden befriended many Māori visitors and sailors from New Zealand. He cared for them on his farm, providing accommodation, food, drink, work and an education for up to three years. He gave one Māori chief some land on which he could grow his own crops and taught other Māori to read and write English. He learnt Māori, beginning an English-Māori translation sheet of common words and expressions.{{Sfn|Jones|Jenkins|2011}}
Marsden described himself as first and foremost a preacher. His sermons therefore are important primary documentation in Marsden studies. There are approximately 135 sermons written by Marsden in various collections around the world. The largest collection is in the [[Moore Theological College]] Library in Sydney, Australia. These sermons reveal Marsden's attitudes to some of the controversial issues he faced, including magistrates, the aboriginal people and wealth. A transcription of the Moore College collection can be found online.<ref>{{Cite web| last1=Pettett| first1=David| title=Transcription of Samuel Marsden's sermons| url=https://myrrh.library.moore.edu.au/handle/10248/5508| website=Moore Theological College| publisher=Donald Robinson Library| date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| author1=Pettett, David B| title=Samuel Marsden : preacher, pastor, magistrate and missionary| date=2016| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/210255485| publisher=Bolt Publishing Services| location=Camperdown, N.S.W.| isbn=978-0-9946349-0-0}}</ref>
Of Aboriginal People he wrote that "The Aborigines (sic) are the most degraded of the human race … The time has not yet arrived for them to receive the blessings of civilisation and the knowledge of Christianity".<ref>Cited in Harris, J. 1990. 'One Blood: 200 years of Aboriginal encounter with Christianity: A story of Hope.' Albatross Books. p. 22</ref>
==Mission to New Zealand==
===Background===
Marsden was a member of the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society (CMS)]] (founded in 1799) and remained formally based in New South Wales, but developed an interest in evangelising [[New Zealand]] from the early 1800s onwards. Europeans had known of New Zealand since the 1640s and by the early 19th century there had been increasing contact between [[Māori people|Māori]] and Europeans, mainly by the many whalers and sealers around the coast of New Zealand and especially in the [[Bay of Islands]]. A small community of Europeans had formed in the Bay of Islands, made up of explorers, flax traders, timber merchants, seamen, and ex-convicts who had served their sentences in Australia (as well as some who had escaped the Australian penal system). Marsden was concerned that they were corrupting the Māori way of life, and lobbied the Church Missionary Society to send a mission to New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Marsden|first1=Samuel|title=The Marsden Collection|url=https://marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/home|website=Marsden Online Archive|publisher=University of Otago|access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
In June 1813, Marsden wrote to the Secretary of the CMS seeking £500 per annum to form an Auxiliary CMS Society in New South Wales, with a view of assisting engaging in missionary work among the [[Māori people]] in [[New Zealand]].<ref name="TMR463">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=463–469 |date= 1813| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4021&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> At a meeting in the Colony of New South Wales, held at Sydney, on 20 December 1813, Marsden formed the New South Wales Society for affording Protection to the Natives of the South Sea Islands, and promoting their Civilization, for the protection of South Sea Islanders who may be brought to Port Jackson, and to defend their claims on the masters and owners of the vessels who mistreat those islanders.<ref name="TMR459">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=459–462 |date= 1813| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4021&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>
===First trip to New Zealand===
[[File:Rev. Samuel Marsden.jpg|thumb|right|Rev. Samuel Marsden, c.1809]]
[[File:Depiction of the sermon by Samuel Marsden, 1814 (28316237562).jpg|thumb|[[Russell Clark (artist)|Russell Clark]]'s depiction of the sermon by Marsden, 1814]]
[[Thomas Kendall]] and William Hall sailed on the ''Earl Spencer'', departing on 31 May 1813 to the [[Bay of Islands]], New Zealand, on a voyage of investigation, and returned to Sydney on 10 October.<ref name="TMR101">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=101–102 |date= 1815| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4029&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>
In 1814, he purchased a [[brig]], the ''Active'', for £1,400, mostly with his own money as the [[Church Missionary Society]] refused to provide funds for a ship.<ref name=dnzb /> Lay missionaries Thomas Kendall, John King and William Hall were chosen for the New Zealand mission and departed on the ''Active'' from Sydney on 14 November 1814.<ref>Source: J.R. Elder, ed., ''The Letters and Journals of Samuel Marsden 1765–1838'', Dunedin: Coulls Somerville Wilkie, 1932, pp.93–94.</ref> The missionaries, Kendall, King and Hall, together with free settler Thomas Hansen, arrived in [[Rangihoua Bay]] on 22 December 1814. With them were the first horses in New Zealand, a stallion and two mares, brought from Australia by Marsden.
Marsden met Māori [[rangatira]] (chiefs) from the [[Ngāpuhi]] [[iwi]] (tribe), who controlled the region around the [[Bay of Islands]], including the chief [[Ruatara (chief)|Ruatara]] who had lived with him in Australia, and a junior war leader, [[Hongi Hika]], who had helped pioneer the introduction of the musket to Māori warfare in the previous decade. Hongi Hika returned with them to Australia on 22 August.<ref name="CARv1">{{cite book |last1= Carleton |first1=Hugh |title= The Life of Henry Williams|year= 1874 |publisher= [[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library|page=26 |chapter= Vol. I |chapter-url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1038&action=null}}</ref>
The first known Christian sermon on land in New Zealand was preached by Marsden at Oihi Bay (a small cove in the north-east of Rangihoua Bay) on [[Christmas|Christmas Day]], 1814.<ref name=WisesRangi>Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.367.</ref><ref>A French Dominican Priest [[Paul-Antoine Léonard de Villefeix]] was in New Zealand in 1769. It is known that he conducted prayer and funeral services and probably a Mass on Christmas Day onboard a boat in that year: [http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1s28/1 John Dunmore. 'Surville, Jean François Marie de - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 1-Sep-10]; Michael King, ''God's Farthest Outpost: A History of Catholics in New Zealand'', Penguin Books, Auckland, 1997, p. 73; Michael King, ''The Penguin History of New Zealand, Penguin Books, Auckland, 2003, p. 110.''</ref> The service from the Church of England ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' was read in English but it is likely that, having learnt the language from Ruatara, Marsden preached his sermon in the Māori language.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Te Rongopai 1814 'Takoto Te Pai!' Bicentenary Reflections on Christian Beginnings and Developments in Aotearoa New Zealand|last=Pettett|first=David|publisher=General Synod Office, 'Tuia', of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia|year=2014|editor-last=Lange|editor-first=Stuart|location=Aukland|pages=72–85|chapter=Samuel Marsden – Christmas Day 1814. What did he say? The Content of New Zealand’s first Christian Sermon|editor-last2=Davidson|editor-first2=Allan|editor-last3=Lineham|editor-first3=Peter|editor-last4=Puckey|editor-first4=Adrienne}}</ref> Ruatara was prevailed upon to explain those parts of the sermon the 400-strong Māori congregation did not understand.
On 24 February 1815 Marsden purchased land at Rangihoua for the first Christian mission in New Zealand.<ref name=WisesRangi/> The death of Ruatara on 15 March 1815 and the loss of his protection for the mission may have contributed to a lack of growth of European settlement in the area and its displacement, in the 1820s, by the [[Kerikeri]] as the senior mission in New Zealand. By the 1830s<ref>Wises says 1837, New Zealand Historic Places says 1832</ref> the houses of the mission at Oihi had deteriorated and the mission moved to [[Te Puna]], further to the west in Rangihoua Bay.<ref name=WisesRangi/><ref name=WisesOihi>Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.308.</ref> The mission finally closed in the 1850s.<ref name=NZHPT>{{NZHPT|7724|Rangihoua Historic Area|2009-12-21}}</ref>
===Establishment of the mission===
{{See also|New Zealand Church Missionary Society}}
At the end of the year Kendall, Hall and King returned to start a mission to the Ngāpuhi under Ruatara's (and, later, Hongi Hika's) protection in the Bay of Islands. Hongi Hika returned with them, bringing a large number of firearms from Australia for his warriors.
A mission station was founded with a base at [[Rangihoua Bay]], later moved to [[Kerikeri]], (where the [[Mission House|mission house]] and [[Stone Store|stone store]] can still be seen), and ultimately a model farming village at [[Te Waimate mission|Te Waimate]]. The mission would struggle on for a decade before attracting converts, in competition with Wesleyan and Catholic missions. Thomas Kendall abandoned his wife for the daughter of a Māori [[tohunga]] (priest), and also flirted with [[Māori religion|Maori traditional religion]].
In 1815 the Ngāpuhi chief [[Tītore]] went to Sydney and spent two years with Marsden.<ref name="LMR1874-56">{{cite book |last1= Rogers |first1= Lawrence M. |title= Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams|year=1973 |publisher=Pegasus Press |page=56 }}</ref> In 1817 Tītore and Tui (also known as Tuhi or Tupaea (1797?-1824)) sailed to England in the [[brig]], [[HM Colonial brig Kangaroo (1812)|''Kangaroo'']].<ref name=NZETC1>[http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiMaor-t1-body-d12b.html NZETC: Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century, 1816]</ref> They visited [[Samuel Lee (linguist)|Professor Samuel Lee]] at [[Cambridge University]] and assisted him in the preparation of a grammar and vocabulary of Māori which, following a visit to Lee by the Ngāpuhi chiefs [[Hongi Hika]] and Waikato, was published in 1820 as ''First Grammar and Vocabulary of the New Zealand Language''.<ref name="TIT3">{{cite web|first=Ron |last= Brownson |title = Outpost| date = 23 December 2010|url= http://aucklandartgallery.blogspot.com.au/2010/12/wonderful-letter-from-titore.html|publisher=Staff and friends of Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>
Marsden was in the Bay of Islands in May 1820 when [[HMS Malabar (1804)|HMS ''Coromandel'']], under the command of Captain James Downie, arrived at the Bay of Islands from England for the purpose of procuring a cargo of timber in the [[Firth of Thames]]. When ''Coromandel'' sailed for the Thames a few days later, Marsden accompanied them on their voyage. Downie reported that while at the Bay of Islands whalers were in the practice of trading muskets and ammunition for pork and potatoes.<ref name="ESNZC">{{cite web| work=Early shipping in New Zealand waters|title= ''HMS Coromandel''|url= http://www.myancestorsstory.com/shiplist_05.html#coromandel | access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
In 1820 [[Hongi Hika]] and Thomas Kendall travelled to England on the [[whaling ship]] {{ship||New Zealander|1808 ship|2}}.<ref name="ESnz">{{cite web| work=Early shipping in New Zealand waters|title= ''New Zealander'' |url=http://www.myancestorsstory.com/shiplist_16.html#newzealander| access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Hongi Hika met [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]], who gifted him a suit of armour; he also obtained further muskets when passing through Sydney on his return to New Zealand. On his return to the Bay of Islands, Ngāpuhi demanded the Church Missionary Society missionaries trade muskets for food, which under Kendall became an important means of support for the Kerikeri mission station. The trade was opposed by Marsden, largely because of its impact on the wide-ranging [[Musket Wars|intertribal warfare]] occurring among Māori at the time.<ref name="rsm">{{cite web|title= Notices of the Rev S. Marsden|pages= 247–267|date= 1822| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QbIPAAAAIAAJ| publisher = Missionary Register| access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="GT17">{{cite book |editor-last1= Troughton |editor-first1= Geoffrey |title= Saints and Stirrers: Christianity, Conflict and Peacemaking in New Zealand, 1814–1845|year=2017|publisher= Wellington : Victoria University Press |isbn=9781776561643}}</ref>
For refusing to stop trading arms, Kendall was dismissed by the Church Missionary Society in 1822. Marsden, who also knew of Kendall's romantic affair, returned to New Zealand in August 1823 to sack him in person. When Marsden and Kendall sailed from the Bay of Islands, their ship the ''Brampton'' was wrecked.<ref name="ESNZB">{{Cite web| title=Convict Ship Brampton 1823|url=http://www.jenwilletts.com/convict_ship_brampton_1823.htm| website=Free Settler or Felon| access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> Marsden later went to some trouble talking to all Australian printers to prevent Kendall from publishing a Māori grammar book, apparently largely out of spite.
===Legacy===
Marsden is generally remembered favourably in New Zealand, which he visited seven times (the longest trip lasting seven months). The Anglican school, [[Samuel Marsden Collegiate School]] in [[Karori]], [[Wellington]] was named after Marsden. Houses at [[King's College, Auckland]], [[King's School, Auckland]] and at [[Corran School for Girls]] are also named after him.
In 1819, Marsden introduced [[winegrowing]] to New Zealand with the planting of over 100 different varieties of vine in [[Kerikeri]], Northland. He wrote:
{{cquote|New Zealand promises to be very favourable to the vine as far as I can judge at present of the nature of the soil and climate<ref>{{cite web|last1=Marsden|first1=Samuel|title=Journal: Continuation of Reverend Samuel Marsden's Second Visit to New Zealand|url=https://marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/MS_0176_003#page/27/mode/1up/search/vine|website=Marsden Online Archive|publisher=University of Otago|access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>}}
==Later life==
[[File:Memorial to Samuel Marsden (detail) - geograph.org.uk - 43911.jpg|thumbnail|A memorial to Marsden in [[Farsley]], [[City of Leeds]], England]]
Marsden was on a visit to the Reverend Henry Stiles at St Matthew's Church at [[Windsor, New South Wales]] when he succumbed to an incipient chill and died at the rectory on 12 May 1838.<ref>{{Cite book| author1=Yarwood, A. T. (Alexander Turnbull)| title=Samuel Marsden : the great survivor| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/7547684| date=1977| publisher=A.H. & A.W. Reed| isbn=978-0-589-01091-1| page=279}}</ref>
Marsden is buried in the cemetery near his old church at Parramatta, [[St John's Cathedral, Parramatta|St John's]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Heritage|url=http://stjohnscathedral.org.au/our-heritage/|website=St John's Anglican Cathedral Parramatta NSW}}</ref>
==In fiction and popular culture==
The Australian poet [[Kenneth Slessor]] wrote a satirical poem criticising the parson, ''Vesper-Song of the Reverend Samuel Marsden''.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://allpoetry.com/poem/8521579-Vesper-Song-Of-The-Reverend-Samuel-Marsden-by-Kenneth-Slessor| title=Vesper-Song of the Reverend Samuel Marsden| website=All Poetry}}</ref>
A portrait of Marsden based on [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]]' ''[[The Fatal Shore]]'' appears in [[Patrick O'Brian]]'s book ''[[The Nutmeg of Consolation]]''.
In the 1978 Australian television series ''[[Against the Wind (TV series)|Against the Wind]]'', Marsden was portrayed by David Ravenswood.
Reggae band [[1814 (band)|1814]] took their name from the year that Marsden held the first sermon in the [[Bay of Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.niceup.org.nz/news/1814| title=1814 Reggae runnings in Aotearoa, New Zealand| website=Nice Up - Reggae runnings in Aotearoa| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090646/https://www.niceup.org.nz/news/1814| archive-date=21 May 2010}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Thomas Hassall (clergyman)]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book| last1=Bateson | first1=Charles| title=The convict ships, 1787-1868| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/9809115| date=1974| publisher=A.H. and A.W. Reed| edition=2nd| isbn=978-0-589-07146-2}} <!-- changed edition as old one isbn was glasgow and dated diff -->
* {{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Hughes (critic) |title=[[The Fatal Shore]]: A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787-1868 |date=1987 |publisher=Collins Harvill|location= Great Britain|isbn=978-0-09-944854-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book| last1=Jones|first1=Alison| last2=Jenkins|first2= Kuni| title=Words between us : first Māori-Pākehā conversations on paper = He Kōrero| date=2011| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/177435529| publisher=Wellington, N.Z. Huia| isbn=978-1-86969-478-4}}
* {{Cite book| author1=Marsden, Samuel| author2=[[John Buxton Marsden|Marsden, J. B. (John Buxton)]], 1803-1870| title=Memoirs of the life and labours of the Rev. Samuel Marsden, of Parramatta, Senior Chaplain of New South Wales : and of his early connexion with the missions to New Zealand and Tahiti| date=1858| publisher=Religious Tract Society| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/165849382}}
* {{Cite book| last=McNab| first=Robert| title=Murihiku and the Southern Islands : a history of the West Coast Sounds, Foveaux Strait, Stewart Island, the Snares, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland, Campbell and Macquarie Islands, from 1770 to 1829| date=1907| publisher=W. Smith, printer| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/992302}}
* {{Cite book| last=Quinn| first=Richard| title=Samuel Marsden : altar ego| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32536177| date=2008| publisher=Dunmore Pub| isbn=978-1-877399-35-0}}
* {{Cite book| author1=Reed, A. H. (Alfred Hamish)| title=Samuel Marsden, greatheart of Maoriland| date=1939| publisher=A. H. & A. W. Reed| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6919784}}
* Ryder, M. L. (1973) "Samuel Marsden: Australian Pioneer, 1764-1838" ''History Today'' (Dec 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 12, pp 864–870 online.
* {{Cite book | first=Percival| last=Serle| title =Marsden, Samuel (1764–1838)| publisher =[[Project Gutenberg Australia]]| work=[[Dictionary of Australian Biography]]| url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogMa-Mo.html#marsden1 | access-date=7 April 2008}}
* {{Cite book| last=Sharp| first=Andrew| title=The World, The Flesh, and the Devil: The Life and Opinions of Samuel Marsden in England and the Antipodes 1765-1838| date=2016| publisher=Auckland University Press| isbn=978 1869-408121}}
* {{Australian Dictionary of Biography| last=Yarwood| first=A. T.| year=1967| id2=marsden-samuel-2433| title=Marsden, Samuel (1765–1838)| access-date=7 April 2008}}
==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Samuel Marsden}}
* [http://marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/home Marsden Online Archive], [[University of Otago]]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Marsden,+Samuel | name=Samuel Marsden}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Samuel Marsden}}
* [http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/object/76368?solrsort=score%20desc&search=Samuel%20Marsden/ A Short Account of the Character and Labours of The Rev Samuel Marsden] – National Museum of Australia
* [http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/ce/Samuel%20Marsden#Samuel%20Marsden?object=71311&_suid=143217348551105512627098581573/ Samuel Marsden's Preaching Bands] – National Museum of Australia
{{Protestant missions to Pacific Islands}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Marsden, Samuel}}
[[Category:1764 births]]
[[Category:1838 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English Anglican priests]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Australian Anglican priests]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglican clergy]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglican theologians]]
[[Category:People from Pudsey]]
[[Category:Musket Wars]]
[[Category:People from Parramatta]]
[[Category:English emigrants to colonial Australia]]
[[Category:English chaplains]]
[[Category:Clergy from Leeds]]' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church of England chaplain, missionary, agriculturalist, magistrate (1765–1838)</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the inaugural Bishop of Bathurst, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Marsden_(bishop)" title="Samuel Marsden (bishop)">Samuel Marsden (bishop)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Samuel Marsden</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Samuel_marsden." class="new" title="File:Samuel marsden.">File:Samuel marsden.</a><div class="infobox-caption">Marsden, 1833</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1765-06-25</span>)</span>25 June 1765<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farsley" title="Farsley">Farsley</a>, Yorkshire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1838<span style="display:none">(1838-05-12)</span> (aged 72)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windsor,_New_South_Wales" title="Windsor, New South Wales">Windsor, New South Wales</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth Fristan
m. 21 April 1793</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">8, including Ann, Mary, Martha<sup id="cite_ref-dnzb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnzb-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Bathsheba Brown and Thomas Marsden<sup id="cite_ref-dnzb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnzb-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Marsden_(bishop)" title="Samuel Marsden (bishop)">Samuel Marsden</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained</th><td class="infobox-data">May 1793</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Samuel Marsden</b> (25 June 1765 – 12 May 1838) was an English-born priest of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> in Australia and a prominent member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Missionary Society">Church Missionary Society</a>, believed to have introduced Christianity to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Marsden was a prominent figure in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_New_South_Wales" title="History of New South Wales">early New South Wales</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">Australian</a> history, partly through his ecclesiastical offices as the colony's senior Church of England cleric and as a pioneer of the Australian wool industry, but also for his employment of convicts for farming and his actions as a magistrate at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parramatta" title="Parramatta">Parramatta</a>, both of which attracted contemporary criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_Australia"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In Australia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Mission_to_New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Mission to New Zealand</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#First_trip_to_New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">First trip to New Zealand</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Establishment_of_the_mission"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Establishment of the mission</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Later_life"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Later life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#In_fiction_and_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">In fiction and popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h2>
<p>Born in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farsley" title="Farsley">Farsley</a>, near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pudsey" title="Pudsey">Pudsey</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> in England as the son of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wesleyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan">Wesleyan</a> blacksmith turned farmer, Marsden attended the village school and spent some years assisting his father on the farm. In his early twenties his reputation as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lay_preacher" title="Lay preacher">lay preacher</a> drew the attention of the evangelical Elland Society, which sought to train poor men for the ministry of the Church of England. With a scholarship from the Elland Society Marsden attended <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hull_Grammar_School" title="Hull Grammar School">Hull Grammar School</a>, where he became associated with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Milner_(priest)" title="Joseph Milner (priest)">Joseph Milner</a> and the reformist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, and after two years, he matriculated, at the age of 25, at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> He abandoned his degree studies to respond to the call of the evangelical leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Simeon" title="Charles Simeon">Charles Simeon</a> for service in overseas missions. Marsden was offered the position of second chaplain to the Reverend <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Johnson_(chaplain)" title="Richard Johnson (chaplain)">Richard Johnson</a>'s ministry to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a> on 1 January 1793.
</p><p>Marsden married Elizabeth Fristan at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hull_Minster" title="Hull Minster">Holy Trinity, Hull</a> on 21 April 1793. The following month <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Buller_(bishop)" title="William Buller (bishop)">William Buller</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter" title="Bishop of Exeter">Bishop of Exeter</a>, ordained him as a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Australia">In Australia</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:St_Matthew%27s_Church_Windsor_(10338478576).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/St_Matthew%27s_Church_Windsor_%2810338478576%29.jpg/220px-St_Matthew%27s_Church_Windsor_%2810338478576%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="857" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:St_Matthew%27s_Church_Windsor_(10338478576).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>St Matthew's Church, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windsor,_New_South_Wales" title="Windsor, New South Wales">Windsor, New South Wales</a>, consecrated by Marsden on 8 December 1822</div></div></div>
<p>Marsden travelled as a passenger on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Convict_ship" title="Convict ship">convict ship</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_(1770_ship)" title="William (1770 ship)"><i>William </i></a> to Australia, his first child Anne being born en route. He arrived in the colony on 2 March 1794, and set up house in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parramatta" title="Parramatta">Parramatta</a>, 15 miles (24 km) outside the main <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a> settlement.
</p><p>In 1800 Marsden succeeded Johnson and became the senior Church of England chaplain in New South Wales; he would keep this post until his death.
</p><p>Marsden was given grants of land by the colonial government and bought more of his own, which were worked with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">convict</a> labour, a common practice in Australia at the time. By 1807 he owned 3,000 acres (12 km<sup>2</sup>) of land. Successful farming ventures provided him with a secure financial base, although they also formed a plank of contemporary criticism of Marsden for alleged over-involvement in non-church affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> In 1807 he returned to England to report on the state of the colony to the government, and to solicit further assistance of clergy and schoolmasters.
</p><p>He concentrated on the development of strong heavy-framed sheep such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suffolk_sheep" title="Suffolk sheep">Suffolk sheep</a> breed, which had a more immediate value in the colony than the fine-fleeced Spanish merinos imported by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Macarthur_(wool_pioneer)" title="John Macarthur (wool pioneer)">John Macarthur</a>. In 1809, Marsden was the first to ship wool to England from Australia for commercial use; this was made into cloth by Messrs W. & J. Thompson, at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rawdon,_West_Yorkshire" title="Rawdon, West Yorkshire">Rawdon, West Yorkshire</a>, and so impressed George III that he was given a present of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merino_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Merino sheep">Merino sheep</a> from the Windsor stud. Four years later more than 4000 lbs (1814 kg) of his wool was sold in England. Marsden was an important promoter of the wool staple, even though his contribution to technology, breeding and marketing was far eclipsed by that of Macarthur. He is believed to have later introduced sheep to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, where he would develop a somewhat gentler reputation than in Australia.
</p><p>In 1795, Governor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Hunter_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)">John Hunter</a> made the chaplains <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a>. Marsden's role as magistrate at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parramatta" title="Parramatta">Parramatta</a>, attracted criticism in his lifetime. History has remembered Marsden as the "Flogging Parson", with contemporaries claiming that he inflicted severe punishments (notably extended <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogging">floggings</a>), even by the standards of his day. This view of Marsden is disputed in some circles as part of an anti-clerical writing of history, in turn attributed to a dislike of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a> and the Irish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Holt_(rebel)" title="Joseph Holt (rebel)">Joseph Holt</a>, who was transported to Sydney following his negotiated surrender after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>, gave vivid account in his memoirs of the search for Irish plotters in which he was arrested. Marsden was held to be involved in this secret action by the authorities. Holt himself was released but witnessed the fate of others. He related: "I have witnessed many horrible scenes; but this was the most appalling sight I had ever seen. The day was windy and I protest, that although I was at least fifteen yards to the leeward, from the sufferers, the blood, skin, and flesh blew in my face", as floggers "shook it off from their cats" (referring to the cat-of-nine-tails scourging lash). He continued "The next prisoner who was tied up was Paddy Galvin, a young lad about twenty years of age; he was also sentenced to receive three hundred lashes. The first hundred were given on his shoulders, and he was cut to the bone between the shoulder-blades, which were both bare. The doctor then directed the next hundred to be inflicted lower down, which reduced his flesh to such a jelly that the doctor ordered him to have the remaining hundred on the calves of his legs .... 'you shall have no music out of my mouth to make others dance upon nothing'. Some have written that Marsden ordered such treatment but Holt's memoirs do not explicitly link Marsden to the floggings at Toongabbie on that day.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Holt's memoirs express his impression of Marsden, as "a busy meddling man, of shallow understanding" who thought himself "a great lawyer". Holt believed that Marsden tried to intimate to Holt that his wife and children were free, but he was not. Holt considered that he had surrendered back in Ireland under terms of free exile. But when the Holt family arrived in Parramatta, Marsden, Aitkins and Dr Thomson called on them and asked Holt to accompany them to Toongabbie, where Captain Johnstone tried to assign him to the overseer Michael Fitzgerald. The next day the Governor was to come to Parramatta and Holt determined to ask the Governor, determined to "have the highest authority, even the Governor himself, and not submit to the whims of understrappers, who always assume tenfold the airs that their superiors might be supposed to have" (his opinion of Marsden). The Governor confirmed he was free.
</p><p>Marsden's attitudes to Irish Roman Catholic convicts were illustrated in a memorandum which he sent to his church superiors during his time at Parramatta:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The number of Catholic Convicts is very great... and these in general composed of the lowest class of the Irish nation; who are the most wild, ignorant and savage Race that were ever favoured with the light of Civilization; men that have been familiar with ... every horrid Crime from their Infancy. Their minds being Destitute of every Principle of Religion & Morality render them capable of perpetrating the most nefarious Acts in cool Blood. As they never appear to reflect upon Consequences; but to be ... always alive to Rebellion and Mischief, they are very dangerous members of Society. No Confidence whatever can be placed in them...
[If Catholicism in Australia] were tolerated they would assemble together from every Quarter, not so much from a desire of celebrating Mass, as to recite the Miseries and Injustice of their Banishment, the Hardships they suffer, and to enflame one another's minds with some wild Scheme of Revenge."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Despite Marsden's opposition to Catholicism being practised in Australia, Governor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King" title="Philip Gidley King">Philip Gidley King</a> permitted monthly Catholic Masses in Sydney from May 1803, although these were to take place under police surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1987190_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1987190-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1806, Marsden was the originator of the New South Wales "Female Register" which classed all women in the colony (excepting some widows) as either "married" or "concubine". Only marriages within the Church of England were recognised as legitimate on this list; women who married in Roman Catholic or Jewish ceremonies were automatically classed as concubines. The document eventually circulated within influential circles in London, and is believed to have influenced contemporary views of the Australian colony as a land of sexual immorality, some of which survived into 20th century historiography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1987247–248_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1987247–248-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1809, Marsden was in England. There he befriended the Maori chief <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruatara_(chief)" title="Ruatara (chief)">Ruatara</a> who had gone to Britain in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whaling_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Whaling ship">whaling ship</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santa_Anna_(1806_ship)" title="Santa Anna (1806 ship)">Santa Anna</a></i> and been stranded there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab190795–8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab190795–8-11">[11]</a></sup> Marsden and Ruatara returned together on the convict transport <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ann_(1797_ship)" title="Ann (1797 ship)"><i>Ann</i></a> (or <i>Anne</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab190795–8_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab190795–8-11">[11]</a></sup> which was under the command of Captain Charles Clarke and which carried some 198 male convicts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateson1974288–9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateson1974288–9-12">[12]</a></sup> They arrived in Sydney on 17 or 27 February 1810. Ruatara stayed with Marsden at Parramatta for some time, and again in 1811 after a failed attempt to reach New Zealand. Ruatara eventually reached New Zealand where he did more to facilitate Marsden's mission to the Maori than any other native.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab190795–8_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab190795–8-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1822, Marsden was dismissed from his civil post as a Parramatta magistrate (along with several other officials) on charges of exceeding his jurisdiction.
</p><p>During his time at Parramatta, Marsden befriended many Māori visitors and sailors from New Zealand. He cared for them on his farm, providing accommodation, food, drink, work and an education for up to three years. He gave one Māori chief some land on which he could grow his own crops and taught other Māori to read and write English. He learnt Māori, beginning an English-Māori translation sheet of common words and expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesJenkins2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesJenkins2011-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Marsden described himself as first and foremost a preacher. His sermons therefore are important primary documentation in Marsden studies. There are approximately 135 sermons written by Marsden in various collections around the world. The largest collection is in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moore_Theological_College" title="Moore Theological College">Moore Theological College</a> Library in Sydney, Australia. These sermons reveal Marsden's attitudes to some of the controversial issues he faced, including magistrates, the aboriginal people and wealth. A transcription of the Moore College collection can be found online.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Of Aboriginal People he wrote that "The Aborigines (sic) are the most degraded of the human race … The time has not yet arrived for them to receive the blessings of civilisation and the knowledge of Christianity".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mission_to_New_Zealand">Mission to New Zealand</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h3>
<p>Marsden was a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Missionary Society (CMS)</a> (founded in 1799) and remained formally based in New South Wales, but developed an interest in evangelising <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> from the early 1800s onwards. Europeans had known of New Zealand since the 1640s and by the early 19th century there had been increasing contact between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> and Europeans, mainly by the many whalers and sealers around the coast of New Zealand and especially in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a>. A small community of Europeans had formed in the Bay of Islands, made up of explorers, flax traders, timber merchants, seamen, and ex-convicts who had served their sentences in Australia (as well as some who had escaped the Australian penal system). Marsden was concerned that they were corrupting the Māori way of life, and lobbied the Church Missionary Society to send a mission to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>In June 1813, Marsden wrote to the Secretary of the CMS seeking £500 per annum to form an Auxiliary CMS Society in New South Wales, with a view of assisting engaging in missionary work among the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TMR463_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMR463-18">[18]</a></sup> At a meeting in the Colony of New South Wales, held at Sydney, on 20 December 1813, Marsden formed the New South Wales Society for affording Protection to the Natives of the South Sea Islands, and promoting their Civilization, for the protection of South Sea Islanders who may be brought to Port Jackson, and to defend their claims on the masters and owners of the vessels who mistreat those islanders.<sup id="cite_ref-TMR459_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMR459-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="First_trip_to_New_Zealand">First trip to New Zealand</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rev._Samuel_Marsden.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rev._Samuel_Marsden.jpg/220px-Rev._Samuel_Marsden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="2500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rev._Samuel_Marsden.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Rev. Samuel Marsden, c.1809</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Depiction_of_the_sermon_by_Samuel_Marsden,_1814_(28316237562).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Depiction_of_the_sermon_by_Samuel_Marsden%2C_1814_%2828316237562%29.jpg/220px-Depiction_of_the_sermon_by_Samuel_Marsden%2C_1814_%2828316237562%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="2433" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Depiction_of_the_sermon_by_Samuel_Marsden,_1814_(28316237562).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russell_Clark_(artist)" title="Russell Clark (artist)">Russell Clark</a>'s depiction of the sermon by Marsden, 1814</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Kendall" title="Thomas Kendall">Thomas Kendall</a> and William Hall sailed on the <i>Earl Spencer</i>, departing on 31 May 1813 to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a>, New Zealand, on a voyage of investigation, and returned to Sydney on 10 October.<sup id="cite_ref-TMR101_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMR101-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1814, he purchased a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a>, the <i>Active</i>, for £1,400, mostly with his own money as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Missionary Society">Church Missionary Society</a> refused to provide funds for a ship.<sup id="cite_ref-dnzb_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnzb-1">[1]</a></sup> Lay missionaries Thomas Kendall, John King and William Hall were chosen for the New Zealand mission and departed on the <i>Active</i> from Sydney on 14 November 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> The missionaries, Kendall, King and Hall, together with free settler Thomas Hansen, arrived in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rangihoua_Bay" title="Rangihoua Bay">Rangihoua Bay</a> on 22 December 1814. With them were the first horses in New Zealand, a stallion and two mares, brought from Australia by Marsden.
</p><p>Marsden met Māori <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a> (chiefs) from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ng%C4%81puhi" title="Ngāpuhi">Ngāpuhi</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a> (tribe), who controlled the region around the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a>, including the chief <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruatara_(chief)" title="Ruatara (chief)">Ruatara</a> who had lived with him in Australia, and a junior war leader, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hongi_Hika" title="Hongi Hika">Hongi Hika</a>, who had helped pioneer the introduction of the musket to Māori warfare in the previous decade. Hongi Hika returned with them to Australia on 22 August.<sup id="cite_ref-CARv1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CARv1-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first known Christian sermon on land in New Zealand was preached by Marsden at Oihi Bay (a small cove in the north-east of Rangihoua Bay) on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas Day</a>, 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-WisesRangi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WisesRangi-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> The service from the Church of England <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> was read in English but it is likely that, having learnt the language from Ruatara, Marsden preached his sermon in the Māori language.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> Ruatara was prevailed upon to explain those parts of the sermon the 400-strong Māori congregation did not understand.
</p><p>On 24 February 1815 Marsden purchased land at Rangihoua for the first Christian mission in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-WisesRangi_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WisesRangi-23">[23]</a></sup> The death of Ruatara on 15 March 1815 and the loss of his protection for the mission may have contributed to a lack of growth of European settlement in the area and its displacement, in the 1820s, by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerikeri" title="Kerikeri">Kerikeri</a> as the senior mission in New Zealand. By the 1830s<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> the houses of the mission at Oihi had deteriorated and the mission moved to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Te_Puna" title="Te Puna">Te Puna</a>, further to the west in Rangihoua Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-WisesRangi_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WisesRangi-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WisesOihi_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WisesOihi-27">[27]</a></sup> The mission finally closed in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-NZHPT_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZHPT-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Establishment_of_the_mission">Establishment of the mission</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_Church_Missionary_Society" title="New Zealand Church Missionary Society">New Zealand Church Missionary Society</a></div>
<p>At the end of the year Kendall, Hall and King returned to start a mission to the Ngāpuhi under Ruatara's (and, later, Hongi Hika's) protection in the Bay of Islands. Hongi Hika returned with them, bringing a large number of firearms from Australia for his warriors.
</p><p>A mission station was founded with a base at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rangihoua_Bay" title="Rangihoua Bay">Rangihoua Bay</a>, later moved to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerikeri" title="Kerikeri">Kerikeri</a>, (where the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mission_House" title="Mission House">mission house</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stone_Store" title="Stone Store">stone store</a> can still be seen), and ultimately a model farming village at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Te_Waimate_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Waimate mission">Te Waimate</a>. The mission would struggle on for a decade before attracting converts, in competition with Wesleyan and Catholic missions. Thomas Kendall abandoned his wife for the daughter of a Māori <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tohunga" title="Tohunga">tohunga</a> (priest), and also flirted with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_religion" title="Māori religion">Maori traditional religion</a>.
</p><p>In 1815 the Ngāpuhi chief <a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C4%ABtore" title="Tītore">Tītore</a> went to Sydney and spent two years with Marsden.<sup id="cite_ref-LMR1874-56_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMR1874-56-29">[29]</a></sup> In 1817 Tītore and Tui (also known as Tuhi or Tupaea (1797?-1824)) sailed to England in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HM_Colonial_brig_Kangaroo_(1812)" title="HM Colonial brig Kangaroo (1812)"><i>Kangaroo</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NZETC1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZETC1-30">[30]</a></sup> They visited <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Lee_(linguist)" title="Samuel Lee (linguist)">Professor Samuel Lee</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> and assisted him in the preparation of a grammar and vocabulary of Māori which, following a visit to Lee by the Ngāpuhi chiefs <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hongi_Hika" title="Hongi Hika">Hongi Hika</a> and Waikato, was published in 1820 as <i>First Grammar and Vocabulary of the New Zealand Language</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-TIT3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIT3-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>Marsden was in the Bay of Islands in May 1820 when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMS_Malabar_(1804)" title="HMS Malabar (1804)">HMS <i>Coromandel</i></a>, under the command of Captain James Downie, arrived at the Bay of Islands from England for the purpose of procuring a cargo of timber in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firth_of_Thames" title="Firth of Thames">Firth of Thames</a>. When <i>Coromandel</i> sailed for the Thames a few days later, Marsden accompanied them on their voyage. Downie reported that while at the Bay of Islands whalers were in the practice of trading muskets and ammunition for pork and potatoes.<sup id="cite_ref-ESNZC_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESNZC-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1820 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hongi_Hika" title="Hongi Hika">Hongi Hika</a> and Thomas Kendall travelled to England on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whaling_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Whaling ship">whaling ship</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealander_(1808_ship)" title="New Zealander (1808 ship)"><i>New Zealander</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ESnz_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESnz-33">[33]</a></sup> Hongi Hika met <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George IV</a>, who gifted him a suit of armour; he also obtained further muskets when passing through Sydney on his return to New Zealand. On his return to the Bay of Islands, Ngāpuhi demanded the Church Missionary Society missionaries trade muskets for food, which under Kendall became an important means of support for the Kerikeri mission station. The trade was opposed by Marsden, largely because of its impact on the wide-ranging <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musket_Wars" title="Musket Wars">intertribal warfare</a> occurring among Māori at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-rsm_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsm-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GT17_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GT17-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>For refusing to stop trading arms, Kendall was dismissed by the Church Missionary Society in 1822. Marsden, who also knew of Kendall's romantic affair, returned to New Zealand in August 1823 to sack him in person. When Marsden and Kendall sailed from the Bay of Islands, their ship the <i>Brampton</i> was wrecked.<sup id="cite_ref-ESNZB_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESNZB-36">[36]</a></sup> Marsden later went to some trouble talking to all Australian printers to prevent Kendall from publishing a Māori grammar book, apparently largely out of spite.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span></h3>
<p>Marsden is generally remembered favourably in New Zealand, which he visited seven times (the longest trip lasting seven months). The Anglican school, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Marsden_Collegiate_School" title="Samuel Marsden Collegiate School">Samuel Marsden Collegiate School</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karori" title="Karori">Karori</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> was named after Marsden. Houses at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King%27s_College,_Auckland" title="King's College, Auckland">King's College, Auckland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King%27s_School,_Auckland" title="King's School, Auckland">King's School, Auckland</a> and at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corran_School_for_Girls" class="mw-redirect" title="Corran School for Girls">Corran School for Girls</a> are also named after him.
</p><p>In 1819, Marsden introduced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winegrowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Winegrowing">winegrowing</a> to New Zealand with the planting of over 100 different varieties of vine in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerikeri" title="Kerikeri">Kerikeri</a>, Northland. He wrote:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>New Zealand promises to be very favourable to the vine as far as I can judge at present of the nature of the soil and climate<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_life">Later life</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Samuel_Marsden_(detail)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43911.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Memorial_to_Samuel_Marsden_%28detail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43911.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_Samuel_Marsden_%28detail%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Samuel_Marsden_(detail)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43911.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A memorial to Marsden in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farsley" title="Farsley">Farsley</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">City of Leeds</a>, England</div></div></div>
<p>Marsden was on a visit to the Reverend Henry Stiles at St Matthew's Church at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windsor,_New_South_Wales" title="Windsor, New South Wales">Windsor, New South Wales</a> when he succumbed to an incipient chill and died at the rectory on 12 May 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>Marsden is buried in the cemetery near his old church at Parramatta, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_John%27s_Cathedral,_Parramatta" title="St John's Cathedral, Parramatta">St John's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_fiction_and_popular_culture">In fiction and popular culture</span></h2>
<p>The Australian poet <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_Slessor" title="Kenneth Slessor">Kenneth Slessor</a> wrote a satirical poem criticising the parson, <i>Vesper-Song of the Reverend Samuel Marsden</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>A portrait of Marsden based on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes</a>' <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Fatal_Shore" title="The Fatal Shore">The Fatal Shore</a></i> appears in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a>'s book <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Nutmeg_of_Consolation" title="The Nutmeg of Consolation">The Nutmeg of Consolation</a></i>.
</p><p>In the 1978 Australian television series <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Against_the_Wind_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Against the Wind (TV series)">Against the Wind</a></i>, Marsden was portrayed by David Ravenswood.
</p><p>Reggae band <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1814_(band)" title="1814 (band)">1814</a> took their name from the year that Marsden held the first sermon in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Hassall_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hassall (clergyman)">Thomas Hassall (clergyman)</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-dnzb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnzb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnzb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnzb_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFParsonson" class="citation web cs1">Parsonson, G.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1m16">"Samuel Marsden"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.atitle=Samuel+Marsden&rft.aulast=Parsonson&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbiographies%2F1m16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarwood, 1967.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryder, 1973</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFACADMRSN790S" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=MRSN790S&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Marsden, Samuel (MRSN790S)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marsden%2C+Samuel+%28MRSN790S%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DMRSN790S%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theclergydatabase.org.uk/jsp/DisplayOrdination.jsp?CDBOrdRedID=53375">"Marsden, Samuel (1793–1793) (CCEd Ordination ID 53375)"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clergy_of_the_Church_of_England_database" title="Clergy of the Church of England database">The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540–1835</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Clergy+of+the+Church+of+England+Database+1540%E2%80%931835&rft.atitle=Marsden%2C+Samuel+%281793%E2%80%931793%29+%28CCEd+Ordination+ID+53375%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheclergydatabase.org.uk%2Fjsp%2FDisplayOrdination.jsp%3FCDBOrdRedID%3D53375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWannan1962" class="citation book cs1">Wannan, Bill (1962). <i>Very strange tales: the turbulent times of Samuel Marsden</i>. Melbourne: Lansdowne Press. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Very+strange+tales%3A+the+turbulent+times+of+Samuel+Marsden.&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Lansdowne+Press.&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wannan&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHolt,_JosephCroker,_Thomas_Crofton,_1798-18541838" class="citation cs2">Holt, Joseph; Croker, Thomas Crofton, 1798-1854 (1838), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/11314921"><i>Memoirs of Joseph Holt : general of the Irish rebels, in 1798, edited from his original manuscript</i></a>, Henry Colburn, pp. 119–122</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Joseph+Holt+%3A+general+of+the+Irish+rebels%2C+in+1798%2C+edited+from+his+original+manuscript&rft.pages=119-122&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&rft.date=1838&rft.au=Holt%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Croker%2C+Thomas+Crofton%2C+1798-1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F11314921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsjosephho00crokgoog">Internet Archive preview</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Marsden, "A Few Observations on the Toleration of the Catholic Religion in New South Wales", memorandum, cited in Hughes, p. 188</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1987190-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1987190_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes1987">Hughes 1987</a>, p. 190.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1987247–248-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1987247–248_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes1987">Hughes 1987</a>, pp. 247–248.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab190795–8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab190795–8_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab190795–8_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab190795–8_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab1907">McNab 1907</a>, pp. 95–8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateson1974288–9-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateson1974288–9_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateson1974">Bateson 1974</a>, pp. 288–9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesJenkins2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesJenkins2011_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesJenkins2011">Jones & Jenkins 2011</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPettett2014" class="citation web cs1">Pettett, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myrrh.library.moore.edu.au/handle/10248/5508">"Transcription of Samuel Marsden's sermons"</a>. <i>Moore Theological College</i>. Donald Robinson Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moore+Theological+College&rft.atitle=Transcription+of+Samuel+Marsden%27s+sermons&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Pettett&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyrrh.library.moore.edu.au%2Fhandle%2F10248%2F5508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPettett,_David_B2016" class="citation book cs1">Pettett, David B (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/210255485"><i>Samuel Marsden : preacher, pastor, magistrate and missionary</i></a>. Camperdown, N.S.W.: Bolt Publishing Services. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9946349-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9946349-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9946349-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Marsden+%3A+preacher%2C+pastor%2C+magistrate+and+missionary&rft.place=Camperdown%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pub=Bolt+Publishing+Services&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-9946349-0-0&rft.au=Pettett%2C+David+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F210255485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in Harris, J. 1990. 'One Blood: 200 years of Aboriginal encounter with Christianity: A story of Hope.' Albatross Books. p. 22</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMarsden" class="citation web cs1">Marsden, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/home">"The Marsden Collection"</a>. <i>Marsden Online Archive</i>. University of Otago<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marsden+Online+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Marsden+Collection&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TMR463-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TMR463_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4021&page=0&action=null">"The Missionary Register"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_New_Zealand_Books" title="Early New Zealand Books">Early New Zealand Books</a> (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. 1813. pp. 463–469<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Missionary+Register&rft.pages=463-469&rft.pub=Early+New+Zealand+Books+%28ENZB%29%2C+University+of+Auckland+Library&rft.date=1813&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enzb.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2F%3Fwid%3D4021%26page%3D0%26action%3Dnull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TMR459-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TMR459_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4021&page=0&action=null">"The Missionary Register"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_New_Zealand_Books" title="Early New Zealand Books">Early New Zealand Books</a> (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. 1813. pp. 459–462<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Missionary+Register&rft.pages=459-462&rft.pub=Early+New+Zealand+Books+%28ENZB%29%2C+University+of+Auckland+Library&rft.date=1813&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enzb.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2F%3Fwid%3D4021%26page%3D0%26action%3Dnull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TMR101-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TMR101_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4029&page=0&action=null">"The Missionary Register"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_New_Zealand_Books" title="Early New Zealand Books">Early New Zealand Books</a> (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. 1815. pp. 101–102<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Missionary+Register&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Early+New+Zealand+Books+%28ENZB%29%2C+University+of+Auckland+Library&rft.date=1815&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enzb.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2F%3Fwid%3D4029%26page%3D0%26action%3Dnull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: J.R. Elder, ed., <i>The Letters and Journals of Samuel Marsden 1765–1838</i>, Dunedin: Coulls Somerville Wilkie, 1932, pp.93–94.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CARv1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CARv1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCarleton1874" class="citation book cs1">Carleton, Hugh (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1038&action=null">"Vol. I"</a>. <i>The Life of Henry Williams</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_New_Zealand_Books" title="Early New Zealand Books">Early New Zealand Books</a> (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vol.+I&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Henry+Williams&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Early+New+Zealand+Books+%28ENZB%29%2C+University+of+Auckland+Library&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Carleton&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enzb.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%3Fwid%3D1038%26action%3Dnull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WisesRangi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WisesRangi_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WisesRangi_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WisesRangi_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.367.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A French Dominican Priest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul-Antoine_L%C3%A9onard_de_Villefeix" title="Paul-Antoine Léonard de Villefeix">Paul-Antoine Léonard de Villefeix</a> was in New Zealand in 1769. It is known that he conducted prayer and funeral services and probably a Mass on Christmas Day onboard a boat in that year: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1s28/1">John Dunmore. 'Surville, Jean François Marie de - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 1-Sep-10</a>; Michael King, <i>God's Farthest Outpost: A History of Catholics in New Zealand</i>, Penguin Books, Auckland, 1997, p. 73; Michael King, <i>The Penguin History of New Zealand, Penguin Books, Auckland, 2003, p. 110.</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPettett2014" class="citation book cs1">Pettett, David (2014). "Samuel Marsden – Christmas Day 1814. What did he say? The Content of New Zealand's first Christian Sermon". In Lange, Stuart; Davidson, Allan; Lineham, Peter; Puckey, Adrienne (eds.). <i>Te Rongopai 1814 'Takoto Te Pai!' Bicentenary Reflections on Christian Beginnings and Developments in Aotearoa New Zealand</i>. Aukland: General Synod Office, 'Tuia', of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia. pp. 72–85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samuel+Marsden+%E2%80%93+Christmas+Day+1814.+What+did+he+say%3F+The+Content+of+New+Zealand%E2%80%99s+first+Christian+Sermon&rft.btitle=Te+Rongopai+1814+%27Takoto+Te+Pai%21%27+Bicentenary+Reflections+on+Christian+Beginnings+and+Developments+in+Aotearoa+New+Zealand&rft.place=Aukland&rft.pages=72-85&rft.pub=General+Synod+Office%2C+%27Tuia%27%2C+of+the+Anglican+Church+in+Aotearoa+New+Zealand+and+Polynesia&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Pettett&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wises says 1837, New Zealand Historic Places says 1832</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WisesOihi-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WisesOihi_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wises New Zealand Guide, 7th Edition, 1979. p.308.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NZHPT-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NZHPT_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/7724">"Rangihoua Historic Area"</a>. <i>Register of Historic Places</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand" title="Heritage New Zealand">Heritage New Zealand</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=Rangihoua+Historic+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org.nz%2Fthe-list%2Fdetails%2F7724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LMR1874-56-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LMR1874-56_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRogers1973" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Lawrence M. (1973). <i>Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams</i>. Pegasus Press. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Te+Wiremu%3A+A+Biography+of+Henry+Williams&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Pegasus+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NZETC1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NZETC1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiMaor-t1-body-d12b.html">NZETC: Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century, 1816</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TIT3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TIT3_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBrownson2010" class="citation web cs1">Brownson, Ron (23 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aucklandartgallery.blogspot.com.au/2010/12/wonderful-letter-from-titore.html">"Outpost"</a>. Staff and friends of Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outpost&rft.pub=Staff+and+friends+of+Auckland+Art+Gallery+Toi+o+T%C4%81maki&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft.aulast=Brownson&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faucklandartgallery.blogspot.com.au%2F2010%2F12%2Fwonderful-letter-from-titore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ESNZC-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESNZC_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myancestorsstory.com/shiplist_05.html#coromandel">"<i>HMS Coromandel</i>"</a>. <i>Early shipping in New Zealand waters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+shipping+in+New+Zealand+waters&rft.atitle=HMS+Coromandel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myancestorsstory.com%2Fshiplist_05.html%23coromandel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ESnz-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESnz_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myancestorsstory.com/shiplist_16.html#newzealander">"<i>New Zealander</i>"</a>. <i>Early shipping in New Zealand waters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+shipping+in+New+Zealand+waters&rft.atitle=New+Zealander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myancestorsstory.com%2Fshiplist_16.html%23newzealander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rsm-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rsm_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbIPAAAAIAAJ">"Notices of the Rev S. Marsden"</a>. Missionary Register. 1822. pp. 247–267<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notices+of+the+Rev+S.+Marsden&rft.pages=247-267&rft.pub=Missionary+Register&rft.date=1822&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQbIPAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GT17-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GT17_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTroughton2017" class="citation book cs1">Troughton, Geoffrey, ed. (2017). <i>Saints and Stirrers: Christianity, Conflict and Peacemaking in New Zealand, 1814–1845</i>. Wellington : Victoria University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781776561643" title="Special:BookSources/9781776561643"><bdi>9781776561643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Stirrers%3A+Christianity%2C+Conflict+and+Peacemaking+in+New+Zealand%2C+1814%E2%80%931845&rft.pub=Wellington+%3A+Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781776561643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ESNZB-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESNZB_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jenwilletts.com/convict_ship_brampton_1823.htm">"Convict Ship Brampton 1823"</a>. <i>Free Settler or Felon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Settler+or+Felon&rft.atitle=Convict+Ship+Brampton+1823&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jenwilletts.com%2Fconvict_ship_brampton_1823.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMarsden" class="citation web cs1">Marsden, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/MS_0176_003#page/27/mode/1up/search/vine">"Journal: Continuation of Reverend Samuel Marsden's Second Visit to New Zealand"</a>. <i>Marsden Online Archive</i>. University of Otago<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marsden+Online+Archive&rft.atitle=Journal%3A+Continuation+of+Reverend+Samuel+Marsden%27s+Second+Visit+to+New+Zealand&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz%2FMS_0176_003%23page%2F27%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2Fvine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFYarwood,_A._T._(Alexander_Turnbull)1977" class="citation book cs1">Yarwood, A. T. (Alexander Turnbull) (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/7547684"><i>Samuel Marsden : the great survivor</i></a>. A.H. & A.W. Reed. p. 279. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-589-01091-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-589-01091-1"><bdi>978-0-589-01091-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Marsden+%3A+the+great+survivor&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=A.H.+%26+A.W.+Reed&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-589-01091-1&rft.au=Yarwood%2C+A.+T.+%28Alexander+Turnbull%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F7547684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stjohnscathedral.org.au/our-heritage/">"Our Heritage"</a>. <i>St John's Anglican Cathedral Parramatta NSW</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+John%27s+Anglican+Cathedral+Parramatta+NSW&rft.atitle=Our+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstjohnscathedral.org.au%2Four-heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allpoetry.com/poem/8521579-Vesper-Song-Of-The-Reverend-Samuel-Marsden-by-Kenneth-Slessor">"Vesper-Song of the Reverend Samuel Marsden"</a>. <i>All Poetry</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Poetry&rft.atitle=Vesper-Song+of+the+Reverend+Samuel+Marsden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallpoetry.com%2Fpoem%2F8521579-Vesper-Song-Of-The-Reverend-Samuel-Marsden-by-Kenneth-Slessor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090646/https://www.niceup.org.nz/news/1814">"1814 Reggae runnings in Aotearoa, New Zealand"</a>. <i>Nice Up - Reggae runnings in Aotearoa</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niceup.org.nz/news/1814">the original</a> on 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nice+Up+-+Reggae+runnings+in+Aotearoa&rft.atitle=1814+Reggae+runnings+in+Aotearoa%2C+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niceup.org.nz%2Fnews%2F1814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBateson1974" class="citation book cs1">Bateson, Charles (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/9809115"><i>The convict ships, 1787-1868</i></a> (2nd ed.). A.H. and A.W. Reed. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-589-07146-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-589-07146-2"><bdi>978-0-589-07146-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+convict+ships%2C+1787-1868&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=A.H.+and+A.W.+Reed&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-589-07146-2&rft.aulast=Bateson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fversion%2F9809115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHughes1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Hughes, Robert</a> (1987). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Fatal_Shore" title="The Fatal Shore">The Fatal Shore</a>: A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787-1868</i>. Great Britain: Collins Harvill. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-944854-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-944854-9"><bdi>978-0-09-944854-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatal+Shore%3A+A+History+of+the+Transportation+of+Convicts+to+Australia%2C+1787-1868&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Collins+Harvill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-09-944854-9&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJonesJenkins2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Alison; Jenkins, Kuni (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/177435529"><i>Words between us : first Māori-Pākehā conversations on paper = He Kōrero</i></a>. Wellington, N.Z. Huia. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86969-478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86969-478-4"><bdi>978-1-86969-478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+between+us+%3A+first+M%C4%81ori-P%C4%81keh%C4%81+conversations+on+paper+%3D+He+K%C5%8Drero&rft.pub=Wellington%2C+N.Z.+Huia&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-86969-478-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Kuni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fversion%2F177435529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMarsden,_SamuelMarsden,_J._B._(John_Buxton),_1803-18701858" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, Samuel; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Buxton_Marsden" title="John Buxton Marsden">Marsden, J. B. (John Buxton)</a>, 1803-1870 (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/165849382"><i>Memoirs of the life and labours of the Rev. Samuel Marsden, of Parramatta, Senior Chaplain of New South Wales : and of his early connexion with the missions to New Zealand and Tahiti</i></a>. Religious Tract Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+life+and+labours+of+the+Rev.+Samuel+Marsden%2C+of+Parramatta%2C+Senior+Chaplain+of+New+South+Wales+%3A+and+of+his+early+connexion+with+the+missions+to+New+Zealand+and+Tahiti&rft.pub=Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Marsden%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Marsden%2C+J.+B.+%28John+Buxton%29%2C+1803-1870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F165849382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMcNab1907" class="citation book cs1">McNab, Robert (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/992302"><i>Murihiku and the Southern Islands : a history of the West Coast Sounds, Foveaux Strait, Stewart Island, the Snares, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland, Campbell and Macquarie Islands, from 1770 to 1829</i></a>. W. Smith, printer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murihiku+and+the+Southern+Islands+%3A+a+history+of+the+West+Coast+Sounds%2C+Foveaux+Strait%2C+Stewart+Island%2C+the+Snares%2C+Bounty%2C+Antipodes%2C+Auckland%2C+Campbell+and+Macquarie+Islands%2C+from+1770+to+1829&rft.pub=W.+Smith%2C+printer&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F992302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2008" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32536177"><i>Samuel Marsden : altar ego</i></a>. Dunmore Pub. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877399-35-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877399-35-0"><bdi>978-1-877399-35-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Marsden+%3A+altar+ego&rft.pub=Dunmore+Pub&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-877399-35-0&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F32536177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFReed,_A._H._(Alfred_Hamish)1939" class="citation book cs1">Reed, A. H. (Alfred Hamish) (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6919784"><i>Samuel Marsden, greatheart of Maoriland</i></a>. A. H. & A. W. Reed.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Marsden%2C+greatheart+of+Maoriland&rft.pub=A.+H.+%26+A.+W.+Reed&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Reed%2C+A.+H.+%28Alfred+Hamish%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F6919784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Ryder, M. L. (1973) "Samuel Marsden: Australian Pioneer, 1764-1838" <i>History Today</i> (Dec 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 12, pp 864–870 online.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSerle" class="citation book cs1">Serle, Percival. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogMa-Mo.html#marsden1"><i>Marsden, Samuel (1764–1838)</i></a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dictionary_of_Australian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Australian Biography">Dictionary of Australian Biography</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia" title="Project Gutenberg Australia">Project Gutenberg Australia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marsden%2C+Samuel+%281764%E2%80%931838%29&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg+Australia&rft.aulast=Serle&rft.aufirst=Percival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.net.au%2Febooks15%2F1500721h%2F0-dict-biogMa-Mo.html%23marsden1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSharp2016" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Andrew (2016). <i>The World, The Flesh, and the Devil: The Life and Opinions of Samuel Marsden in England and the Antipodes 1765-1838</i>. Auckland University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_1869-408121" title="Special:BookSources/978 1869-408121"><bdi>978 1869-408121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%2C+The+Flesh%2C+and+the+Devil%3A+The+Life+and+Opinions+of+Samuel+Marsden+in+England+and+the+Antipodes+1765-1838&rft.pub=Auckland+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781869-408121&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFYarwood1967" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yarwood, A. T. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/marsden-samuel-2433">"Marsden, Samuel (1765–1838)"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Melbourne University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2008</span> – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marsden%2C+Samuel+%281765%E2%80%931838%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.aulast=Yarwood&rft.aufirst=A.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fmarsden-samuel-2433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Marsden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Samuel_Marsden" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Samuel Marsden">Samuel Marsden</a> at Wikimedia Commons
</p>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/home">Marsden Online Archive</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Marsden,+Samuel">Works by Samuel Marsden</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Marsden%2C%20Samuel%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Samuel%20Marsden%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Marsden%2C%20Samuel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Samuel%20Marsden%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Marsden%2C%20S%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Samuel%20Marsden%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Marsden%2C%20Samuel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Samuel%20Marsden%22%29%20OR%20%28%221765-1838%22%20AND%20Marsden%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Samuel Marsden</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/object/76368?solrsort=score%20desc&search=Samuel%20Marsden/">A Short Account of the Character and Labours of The Rev Samuel Marsden</a> – National Museum of Australia</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/ce/Samuel%20Marsden#Samuel%20Marsden?object=71311&_suid=143217348551105512627098581573/">Samuel Marsden's Preaching Bands</a> – National Museum of Australia</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protestant_missions_to_the_Pacific_Islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Protestant_missions_to_Pacific_Islands" title="Template:Protestant missions to Pacific Islands"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Protestant_missions_to_Pacific_Islands" title="Template talk:Protestant missions to Pacific Islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Protestant_missions_to_Pacific_Islands&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protestant_missions_to_the_Pacific_Islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protestant missions to the Pacific Islands</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions timeline</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Missionary_ship_Duff.png" class="image"><img alt="Missionary ship Duff.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Missionary_ship_Duff.png/100px-Missionary_ship_Duff.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="326" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_missionaries_to_the_South_Pacific" title="List of missionaries to the South Pacific">South Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_missionaries_to_Hawaii" title="List of missionaries to Hawaii">List of missionaries to Hawaii</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMS_World_Mission" title="BMS World Mission">Baptist Missionary Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Missionary Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mission_to_the_World" title="Mission to the World">Mission to the World</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Seas_Evangelical_Church" title="South Seas Evangelical Church">South Seas Evangelical Church</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Oceanic_languages" title="Bible translations into Oceanic languages">Bible translations into Oceanic languages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1702147#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1702147#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1702147#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000071032422">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56328063">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2004080014/">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177456450">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177456450">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/101753993">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007592583205171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2004080014">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20090112007&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35073761">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073927856">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographical dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/marsden-samuel-2433">Australia</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1731352/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69m5195">Social Networks and Archival Context</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sn0chs">2</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (France)</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/161264123">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trove_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trove (identifier)">Trove (Australia)</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/466896">1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1668646000' |