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{{distinguish|Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets |West Ukrainian People's Republic}}
{{use dmy dates |date= June 2018}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Ukrainian People's Republic
| native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|uk|Українська Народна Республіка|italics=off}}|{{transliteration|uk|Ukrainska Narodna Respublika}}}}
| life_span = 1917–1918<br>1918–1921{{efn|Officially disestablished after the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921. In exile until 1992.}}
| status = Autonomy
| empire = Russian Republic
| status_text = [[Autonomy]] within the {{nobr|[[Russian Republic]]}} {{nobr|(1917–1918)}}<br/>Partially-recognized state {{nobr|(1918–1921)}}<br>[[Government-in-exile]] {{nobr|(1921–1992)}}
| p1 = Southwestern Krai{{!}}'''1917:'''<br>{{nobr|Southwestern Krai}}
| flag_p1 = Flag of Russia.svg
| p2 = Ukrainian State{{!}}'''1918:'''<br>Ukrainian State
| flag_p2 = Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg
| p3 = West Ukrainian People's Republic{{!}}'''1919:'''<br>West Ukrainian People's Republic
| flag_p3 = Flag of Ukraine.svg
| s1 = Ukrainian State{{!}}'''1918:'''<br>Ukrainian State
| flag_s1 = Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg
| s2 = Second Polish Republic{{!}}{{nobr|Second Polish Republic}}
| flag_s2 = Flag of Poland.svg
| s3 = General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia{{!}}General Command {{nobr|of the Armed Forces}} {{nobr|of South Russia}}
| flag_s3 = Flag of Russia.svg
| s4 = Makhnovshchina
| flag_s4 = Махновское_знамя.svg
| s5 = Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic{{!}}'''1919:'''<br>Ukrainian SSR
| flag_s5 = Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR_(1919-1929).svg
| s6 = Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile{{!}}'''1921:'''<br>Ukrainian government-in-exile
| flag_s6 = Flag of Ukraine.svg
| image_coat = Coat of Arms of UNR.svg
| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of Ukraine|Coat of arms]]<br>(1918–1920)
| coa_size = 115px
| image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of Ukraine#Early independence: 1917–1921|Flag]]
| national_anthem = {{lang|uk|Ще не вмерла України}}<br />{{transliteration|uk|Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy}}<br />"[[Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy i slava, i volia|Ukraine has not yet perished]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Ukrainian national anthem 1916 (complete).ogg]]}}
| other_symbol = '''State seal'''<br />[[File:Great state seal of the UPR.svg|120px]]
| image_map = File:UNR 2.1918 Brest-Litovsk.png
| image_map_caption = The map of the Ukrainian People's Republic, following the signing of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] on 9 February 1918. Striped lines indicate the territories claimed, but not controlled, by Ukraine.
<!--
There isn't a lot of maps depicting actual borders of the Ukrainian People's Republic available on Wikipedia. It should be refrained from using the map depicting the proposed borders shown during the Paris Peace Conference, as those were just a proposition, and never were actual borders of the state, nor were they internationally recognized as such. Additionally, it is advised to be careful when considering using the maps from 1918, as they can depict the Ukrainian State instead of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
-->| capital = [[Kyiv]]
| common_languages = '''Official:'''<br>[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<br>'''Widespread:'''<br>[[Russian language|Russian]]<br>'''Minority languages:'''<br>[[Yiddish]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[German language|German]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Urum language|Urum]], etc.
| religion = {{unbulleted list | 85% [[Eastern Orthodox]] | 9% [[Judaism|Jewish]] | 4% [[Roman Catholic]] | 2% other}}
| government_type = [[People's republic]]<!-- A Constitution was approved but never ratified. -->
|leader1 = [[Mykhailo Hrushevskyi]]
|year_leader1 = 1917–1918
|title_leader = [[President of Ukraine|President]] ([[Central Council of Ukraine|Central Council]])
|representative1 = [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]]
|representative2 = [[Symon Petliura]]
|year_representative1 = 1918–1919
|year_representative2 = 1919–1920{{efn|In exile, 1920–1926.}}
|title_representative = [[President of Ukraine|President]] ([[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]])
|deputy1 = [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]]
|deputy2 = [[Volodymyr Chekhivsky]]
|deputy3 = [[Borys Martos]]
|deputy4 = [[Isaak Mazepa]]
|deputy5 = [[Vyacheslav Prokopovych]]
|year_deputy1 = 1917–1918
|year_deputy2 = 1918–1919
|year_deputy3 = 1919
|year_deputy4 = 1919–1920
|year_deputy5 = 1920–1921
|title_deputy = [[Prime minister of Ukraine|Prime minister]]
| legislature = {{nowrap|[[Tsentralna Rada|Central ''Rada'']]{{efn|Dictatorship in 1918, [[Ukrainian Constituent Assembly]] cancelled due to war}}<br/>Labor Congress}}
| area_km2 = 860,000
| era = World War I
| event_pre = Autonomy declared
| date_pre = 23 June 1917
| event_start = Republic proclaimed
| date_start = 20 November
| year_start = 1917
| event1 = Independence
| date_event1 = 22 January 1918
| event4 = [[Act Zluky|Unity Act]] signed
| date_event4 = 22 January 1919
| event3 = {{nowrap|[[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]] defeated}}
| date_event3 = 14 December 1918
| event2 = [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] formed
| date_event2 = 13 November 1918
| event_end = [[Peace of Riga]]
| date_end = 18 March
| year_end = 1921
| event_post = Authority handed over to [[Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine|post-Soviet]] [[Ukraine]]
| date_post = 15 March 1992
| currency = [[Ukrainian karbovanets|Karbovanets]]<br/>[[Ukrainian hryvnia|Hryvnia]]
| demonym = Ukrainian
}}
{{History of Ukraine}}
The '''Ukrainian People's Republic''' ('''UPR'''), or '''Ukrainian National Republic''' ('''UNR'''),{{efn|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: {{lang|uk|Українська Народня Республіка}}, {{small|[[Romanization of Ukrainian|romanized]]:}} {{transliteration|uk|Ukrayinska Narodnya Respublika}}, in modern [[orthography]] {{lang|uk|Українська Народна Республіка}}, {{small|romanized:}} {{transliteration|uk|Ukrayinska Narodna Respublika}}; [[abbreviated]]: {{lang|uk|УНР}}, {{small|romanized:}} {{transliteration|uk|UNR}}}} was a country in [[Eastern Europe]] that existed between 1917 and 1920. It was [[Ukraine after the Russian Revolution|declared]] following the [[February Revolution]] in Russia by the [[First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council|First Universal]]. In March 1917, the National Congress in [[Kyiv]] elected the Central Council composed of socialist parties on the same principles as throughout the rest of the [[Russian Republic]]. The republic's autonomy was recognized by the [[Russian Provisional Government]]. Following the [[October Revolution]], it proclaimed its independence from the Russian Republic on 22 January 1918 by the [[Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council|Fourth Universal]].
During its short existence, the republic went through several political transformations – from the socialist-leaning republic headed by the [[Central Council of Ukraine]] with its [[General Secretariat of Ukraine|general secretariat]] to the socialist republic led by the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] and by [[Symon Petliura]]. Between April and December 1918, the socialist authority of the Ukrainian People's Republic was suspended, having been overthrown by the pro-[[German Empire|German]] [[Ukrainian State]] of [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi]], who was elected as a [[Hetman of Ukraine|Hetman]] by a congress of peasants.{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007}}<ref name=endSkoro>{{cite book |author=Europa Publications |title=Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC&pg=PA849 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=1999 |page=849 |isbn=978-1-85743-058-5}}</ref>{{qn|date=September 2018}} From late 1919, the UNR operated as [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|an ally]] of the [[Second Polish Republic]]. On 10 November 1920, the state lost the remainder of its territory to the [[Bolsheviks]]. The 18 March 1921 [[Peace of Riga]] between the Second Polish Republic, [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] (acting also on behalf of [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Belarus]]), and [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]] sealed the fate of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
After the [[October Revolution]], many governments formed in Ukraine, most notably the [[Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets]] (1917–1918) based in [[Kharkiv]], and its Soviet successors. This force, along with the Ukrainian Republic (based in [[Kyiv]]), plus the [[White Movement]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Green armies]], and the [[Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine|Anarchists]], fought constantly with each other, which resulted in many casualties among [[Ukrainians]] fighting in a [[Ukrainian War of Independence|1917–21 Ukrainian Civil War]] as part of the wider [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917–23. The Russian [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|SFSR]] would (after the [[Peace of Riga|1921 Treaty of Riga]]) extend control over what would ultimately become the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] and (in 1922) a founding member of the [[Soviet Union]].{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007}}
== History ==
{{Prose|section|date=April 2022}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2017}}
===Revolutionary wave===
{{see also|Central Council of Ukraine|General Secretariat of Ukraine|Odesa Soviet Republic|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution}}
[[File:Dismembered Russia — Some Fragments (NYT article, Feb. 17, 1918).png|thumb|left|250px|A February 1918 article from ''[[The New York Times]]'' shows a map of the [[Russian Empire|Russian Imperial]] territories claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic at the time, before the annexation of the Austro-Hungarian lands of the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]].]]
On 10 June 1917, the [[Central Council of Ukraine]] declared its autonomy as part of the [[Russian Republic]] by its [[First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council|First Universal]] at the All-Ukrainian Military Congress. The highest governing body of the Ukrainian People's Republic became the [[General Secretariat of Ukraine|General Secretariat]] headed by [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]]. The Prime Minister of Russia [[Alexander Kerensky]] recognized the Secretariat, appointing it as the representative governing body of the [[Russian Provisional Government]] and limiting its powers to five [[Governorate (Russia)|governorates]]: [[Volyn Governorate|Volyn]], [[Kyiv Governorate|Kyiv]], [[Podolia Governorate|Podolia]], [[Chernigov Governorate|Chernigov]], and [[Poltava Governorate|Poltava]]. At first Vynnychenko protested and left his post as Secretariat leader, but eventually returned to reassemble the Secretariat after the Tsentralna Rada accepted the ''Kerensky Instruktsiya'' and issued the [[Second Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council|Second Universal]].
After the [[October Revolution]] the Kyivan faction of the [[Bolshevik]] Party instigated the [[Kyiv Bolshevik Uprising|uprising in Kyiv]] on 8 November 1917 in order to establish Soviet power in the city. [[Kiev Military District|Kyiv Military District]] forces attempted to stop it, but after the Tsentralna Rada threw its support behind the Bolsheviks, the Russian forces were eliminated from Kyiv. After expelling the government forces, the Rada announced a wider autonomy for the Ukrainian Republic, still maintaining ties to Russia, on 22 November 1917. The territory of the republic was proclaimed by the [[Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council|Third Universal]] 20 November 1917 (7 November by Old Style)<ref>[http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=n0005300-17 The Third Universal in the archives of the Verkhovna Rada] {{in lang|uk}}</ref> of the Tsentralna Rada encompassing the governorates: Volyn, Kyiv, Podolie, Chernigov, Poltava, [[Kharkov Governorate|Kharkov]], [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate|Yekaterinoslav]], [[Kherson Governorate|Kherson]], [[Taurida Governorate|Taurida]] (not including [[Crimea]]). It also stated that the people of the governorates: [[Voronezh Governorate|Voronezh]], [[Kholm Governorate (Ukraine)|Kholm]], and [[Kursk Governorate|Kursk]] were welcome to join the republic through a [[referendum]]. Further the Tsentralna Rada in its Universal stated that because there was no Government in the Russian Republic after the [[October Revolution]] it proclaimed itself the Supreme governing body of the territory of Ukraine until order in the Russian republic could be restored. The [[Central Council of Ukraine]] called all revolutionary activities such as the October Revolution a [[civil war]] and expressed its hopes for the resolution of the chaos.
After a brief truce, the Bolsheviks realized that the Rada had no intention of supporting the Bolshevik Revolution. They re-organized into an [[All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets|All-Ukrainian Council of Soviets]] in December 1917 in an attempt to seize power. When that failed due to the Bolsheviks' relative lack of popularity in Kyiv, they moved to [[Kharkiv]]. The Bolsheviks of Ukraine declared the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic outlawed and proclaimed the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets]] with capital in Kyiv, claiming that the government of the [[People's Secretariat|People's Secretaries of Ukraine]] was the only government in the country. The Bolshevik [[Red Army]] entered Ukraine from the [[Russian SFSR]] in support of the local Soviet government. As the relationships between members within the Tsentralna Rada soured, a series of regional Soviet republics on the territory of Ukraine proclaimed their independence and allegiance to the Petrograd [[sovnarkom]] ([[Odessa Soviet Republic]] (southern Ukraine), [[Donetsk-Krivoi Rog Soviet Republic]] (eastern Ukraine)). The Donetsk-Kryvoi Rog Republic was created by a direct decree of [[Lenin]] as part of the Russian SFSR with its capital in Kharkiv. That decree was successfully implemented by [[Fyodor Sergeyev]] who became the chairman of the local government as well as joining the Soviet government of Ukraine, simultaneously. Unlike ''Fyodor Sergeyev's'' Republic, the Odessa Republic was not recognized by any other Bolshevik governments and on its own initiative had entered a military conflict with [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] for control over the [[Moldavian Democratic Republic]], whose territory it was contesting.
[[File:1919 Ukraine DIPLOMATIC pass. - Vienna.jpg|thumb|1919 Ukraine People's Republic Diplomatic passport issued for serving in Switzerland]]
===Timeline===
The following information is based on the exposition of the Museum of Soviet occupation in Kyiv ([[Memorial (society)|Memorial]] in Kyiv).<ref>[http://memorial.kiev.ua/index.html Official website of Kyiv Memorial]</ref>
====Spring 1917====
* 8–12 March – [[February Revolution]] in the [[Russian Empire]], victory of the democratic forces
* 17 March – establishment of the [[Central Council of Ukraine|Ukrainian Central Council]]
* 4 April – recreation of [[Prosvita]], establishment of the Ukrainian Cooperative Committee, and the Temporary Military Council, liberation of the people of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]], particularly [[Andrey Sheptytsky]]
* 9 April – [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]] returns from exile to head the [[Central Council of Ukraine|Ukrainian Central Council]]
* 10 April – the Ukrainian Central Council supported the convocation of the [[Ukrainian National Congress]]
* 11 April – establishment of the Ukrainian Military Society of Hetman Polubotok headed by [[Mykola Mikhnovsky]], organization of the 1st Ukrainian Volunteer Regiment of Bohdan Khmelnytsky
* 13 April – a big demonstration took place in [[Kyiv]] with over 100,000 people, establishment of the Ukrainian National Council in [[Petrograd]]
* 2–4 May – the Ukrainian National Congress took place in Kyiv, involving about 900 delegates, the Congress confirmed the composition of the Ukrainian Central Council of 150 members headed by [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]]
* 17 May – the commander of the [[Southwestern Front (Russian Empire)|Southwestern Front]] General [[Aleksei Brusilov|Brusilov]] permitted the organization of the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Regiment which drafted 3,574 volunteers
* 18 – 1 May Ukrainian Military Congress took place in Kyiv attended by over 700 delegates. The Congress elected the [[Ukrainian General Military Committee]] of 18 members headed by [[Symon Petliura]]
====Summer 1917====
* 10–15 June – the 1st All-Ukrainian Peasant Congress took place in Kyiv in which 2,200 delegates participated
* 11 June – extraordinary congress of the council of Ukrainian Military Society of Doroshenko in [[Simferopol]] decided to create a separate Ukrainian Regiment
* 18–24 June – ignoring the prohibition of the [[Russian Provisional Government]], the 2nd Ukrainian Military Congress took place in Kyiv. The congress accepted the declaration of a detailed plan of Ukrainization of the Russian Army, leaving Symon Petlyura as the head of the Ukrainian General Military Committee. The congress showed its support to the Ukrainian Central Council. The council of [[Kharkiv Governorate]] recognized the Ukrainian Central Council as a government authority in Ukraine
* 24 June – announcement of the 1st Universal (Declaration) of the Ukrainian Central Council at Sofiyivska Ploshcha (Sofia Square)
* 28 June – the Ukrainian Central Council elects the [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]] as an authority of state power
* 11 July – a delegation of the [[Russian Provisional Government]] (Kerenskyi, Tereshchenko, and Tsereteli) arrived in Kyiv
* 14 July – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted that ''Petty Council'' consisting of 40 representatives from Ukrainian and 18 from national minorities
* 16 July – the Petty Council adopted the 2nd Universal (Declaration) of the Ukrainian Central Council
* 29 July – the Petty Council adopted the Statute of the Highest Government of Ukraine
* 8 August – a terrorist attack took place at the railroad station "Post-Volynsky" (Kyiv) where the newly formed Bohdan Khmelnytsky Regiment was attacked by the Moscow cuirassiers and Don Cossacks
* 17 August – the [[Russian Provisional Government]] issued a temporary instruction (Instruktsia) for the [[General Secretariat of Ukraine|General Secretariat of Provisional Government in Ukraine]] where it recognized the competency of the General Secretariat over five Governorates (Gubernias): Kyiv, Volyn, Poltava, Chernihiv, and Podillia
====Autumn 1917====
* 22 September – the Petty Council adopted the declaration about the [[Ukrainian Constituent Assembly]]. The representatives of national minorities in the Petty Council condemned the intentions of Ukraine to separate from Russia
* 27 September – start of the State Democratic Convention in Petrograd
* 13 October – by the petition of the Kyiv Court Chamber the Russian Provisional Government initiates investigation against the General Secretariat for the intention to convene the [[Ukrainian Constituent Assembly]]
* 7 November – [[October Revolution]] in Petrograd. Petty Council created of the Regional Committee in Protection of Revolution in Ukraine. The committee announced the extension of its powers over the nine Ukrainian governorates
* 8 November – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted a resolution which condemned the revolution. In protest, the [[Bolsheviks]] left the Regional Committee and the Ukrainian Central Council
* 9 November – the commander of the [[Kyiv Military District]] General Kvetsinsky refused to recognize the Regional Committee which in turn was dissolved transferring all its powers to the General Secretariat
* 11 November – arrested Bolsheviks of a revolutionary committee. The Ukrainian Central Council adopted a bill about elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly handing to the Petty Council to finalize the law and conduct the elections
* 14 November – the Ukrainian Central Council and the General Secretary are recognized as state authorities. The General Secretary of Military Affairs [[Symon Petliura]] subordinates the Kyiv militia (law enforcement) to the Ukrainian government
* 20 November – after the announcement of the 3rd Universal (Declaration) the deputies of Russian Cadets V. Krupkov and Polish Kolo V. Rudnytsky surrendered their mandates of the Ukrainian Central Council
* 21 November – the General Secretary of Military Affairs Symon Petliura appoints General [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] a commander of the [[Right-bank Ukraine]] armed forces
* 22 November – in the presence of the French, Italian, and Romanian diplomatic missions, the 3rd Universal (Declaration) was announced at Sofiyivska Ploshcha (Sofia Square)
* 27 November – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted a resolution regarding the [[Kholm Governorate (Ukraine)|Kholm Governorate]] protesting its annexation by Poland
* 30 November – General Secretariat announced that [[Sovnarkom]] is not a legal authority of Russia. The Petty Council adopted the Law "About the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly" where it was established its composition of 301 members:
** Kyiv Governorate – 45
** Volyn Governorate – 30
** Podillya Governorate – 30
** Yekaterinoslav Governorate – 36
** Poltava Governorate – 30
** Kherson Governorate – 34
** Kharkiv Governorate – 35
** Tavria Governorate – 9
** Chernihiv Governorate – 27
** Ostrohozh district – 15
(Each deputy represents 100,000 of population, a right of vote have citizens of 20 years and older; established the Central Election Commission to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly)
====Winter 1917–18====
[[File:Propaganda UPR.jpg|thumbnail|UPR postcard depicting a group with the [[Flag of Ukraine|yellow-blue flag]] and anthem lyrics, defending themselves from a Russian [[Coat of arms of Russia|double-headed eagle]]. (November–December 1917)]]
[[File:UNR postage stamp.JPG|thumb|150px|UPR postage stamp]]
* 14–15 December – the [[Petty Council]] adopted the Law about the General Court, the highest judicial institution of the Ukrainian People's Republic. International diplomatic missions transferred their offices from [[Mohyliv-Podilsky]] to [[Kyiv]]. The government of France on 18 December announced its intention to have a diplomatic relationship with Ukraine. England declared a similar intention
* 19 – 1 December Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' deputies of Ukraine expressed its complete trust to the Ukrainian Central Council and General Secretariat and condemned the Ultimatum of Lenin-Trotsky
* 22 December – the Petty Council adopted the Law on taxes and collections, with which all taxes and collections belonged to the State Treasury of Ukraine
* 23 December – the General Secretariat determined the composition of the Ukrainian delegation to the peace talks in [[Brest-Litovsk]]
* 25 December – the Peace Conference in [[Brest-Litovsk]] sent in a telegram for Ukraine to join the negotiations
* 3 January – General [[:fr:Georges Tabouis|Georges Tabouis]] was appointed the Commissar of French Republic to the Government of Ukrainian People's Republic
* 6 January – start of the peace negotiations in Brest. The head of Ukrainian delegation [[Vsevolod Holubovych]] requests recognition of Ukraine as a sovereign state, adding of the [[Kholm Governorate (Ukraine)|Kholm Governorate]], and conducting a [[plebiscite]] on the territory of [[Austria-Hungary]] where dominated the Ukrainian population to add that territory to Ukraine
* 9 January – 171 delegates were elected to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly
* 10–12 January – the [[Central powers]] recognized the Ukrainian delegation at the talks in Brest as a separate and plenipotentiary to conduct negotiations on the behalf of Ukrainian People's Republic
* 16 January – the Petty Council adopted the law about creation of the Ukrainian National Army and its composition based on a militia principle
* 22 January – the Petty Council adopted the law about the National-Individual Autonomy. For the last text of the 4th Universal (Declaration) voted: "for" – 39 voices, "against" – 4 voices, "abstained" – 6
* 29 January – [[Battle of Kruty]]
* 9 February – the Brest peace treaty was signed with Germany, Austria-Hungary, [[Ottoman Empire]], and Bulgaria
* 10 February – Due to advance of the Russian Bolshevik forces the government of Ukraine was evacuated to [[Zhytomyr]] from Kyiv
* 21 February – the Ukrainian delegation issued a declaration about reasons for the arrival of German forces in Ukraine
* 27 February – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted the law about the introduction in Ukraine a new style of calendar according which a time moves 13 days ahead. The Petty Council adopted the law about the new monetary system. The monetary unit became [[hryvnia]] that had 8.712 units of pure gold. Adoption of the law about the coat of arms of the Ukrainian People's Republic – Trident ([[Tryzub]])
====Spring 1918====
In April 1918 troops loyal to the Ukrainian People's Republic take control of several cities in the [[Donbass|Donbass region]].<ref name="istpravda152320q"/>
* 2 March – the Petty Council adopted the law about citizenship of Ukraine, the law about new administrative system. The Russian established [[gubernia]]s were to be replaced by new administrative unit – zemlia (land)
* 18 March – several perished student-veterans of Kruty were reburied in Kyiv
* 11 April – 12 May 1918 was designated as the first convocation of the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly
* 13 April – Adoption of the Ukrainian Central Council resolution condemning the annexation of [[Bessarabia]] by Romania
* 23 April – an economic treaty is signed between Ukraine and Germany with Austria-Hungary
* 25 April – Adoption of the law about the Central Economic Council of Ukraine
* 29 April – Adopted a bill on the Constitution of Ukraine. The All-Ukrainian Agrarian Congress elects [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] the [[Hetman of Ukraine]]
===Independence===
[[File:UNR 2.1918 Brest-Litovsk.png|thumb|250px|[[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] (9 February 1918):
{{Legend|#D3F47B|Ukrainian People's Republic}}
{{Legend|#D3F47B|Claimed territories (striped)}}
{{Legend|#006600|German troops in autumn, 1917}}
{{Legend|#F5AAA5|Soviet Russia}}
{{Legend|#A0E19D|Don regional government}}
{{Legend|#C4F04D|Kuban regional government}}
{{Legend|#77D9B7|Crimea regional government}}
{{Legend|#FFFF99|Austria-Hungary}}
{{Legend|#D3DEEB|Polish council}}
{{Legend|#DFBF9F|Romania}}
{{Legend|#FFCA79|Moldova}}
{{Legend|#FFE17F|Serbia}}
]]
Due to the aggression from [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]], on 22 January 1918, the Tsentralna Rada issued its [[Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council|Fourth Universal]] (dated 22 January 1918), breaking ties with [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevik Russia]] and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state.<ref>[[Serhy Yekelchyk]], ''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'', [[Oxford University Press]] (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-530546-3}}, p. 72</ref> Less than a month later, on 9 February 1918, the Red Army seized Kyiv.
Besieged by the Bolsheviks and having lost much territory, the Rada was forced to seek foreign aid, and signed the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] on 9 February 1918 to obtain military help from the [[German Empire|German]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] Empires. Germany helped the Ukrainian Army force the Bolsheviks out of Ukraine. On 20 February 1918 the council of the [[Kuban People's Republic]] accepted the resolution for a federal union of Kuban with Ukraine as Bolshevik forces pushed towards [[Yekaterinodar]]. It was agreed to forward the resolution for ratification to the Ukrainian government.
After the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ukraine became a virtual [[protectorate]] of the [[German Empire]] which at that time seemed more favorable{{to whom?|date=September 2022}} than being overrun by the Soviet forces that were spreading [[wiktionary:havoc|havoc]] in the country. Germany was anxious about losing the war and was trying to speed up the process of food extraction from Ukraine, so it decided to install its own administration in the person of [[Generalfeldmarschall]] [[von Eichhorn]] who replaced the [[Colonel General]] [[Alexander von Linsingen]]. On 6 April the commander of the Army group ''Kijew'' issued an order in which he explained his intentions to execute the conditions of the treaty. That, of course, conflicted with the laws of the Ukrainian government, which annulled his order. By April 1918 the [[German Empire|German]]-[[Austro-Hungary|Austrian]] [[Operation Faustschlag]] offensive had completely removed the Bolsheviks from Ukraine.<ref name="brit30076brit">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30076/Ukraine |title=Ukraine - World War I and the struggle for independence |access-date=2008-01-30 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref name="istpravda152320q">{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2018/04/18/152320/ 100 years ago Bakhmut and the rest of Donbass liberated], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (18 April 2018)</ref><ref name="UkrainianWeek16042018UwIbbq">{{citation | last = Tynchenko | first = Yaros | title = The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917–18 | url = http://ukrainianweek.com/History/105648 | work = [[The Ukrainian Week]] | date = 23 March 2018 | access-date = 14 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="retrospective2014031918q">[https://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/29/1918-germany-takes-control-of-crimea/ Germany Takes Control of Crimea], ''[[New York Herald]]'' (18 May 1918)</ref><ref name="harvard11181181bbq">[https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/11181181 War Without Fronts: Atamans and Commissars in Ukraine, 1917–1919] by [[Mikhail Akulov]], [[Harvard University]], August 2013 (pp. 102 and 103)</ref> The German/Austro-Hungarian victories in Ukraine were due to the apathy of the locals and the inferior fighting skills of Bolsheviks troops compared to their Austro-Hungarian and German counterparts.<ref name="harvard11181181bbq"/>
The Germans arrested and disbanded the Tsentralna Rada on 29 April 1918 to stop the social reforms that were taking place and restarted the process of food supply transfer to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The German authorities also arrested the Ukrainian [[Prime Minister]], [[Vsevolod Holubovych]], on terrorist charges, and thus disbanded the Council of People's Ministers. Prior to this, the Rada had approved the [[Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic]]. Concurrently with all these events and a few days prior to the change of powers in the country on 24 April 1918 the government of Belarus confirmed the Belarusian Chamber of Commerce in Kyiv headed by [[Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky]] on the initiative of the Belarusian secretary of finance [[Pyotr Krechevsky]].<ref>[http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/3/24/ic_articles_116_161824/ Babushka with a red wagon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110516/http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/3/24/ic_articles_116_161824/ |date=2 April 2015 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
===Hetmanate===
{{Main|Ukrainian State}}
[[File:Ukrainian State 1918.5-11.png|thumb|250px|May–November, 1918:
{{Legend|#D3F47B|Ukrainian State}}
{{Legend|#D3F47B|Territories of Ukrainian Union (striped)}}
{{Legend|#77D9B7|[[Crimean Regional Government]]}}
{{Legend|#B0E44B|[[Kuban People's Republic]]}}
{{Legend|#E0FEAD|[[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] (19 Oct)}}
{{Legend|#A0E19D|[[Don Republic]]}}
{{Legend|#C1E8E1|[[Belarusian People's Republic]]}}
{{Legend|#FFD2FF|[[Lithuania]]}}
{{Legend|#D3DEEB|[[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]}}
{{Legend|#FFFF99|[[Austria-Hungary]]}}
{{Legend|#DFBF9F|[[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]}}
{{Legend|#FFE17F|[[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]]}}
{{Legend|#F5AAA5|[[RSFSR|Soviet Russia]]}}]]
After the [[coup]], the Rada was replaced by the conservative government of [[Hetman]] [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]], the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]], and the Ukrainian People's Republic by a "Ukrainian State" (''Ukrayinska derzhava''). Skoropadsky, a former officer of the [[Russian Empire]], established a regime favoring large landowners and concentrating power at the top. The government had little support from Ukrainian activists, but unlike the socialist Rada, it was able to establish an effective administrative organization, established diplomatic ties with many countries, and concluded a peace treaty with Soviet Russia. In a few months, the Hetmanate also printed millions of [[Ukrainian language]] textbooks, established many Ukrainian schools, two universities, and the [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine|Ukrainian Academy of Sciences]].
The Hetmanate government also supported the confiscation of previously-nationalized peasant lands by wealthy estate owners, often with the help of German troops. This led to unrest, the rise of a peasant partisan ([[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]]) movement, and a series of large-scale popular armed revolts. Negotiations were held to garner support from previous Rada members [[Petliura]] and [[Vynnychenko]], but these activists worked to overthrow Skoropadsky. On 30 July, a Russian [[Left Socialist-Revolutionary]], [[Boris Mikhailovich Donskoy]], with help from the local [[Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party|USRP]] succeeded in assassinating [[von Eichhorn]], blowing him up in downtown Kyiv at a broadlight.
Due to the impending loss of [[World War I]] by Germany and [[Austria-Hungary]], Skoropadsky's sponsors, the Hetman formed a new cabinet of Russian Monarchists and committed to federation with a possible future non-Bolshevik Russia. In response, the Ukrainian socialists announced a new revolutionary government, the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]], on 14 November 1918.
===Timeline===
====Spring 1918====
* 29 April – All-Ukrainian Agrarian Congress elects [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] as the [[Hetman of Ukraine]]
* 30 April – [[Mykola Vasylenko]] was appointed the Chairman of Council of Ministers and tasked with the formation of government
* 7 May – the Council of Ministers confirmed its intentions to add Crimea to the [[Ukrainian State]]
* 15 May – Signing of a treaty between governments of Ukraine from one side and Germany and Austria-Hungary from another to provide a loan in amount of 400 million [[karbovanets]] for acquiring the Ukrainian food
* 18 May – the Council of Ministers adopted the law about a creation of the State Guard
* 23 May – started [[1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations|peace negotiations]] between representatives of Ukraine and Russia
* 28 May – to Kyiv arrived the plenipotentiary delegation of the Regional Council of Kuban headed by [[Nikolai Ryabovol|Mykola Ryabovol]] with proposition of unification of Kuban with Ukraine
* 30 May – the Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Dmytro Doroshenko]] petitioned with a special letter to the Ambassador of Germany in Ukraine, baron [[Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein]], to include Crimea to Ukraine
====Summer 1918====
* 12 June – the Congress of Landowners and Agrarians of Tavria Governorate that took place in [[Simferopol]] supported the proposition to include Tavria to Ukraine
* 20 June – the All-Ukrainian Church Council took place in Kyiv
* 1 July – adopted the decision about a creation of the Ukrainian university in [[Kamianets-Podilsky]]
* 2 July – adoption of the law about citizenship of the Ukrainian State
* 8 July – creation of the State Senate of the Ukrainian State as the supreme judicial institution
* 9 July – creation of the commission in development of project of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
* 10 July – Kyiv Orthodox clergy lifted the [[anathema on Hetman Mazepa]]
* 24 July – Ukraine and Germany ratified the Brest Peace Treaty, adoption of laws about the general military obligation, criminal responsibility for exceeding the maximum established prices and speculation, appointments to government service
* 27 July – due to the anti-Ukrainian policies of the [[Crimean Regional Government|Crimean government of Sulkevich]] the Ukrainian State established an economical blockade of the peninsula
* 1 August – adoption of laws about supreme government and political position of military servicemen
* 2 August – adoption of the law about the creation of fund of the National Library of Ukrainian State
* 6 August – the All-Ukrainian Church Council called for the [[autocephaly]] of the Ukrainian Church
* 10 August – confirmed the statute of the Ukrainian State Bank and its base and reserve capitals
* 17 August – adopted the law about a restriction on import of the Russian monetary units
* 22 August – in [[Vienna]] Turkey and Ukraine exchanged documents that ratified the Brest Peace Treaty
* 10 September – signing of an economic agreement between Ukraine, Germany, Austria-Hungary for the 1918–1919 fiscal years
* 18 September – temporary stop of custom war with Crimea on the petition of the Sulkevich government
==== Autumn 1918 ====
* 5 October – in Kyiv started negotiations between Ukraine and Crimea about the conditions of Crimea inclusion to Ukraine
* 6 October – Kyiv State Ukrainian University is opened
* 16 October – Hetman of Ukraine issued declaration on the revival of cossackdom
* 17 October – adopted a declaration about organization of volunteer militia on upholding the order of law
* 21 October – Hetman of Ukraine met with the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government headed by Colonel V. Tkachov
* 6 November – the German authorities transferred the ships of the Black Sea fleet to the Ukrainian State
* 13 November – the Soviets annulled the Brest Peace Treaty and refused to recognize the independence of the Ukrainian State
* 13–16 November – signing of agreement about trade, consulate, and sea relationships, railway and financial treaties between the government of Ukraine and the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government
* 14 November – anti-Hetman Uprising
* 26 November – the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is created chaired by [[Vladimir Vernadsky]]
====Winter 1918====
* 5 December – signing of agreement of cooperation between Ukraine and Georgia
* 14 December – Hetman of Ukraine surrender his powers and emigrated to Germany
===Directorate===
{{Main|Directorate of Ukraine}}
[[File:Rząd URL 1920.jpg|300px|right|thumb|The government of the UNR in 1920 - [[Symon Petliura|Symon Petlura]] is sitting in the centre.]]
[[File:Map of Ukraine for Paris Peace Conference.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Proposed borders presented by the Ukrainian delegation at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Conference]]]]
[[File:Ukraine 1920.jpg|thumb|Map of Ukraine attached to a memorandum to the United States Secretary of State in 1920.]]
[[File:Dialektologicheskaia Karta 1914 goda.jpeg|thumb|300px|Language map published by the [[Imperial Russian Geographical Society]] in 1914]]
The Directorate gained massive popularity, and the support of some of Skoropadsky's military units including the Serdiuk Division. Their insurgent army encircled Kyiv on 21 November. After a three-week-long stalemate Skoropadsky abdicated in favor of the Council of Ministers who surrendered to the Revolutionary forces. On 19 December 1918, the Directorate took control of Kyiv.
The Bolsheviks invaded Ukraine from [[Kursk]] in late December 1918 where the new Ukrainian Soviet government was reestablished earlier in November of the same year. On 16 January 1919 Ukraine officially declared a war on Russia while the Russian Soviet government continued to deny all claims of invasion. On 22 January 1919, the Directorate was [[Act Zluky|officially united]] with the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]], although the latter entity ''[[de facto]]'' maintained its own army and government. On 5 February, the Bolsheviks captured Kyiv.{{sfn|Subtelny|2000|p=365}}
Throughout 1919, Ukraine experienced chaos as the armies of the Ukrainian Republic, the Bolsheviks, the Whites, the foreign powers of the [[Triple Entente|Entente]], and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], as well as [[anarchism|anarchist]] forces such as that of [[Nestor Makhno]] tried to prevail. The subsequent [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|Kyiv Offensive]], staged by the Polish army and allied Ukrainian forces, was unable to change the situation. On 10 November 1920, the Directorate lost the remainder of its territory to the Bolsheviks in Volhynia as it crossed into Poland to accept internment.{{sfn|Subtelny|2000|p=375}} In March 1921, the [[Peace of Riga]] sealed a shared control of the territory by Poland, the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], and the [[Ukrainian SSR]].
As the result, the lands of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] (''Halychyna'') as well as a large part of the [[Volhynia]]n territory were incorporated into Poland, while the areas to the east and south became part of Soviet Ukraine.
After its military and political defeat, the Directorate continued to maintain control over some of its military forces. Preempting a planned invasion by its rival [[Archduke Wilhelm of Austria]],<ref>Timothy Snyder (2008). Red Prince: the Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke. New York: Basic Books, pp. 138–148</ref> in October 1921 the [[Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile|Ukrainian National Republic's government-in-exile]] launched a series of guerrilla raids into central Ukraine that reached as far east as [[Kyiv Oblast]]. On 4 November, the Directorate's guerrillas captured [[Korosten]] and seized much military supplies. But on 17 November 1921, this force was surrounded by Bolshevik cavalry and destroyed.
===Timeline===
====Winter 1918–19====
* 14 December – the [[Directorate of Ukraine]] received the state powers in Ukraine after the [[Hetman of Ukraine]] emigrated to Germany
* 16 December – the Directorate renewed the law about National-Individual Autonomy
* 19 December – the grand entry of Directorate to the capital of Ukraine. Military parade at Sofiyivska Ploshcha. Note of protest to the countries of [[Triple Entente|Entente]] due to occupation of ports of the Southern Ukraine ([[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]])
* 26 December – Directorate published a basis of its economic-social policies and political system
* 31 December – Directorate issued a note of protest to the Soviet Russia due to its invasion of Ukraine
* 1 January – Directorate adopted the law about the Supreme body of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Cathedral Church
* 2 January – order of the Chief Otaman [[Symon Petlyura]] to exile all enemies of Ukraine
* 3–4 January – repeated notes of protest to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Russia]] due to its intervention
* 4 January – Directorate adopted the law about Ukrainian monetary unit, hryvnia
* 8 January – the government of Ukraine adopted the Land Law, based on the principles of socialism
* 16 January – declaration of war with [[Moscow]] due to no results of peace negotiations
* 22 January – declaration of [[Akt Zluky|Unification]] between Ukraine and West Ukraine at Sofiyivska Ploshcha
* 23 January – session of Labor Congress initiated by Directorate was opened in Kyiv. The congress attended over 400 delegates, out which 65 represented the West Ukraine. It expressed its trust in Directorate and adopted the law about the form of government in Ukraine
* 2 February – due to the advance of Bolsheviks Directorate moved from Kyiv to [[Vinnytsia]]
* 13 February – Directorate changed the composition of the Council of National Ministers
* 17 February – Directorate petitioned to the governments of [[Triple Entente|Entente]] and the US for help in fight with Bolsheviks
* 27 February – Chief Otaman met with Entente Commission in [[Khodoriv]]
====Spring 1919====
* 15 March – the delegation of West Ukraine headed by [[Yevhen Petrushevych]] met with Directory in [[Proskuriv]] to further discuss development of joint operations
* 4 April – plenipotentiary representative of Ukraine at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Versailles Peace Conference]] H.Sydorenko expressed his protest to the Polish military attack onto the Ukrainian territory and its political and material support by Entente
* 9 April – Directory adopted the declaration on resignation of the Ostapenko government and appointing the new composition of the Council of National Ministers headed by [[Borys Martos]]
* 15 April – the government of Ukraine appointed General [[Oleksandr Osetsky]] as the Otaman of the Army
* 29 April – [[Volodymyr Oskilko]] Affairs
* 9 May – [[Symon Petlyura]] was elected the head of Directory in [[Radyvyliv]]
* 20 May – the peace negotiations of the diplomatic mission of Ukraine with the command of the Polish Army of Haller in [[Lublin]] showed no results
====Summer 1919====
* 12 June – the government of [[Finland]] reestablished its diplomatic relationships with Ukraine
* 16 June – the [[Cardinal Secretary of State]] [[Pietro Gasparri]] informed the Chairman of Directorate S. Petliura on the approval of Count [[Mykhailo Tyshkevych]] as the [[Ambassador of Ukraine to the Holy See]]
* 18 June – the delegation of Ukraine at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Versailles Peace Conference]] together with the representatives of Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Northern Caucasus expressed its protest against recognition of the Supreme Council of the Paris Peace conference the government of [[Admiral Kolchak]] as the Supreme government of Russia
* 20–21 June – signing of a temporary agreement of Ukraine with Poland in [[Lviv]] and establishment of demarcation line (Delwig line)
===Anti-Bolshevik and other uprisings===
The following is the list of numerous uprisings that took place during the formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Some of them were in opposition to the Petlyura's government (such as the Oskilko's Affair), some were against the establishment of the Soviet regime, some took place to eliminate the Entente forces. According to [[Cheka]] documentation, in Ukraine took place 268 uprisings from 1917 through 1932, where in over 100 raions the mutinied peasants were killing chekists, communists, and [[prodotryad]]s that were requisitioning food by force which more resembled [[expropriation]].<ref>[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/4ce329aa2fcf4/ People's War (Ukrainian pravda, photos)] (Ukrainian)</ref>
* [[Makhnovshchina]] ([[Nestor Makhno]])
* Otaman Grigoriev
* Otaman Oskilko Affair ([[Volodymyr Oskilko]])
* Otaman Zelenyi Uprising
* Kholodnyi Yar (Cold Ravine)
* Otaman Kamenyuka
* [[Free Cossacks]] ([[Semen Hryzlo]])
* Zazymia Uprising<ref>[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/02/28/28210/ Left-bank Uprisings (Ukrainian pravda)] (Ukrainian)</ref> ([[Troyeshchyna]]) - Otaman Romashka and Otaman Anhel against Kyiv and Chernihiv [[Cheka]] and [[Bashkir Cavalry Brigade]]
* Anti-Red Army ambush near [[Uman]] in 1920<ref>[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2010/11/1/1847/ Festival in Lehedzyne (Ukrainian pravda)] (Ukrainian)</ref>
== Exile ==
{{main|Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile}}
[[File:026 k.jpg|thumb|alt=Mykola Plaviuk|Mykola Plaviuk, the last President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile]]
[[Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile|The government of Ukrainian People's Republic]] operated in [[Warsaw]], [[Paris]], [[Weimar]], [[Bad Kissingen|Kissingen]], [[Munich]], and [[Philadelphia]].
After the beginning of the World War II [[Taras Bulba-Borovets]], with the support of the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile [[Andriy Livytskyi|Andrii Livytskyi]], crossed the German-Soviet border and started organizing [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|UPA]] military units subordinate to the UPR Government.<ref>Бульба-Боровець Т. Армія без держави: слава і трагедія українського повстанського руху. Спогади.— Вінніпег: Накладом Товариства «Волинь», (''tr, "glory and tragedy of the Ukrainian insurgent movement. Memories.— Winnipeg: Courtesy of the "Volyn" Society"'') 1981.— С. 113—115.</ref>
The 10th Emergency Session of the Ukrainian National Council recognized the state of Ukraine as the successor of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile and agreed to transfer the powers and attributes of state power to the newly elected [[President of Ukraine]] in 1991.<ref name="МП3">''Плав'юк М.'' [http://history.org.ua/?termin=DC_UNR Державний центр УНР на еміграції (ДЦ УНР)] (''tr. "UKR State Center for Emigration (UKR State Center)"'') {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817145856/http://history.org.ua/?termin=DC_UNR|date=17 серпня 2016}}</ref>
==International recognition==
{{see also|Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|Międzymorze}}
The Ukrainian People's Republic was recognized ''[[de jure]]'' in February 1918 by the [[Central Powers]] of [[World War I]] ([[Austria-Hungary]], [[German Empire|Germany]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]])<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/02/12/102668439.pdf TERMS OF PEACE MADE BY UKRAINE; New Republic Gets Increased Territory at Expense of Rest of Russia], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 12 February 1918 ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]])</ref> and by [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevik Russia]], the Baltic States ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]), [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgia]], [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijan]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)|Czechoslovakia]], and the [[Holy See]]. ''[[De facto]]'' recognition was granted by [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], and [[Pahlavi dynasty|Persia]].<ref name="Talmon 1998 289">{{Harv|Talmon|1998|p=289}}</ref> Partial de facto recognition was received from the [[Belarusian Democratic Republic]] (see [[Belarus–Ukraine relations]]).
Later in 1918 Russia chose to withdraw its recognition of independent Ukraine, representing the protocols of the [[Versailles Treaty]] as justification for its action. In 1920 [[Symon Petliura]] and [[Józef Piłsudski]] signed the [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|Warsaw Treaty]] in which both countries established their borders along the [[Zbruch River]].<ref name="Frank2009">{{cite book|author=Alison Fleig Frank|title=Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNaFc1OdN-QC&pg=PA228|date=1 July 2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03718-2|page=228}}</ref><ref name="Debo1992">{{cite book|author=Richard K. Debo|title=Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQfUB0CXBO4C&pg=PA210|year=1992|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-6285-1|pages=210–211}}</ref><ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013">{{cite book|author1=[[Ivan Katchanovski]]|author2=Zenon E. Kohut|author3=Bohdan Y. Nebesio|author4=Myroslav Yurkevich|title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA747|date=11 July 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7847-1|pages=747–}}</ref> The states that previously recognized the Ukrainian People's Republic ceased any relationships with its [[Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile|Government-in-exile]] after they recognized the Soviet Government in Kyiv.<ref name="Talmon 1998 289"/>
===Important diplomatic missions and results===
* Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 9 February 1918 ([[Central Powers]]: ratification of Germany and Turkey)
* [[:pl:Konferencja pokojowa Ukrainy i Rosji (1918)|Preliminary peace treaty]] with the [[Soviet Russia]], 12 June 1918 (renouncement of Brest-Litovsk treaty on 13 November 1918)
* Peace treaty with [[Don Republic]], 8 August 1918
* [[Act Zluky|Unification Act]], 20 January 1919 (unification of two semi-recognized entities), [[Hutsul Republic]] (Eastern [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Zakarpattia]]) announced their will to join as well
* Loss of Kyiv to Soviets on 2 February 1919 and political crisis within the national government of Ukraine
* Resignation of [[Serhiy Ostapenko]] and his government due to failure on series of negotiations with representatives of Entente
* Participation at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919]]
* The Eastern Galician mandate of the [[Jules Cambon]] Commission was approved by the Entente leaders to hand it over the Poland, 21 November 1919
* [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)]] ([[Second Polish Republic|Poland]])
==Demographics==
According to the latest census that was taken 1897, the republic was accounted for over 20 million population in seven former Russian [[guberniya]]s, plus three [[uyezd]]s of the [[Taurida Governorate]] that were located on the mainland.
; National composition (thousands)
* [[Ukrainians]] – 14,931.5 (73%)
* [[Russians]] – 2,146.1 (11%)
* [[Jewish people|Jewish]] – 1,871.8 (9%)
* [[Germans]] – 451.3 (2%)
* [[Polish people|Poles]] – 375.9 (2%)
* [[Belarusians]] – 208.5 (1%)
* [[Romanians]] – 185.7 (1%)
* Other – 1%
==Administrative division==
{{see also|Administrative division of Ukraine (1918)|Administrative divisions of Ukraine (1918–25)}}
On 4 March 1918 the Ukrainian government accepted the law about the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine. The law stated that Ukraine is divided into 32 zemlia (''land'') which are administrated by their respective [[zemstvo]]. This law was not fully implemented as on 29 April 1918 there was the anti-socialist coup in Kyiv, after which Hetman [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] reverted the reform back to the [[guberniya]]-type administration.
==Armed forces==
{{main|Ukrainian People's Army}}
The headquarters of the republic's armed forces was called the General Bulawa and was considered to be located in Kyiv. Of course, due to constant intervention from the Petrograd [[sovnarkom]] and the [[German Empire]] the physical location of it was changing ([[Kamyanets-Podilsky]], [[Bila Tserkva]], others).
===Main military formations (UPR)===
* [[Sich Riflemen]]
** [[Ukrainian Sich Riflemen]] were a similar unit, however, that unit wasn't part of Ukrainian military
* [[Free Cossacks]]
The following three Zaporizhian infantry regiments and the 3 Haidamaka Regiment of the biggest Ukrainian military formation, the Zaporizhian Corps, later were reorganized into the 1 Zaporizhian Division.
* Zaporizhian Corps
* Ukrainian Steppe Division (Anti-Bolshevik revolutionary-military unit)
* Ukrainian Marines
* 1 Riflemen-Cavalry Division (Gray-Coats)
* Blue-Coats
* Sloboda Ukraine Haidamaka Kosh
* 3 Iron Riflemen Division
* [[Ukrainian People's Republic Air Fleet]]
*[[Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic]]
===Main military formations (WUPR)===
* [[Ukrainian Galician Army]], was a military formation of the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]]
==Money and banking==
{{see also|Ukrainian karbovanets}}
In December 1918 a temporary law about the issue of state banknotes by the UPR was adopted. According to this law: "Bank-notes must be issued in karbovanets" ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Карбованець). Each karbovanets contains 17.424 parts of pure gold and is divided into two ''hrivnas'' ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Гривня) or 200 ''[[Ukrainian shah|shahs]]'' ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Шаг).
There were numerous banks in the republic among the most popular ones were the ''Ukrainabank'' and the ''Soyuzbank'' that were created by [[Khrystofor Baranovsky]], the leader of a cooperative movement.
[[File:UkraineP36-10Karbovantsiv-(1919) b.jpg|center|thumb|200x200px|10 karbovantsiv (1918)]]
==Maps==
Green indicates UPR-controlled territory, red indicates the Red Army control, light yellow for the White Army control, dark yellow for Germany, blue for Poland, and brown for Romania. Bold black line indicates the borders of modern Ukraine.
<gallery class="center">
Image:Ukraine map provisional borders 1919.jpg|Provisional borders of Ukraine in 1919
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Portal|Ukraine}}
{{div col}}
* [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]]
* [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]]
* [[Ukraine after the Russian Revolution]]
* [[History of the Jews in Ukraine#Ukrainian People's Republic]]
* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]] – first Ukrainian official currency
* [[Belarusian People's Republic]]
* [[Universal (act)]]
* [[Orange Revolution]]
* [[February 2014 Euromaidan clashes]]
* [[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine]]
* [[2014 Crimean crisis]]
* [[Ukrainian Death Triangle]]
* [[Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Volodymyr Kubiyovych|last=Kubijovyč|first=Volodymyr|year=1963|title=Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia Vol. 1|location=Toronto|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0-8020-3105-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Magosci|first=Paul Robert|year=1996|title=A History of Ukraine|location=[[Toronto]]|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0-8020-7820-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Subtelny |first=Orest |author-link=Orest Subtelny |date=2000 |title=Ukraine: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=2021-05-22 |location=[[Toronto]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |edition=3rd |isbn=0802083900}}
* {{cite book|last=Talmon|first=Stefan|year=1998|title=Recognition of Governments in International Law|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-826573-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Velychenko |first=Stephen |author-link= |date=2010 |title=State building in revolutionary Ukraine: a comparative study of governments and bureaucrats, 1917-1922 |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9781442641327 }}
* {{cite book |last=Yekelchyk |first=Serhy |author-link=Serhy Yekelchyk |date=2007 |title=Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation |url=https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Yekelchyk_Serhii/Ukraine_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation_anhl.pdf |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530545-6}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{Main|Bibliography of Ukrainian history}}
{{See also|List of Slavic studies journals}}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Ukrainian People's Republic}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110214220458/http://www.narodnaviyna.org.ua/eng/index.html People's war 1917–1932 by Kyiv city organization "Memorial"]
* [https://translationreport.com/translation-of-the-universal/ UNIVERSAL of the Ukrainian Central Rada addressed to the Ukrainian people living in and outside of Ukraine.]. Translationreport.
{{Ukrainian Bolshevik Revolution}}
{{Ukrainian historical regions}}
{{Years in Ukraine}}
{{Ukraine topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:country_source:kolossus-ptwiki|display=title}}
[[Category:Ukrainian People's Republic| ]]
[[Category:Modern history of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Russian Revolution in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Ukrainian independence movement]]
[[Category:History of Ukraine (1795–1918)]]
[[Category:History of Ukraine (1918–1991)]]
[[Category:Post–Russian Empire states]]
[[Category:Former Slavic countries]]
[[Category:1910s in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1920s in Ukraine]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1917]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1918]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1918]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1920]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1921]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1918 establishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1918 disestablishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1920 disestablishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1921 disestablishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Russia–Ukraine relations]]
[[Category:Russian-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Former countries of the interwar period]]
[[Category:Former socialist republics]]
[[Category:Former countries]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|1917–1918/1918–1921 state in Eastern Europe}}
{{distinguish|Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets |West Ukrainian People's Republic}}
{{use dmy dates |date= June 2018}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Ukrainian People's Republic
| native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|uk|Українська Народна Республіка|italics=off}}|{{transliteration|uk|Ukrainska Narodna Respublika}}}}
| life_span = 1917–1918<br>1918–1921{{efn|Officially disestablished after the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921. In exile until 1992.}}
| status = Autonomy
| empire = Russian Republic
| status_text = [[Autonomy]] within the {{nobr|[[Russian Republic]]}} {{nobr|(1917–1918)}}<br/>Partially-recognized state {{nobr|(1918–1921)}}<br>[[Government-in-exile]] {{nobr|(1921–1992)}}
| p1 = Southwestern Krai{{!}}'''1917:'''<br>{{nobr|Southwestern Krai}}
| flag_p1 = Flag of Russia.svg
| p2 = Ukrainian State{{!}}'''1918:'''<br>Ukrainian State
| flag_p2 = Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg
| p3 = West Ukrainian People's Republic{{!}}'''1919:'''<br>West Ukrainian People's Republic
| flag_p3 = Flag of Ukraine.svg
| s1 = Ukrainian State{{!}}'''1918:'''<br>Ukrainian State
| flag_s1 = Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg
| s2 = Second Polish Republic{{!}}{{nobr|Second Polish Republic}}
| flag_s2 = Flag of Poland.svg
| s3 = General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia{{!}}General Command {{nobr|of the Armed Forces}} {{nobr|of South Russia}}
| flag_s3 = Flag of Russia.svg
| s4 = Makhnovshchina
| flag_s4 = Махновское_знамя.svg
| s5 = Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic{{!}}'''1919:'''<br>Ukrainian SSR
| flag_s5 = Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR_(1919-1929).svg
| s6 = Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile{{!}}'''1921:'''<br>Ukrainian government-in-exile
| flag_s6 = Flag of Ukraine.svg
| image_coat = Coat of Arms of UNR.svg
| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of Ukraine|Coat of arms]]<br>(1918–1920)
| coa_size = 115px
| image_flag = Flag of Ukraine.svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of Ukraine#Early independence: 1917–1921|Flag]]
| national_anthem = {{lang|uk|Ще не вмерла України}}<br />{{transliteration|uk|Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy}}<br />"[[Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy i slava, i volia|Ukraine has not yet perished]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Ukrainian national anthem 1916 (complete).ogg]]}}
| other_symbol = '''State seal'''<br />[[File:Great state seal of the UPR.svg|120px]]
| image_map = File:UNR 2.1918 Brest-Litovsk.png
| image_map_caption = The map of the Ukrainian People's Republic, following the signing of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] on 9 February 1918. Striped lines indicate the territories claimed, but not controlled, by Ukraine.
<!--
There isn't a lot of maps depicting actual borders of the Ukrainian People's Republic available on Wikipedia. It should be refrained from using the map depicting the proposed borders shown during the Paris Peace Conference, as those were just a proposition, and never were actual borders of the state, nor were they internationally recognized as such. Additionally, it is advised to be careful when considering using the maps from 1918, as they can depict the Ukrainian State instead of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
-->| capital = [[Kyiv]]
| common_languages = '''Official:'''<br>[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<br>'''Widespread:'''<br>[[Russian language|Russian]]<br>'''Minority languages:'''<br>[[Yiddish]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[German language|German]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Urum language|Urum]], etc.
| religion = {{unbulleted list | 85% [[Eastern Orthodox]] | 9% [[Judaism|Jewish]] | 4% [[Roman Catholic]] | 2% other}}
| government_type = [[People's republic]]<!-- A Constitution was approved but never ratified. -->
|leader1 = [[Mykhailo Hrushevskyi]]
|year_leader1 = 1917–1918
|title_leader = [[President of Ukraine|President]] ([[Central Council of Ukraine|Central Council]])
|representative1 = [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]]
|representative2 = [[Symon Petliura]]
|year_representative1 = 1918–1919
|year_representative2 = 1919–1920{{efn|In exile, 1920–1926.}}
|title_representative = [[President of Ukraine|President]] ([[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]])
|deputy1 = [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]]
|deputy2 = [[Volodymyr Chekhivsky]]
|deputy3 = [[Borys Martos]]
|deputy4 = [[Isaak Mazepa]]
|deputy5 = [[Vyacheslav Prokopovych]]
|year_deputy1 = 1917–1918
|year_deputy2 = 1918–1919
|year_deputy3 = 1919
|year_deputy4 = 1919–1920
|year_deputy5 = 1920–1921
|title_deputy = [[Prime minister of Ukraine|Prime minister]]
| legislature = {{nowrap|[[Tsentralna Rada|Central ''Rada'']]{{efn|Dictatorship in 1918, [[Ukrainian Constituent Assembly]] cancelled due to war}}<br/>Labor Congress}}
| area_km2 = 860,000
| era = World War I
| event_pre = Autonomy declared
| date_pre = 23 June 1917
| event_start = Republic proclaimed
| date_start = 20 November
| year_start = 1917
| event1 = Independence
| date_event1 = 22 January 1918
| event4 = [[Act Zluky|Unity Act]] signed
| date_event4 = 22 January 1919
| event3 = {{nowrap|[[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]] defeated}}
| date_event3 = 14 December 1918
| event2 = [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] formed
| date_event2 = 13 November 1918
| event_end = [[Peace of Riga]]
| date_end = 18 March
| year_end = 1921
| event_post = Authority handed over to [[Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine|post-Soviet]] [[Ukraine]]
| date_post = 15 March 1992
| currency = [[Ukrainian karbovanets|Karbovanets]]<br/>[[Ukrainian hryvnia|Hryvnia]]
| demonym = Ukrainian
}}
{{History of Ukraine}}
The '''Ukrainian People's Republic''' ('''UPR'''), or '''Ukrainian National Republic''' ('''UNR'''),{{efn|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: {{lang|uk|Українська Народня Республіка}}, {{small|[[Romanization of Ukrainian|romanized]]:}} {{transliteration|uk|Ukrayinska Narodnya Respublika}}, in modern [[orthography]] {{lang|uk|Українська Народна Республіка}}, {{small|romanized:}} {{transliteration|uk|Ukrayinska Narodna Respublika}}; [[abbreviated]]: {{lang|uk|УНР}}, {{small|romanized:}} {{transliteration|uk|UNR}}}} was a country in [[Eastern Europe]] that existed between 1917 and 1920. It was [[Ukraine after the Russian Revolution|declared]] following the [[February Revolution]] in Russia by the [[First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council|First Universal]]. In March 1917, the National Congress in [[Kyiv]] elected the Central Council composed of socialist parties on the same principles as throughout the rest of the [[Russian Republic]]. The republic's autonomy was recognized by the [[Russian Provisional Government]]. Following the [[October Revolution]], it proclaimed its independence from the Russian Republic on 22 January 1918 by the [[Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council|Fourth Universal]].
During its short existence, the republic went through several political transformations – from the socialist-leaning republic headed by the [[Central Council of Ukraine]] with its [[General Secretariat of Ukraine|general secretariat]] to the socialist republic led by the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] and by [[Symon Petliura]]. Between April and December 1918, the socialist authority of the Ukrainian People's Republic was suspended, having been overthrown by the pro-[[German Empire|German]] [[Ukrainian State]] of [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi]], who was elected as a [[Hetman of Ukraine|Hetman]] by a congress of peasants.{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007}}<ref name=endSkoro>{{cite book |author=Europa Publications |title=Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC&pg=PA849 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=1999 |page=849 |isbn=978-1-85743-058-5}}</ref>{{qn|date=September 2018}} From late 1919, the UNR operated as [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|an ally]] of the [[Second Polish Republic]]. On 10 November 1920, the state lost the remainder of its territory to the [[Bolsheviks]]. The 18 March 1921 [[Peace of Riga]] between the Second Polish Republic, [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] (acting also on behalf of [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Belarus]]), and [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]] sealed the fate of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
After the [[October Revolution]], many governments formed in Ukraine, most notably the [[Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets]] (1917–1918) based in [[Kharkiv]], and its Soviet successors. This force, along with the Ukrainian Republic (based in [[Kyiv]]), plus the [[White Movement]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Green armies]], and the [[Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine|Anarchists]], fought constantly with each other, which resulted in many casualties among [[Ukrainians]] fighting in a [[Ukrainian War of Independence|1917–21 Ukrainian Civil War]] as part of the wider [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917–23. The Russian [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|SFSR]] would (after the [[Peace of Riga|1921 Treaty of Riga]]) extend control over what would ultimately become the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] and (in 1922) a founding member of the [[Soviet Union]].{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007}}
== History ==
{{Prose|section|date=April 2022}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2017}}
===Revolutionary wave===
{{see also|Central Council of Ukraine|General Secretariat of Ukraine|Odesa Soviet Republic|Ukraine after the Russian Revolution}}
[[File:Dismembered Russia — Some Fragments (NYT article, Feb. 17, 1918).png|thumb|left|250px|A February 1918 article from ''[[The New York Times]]'' shows a map of the [[Russian Empire|Russian Imperial]] territories claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic at the time, before the annexation of the Austro-Hungarian lands of the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]].]]
On 10 June 1917, the [[Central Council of Ukraine]] declared its autonomy as part of the [[Russian Republic]] by its [[First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council|First Universal]] at the All-Ukrainian Military Congress. The highest governing body of the Ukrainian People's Republic became the [[General Secretariat of Ukraine|General Secretariat]] headed by [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]]. The Prime Minister of Russia [[Alexander Kerensky]] recognized the Secretariat, appointing it as the representative governing body of the [[Russian Provisional Government]] and limiting its powers to five [[Governorate (Russia)|governorates]]: [[Volyn Governorate|Volyn]], [[Kyiv Governorate|Kyiv]], [[Podolia Governorate|Podolia]], [[Chernigov Governorate|Chernigov]], and [[Poltava Governorate|Poltava]]. At first Vynnychenko protested and left his post as Secretariat leader, but eventually returned to reassemble the Secretariat after the Tsentralna Rada accepted the ''Kerensky Instruktsiya'' and issued the [[Second Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council|Second Universal]].
After the [[October Revolution]] the Kyivan faction of the [[Bolshevik]] Party instigated the [[Kyiv Bolshevik Uprising|uprising in Kyiv]] on 8 November 1917 in order to establish Soviet power in the city. [[Kiev Military District|Kyiv Military District]] forces attempted to stop it, but after the Tsentralna Rada threw its support behind the Bolsheviks, the Russian forces were eliminated from Kyiv. After expelling the government forces, the Rada announced a wider autonomy for the Ukrainian Republic, still maintaining ties to Russia, on 22 November 1917. The territory of the republic was proclaimed by the [[Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council|Third Universal]] 20 November 1917 (7 November by Old Style)<ref>[http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=n0005300-17 The Third Universal in the archives of the Verkhovna Rada] {{in lang|uk}}</ref> of the Tsentralna Rada encompassing the governorates: Volyn, Kyiv, Podolie, Chernigov, Poltava, [[Kharkov Governorate|Kharkov]], [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate|Yekaterinoslav]], [[Kherson Governorate|Kherson]], [[Taurida Governorate|Taurida]] (not including [[Crimea]]). It also stated that the people of the governorates: [[Voronezh Governorate|Voronezh]], [[Kholm Governorate (Ukraine)|Kholm]], and [[Kursk Governorate|Kursk]] were welcome to join the republic through a [[referendum]]. Further the Tsentralna Rada in its Universal stated that because there was no Government in the Russian Republic after the [[October Revolution]] it proclaimed itself the Supreme governing body of the territory of Ukraine until order in the Russian republic could be restored. The [[Central Council of Ukraine]] called all revolutionary activities such as the October Revolution a [[civil war]] and expressed its hopes for the resolution of the chaos.
After a brief truce, the Bolsheviks realized that the Rada had no intention of supporting the Bolshevik Revolution. They re-organized into an [[All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets|All-Ukrainian Council of Soviets]] in December 1917 in an attempt to seize power. When that failed due to the Bolsheviks' relative lack of popularity in Kyiv, they moved to [[Kharkiv]]. The Bolsheviks of Ukraine declared the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic outlawed and proclaimed the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets]] with capital in Kyiv, claiming that the government of the [[People's Secretariat|People's Secretaries of Ukraine]] was the only government in the country. The Bolshevik [[Red Army]] entered Ukraine from the [[Russian SFSR]] in support of the local Soviet government. As the relationships between members within the Tsentralna Rada soured, a series of regional Soviet republics on the territory of Ukraine proclaimed their independence and allegiance to the Petrograd [[sovnarkom]] ([[Odessa Soviet Republic]] (southern Ukraine), [[Donetsk-Krivoi Rog Soviet Republic]] (eastern Ukraine)). The Donetsk-Kryvoi Rog Republic was created by a direct decree of [[Lenin]] as part of the Russian SFSR with its capital in Kharkiv. That decree was successfully implemented by [[Fyodor Sergeyev]] who became the chairman of the local government as well as joining the Soviet government of Ukraine, simultaneously. Unlike ''Fyodor Sergeyev's'' Republic, the Odessa Republic was not recognized by any other Bolshevik governments and on its own initiative had entered a military conflict with [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] for control over the [[Moldavian Democratic Republic]], whose territory it was contesting.
[[File:1919 Ukraine DIPLOMATIC pass. - Vienna.jpg|thumb|1919 Ukraine People's Republic Diplomatic passport issued for serving in Switzerland]]
===Timeline===
The following information is based on the exposition of the Museum of Soviet occupation in Kyiv ([[Memorial (society)|Memorial]] in Kyiv).<ref>[http://memorial.kiev.ua/index.html Official website of Kyiv Memorial]</ref>
====Spring 1917====
* 8–12 March – [[February Revolution]] in the [[Russian Empire]], victory of the democratic forces
* 17 March – establishment of the [[Central Council of Ukraine|Ukrainian Central Council]]
* 4 April – recreation of [[Prosvita]], establishment of the Ukrainian Cooperative Committee, and the Temporary Military Council, liberation of the people of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]], particularly [[Andrey Sheptytsky]]
* 9 April – [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]] returns from exile to head the [[Central Council of Ukraine|Ukrainian Central Council]]
* 10 April – the Ukrainian Central Council supported the convocation of the [[Ukrainian National Congress]]
* 11 April – establishment of the Ukrainian Military Society of Hetman Polubotok headed by [[Mykola Mikhnovsky]], organization of the 1st Ukrainian Volunteer Regiment of Bohdan Khmelnytsky
* 13 April – a big demonstration took place in [[Kyiv]] with over 100,000 people, establishment of the Ukrainian National Council in [[Petrograd]]
* 2–4 May – the Ukrainian National Congress took place in Kyiv, involving about 900 delegates, the Congress confirmed the composition of the Ukrainian Central Council of 150 members headed by [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]]
* 17 May – the commander of the [[Southwestern Front (Russian Empire)|Southwestern Front]] General [[Aleksei Brusilov|Brusilov]] permitted the organization of the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Regiment which drafted 3,574 volunteers
* 18 – 1 May Ukrainian Military Congress took place in Kyiv attended by over 700 delegates. The Congress elected the [[Ukrainian General Military Committee]] of 18 members headed by [[Symon Petliura]]
====Summer 1917====
* 10–15 June – the 1st All-Ukrainian Peasant Congress took place in Kyiv in which 2,200 delegates participated
* 11 June – extraordinary congress of the council of Ukrainian Military Society of Doroshenko in [[Simferopol]] decided to create a separate Ukrainian Regiment
* 18–24 June – ignoring the prohibition of the [[Russian Provisional Government]], the 2nd Ukrainian Military Congress took place in Kyiv. The congress accepted the declaration of a detailed plan of Ukrainization of the Russian Army, leaving Symon Petlyura as the head of the Ukrainian General Military Committee. The congress showed its support to the Ukrainian Central Council. The council of [[Kharkiv Governorate]] recognized the Ukrainian Central Council as a government authority in Ukraine
* 24 June – announcement of the 1st Universal (Declaration) of the Ukrainian Central Council at Sofiyivska Ploshcha (Sofia Square)
* 28 June – the Ukrainian Central Council elects the [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]] as an authority of state power
* 11 July – a delegation of the [[Russian Provisional Government]] (Kerenskyi, Tereshchenko, and Tsereteli) arrived in Kyiv
* 14 July – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted that ''Petty Council'' consisting of 40 representatives from Ukrainian and 18 from national minorities
* 16 July – the Petty Council adopted the 2nd Universal (Declaration) of the Ukrainian Central Council
* 29 July – the Petty Council adopted the Statute of the Highest Government of Ukraine
* 8 August – a terrorist attack took place at the railroad station "Post-Volynsky" (Kyiv) where the newly formed Bohdan Khmelnytsky Regiment was attacked by the Moscow cuirassiers and Don Cossacks
* 17 August – the [[Russian Provisional Government]] issued a temporary instruction (Instruktsia) for the [[General Secretariat of Ukraine|General Secretariat of Provisional Government in Ukraine]] where it recognized the competency of the General Secretariat over five Governorates (Gubernias): Kyiv, Volyn, Poltava, Chernihiv, and Podillia
====Autumn 1917====
* 22 September – the Petty Council adopted the declaration about the [[Ukrainian Constituent Assembly]]. The representatives of national minorities in the Petty Council condemned the intentions of Ukraine to separate from Russia
* 27 September – start of the State Democratic Convention in Petrograd
* 13 October – by the petition of the Kyiv Court Chamber the Russian Provisional Government initiates investigation against the General Secretariat for the intention to convene the [[Ukrainian Constituent Assembly]]
* 7 November – [[October Revolution]] in Petrograd. Petty Council created of the Regional Committee in Protection of Revolution in Ukraine. The committee announced the extension of its powers over the nine Ukrainian governorates
* 8 November – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted a resolution which condemned the revolution. In protest, the [[Bolsheviks]] left the Regional Committee and the Ukrainian Central Council
* 9 November – the commander of the [[Kyiv Military District]] General Kvetsinsky refused to recognize the Regional Committee which in turn was dissolved transferring all its powers to the General Secretariat
* 11 November – arrested Bolsheviks of a revolutionary committee. The Ukrainian Central Council adopted a bill about elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly handing to the Petty Council to finalize the law and conduct the elections
* 14 November – the Ukrainian Central Council and the General Secretary are recognized as state authorities. The General Secretary of Military Affairs [[Symon Petliura]] subordinates the Kyiv militia (law enforcement) to the Ukrainian government
* 20 November – after the announcement of the 3rd Universal (Declaration) the deputies of Russian Cadets V. Krupkov and Polish Kolo V. Rudnytsky surrendered their mandates of the Ukrainian Central Council
* 21 November – the General Secretary of Military Affairs Symon Petliura appoints General [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] a commander of the [[Right-bank Ukraine]] armed forces
* 22 November – in the presence of the French, Italian, and Romanian diplomatic missions, the 3rd Universal (Declaration) was announced at Sofiyivska Ploshcha (Sofia Square)
* 27 November – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted a resolution regarding the [[Kholm Governorate (Ukraine)|Kholm Governorate]] protesting its annexation by Poland
* 30 November – General Secretariat announced that [[Sovnarkom]] is not a legal authority of Russia. The Petty Council adopted the Law "About the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly" where it was established its composition of 301 members:
** Kyiv Governorate – 45
** Volyn Governorate – 30
** Podillya Governorate – 30
** Yekaterinoslav Governorate – 36
** Poltava Governorate – 30
** Kherson Governorate – 34
** Kharkiv Governorate – 35
** Tavria Governorate – 9
** Chernihiv Governorate – 27
** Ostrohozh district – 15
(Each deputy represents 100,000 of population, a right of vote have citizens of 20 years and older; established the Central Election Commission to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly)
====Winter 1917–18====
[[File:Propaganda UPR.jpg|thumbnail|UPR postcard depicting a group with the [[Flag of Ukraine|yellow-blue flag]] and anthem lyrics, defending themselves from a Russian [[Coat of arms of Russia|double-headed eagle]]. (November–December 1917)]]
[[File:UNR postage stamp.JPG|thumb|150px|UPR postage stamp]]
* 14–15 December – the [[Petty Council]] adopted the Law about the General Court, the highest judicial institution of the Ukrainian People's Republic. International diplomatic missions transferred their offices from [[Mohyliv-Podilsky]] to [[Kyiv]]. The government of France on 18 December announced its intention to have a diplomatic relationship with Ukraine. England declared a similar intention
* 19 – 1 December Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' deputies of Ukraine expressed its complete trust to the Ukrainian Central Council and General Secretariat and condemned the Ultimatum of Lenin-Trotsky
* 22 December – the Petty Council adopted the Law on taxes and collections, with which all taxes and collections belonged to the State Treasury of Ukraine
* 23 December – the General Secretariat determined the composition of the Ukrainian delegation to the peace talks in [[Brest-Litovsk]]
* 25 December – the Peace Conference in [[Brest-Litovsk]] sent in a telegram for Ukraine to join the negotiations
* 3 January – General [[:fr:Georges Tabouis|Georges Tabouis]] was appointed the Commissar of French Republic to the Government of Ukrainian People's Republic
* 6 January – start of the peace negotiations in Brest. The head of Ukrainian delegation [[Vsevolod Holubovych]] requests recognition of Ukraine as a sovereign state, adding of the [[Kholm Governorate (Ukraine)|Kholm Governorate]], and conducting a [[plebiscite]] on the territory of [[Austria-Hungary]] where dominated the Ukrainian population to add that territory to Ukraine
* 9 January – 171 delegates were elected to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly
* 10–12 January – the [[Central powers]] recognized the Ukrainian delegation at the talks in Brest as a separate and plenipotentiary to conduct negotiations on the behalf of Ukrainian People's Republic
* 16 January – the Petty Council adopted the law about creation of the Ukrainian National Army and its composition based on a militia principle
* 22 January – the Petty Council adopted the law about the National-Individual Autonomy. For the last text of the 4th Universal (Declaration) voted: "for" – 39 voices, "against" – 4 voices, "abstained" – 6
* 29 January – [[Battle of Kruty]]
* 9 February – the Brest peace treaty was signed with Germany, Austria-Hungary, [[Ottoman Empire]], and Bulgaria
* 10 February – Due to advance of the Russian Bolshevik forces the government of Ukraine was evacuated to [[Zhytomyr]] from Kyiv
* 21 February – the Ukrainian delegation issued a declaration about reasons for the arrival of German forces in Ukraine
* 27 February – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted the law about the introduction in Ukraine a new style of calendar according which a time moves 13 days ahead. The Petty Council adopted the law about the new monetary system. The monetary unit became [[hryvnia]] that had 8.712 units of pure gold. Adoption of the law about the coat of arms of the Ukrainian People's Republic – Trident ([[Tryzub]])
====Spring 1918====
In April 1918 troops loyal to the Ukrainian People's Republic take control of several cities in the [[Donbass|Donbass region]].<ref name="istpravda152320q"/>
* 2 March – the Petty Council adopted the law about citizenship of Ukraine, the law about new administrative system. The Russian established [[gubernia]]s were to be replaced by new administrative unit – zemlia (land)
* 18 March – several perished student-veterans of Kruty were reburied in Kyiv
* 11 April – 12 May 1918 was designated as the first convocation of the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly
* 13 April – Adoption of the Ukrainian Central Council resolution condemning the annexation of [[Bessarabia]] by Romania
* 23 April – an economic treaty is signed between Ukraine and Germany with Austria-Hungary
* 25 April – Adoption of the law about the Central Economic Council of Ukraine
* 29 April – Adopted a bill on the Constitution of Ukraine. The All-Ukrainian Agrarian Congress elects [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] the [[Hetman of Ukraine]]
===Independence===
[[File:UNR 2.1918 Brest-Litovsk.png|thumb|250px|[[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] (9 February 1918):
{{Legend|#D3F47B|Ukrainian People's Republic}}
{{Legend|#D3F47B|Claimed territories (striped)}}
{{Legend|#006600|German troops in autumn, 1917}}
{{Legend|#F5AAA5|Soviet Russia}}
{{Legend|#A0E19D|Don regional government}}
{{Legend|#C4F04D|Kuban regional government}}
{{Legend|#77D9B7|Crimea regional government}}
{{Legend|#FFFF99|Austria-Hungary}}
{{Legend|#D3DEEB|Polish council}}
{{Legend|#DFBF9F|Romania}}
{{Legend|#FFCA79|Moldova}}
{{Legend|#FFE17F|Serbia}}
]]
Due to the aggression from [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]], on 22 January 1918, the Tsentralna Rada issued its [[Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council|Fourth Universal]] (dated 22 January 1918), breaking ties with [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevik Russia]] and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state.<ref>[[Serhy Yekelchyk]], ''Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation'', [[Oxford University Press]] (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-19-530546-3}}, p. 72</ref> Less than a month later, on 9 February 1918, the Red Army seized Kyiv.
Besieged by the Bolsheviks and having lost much territory, the Rada was forced to seek foreign aid, and signed the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] on 9 February 1918 to obtain military help from the [[German Empire|German]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] Empires. Germany helped the Ukrainian Army force the Bolsheviks out of Ukraine. On 20 February 1918 the council of the [[Kuban People's Republic]] accepted the resolution for a federal union of Kuban with Ukraine as Bolshevik forces pushed towards [[Yekaterinodar]]. It was agreed to forward the resolution for ratification to the Ukrainian government.
After the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ukraine became a virtual [[protectorate]] of the [[German Empire]] which at that time seemed more favorable{{to whom?|date=September 2022}} than being overrun by the Soviet forces that were spreading [[wiktionary:havoc|havoc]] in the country. Germany was anxious about losing the war and was trying to speed up the process of food extraction from Ukraine, so it decided to install its own administration in the person of [[Generalfeldmarschall]] [[von Eichhorn]] who replaced the [[Colonel General]] [[Alexander von Linsingen]]. On 6 April the commander of the Army group ''Kijew'' issued an order in which he explained his intentions to execute the conditions of the treaty. That, of course, conflicted with the laws of the Ukrainian government, which annulled his order. By April 1918 the [[German Empire|German]]-[[Austro-Hungary|Austrian]] [[Operation Faustschlag]] offensive had completely removed the Bolsheviks from Ukraine.<ref name="brit30076brit">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30076/Ukraine |title=Ukraine - World War I and the struggle for independence |access-date=2008-01-30 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref name="istpravda152320q">{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2018/04/18/152320/ 100 years ago Bakhmut and the rest of Donbass liberated], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (18 April 2018)</ref><ref name="UkrainianWeek16042018UwIbbq">{{citation | last = Tynchenko | first = Yaros | title = The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917–18 | url = http://ukrainianweek.com/History/105648 | work = [[The Ukrainian Week]] | date = 23 March 2018 | access-date = 14 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="retrospective2014031918q">[https://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/29/1918-germany-takes-control-of-crimea/ Germany Takes Control of Crimea], ''[[New York Herald]]'' (18 May 1918)</ref><ref name="harvard11181181bbq">[https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/11181181 War Without Fronts: Atamans and Commissars in Ukraine, 1917–1919] by [[Mikhail Akulov]], [[Harvard University]], August 2013 (pp. 102 and 103)</ref> The German/Austro-Hungarian victories in Ukraine were due to the apathy of the locals and the inferior fighting skills of Bolsheviks troops compared to their Austro-Hungarian and German counterparts.<ref name="harvard11181181bbq"/>
The Germans arrested and disbanded the Tsentralna Rada on 29 April 1918 to stop the social reforms that were taking place and restarted the process of food supply transfer to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The German authorities also arrested the Ukrainian [[Prime Minister]], [[Vsevolod Holubovych]], on terrorist charges, and thus disbanded the Council of People's Ministers. Prior to this, the Rada had approved the [[Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic]]. Concurrently with all these events and a few days prior to the change of powers in the country on 24 April 1918 the government of Belarus confirmed the Belarusian Chamber of Commerce in Kyiv headed by [[Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky]] on the initiative of the Belarusian secretary of finance [[Pyotr Krechevsky]].<ref>[http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/3/24/ic_articles_116_161824/ Babushka with a red wagon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110516/http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/3/24/ic_articles_116_161824/ |date=2 April 2015 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
===Hetmanate===
{{Main|Ukrainian State}}
[[File:Ukrainian State 1918.5-11.png|thumb|250px|May–November, 1918:
{{Legend|#D3F47B|Ukrainian State}}
{{Legend|#D3F47B|Territories of Ukrainian Union (striped)}}
{{Legend|#77D9B7|[[Crimean Regional Government]]}}
{{Legend|#B0E44B|[[Kuban People's Republic]]}}
{{Legend|#E0FEAD|[[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] (19 Oct)}}
{{Legend|#A0E19D|[[Don Republic]]}}
{{Legend|#C1E8E1|[[Belarusian People's Republic]]}}
{{Legend|#FFD2FF|[[Lithuania]]}}
{{Legend|#D3DEEB|[[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]}}
{{Legend|#FFFF99|[[Austria-Hungary]]}}
{{Legend|#DFBF9F|[[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]}}
{{Legend|#FFE17F|[[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]]}}
{{Legend|#F5AAA5|[[RSFSR|Soviet Russia]]}}]]
After the [[coup]], the Rada was replaced by the conservative government of [[Hetman]] [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]], the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]], and the Ukrainian People's Republic by a "Ukrainian State" (''Ukrayinska derzhava''). Skoropadsky, a former officer of the [[Russian Empire]], established a regime favoring large landowners and concentrating power at the top. The government had little support from Ukrainian activists, but unlike the socialist Rada, it was able to establish an effective administrative organization, established diplomatic ties with many countries, and concluded a peace treaty with Soviet Russia. In a few months, the Hetmanate also printed millions of [[Ukrainian language]] textbooks, established many Ukrainian schools, two universities, and the [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine|Ukrainian Academy of Sciences]].
The Hetmanate government also supported the confiscation of previously-nationalized peasant lands by wealthy estate owners, often with the help of German troops. This led to unrest, the rise of a peasant partisan ([[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]]) movement, and a series of large-scale popular armed revolts. Negotiations were held to garner support from previous Rada members [[Petliura]] and [[Vynnychenko]], but these activists worked to overthrow Skoropadsky. On 30 July, a Russian [[Left Socialist-Revolutionary]], [[Boris Mikhailovich Donskoy]], with help from the local [[Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party|USRP]] succeeded in assassinating [[von Eichhorn]], blowing him up in downtown Kyiv at a broadlight.
Due to the impending loss of [[World War I]] by Germany and [[Austria-Hungary]], Skoropadsky's sponsors, the Hetman formed a new cabinet of Russian Monarchists and committed to federation with a possible future non-Bolshevik Russia. In response, the Ukrainian socialists announced a new revolutionary government, the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]], on 14 November 1918.
===Timeline===
====Spring 1918====
* 29 April – All-Ukrainian Agrarian Congress elects [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] as the [[Hetman of Ukraine]]
* 30 April – [[Mykola Vasylenko]] was appointed the Chairman of Council of Ministers and tasked with the formation of government
* 7 May – the Council of Ministers confirmed its intentions to add Crimea to the [[Ukrainian State]]
* 15 May – Signing of a treaty between governments of Ukraine from one side and Germany and Austria-Hungary from another to provide a loan in amount of 400 million [[karbovanets]] for acquiring the Ukrainian food
* 18 May – the Council of Ministers adopted the law about a creation of the State Guard
* 23 May – started [[1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations|peace negotiations]] between representatives of Ukraine and Russia
* 28 May – to Kyiv arrived the plenipotentiary delegation of the Regional Council of Kuban headed by [[Nikolai Ryabovol|Mykola Ryabovol]] with proposition of unification of Kuban with Ukraine
* 30 May – the Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Dmytro Doroshenko]] petitioned with a special letter to the Ambassador of Germany in Ukraine, baron [[Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein]], to include Crimea to Ukraine
====Summer 1918====
* 12 June – the Congress of Landowners and Agrarians of Tavria Governorate that took place in [[Simferopol]] supported the proposition to include Tavria to Ukraine
* 20 June – the All-Ukrainian Church Council took place in Kyiv
* 1 July – adopted the decision about a creation of the Ukrainian university in [[Kamianets-Podilsky]]
* 2 July – adoption of the law about citizenship of the Ukrainian State
* 8 July – creation of the State Senate of the Ukrainian State as the supreme judicial institution
* 9 July – creation of the commission in development of project of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
* 10 July – Kyiv Orthodox clergy lifted the [[anathema on Hetman Mazepa]]
* 24 July – Ukraine and Germany ratified the Brest Peace Treaty, adoption of laws about the general military obligation, criminal responsibility for exceeding the maximum established prices and speculation, appointments to government service
* 27 July – due to the anti-Ukrainian policies of the [[Crimean Regional Government|Crimean government of Sulkevich]] the Ukrainian State established an economical blockade of the peninsula
* 1 August – adoption of laws about supreme government and political position of military servicemen
* 2 August – adoption of the law about the creation of fund of the National Library of Ukrainian State
* 6 August – the All-Ukrainian Church Council called for the [[autocephaly]] of the Ukrainian Church
* 10 August – confirmed the statute of the Ukrainian State Bank and its base and reserve capitals
* 17 August – adopted the law about a restriction on import of the Russian monetary units
* 22 August – in [[Vienna]] Turkey and Ukraine exchanged documents that ratified the Brest Peace Treaty
* 10 September – signing of an economic agreement between Ukraine, Germany, Austria-Hungary for the 1918–1919 fiscal years
* 18 September – temporary stop of custom war with Crimea on the petition of the Sulkevich government
==== Autumn 1918 ====
* 5 October – in Kyiv started negotiations between Ukraine and Crimea about the conditions of Crimea inclusion to Ukraine
* 6 October – Kyiv State Ukrainian University is opened
* 16 October – Hetman of Ukraine issued declaration on the revival of cossackdom
* 17 October – adopted a declaration about organization of volunteer militia on upholding the order of law
* 21 October – Hetman of Ukraine met with the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government headed by Colonel V. Tkachov
* 6 November – the German authorities transferred the ships of the Black Sea fleet to the Ukrainian State
* 13 November – the Soviets annulled the Brest Peace Treaty and refused to recognize the independence of the Ukrainian State
* 13–16 November – signing of agreement about trade, consulate, and sea relationships, railway and financial treaties between the government of Ukraine and the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government
* 14 November – anti-Hetman Uprising
* 26 November – the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is created chaired by [[Vladimir Vernadsky]]
====Winter 1918====
* 5 December – signing of agreement of cooperation between Ukraine and Georgia
* 14 December – Hetman of Ukraine surrender his powers and emigrated to Germany
===Directorate===
{{Main|Directorate of Ukraine}}
[[File:Rząd URL 1920.jpg|300px|right|thumb|The government of the UNR in 1920 - [[Symon Petliura|Symon Petlura]] is sitting in the centre.]]
[[File:Map of Ukraine for Paris Peace Conference.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Proposed borders presented by the Ukrainian delegation at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Conference]]]]
[[File:Ukraine 1920.jpg|thumb|Map of Ukraine attached to a memorandum to the United States Secretary of State in 1920.]]
[[File:Dialektologicheskaia Karta 1914 goda.jpeg|thumb|300px|Language map published by the [[Imperial Russian Geographical Society]] in 1914]]
The Directorate gained massive popularity, and the support of some of Skoropadsky's military units including the Serdiuk Division. Their insurgent army encircled Kyiv on 21 November. After a three-week-long stalemate Skoropadsky abdicated in favor of the Council of Ministers who surrendered to the Revolutionary forces. On 19 December 1918, the Directorate took control of Kyiv.
The Bolsheviks invaded Ukraine from [[Kursk]] in late December 1918 where the new Ukrainian Soviet government was reestablished earlier in November of the same year. On 16 January 1919 Ukraine officially declared a war on Russia while the Russian Soviet government continued to deny all claims of invasion. On 22 January 1919, the Directorate was [[Act Zluky|officially united]] with the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]], although the latter entity ''[[de facto]]'' maintained its own army and government. On 5 February, the Bolsheviks captured Kyiv.{{sfn|Subtelny|2000|p=365}}
Throughout 1919, Ukraine experienced chaos as the armies of the Ukrainian Republic, the Bolsheviks, the Whites, the foreign powers of the [[Triple Entente|Entente]], and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], as well as [[anarchism|anarchist]] forces such as that of [[Nestor Makhno]] tried to prevail. The subsequent [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|Kyiv Offensive]], staged by the Polish army and allied Ukrainian forces, was unable to change the situation. On 10 November 1920, the Directorate lost the remainder of its territory to the Bolsheviks in Volhynia as it crossed into Poland to accept internment.{{sfn|Subtelny|2000|p=375}} In March 1921, the [[Peace of Riga]] sealed a shared control of the territory by Poland, the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], and the [[Ukrainian SSR]].
As the result, the lands of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] (''Halychyna'') as well as a large part of the [[Volhynia]]n territory were incorporated into Poland, while the areas to the east and south became part of Soviet Ukraine.
After its military and political defeat, the Directorate continued to maintain control over some of its military forces. Preempting a planned invasion by its rival [[Archduke Wilhelm of Austria]],<ref>Timothy Snyder (2008). Red Prince: the Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke. New York: Basic Books, pp. 138–148</ref> in October 1921 the [[Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile|Ukrainian National Republic's government-in-exile]] launched a series of guerrilla raids into central Ukraine that reached as far east as [[Kyiv Oblast]]. On 4 November, the Directorate's guerrillas captured [[Korosten]] and seized much military supplies. But on 17 November 1921, this force was surrounded by Bolshevik cavalry and destroyed.
===Timeline===
====Winter 1918–19====
* 14 December – the [[Directorate of Ukraine]] received the state powers in Ukraine after the [[Hetman of Ukraine]] emigrated to Germany
* 16 December – the Directorate renewed the law about National-Individual Autonomy
* 19 December – the grand entry of Directorate to the capital of Ukraine. Military parade at Sofiyivska Ploshcha. Note of protest to the countries of [[Triple Entente|Entente]] due to occupation of ports of the Southern Ukraine ([[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]])
* 26 December – Directorate published a basis of its economic-social policies and political system
* 31 December – Directorate issued a note of protest to the Soviet Russia due to its invasion of Ukraine
* 1 January – Directorate adopted the law about the Supreme body of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Cathedral Church
* 2 January – order of the Chief Otaman [[Symon Petlyura]] to exile all enemies of Ukraine
* 3–4 January – repeated notes of protest to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Russia]] due to its intervention
* 4 January – Directorate adopted the law about Ukrainian monetary unit, hryvnia
* 8 January – the government of Ukraine adopted the Land Law, based on the principles of socialism
* 16 January – declaration of war with [[Moscow]] due to no results of peace negotiations
* 22 January – declaration of [[Akt Zluky|Unification]] between Ukraine and West Ukraine at Sofiyivska Ploshcha
* 23 January – session of Labor Congress initiated by Directorate was opened in Kyiv. The congress attended over 400 delegates, out which 65 represented the West Ukraine. It expressed its trust in Directorate and adopted the law about the form of government in Ukraine
* 2 February – due to the advance of Bolsheviks Directorate moved from Kyiv to [[Vinnytsia]]
* 13 February – Directorate changed the composition of the Council of National Ministers
* 17 February – Directorate petitioned to the governments of [[Triple Entente|Entente]] and the US for help in fight with Bolsheviks
* 27 February – Chief Otaman met with Entente Commission in [[Khodoriv]]
====Spring 1919====
* 15 March – the delegation of West Ukraine headed by [[Yevhen Petrushevych]] met with Directory in [[Proskuriv]] to further discuss development of joint operations
* 4 April – plenipotentiary representative of Ukraine at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Versailles Peace Conference]] H.Sydorenko expressed his protest to the Polish military attack onto the Ukrainian territory and its political and material support by Entente
* 9 April – Directory adopted the declaration on resignation of the Ostapenko government and appointing the new composition of the Council of National Ministers headed by [[Borys Martos]]
* 15 April – the government of Ukraine appointed General [[Oleksandr Osetsky]] as the Otaman of the Army
* 29 April – [[Volodymyr Oskilko]] Affairs
* 9 May – [[Symon Petlyura]] was elected the head of Directory in [[Radyvyliv]]
* 20 May – the peace negotiations of the diplomatic mission of Ukraine with the command of the Polish Army of Haller in [[Lublin]] showed no results
====Summer 1919====
* 12 June – the government of [[Finland]] reestablished its diplomatic relationships with Ukraine
* 16 June – the [[Cardinal Secretary of State]] [[Pietro Gasparri]] informed the Chairman of Directorate S. Petliura on the approval of Count [[Mykhailo Tyshkevych]] as the [[Ambassador of Ukraine to the Holy See]]
* 18 June – the delegation of Ukraine at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Versailles Peace Conference]] together with the representatives of Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Northern Caucasus expressed its protest against recognition of the Supreme Council of the Paris Peace conference the government of [[Admiral Kolchak]] as the Supreme government of Russia
* 20–21 June – signing of a temporary agreement of Ukraine with Poland in [[Lviv]] and establishment of demarcation line (Delwig line)
===Anti-Bolshevik and other uprisings===
The following is the list of numerous uprisings that took place during the formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Some of them were in opposition to the Petlyura's government (such as the Oskilko's Affair), some were against the establishment of the Soviet regime, some took place to eliminate the Entente forces. According to [[Cheka]] documentation, in Ukraine took place 268 uprisings from 1917 through 1932, where in over 100 raions the mutinied peasants were killing chekists, communists, and [[prodotryad]]s that were requisitioning food by force which more resembled [[expropriation]].<ref>[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/4ce329aa2fcf4/ People's War (Ukrainian pravda, photos)] (Ukrainian)</ref>
* [[Makhnovshchina]] ([[Nestor Makhno]])
* Otaman Grigoriev
* Otaman Oskilko Affair ([[Volodymyr Oskilko]])
* Otaman Zelenyi Uprising
* Kholodnyi Yar (Cold Ravine)
* Otaman Kamenyuka
* [[Free Cossacks]] ([[Semen Hryzlo]])
* Zazymia Uprising<ref>[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/02/28/28210/ Left-bank Uprisings (Ukrainian pravda)] (Ukrainian)</ref> ([[Troyeshchyna]]) - Otaman Romashka and Otaman Anhel against Kyiv and Chernihiv [[Cheka]] and [[Bashkir Cavalry Brigade]]
* Anti-Red Army ambush near [[Uman]] in 1920<ref>[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2010/11/1/1847/ Festival in Lehedzyne (Ukrainian pravda)] (Ukrainian)</ref>
==International recognition==
{{see also|Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|Międzymorze}}
The Ukrainian People's Republic was recognized ''[[de jure]]'' in February 1918 by the [[Central Powers]] of [[World War I]] ([[Austria-Hungary]], [[German Empire|Germany]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]])<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/02/12/102668439.pdf TERMS OF PEACE MADE BY UKRAINE; New Republic Gets Increased Territory at Expense of Rest of Russia], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 12 February 1918 ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]])</ref> and by [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevik Russia]], the Baltic States ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]), [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgia]], [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijan]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)|Czechoslovakia]], and the [[Holy See]]. ''[[De facto]]'' recognition was granted by [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], and [[Pahlavi dynasty|Persia]].<ref name="Talmon 1998 289">{{Harv|Talmon|1998|p=289}}</ref> Partial de facto recognition was received from the [[Belarusian Democratic Republic]] (see [[Belarus–Ukraine relations]]).
Later in 1918 Russia chose to withdraw its recognition of independent Ukraine, representing the protocols of the [[Versailles Treaty]] as justification for its action. In 1920 [[Symon Petliura]] and [[Józef Piłsudski]] signed the [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|Warsaw Treaty]] in which both countries established their borders along the [[Zbruch River]].<ref name="Frank2009">{{cite book|author=Alison Fleig Frank|title=Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNaFc1OdN-QC&pg=PA228|date=1 July 2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03718-2|page=228}}</ref><ref name="Debo1992">{{cite book|author=Richard K. Debo|title=Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQfUB0CXBO4C&pg=PA210|year=1992|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-6285-1|pages=210–211}}</ref><ref name="KatchanovskiKohut2013">{{cite book|author1=[[Ivan Katchanovski]]|author2=Zenon E. Kohut|author3=Bohdan Y. Nebesio|author4=Myroslav Yurkevich|title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA747|date=11 July 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7847-1|pages=747–}}</ref> The states that previously recognized the Ukrainian People's Republic ceased any relationships with its [[Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile|Government-in-exile]] after they recognized the Soviet Government in Kyiv.<ref name="Talmon 1998 289"/>
===Important diplomatic missions and results===
* Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 9 February 1918 ([[Central Powers]]: ratification of Germany and Turkey)
* [[:pl:Konferencja pokojowa Ukrainy i Rosji (1918)|Preliminary peace treaty]] with the [[Soviet Russia]], 12 June 1918 (renouncement of Brest-Litovsk treaty on 13 November 1918)
* Peace treaty with [[Don Republic]], 8 August 1918
* [[Act Zluky|Unification Act]], 20 January 1919 (unification of two semi-recognized entities), [[Hutsul Republic]] (Eastern [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Zakarpattia]]) announced their will to join as well
* Loss of Kyiv to Soviets on 2 February 1919 and political crisis within the national government of Ukraine
* Resignation of [[Serhiy Ostapenko]] and his government due to failure on series of negotiations with representatives of Entente
* Participation at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919]]
* The Eastern Galician mandate of the [[Jules Cambon]] Commission was approved by the Entente leaders to hand it over the Poland, 21 November 1919
* [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)]] ([[Second Polish Republic|Poland]])
==Demographics==
According to the latest census that was taken 1897, the republic was accounted for over 20 million population in seven former Russian [[guberniya]]s, plus three [[uyezd]]s of the [[Taurida Governorate]] that were located on the mainland.
; National composition (thousands)
* [[Ukrainians]] – 14,931.5 (73%)
* [[Russians]] – 2,146.1 (11%)
* [[Jewish people|Jewish]] – 1,871.8 (9%)
* [[Germans]] – 451.3 (2%)
* [[Polish people|Poles]] – 375.9 (2%)
* [[Belarusians]] – 208.5 (1%)
* [[Romanians]] – 185.7 (1%)
* Other – 1%
==Administrative division==
{{see also|Administrative division of Ukraine (1918)|Administrative divisions of Ukraine (1918–25)}}
On 4 March 1918 the Ukrainian government accepted the law about the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine. The law stated that Ukraine is divided into 32 zemlia (''land'') which are administrated by their respective [[zemstvo]]. This law was not fully implemented as on 29 April 1918 there was the anti-socialist coup in Kyiv, after which Hetman [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] reverted the reform back to the [[guberniya]]-type administration.
==Armed forces==
{{main|Ukrainian People's Army}}
The headquarters of the republic's armed forces was called the General Bulawa and was considered to be located in Kyiv. Of course, due to constant intervention from the Petrograd [[sovnarkom]] and the [[German Empire]] the physical location of it was changing ([[Kamyanets-Podilsky]], [[Bila Tserkva]], others).
===Main military formations (UPR)===
* [[Sich Riflemen]]
** [[Ukrainian Sich Riflemen]] were a similar unit, however, that unit wasn't part of Ukrainian military
* [[Free Cossacks]]
The following three Zaporizhian infantry regiments and the 3 Haidamaka Regiment of the biggest Ukrainian military formation, the Zaporizhian Corps, later were reorganized into the 1 Zaporizhian Division.
* Zaporizhian Corps
* Ukrainian Steppe Division (Anti-Bolshevik revolutionary-military unit)
* Ukrainian Marines
* 1 Riflemen-Cavalry Division (Gray-Coats)
* Blue-Coats
* Sloboda Ukraine Haidamaka Kosh
* 3 Iron Riflemen Division
* [[Ukrainian People's Republic Air Fleet]]
*[[Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic]]
===Main military formations (WUPR)===
* [[Ukrainian Galician Army]], was a military formation of the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]]
==Money and banking==
{{see also|Ukrainian karbovanets}}
In December 1918 a temporary law about the issue of state banknotes by the UPR was adopted. According to this law: "Bank-notes must be issued in karbovanets" ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Карбованець). Each karbovanets contains 17.424 parts of pure gold and is divided into two ''hrivnas'' ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Гривня) or 200 ''[[Ukrainian shah|shahs]]'' ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Шаг).
There were numerous banks in the republic among the most popular ones were the ''Ukrainabank'' and the ''Soyuzbank'' that were created by [[Khrystofor Baranovsky]], the leader of a cooperative movement.
[[File:UkraineP36-10Karbovantsiv-(1919) b.jpg|center|thumb|200x200px|10 karbovantsiv (1918)]]
==Maps==
Green indicates UPR-controlled territory, red indicates the Red Army control, light yellow for the White Army control, dark yellow for Germany, blue for Poland, and brown for Romania. Bold black line indicates the borders of modern Ukraine.
<gallery class="center">
Image:Ukraine map provisional borders 1919.jpg|Provisional borders of Ukraine in 1919
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Portal|Ukraine}}
{{div col}}
* [[General Secretariat of Ukraine]]
* [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]]
* [[Ukraine after the Russian Revolution]]
* [[History of the Jews in Ukraine#Ukrainian People's Republic]]
* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]] – first Ukrainian official currency
* [[Belarusian People's Republic]]
* [[Universal (act)]]
* [[Orange Revolution]]
* [[February 2014 Euromaidan clashes]]
* [[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine]]
* [[2014 Crimean crisis]]
* [[Ukrainian Death Triangle]]
* [[Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Volodymyr Kubiyovych|last=Kubijovyč|first=Volodymyr|year=1963|title=Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia Vol. 1|location=Toronto|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0-8020-3105-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Magosci|first=Paul Robert|year=1996|title=A History of Ukraine|location=[[Toronto]]|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0-8020-7820-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Subtelny |first=Orest |author-link=Orest Subtelny |date=2000 |title=Ukraine: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=2021-05-22 |location=[[Toronto]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |edition=3rd |isbn=0802083900}}
* {{cite book|last=Talmon|first=Stefan|year=1998|title=Recognition of Governments in International Law|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-826573-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Velychenko |first=Stephen |author-link= |date=2010 |title=State building in revolutionary Ukraine: a comparative study of governments and bureaucrats, 1917-1922 |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9781442641327 }}
* {{cite book |last=Yekelchyk |first=Serhy |author-link=Serhy Yekelchyk |date=2007 |title=Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation |url=https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Yekelchyk_Serhii/Ukraine_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation_anhl.pdf |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530545-6}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{Main|Bibliography of Ukrainian history}}
{{See also|List of Slavic studies journals}}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Ukrainian People's Republic}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110214220458/http://www.narodnaviyna.org.ua/eng/index.html People's war 1917–1932 by Kyiv city organization "Memorial"]
* [https://translationreport.com/translation-of-the-universal/ UNIVERSAL of the Ukrainian Central Rada addressed to the Ukrainian people living in and outside of Ukraine.]. Translationreport.
{{Ukrainian Bolshevik Revolution}}
{{Ukrainian historical regions}}
{{Years in Ukraine}}
{{Ukraine topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:country_source:kolossus-ptwiki|display=title}}
[[Category:Ukrainian People's Republic| ]]
[[Category:Modern history of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Russian Revolution in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Ukrainian independence movement]]
[[Category:History of Ukraine (1795–1918)]]
[[Category:History of Ukraine (1918–1991)]]
[[Category:Post–Russian Empire states]]
[[Category:Former Slavic countries]]
[[Category:1910s in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1920s in Ukraine]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1917]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1918]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1918]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1920]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1921]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1918 establishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1918 disestablishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1920 disestablishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1921 disestablishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Russia–Ukraine relations]]
[[Category:Russian-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Former countries of the interwar period]]
[[Category:Former socialist republics]]
[[Category:Former countries]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -348,13 +348,4 @@
* Zazymia Uprising<ref>[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/02/28/28210/ Left-bank Uprisings (Ukrainian pravda)] (Ukrainian)</ref> ([[Troyeshchyna]]) - Otaman Romashka and Otaman Anhel against Kyiv and Chernihiv [[Cheka]] and [[Bashkir Cavalry Brigade]]
* Anti-Red Army ambush near [[Uman]] in 1920<ref>[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2010/11/1/1847/ Festival in Lehedzyne (Ukrainian pravda)] (Ukrainian)</ref>
-
-== Exile ==
-{{main|Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile}}
-[[File:026 k.jpg|thumb|alt=Mykola Plaviuk|Mykola Plaviuk, the last President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile]]
-[[Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile|The government of Ukrainian People's Republic]] operated in [[Warsaw]], [[Paris]], [[Weimar]], [[Bad Kissingen|Kissingen]], [[Munich]], and [[Philadelphia]].
-
-After the beginning of the World War II [[Taras Bulba-Borovets]], with the support of the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile [[Andriy Livytskyi|Andrii Livytskyi]], crossed the German-Soviet border and started organizing [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|UPA]] military units subordinate to the UPR Government.<ref>Бульба-Боровець Т. Армія без держави: слава і трагедія українського повстанського руху. Спогади.— Вінніпег: Накладом Товариства «Волинь», (''tr, "glory and tragedy of the Ukrainian insurgent movement. Memories.— Winnipeg: Courtesy of the "Volyn" Society"'') 1981.— С. 113—115.</ref>
-
-The 10th Emergency Session of the Ukrainian National Council recognized the state of Ukraine as the successor of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile and agreed to transfer the powers and attributes of state power to the newly elected [[President of Ukraine]] in 1991.<ref name="МП3">''Плав'юк М.'' [http://history.org.ua/?termin=DC_UNR Державний центр УНР на еміграції (ДЦ УНР)] (''tr. "UKR State Center for Emigration (UKR State Center)"'') {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817145856/http://history.org.ua/?termin=DC_UNR|date=17 серпня 2016}}</ref>
==International recognition==
' |
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1 => '== Exile ==',
2 => '{{main|Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile}}',
3 => '[[File:026 k.jpg|thumb|alt=Mykola Plaviuk|Mykola Plaviuk, the last President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile]]',
4 => '[[Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile|The government of Ukrainian People's Republic]] operated in [[Warsaw]], [[Paris]], [[Weimar]], [[Bad Kissingen|Kissingen]], [[Munich]], and [[Philadelphia]].',
5 => '',
6 => 'After the beginning of the World War II [[Taras Bulba-Borovets]], with the support of the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile [[Andriy Livytskyi|Andrii Livytskyi]], crossed the German-Soviet border and started organizing [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|UPA]] military units subordinate to the UPR Government.<ref>Бульба-Боровець Т. Армія без держави: слава і трагедія українського повстанського руху. Спогади.— Вінніпег: Накладом Товариства «Волинь», (''tr, "glory and tragedy of the Ukrainian insurgent movement. Memories.— Winnipeg: Courtesy of the "Volyn" Society"'') 1981.— С. 113—115.</ref>',
7 => '',
8 => 'The 10th Emergency Session of the Ukrainian National Council recognized the state of Ukraine as the successor of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile and agreed to transfer the powers and attributes of state power to the newly elected [[President of Ukraine]] in 1991.<ref name="МП3">''Плав'юк М.'' [http://history.org.ua/?termin=DC_UNR Державний центр УНР на еміграції (ДЦ УНР)] (''tr. "UKR State Center for Emigration (UKR State Center)"'') {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817145856/http://history.org.ua/?termin=DC_UNR|date=17 серпня 2016}}</ref>'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1917–1918/1918–1921 state in Eastern Europe</div>
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<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Ukrainian People's Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk" style="font-style: normal;">Українська Народна Республіка</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Ukrainska Narodna Respublika</i></span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1917–1918<br />1918–1921<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;">
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;">
<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic"><img alt="Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div>
<div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine#Early_independence:_1917–1921" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></div>
</div>
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;">
<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_UNR.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms (1918–1920) of Ukrainian People's Republic"><img alt="Coat of arms (1918–1920) of Ukrainian People's Republic" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_Arms_of_UNR.svg/115px-Coat_of_Arms_of_UNR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="130" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_Arms_of_UNR.svg/173px-Coat_of_Arms_of_UNR.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_Arms_of_UNR.svg/230px-Coat_of_Arms_of_UNR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="475" /></a></div>
<div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine">Coat of arms</a><br />(1918–1920)</div>
</div>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Ще не вмерла України</span></span><br /><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy</i></span><br />"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shche_ne_vmerla_Ukrainy_i_slava,_i_volia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy i slava, i volia">Ukraine has not yet perished</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="204" data-mwtitle="Ukrainian_national_anthem_1916_(complete).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Ukrainian_national_anthem_1916_%28complete%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (97 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="96986" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Ukrainian_national_anthem_1916_%28complete%29.ogg/Ukrainian_national_anthem_1916_%28complete%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-title="MP3" data-shorttitle="MP3" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="195624" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/enwiki/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUkrainian_national_anthem_1916_%28complete%29.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська (uk)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>State seal</b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Great_state_seal_of_the_UPR.svg" class="image"><img alt="Great state seal of the UPR.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Great_state_seal_of_the_UPR.svg/120px-Great_state_seal_of_the_UPR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Great_state_seal_of_the_UPR.svg/180px-Great_state_seal_of_the_UPR.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Great_state_seal_of_the_UPR.svg/240px-Great_state_seal_of_the_UPR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="663" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png" class="image" title="The map of the Ukrainian People's Republic, following the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 9 February 1918. Striped lines indicate the territories claimed, but not controlled, by Ukraine."><img alt="The map of the Ukrainian People's Republic, following the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 9 February 1918. Striped lines indicate the territories claimed, but not controlled, by Ukraine." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png/250px-UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png/375px-UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png/500px-UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1033" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The map of the Ukrainian People's Republic, following the signing of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> on 9 February 1918. Striped lines indicate the territories claimed, but not controlled, by Ukraine.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a> within the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></span> <span class="nowrap">(1917–1918)</span><br />Partially-recognized state <span class="nowrap">(1918–1921)</span><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government-in-exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a> <span class="nowrap">(1921–1992)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Official:</b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a><br /><b>Widespread:</b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><br /><b>Minority languages:</b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a>, etc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>85% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></li><li>9% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a></li><li>4% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></li><li>2% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian people">Ukrainian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Council</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1917–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykhailo Hrushevskyi">Mykhailo Hrushevskyi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918–1919 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1919–1920<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Ukraine">Prime minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1917–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918–1919 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Chekhivsky" title="Volodymyr Chekhivsky">Volodymyr Chekhivsky</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1919 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borys_Martos" title="Borys Martos">Borys Martos</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1919–1920 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaak_Mazepa" title="Isaak Mazepa">Isaak Mazepa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1920–1921 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vyacheslav_Prokopovych" title="Vyacheslav Prokopovych">Vyacheslav Prokopovych</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsentralna_Rada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsentralna Rada">Central <i>Rada</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a></sup><br />Labor Congress</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Autonomy declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 June 1917</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic proclaimed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1917</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 January 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate</a> formed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 November 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Hetmanate</a> defeated</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Act_Zluky" class="mw-redirect" title="Act Zluky">Unity Act</a> signed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 January 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 March 1921</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Authority handed over to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Post-Soviet_transition_in_Ukraine" title="Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine">post-Soviet</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1992</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">860,000 km<sup>2</sup> (330,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_karbovanets" title="Ukrainian karbovanets">Karbovanets</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">Hryvnia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">
<table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td>
<td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;">
<table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />
</td>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwestern_Krai" title="Southwestern Krai"><b>1917:</b><br /><span class="nowrap">Southwestern Krai</span></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" />
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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State"><b>1918:</b><br />Ukrainian State</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" />
</td>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic"><b>1919:</b><br />West Ukrainian People's Republic</a>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;">
<table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State"><b>1918:</b><br />Ukrainian State</a>
</td>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" />
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic"><span class="nowrap">Second Polish Republic</span></a>
</td>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" />
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia" title="General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia">General Command <span class="nowrap">of the Armed Forces</span> <span class="nowrap">of South Russia</span></a>
</td>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" />
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<tr>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a>
</td>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg/20px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg/30px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg/40px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" />
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"><b>1919:</b><br />Ukrainian SSR</a>
</td>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" />
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_the_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_in_exile" title="Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile"><b>1921:</b><br />Ukrainian government-in-exile</a>
</td>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:History_of_Ukraine" title="Category:History of Ukraine">a series</a> on the</div></th>
</tr><tr>
<th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: none;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of <span class="fn org label">Ukraine</span></a></th>
</tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae,_Moldoviae,_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_(Nuremberg,_1720).jpg" class="image" title="Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum cum vicinis Walachiae, Moldoviae, Johann Baptiste Homann (Nuremberg, 1720)"><img alt="Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum cum vicinis Walachiae, Moldoviae, Johann Baptiste Homann (Nuremberg, 1720)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae%2C_Moldoviae%2C_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_%28Nuremberg%2C_1720%29.jpg/150px-Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae%2C_Moldoviae%2C_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_%28Nuremberg%2C_1720%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="124" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae%2C_Moldoviae%2C_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_%28Nuremberg%2C_1720%29.jpg/225px-Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae%2C_Moldoviae%2C_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_%28Nuremberg%2C_1720%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae%2C_Moldoviae%2C_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_%28Nuremberg%2C_1720%29.jpg/300px-Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae%2C_Moldoviae%2C_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_%28Nuremberg%2C_1720%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5793" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistorical_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistorical Ukraine">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Trypillian–Cucuteni culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">Taurica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubintsy culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medieval_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Ukraine">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">Early East Slavs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onoghuria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Rus'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cumania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Cossacks" title="History of the Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Host</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Ruin_(Ukrainian_history)" title="The Ruin (Ukrainian history)">The Ruin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danubian_Sich" title="Danubian Sich">Danube</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">New Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_during_World_War_I" title="Ukraine during World War I">Ukraine during World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Ukraine after the Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Communist Party of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine in World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cassette_Scandal" title="Cassette Scandal">Cassette Scandal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">Russia–Ukraine gas disputes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Crimean crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">War in Donbas (2014–2022)</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;">Topics by history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Name_of_Ukraine" title="Name of Ukraine">Name of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" title="Historical regions in present-day Ukraine">Historical regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity in Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
<img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/16px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/24px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:History_of_Ukraine" title="Template:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Ukraine&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Ukrainian People's Republic</b> (<b>UPR</b>), or <b>Ukrainian National Republic</b> (<b>UNR</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[d]</a></sup> was a country in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> that existed between 1917 and 1920. It was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">declared</a> following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in Russia by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">First Universal</a>. In March 1917, the National Congress in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> elected the Central Council composed of socialist parties on the same principles as throughout the rest of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a>. The republic's autonomy was recognized by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>. Following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, it proclaimed its independence from the Russian Republic on 22 January 1918 by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fourth_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">Fourth Universal</a>.
</p><p>During its short existence, the republic went through several political transformations – from the socialist-leaning republic headed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Council of Ukraine</a> with its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine" title="General Secretariat of Ukraine">general secretariat</a> to the socialist republic led by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate</a> and by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a>. Between April and December 1918, the socialist authority of the Ukrainian People's Republic was suspended, having been overthrown by the pro-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a>, who was elected as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hetman_of_Ukraine" title="Hetman of Ukraine">Hetman</a> by a congress of peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYekelchyk2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYekelchyk2007-5">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-endSkoro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endSkoro-6">[2]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (September 2018)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> From late 1919, the UNR operated as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">an ally</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>. On 10 November 1920, the state lost the remainder of its territory to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. The 18 March 1921 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a> between the Second Polish Republic, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> (acting also on behalf of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Belarus</a>), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Ukraine</a> sealed the fate of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
</p><p>After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, many governments formed in Ukraine, most notably the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_Soviets" title="Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets">Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets</a> (1917–1918) based in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, and its Soviet successors. This force, along with the Ukrainian Republic (based in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>), plus the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="White Movement">White Movement</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurrectionary_Army_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine">Anarchists</a>, fought constantly with each other, which resulted in many casualties among <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> fighting in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">1917–21 Ukrainian Civil War</a> as part of the wider <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> of 1917–23. The Russian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">SFSR</a> would (after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" title="Peace of Riga">1921 Treaty of Riga</a>) extend control over what would ultimately become the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> and (in 1922) a founding member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYekelchyk2007_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYekelchyk2007-5">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Revolutionary_wave"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Revolutionary wave</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Timeline"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Spring_1917"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Spring 1917</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Summer_1917"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Summer 1917</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Autumn_1917"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Autumn 1917</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Winter_1917–18"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Winter 1917–18</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Spring_1918"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Spring 1918</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Independence"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Independence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Hetmanate"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Hetmanate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Timeline_2"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Spring_1918_2"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Spring 1918</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Summer_1918"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Summer 1918</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Autumn_1918"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Autumn 1918</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Winter_1918"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Winter 1918</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Directorate"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Directorate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Timeline_3"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Winter_1918–19"><span class="tocnumber">1.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Winter 1918–19</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Spring_1919"><span class="tocnumber">1.7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Spring 1919</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Summer_1919"><span class="tocnumber">1.7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Summer 1919</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Anti-Bolshevik_and_other_uprisings"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Anti-Bolshevik and other uprisings</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#International_recognition"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">International recognition</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Important_diplomatic_missions_and_results"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Important diplomatic missions and results</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Administrative_division"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative division</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Armed_forces"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Armed forces</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Main_military_formations_(UPR)"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Main military formations (UPR)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Main_military_formations_(WUPR)"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Main military formations (WUPR)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Money_and_banking"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Money and banking</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Maps"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Maps</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Revolutionary_wave">Revolutionary wave</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revolutionary wave">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Council of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine" title="General Secretariat of Ukraine">General Secretariat of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odesa_Soviet_Republic" title="Odesa Soviet Republic">Odesa Soviet Republic</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Ukraine after the Russian Revolution</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dismembered_Russia_%E2%80%94_Some_Fragments_(NYT_article,_Feb._17,_1918).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dismembered_Russia_%E2%80%94_Some_Fragments_%28NYT_article%2C_Feb._17%2C_1918%29.png/250px-Dismembered_Russia_%E2%80%94_Some_Fragments_%28NYT_article%2C_Feb._17%2C_1918%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dismembered_Russia_%E2%80%94_Some_Fragments_%28NYT_article%2C_Feb._17%2C_1918%29.png/375px-Dismembered_Russia_%E2%80%94_Some_Fragments_%28NYT_article%2C_Feb._17%2C_1918%29.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dismembered_Russia_%E2%80%94_Some_Fragments_%28NYT_article%2C_Feb._17%2C_1918%29.png/500px-Dismembered_Russia_%E2%80%94_Some_Fragments_%28NYT_article%2C_Feb._17%2C_1918%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dismembered_Russia_%E2%80%94_Some_Fragments_(NYT_article,_Feb._17,_1918).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A February 1918 article from <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> shows a map of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Imperial</a> territories claimed by the Ukrainian People's Republic at the time, before the annexation of the Austro-Hungarian lands of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>On 10 June 1917, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Council of Ukraine</a> declared its autonomy as part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> by its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">First Universal</a> at the All-Ukrainian Military Congress. The highest governing body of the Ukrainian People's Republic became the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine" title="General Secretariat of Ukraine">General Secretariat</a> headed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a>. The Prime Minister of Russia <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a> recognized the Secretariat, appointing it as the representative governing body of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> and limiting its powers to five <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorate_(Russia)" title="Governorate (Russia)">governorates</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volyn_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Volyn Governorate">Volyn</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Governorate">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podolia_Governorate" title="Podolia Governorate">Podolia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chernigov_Governorate" title="Chernigov Governorate">Chernigov</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poltava_Governorate" title="Poltava Governorate">Poltava</a>. At first Vynnychenko protested and left his post as Secretariat leader, but eventually returned to reassemble the Secretariat after the Tsentralna Rada accepted the <i>Kerensky Instruktsiya</i> and issued the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="Second Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">Second Universal</a>.
</p><p>After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> the Kyivan faction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> Party instigated the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv_Bolshevik_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Bolshevik Uprising">uprising in Kyiv</a> on 8 November 1917 in order to establish Soviet power in the city. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev_Military_District" title="Kiev Military District">Kyiv Military District</a> forces attempted to stop it, but after the Tsentralna Rada threw its support behind the Bolsheviks, the Russian forces were eliminated from Kyiv. After expelling the government forces, the Rada announced a wider autonomy for the Ukrainian Republic, still maintaining ties to Russia, on 22 November 1917. The territory of the republic was proclaimed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">Third Universal</a> 20 November 1917 (7 November by Old Style)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[3]</a></sup> of the Tsentralna Rada encompassing the governorates: Volyn, Kyiv, Podolie, Chernigov, Poltava, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkov_Governorate" title="Kharkov Governorate">Kharkov</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Yekaterinoslav Governorate">Yekaterinoslav</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kherson_Governorate" title="Kherson Governorate">Kherson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida</a> (not including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>). It also stated that the people of the governorates: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voronezh_Governorate" title="Voronezh Governorate">Voronezh</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kholm_Governorate_(Ukraine)" title="Kholm Governorate (Ukraine)">Kholm</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kursk_Governorate" title="Kursk Governorate">Kursk</a> were welcome to join the republic through a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. Further the Tsentralna Rada in its Universal stated that because there was no Government in the Russian Republic after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> it proclaimed itself the Supreme governing body of the territory of Ukraine until order in the Russian republic could be restored. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Council of Ukraine</a> called all revolutionary activities such as the October Revolution a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> and expressed its hopes for the resolution of the chaos.
</p><p>After a brief truce, the Bolsheviks realized that the Rada had no intention of supporting the Bolshevik Revolution. They re-organized into an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/All-Ukrainian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets">All-Ukrainian Council of Soviets</a> in December 1917 in an attempt to seize power. When that failed due to the Bolsheviks' relative lack of popularity in Kyiv, they moved to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>. The Bolsheviks of Ukraine declared the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic outlawed and proclaimed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets</a> with capital in Kyiv, claiming that the government of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/People%27s_Secretariat" title="People's Secretariat">People's Secretaries of Ukraine</a> was the only government in the country. The Bolshevik <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> entered Ukraine from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> in support of the local Soviet government. As the relationships between members within the Tsentralna Rada soured, a series of regional Soviet republics on the territory of Ukraine proclaimed their independence and allegiance to the Petrograd <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">sovnarkom</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odessa_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa Soviet Republic">Odessa Soviet Republic</a> (southern Ukraine), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donetsk-Krivoi_Rog_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Donetsk-Krivoi Rog Soviet Republic">Donetsk-Krivoi Rog Soviet Republic</a> (eastern Ukraine)). The Donetsk-Kryvoi Rog Republic was created by a direct decree of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> as part of the Russian SFSR with its capital in Kharkiv. That decree was successfully implemented by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fyodor_Sergeyev" title="Fyodor Sergeyev">Fyodor Sergeyev</a> who became the chairman of the local government as well as joining the Soviet government of Ukraine, simultaneously. Unlike <i>Fyodor Sergeyev's</i> Republic, the Odessa Republic was not recognized by any other Bolshevik governments and on its own initiative had entered a military conflict with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> for control over the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a>, whose territory it was contesting.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:1919_Ukraine_DIPLOMATIC_pass._-_Vienna.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1919_Ukraine_DIPLOMATIC_pass._-_Vienna.jpg/220px-1919_Ukraine_DIPLOMATIC_pass._-_Vienna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1919_Ukraine_DIPLOMATIC_pass._-_Vienna.jpg/330px-1919_Ukraine_DIPLOMATIC_pass._-_Vienna.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1919_Ukraine_DIPLOMATIC_pass._-_Vienna.jpg/440px-1919_Ukraine_DIPLOMATIC_pass._-_Vienna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2276" data-file-height="3434" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:1919_Ukraine_DIPLOMATIC_pass._-_Vienna.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>1919 Ukraine People's Republic Diplomatic passport issued for serving in Switzerland</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline">Timeline</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The following information is based on the exposition of the Museum of Soviet occupation in Kyiv (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> in Kyiv).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Spring_1917">Spring 1917</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spring 1917">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>8–12 March – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, victory of the democratic forces</li>
<li>17 March – establishment of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Ukrainian Central Council</a></li>
<li>4 April – recreation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prosvita" title="Prosvita">Prosvita</a>, establishment of the Ukrainian Cooperative Committee, and the Temporary Military Council, liberation of the people of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a>, particularly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrey_Sheptytsky" title="Andrey Sheptytsky">Andrey Sheptytsky</a></li>
<li>9 April – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a> returns from exile to head the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Ukrainian Central Council</a></li>
<li>10 April – the Ukrainian Central Council supported the convocation of the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_National_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian National Congress (page does not exist)">Ukrainian National Congress</a></li>
<li>11 April – establishment of the Ukrainian Military Society of Hetman Polubotok headed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykola_Mikhnovsky" title="Mykola Mikhnovsky">Mykola Mikhnovsky</a>, organization of the 1st Ukrainian Volunteer Regiment of Bohdan Khmelnytsky</li>
<li>13 April – a big demonstration took place in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> with over 100,000 people, establishment of the Ukrainian National Council in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a></li>
<li>2–4 May – the Ukrainian National Congress took place in Kyiv, involving about 900 delegates, the Congress confirmed the composition of the Ukrainian Central Council of 150 members headed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a></li>
<li>17 May – the commander of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Russian_Empire)" title="Southwestern Front (Russian Empire)">Southwestern Front</a> General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aleksei_Brusilov" title="Aleksei Brusilov">Brusilov</a> permitted the organization of the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Regiment which drafted 3,574 volunteers</li>
<li>18 – 1 May Ukrainian Military Congress took place in Kyiv attended by over 700 delegates. The Congress elected the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_General_Military_Committee" title="Ukrainian General Military Committee">Ukrainian General Military Committee</a> of 18 members headed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a></li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Summer_1917">Summer 1917</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Summer 1917">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>10–15 June – the 1st All-Ukrainian Peasant Congress took place in Kyiv in which 2,200 delegates participated</li>
<li>11 June – extraordinary congress of the council of Ukrainian Military Society of Doroshenko in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a> decided to create a separate Ukrainian Regiment</li>
<li>18–24 June – ignoring the prohibition of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>, the 2nd Ukrainian Military Congress took place in Kyiv. The congress accepted the declaration of a detailed plan of Ukrainization of the Russian Army, leaving Symon Petlyura as the head of the Ukrainian General Military Committee. The congress showed its support to the Ukrainian Central Council. The council of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkiv_Governorate" title="Kharkiv Governorate">Kharkiv Governorate</a> recognized the Ukrainian Central Council as a government authority in Ukraine</li>
<li>24 June – announcement of the 1st Universal (Declaration) of the Ukrainian Central Council at Sofiyivska Ploshcha (Sofia Square)</li>
<li>28 June – the Ukrainian Central Council elects the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine" title="General Secretariat of Ukraine">General Secretariat of Ukraine</a> as an authority of state power</li>
<li>11 July – a delegation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> (Kerenskyi, Tereshchenko, and Tsereteli) arrived in Kyiv</li>
<li>14 July – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted that <i>Petty Council</i> consisting of 40 representatives from Ukrainian and 18 from national minorities</li>
<li>16 July – the Petty Council adopted the 2nd Universal (Declaration) of the Ukrainian Central Council</li>
<li>29 July – the Petty Council adopted the Statute of the Highest Government of Ukraine</li>
<li>8 August – a terrorist attack took place at the railroad station "Post-Volynsky" (Kyiv) where the newly formed Bohdan Khmelnytsky Regiment was attacked by the Moscow cuirassiers and Don Cossacks</li>
<li>17 August – the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> issued a temporary instruction (Instruktsia) for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine" title="General Secretariat of Ukraine">General Secretariat of Provisional Government in Ukraine</a> where it recognized the competency of the General Secretariat over five Governorates (Gubernias): Kyiv, Volyn, Poltava, Chernihiv, and Podillia</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Autumn_1917">Autumn 1917</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Autumn 1917">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>22 September – the Petty Council adopted the declaration about the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Ukrainian Constituent Assembly">Ukrainian Constituent Assembly</a>. The representatives of national minorities in the Petty Council condemned the intentions of Ukraine to separate from Russia</li>
<li>27 September – start of the State Democratic Convention in Petrograd</li>
<li>13 October – by the petition of the Kyiv Court Chamber the Russian Provisional Government initiates investigation against the General Secretariat for the intention to convene the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Ukrainian Constituent Assembly">Ukrainian Constituent Assembly</a></li>
<li>7 November – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Petrograd. Petty Council created of the Regional Committee in Protection of Revolution in Ukraine. The committee announced the extension of its powers over the nine Ukrainian governorates</li>
<li>8 November – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted a resolution which condemned the revolution. In protest, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> left the Regional Committee and the Ukrainian Central Council</li>
<li>9 November – the commander of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Military District">Kyiv Military District</a> General Kvetsinsky refused to recognize the Regional Committee which in turn was dissolved transferring all its powers to the General Secretariat</li>
<li>11 November – arrested Bolsheviks of a revolutionary committee. The Ukrainian Central Council adopted a bill about elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly handing to the Petty Council to finalize the law and conduct the elections</li>
<li>14 November – the Ukrainian Central Council and the General Secretary are recognized as state authorities. The General Secretary of Military Affairs <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a> subordinates the Kyiv militia (law enforcement) to the Ukrainian government</li>
<li>20 November – after the announcement of the 3rd Universal (Declaration) the deputies of Russian Cadets V. Krupkov and Polish Kolo V. Rudnytsky surrendered their mandates of the Ukrainian Central Council</li>
<li>21 November – the General Secretary of Military Affairs Symon Petliura appoints General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlo Skoropadsky">Pavlo Skoropadsky</a> a commander of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank Ukraine</a> armed forces</li>
<li>22 November – in the presence of the French, Italian, and Romanian diplomatic missions, the 3rd Universal (Declaration) was announced at Sofiyivska Ploshcha (Sofia Square)</li>
<li>27 November – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted a resolution regarding the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kholm_Governorate_(Ukraine)" title="Kholm Governorate (Ukraine)">Kholm Governorate</a> protesting its annexation by Poland</li>
<li>30 November – General Secretariat announced that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">Sovnarkom</a> is not a legal authority of Russia. The Petty Council adopted the Law "About the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly" where it was established its composition of 301 members:
<ul><li>Kyiv Governorate – 45</li>
<li>Volyn Governorate – 30</li>
<li>Podillya Governorate – 30</li>
<li>Yekaterinoslav Governorate – 36</li>
<li>Poltava Governorate – 30</li>
<li>Kherson Governorate – 34</li>
<li>Kharkiv Governorate – 35</li>
<li>Tavria Governorate – 9</li>
<li>Chernihiv Governorate – 27</li>
<li>Ostrohozh district – 15</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>(Each deputy represents 100,000 of population, a right of vote have citizens of 20 years and older; established the Central Election Commission to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly)
</p>
<h4><span id="Winter_1917.E2.80.9318"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Winter_1917–18">Winter 1917–18</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Winter 1917–18">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Propaganda_UPR.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Propaganda_UPR.jpg/220px-Propaganda_UPR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Propaganda_UPR.jpg/330px-Propaganda_UPR.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Propaganda_UPR.jpg/440px-Propaganda_UPR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="464" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Propaganda_UPR.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>UPR postcard depicting a group with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">yellow-blue flag</a> and anthem lyrics, defending themselves from a Russian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">double-headed eagle</a>. (November–December 1917)</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:UNR_postage_stamp.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UNR_postage_stamp.JPG/150px-UNR_postage_stamp.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="169" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UNR_postage_stamp.JPG/225px-UNR_postage_stamp.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UNR_postage_stamp.JPG/300px-UNR_postage_stamp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="363" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:UNR_postage_stamp.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>UPR postage stamp</div></div></div>
<ul><li>14–15 December – the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Petty_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petty Council (page does not exist)">Petty Council</a> adopted the Law about the General Court, the highest judicial institution of the Ukrainian People's Republic. International diplomatic missions transferred their offices from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohyliv-Podilsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohyliv-Podilsky">Mohyliv-Podilsky</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. The government of France on 18 December announced its intention to have a diplomatic relationship with Ukraine. England declared a similar intention</li>
<li>19 – 1 December Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' deputies of Ukraine expressed its complete trust to the Ukrainian Central Council and General Secretariat and condemned the Ultimatum of Lenin-Trotsky</li>
<li>22 December – the Petty Council adopted the Law on taxes and collections, with which all taxes and collections belonged to the State Treasury of Ukraine</li>
<li>23 December – the General Secretariat determined the composition of the Ukrainian delegation to the peace talks in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a></li>
<li>25 December – the Peace Conference in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a> sent in a telegram for Ukraine to join the negotiations</li>
<li>3 January – General <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Tabouis" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges Tabouis">Georges Tabouis</a> was appointed the Commissar of French Republic to the Government of Ukrainian People's Republic</li>
<li>6 January – start of the peace negotiations in Brest. The head of Ukrainian delegation <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vsevolod_Holubovych" title="Vsevolod Holubovych">Vsevolod Holubovych</a> requests recognition of Ukraine as a sovereign state, adding of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kholm_Governorate_(Ukraine)" title="Kholm Governorate (Ukraine)">Kholm Governorate</a>, and conducting a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> on the territory of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> where dominated the Ukrainian population to add that territory to Ukraine</li>
<li>9 January – 171 delegates were elected to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly</li>
<li>10–12 January – the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Central powers">Central powers</a> recognized the Ukrainian delegation at the talks in Brest as a separate and plenipotentiary to conduct negotiations on the behalf of Ukrainian People's Republic</li>
<li>16 January – the Petty Council adopted the law about creation of the Ukrainian National Army and its composition based on a militia principle</li>
<li>22 January – the Petty Council adopted the law about the National-Individual Autonomy. For the last text of the 4th Universal (Declaration) voted: "for" – 39 voices, "against" – 4 voices, "abstained" – 6</li>
<li>29 January – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kruty" title="Battle of Kruty">Battle of Kruty</a></li>
<li>9 February – the Brest peace treaty was signed with Germany, Austria-Hungary, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and Bulgaria</li>
<li>10 February – Due to advance of the Russian Bolshevik forces the government of Ukraine was evacuated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhytomyr" title="Zhytomyr">Zhytomyr</a> from Kyiv</li>
<li>21 February – the Ukrainian delegation issued a declaration about reasons for the arrival of German forces in Ukraine</li>
<li>27 February – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted the law about the introduction in Ukraine a new style of calendar according which a time moves 13 days ahead. The Petty Council adopted the law about the new monetary system. The monetary unit became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hryvnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hryvnia">hryvnia</a> that had 8.712 units of pure gold. Adoption of the law about the coat of arms of the Ukrainian People's Republic – Trident (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tryzub" class="mw-redirect" title="Tryzub">Tryzub</a>)</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Spring_1918">Spring 1918</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spring 1918">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In April 1918 troops loyal to the Ukrainian People's Republic take control of several cities in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donbass" class="mw-redirect" title="Donbass">Donbass region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-istpravda152320q_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istpravda152320q-9">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>2 March – the Petty Council adopted the law about citizenship of Ukraine, the law about new administrative system. The Russian established <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gubernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gubernia">gubernias</a> were to be replaced by new administrative unit – zemlia (land)</li>
<li>18 March – several perished student-veterans of Kruty were reburied in Kyiv</li>
<li>11 April – 12 May 1918 was designated as the first convocation of the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly</li>
<li>13 April – Adoption of the Ukrainian Central Council resolution condemning the annexation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> by Romania</li>
<li>23 April – an economic treaty is signed between Ukraine and Germany with Austria-Hungary</li>
<li>25 April – Adoption of the law about the Central Economic Council of Ukraine</li>
<li>29 April – Adopted a bill on the Constitution of Ukraine. The All-Ukrainian Agrarian Congress elects <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlo Skoropadsky">Pavlo Skoropadsky</a> the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hetman_of_Ukraine" title="Hetman of Ukraine">Hetman of Ukraine</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Independence">Independence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png/250px-UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png/375px-UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png/500px-UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1033" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:UNR_2.1918_Brest-Litovsk.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> (9 February 1918): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D3F47B; color:black;"> </span> Ukrainian People's Republic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D3F47B; color:black;"> </span> Claimed territories (striped)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006600; color:white;"> </span> German troops in autumn, 1917</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F5AAA5; color:black;"> </span> Soviet Russia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A0E19D; color:black;"> </span> Don regional government</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C4F04D; color:black;"> </span> Kuban regional government</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#77D9B7; color:black;"> </span> Crimea regional government</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF99; color:black;"> </span> Austria-Hungary</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D3DEEB; color:black;"> </span> Polish council</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DFBF9F; color:black;"> </span> Romania</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCA79; color:black;"> </span> Moldova</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFE17F; color:black;"> </span> Serbia</div></div></div></div>
<p>Due to the aggression from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a>, on 22 January 1918, the Tsentralna Rada issued its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fourth_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">Fourth Universal</a> (dated 22 January 1918), breaking ties with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Bolshevik Russia</a> and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a></sup> Less than a month later, on 9 February 1918, the Red Army seized Kyiv.
</p><p>Besieged by the Bolsheviks and having lost much territory, the Rada was forced to seek foreign aid, and signed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> on 9 February 1918 to obtain military help from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> Empires. Germany helped the Ukrainian Army force the Bolsheviks out of Ukraine. On 20 February 1918 the council of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuban_People%27s_Republic" title="Kuban People's Republic">Kuban People's Republic</a> accepted the resolution for a federal union of Kuban with Ukraine as Bolshevik forces pushed towards <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yekaterinodar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yekaterinodar">Yekaterinodar</a>. It was agreed to forward the resolution for ratification to the Ukrainian government.
</p><p>After the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ukraine became a virtual <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> which at that time seemed more favorable<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2022)">to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> than being overrun by the Soviet forces that were spreading <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/havoc" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:havoc">havoc</a> in the country. Germany was anxious about losing the war and was trying to speed up the process of food extraction from Ukraine, so it decided to install its own administration in the person of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Von_Eichhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Eichhorn">von Eichhorn</a> who replaced the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_von_Linsingen" title="Alexander von Linsingen">Alexander von Linsingen</a>. On 6 April the commander of the Army group <i>Kijew</i> issued an order in which he explained his intentions to execute the conditions of the treaty. That, of course, conflicted with the laws of the Ukrainian government, which annulled his order. By April 1918 the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a>-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austro-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungary">Austrian</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a> offensive had completely removed the Bolsheviks from Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-brit30076brit_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit30076brit-11">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-istpravda152320q_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istpravda152320q-9">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UkrainianWeek16042018UwIbbq_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UkrainianWeek16042018UwIbbq-12">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-retrospective2014031918q_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retrospective2014031918q-13">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harvard11181181bbq_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard11181181bbq-14">[10]</a></sup> The German/Austro-Hungarian victories in Ukraine were due to the apathy of the locals and the inferior fighting skills of Bolsheviks troops compared to their Austro-Hungarian and German counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard11181181bbq_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard11181181bbq-14">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Germans arrested and disbanded the Tsentralna Rada on 29 April 1918 to stop the social reforms that were taking place and restarted the process of food supply transfer to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The German authorities also arrested the Ukrainian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vsevolod_Holubovych" title="Vsevolod Holubovych">Vsevolod Holubovych</a>, on terrorist charges, and thus disbanded the Council of People's Ministers. Prior to this, the Rada had approved the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic">Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic</a>. Concurrently with all these events and a few days prior to the change of powers in the country on 24 April 1918 the government of Belarus confirmed the Belarusian Chamber of Commerce in Kyiv headed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitrofan_Dovnar-Zapolsky" title="Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky">Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky</a> on the initiative of the Belarusian secretary of finance <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyotr_Krechevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Krechevsky">Pyotr Krechevsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hetmanate">Hetmanate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hetmanate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ukrainian_State_1918.5-11.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ukrainian_State_1918.5-11.png/250px-Ukrainian_State_1918.5-11.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ukrainian_State_1918.5-11.png/375px-Ukrainian_State_1918.5-11.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ukrainian_State_1918.5-11.png/500px-Ukrainian_State_1918.5-11.png 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1032" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ukrainian_State_1918.5-11.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>May–November, 1918: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D3F47B; color:black;"> </span> Ukrainian State</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D3F47B; color:black;"> </span> Territories of Ukrainian Union (striped)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#77D9B7; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_Regional_Government" title="Crimean Regional Government">Crimean Regional Government</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B0E44B; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuban_People%27s_Republic" title="Kuban People's Republic">Kuban People's Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0FEAD; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a> (19 Oct)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A0E19D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don_Republic" title="Don Republic">Don Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C1E8E1; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian People's Republic">Belarusian People's Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD2FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D3DEEB; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF99; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DFBF9F; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFE17F; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F5AAA5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">Soviet Russia</a></div></div></div></div>
<p>After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a>, the Rada was replaced by the conservative government of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlo Skoropadsky">Pavlo Skoropadsky</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Hetmanate</a>, and the Ukrainian People's Republic by a "Ukrainian State" (<i>Ukrayinska derzhava</i>). Skoropadsky, a former officer of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, established a regime favoring large landowners and concentrating power at the top. The government had little support from Ukrainian activists, but unlike the socialist Rada, it was able to establish an effective administrative organization, established diplomatic ties with many countries, and concluded a peace treaty with Soviet Russia. In a few months, the Hetmanate also printed millions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> textbooks, established many Ukrainian schools, two universities, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">Ukrainian Academy of Sciences</a>.
</p><p>The Hetmanate government also supported the confiscation of previously-nationalized peasant lands by wealthy estate owners, often with the help of German troops. This led to unrest, the rise of a peasant partisan (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a>) movement, and a series of large-scale popular armed revolts. Negotiations were held to garner support from previous Rada members <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petliura" class="mw-redirect" title="Petliura">Petliura</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vynnychenko" title="Vynnychenko">Vynnychenko</a>, but these activists worked to overthrow Skoropadsky. On 30 July, a Russian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionary">Left Socialist-Revolutionary</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boris_Mikhailovich_Donskoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Mikhailovich Donskoy">Boris Mikhailovich Donskoy</a>, with help from the local <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" title="Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party">USRP</a> succeeded in assassinating <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Von_Eichhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Eichhorn">von Eichhorn</a>, blowing him up in downtown Kyiv at a broadlight.
</p><p>Due to the impending loss of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> by Germany and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, Skoropadsky's sponsors, the Hetman formed a new cabinet of Russian Monarchists and committed to federation with a possible future non-Bolshevik Russia. In response, the Ukrainian socialists announced a new revolutionary government, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate</a>, on 14 November 1918.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline_2">Timeline</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Spring_1918_2">Spring 1918</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spring 1918">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>29 April – All-Ukrainian Agrarian Congress elects <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlo Skoropadsky">Pavlo Skoropadsky</a> as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hetman_of_Ukraine" title="Hetman of Ukraine">Hetman of Ukraine</a></li>
<li>30 April – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykola_Vasylenko" title="Mykola Vasylenko">Mykola Vasylenko</a> was appointed the Chairman of Council of Ministers and tasked with the formation of government</li>
<li>7 May – the Council of Ministers confirmed its intentions to add Crimea to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li>
<li>15 May – Signing of a treaty between governments of Ukraine from one side and Germany and Austria-Hungary from another to provide a loan in amount of 400 million <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karbovanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbovanets">karbovanets</a> for acquiring the Ukrainian food</li>
<li>18 May – the Council of Ministers adopted the law about a creation of the State Guard</li>
<li>23 May – started <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1918_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_negotiations" title="1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations">peace negotiations</a> between representatives of Ukraine and Russia</li>
<li>28 May – to Kyiv arrived the plenipotentiary delegation of the Regional Council of Kuban headed by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Ryabovol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Ryabovol (page does not exist)">Mykola Ryabovol</a> with proposition of unification of Kuban with Ukraine</li>
<li>30 May – the Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dmytro_Doroshenko" title="Dmytro Doroshenko">Dmytro Doroshenko</a> petitioned with a special letter to the Ambassador of Germany in Ukraine, baron <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfons_Mumm_von_Schwarzenstein" title="Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein">Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein</a>, to include Crimea to Ukraine</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Summer_1918">Summer 1918</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Summer 1918">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>12 June – the Congress of Landowners and Agrarians of Tavria Governorate that took place in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a> supported the proposition to include Tavria to Ukraine</li>
<li>20 June – the All-Ukrainian Church Council took place in Kyiv</li>
<li>1 July – adopted the decision about a creation of the Ukrainian university in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamianets-Podilsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamianets-Podilsky">Kamianets-Podilsky</a></li>
<li>2 July – adoption of the law about citizenship of the Ukrainian State</li>
<li>8 July – creation of the State Senate of the Ukrainian State as the supreme judicial institution</li>
<li>9 July – creation of the commission in development of project of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences</li>
<li>10 July – Kyiv Orthodox clergy lifted the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Anathema_on_Hetman_Mazepa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anathema on Hetman Mazepa (page does not exist)">anathema on Hetman Mazepa</a></li>
<li>24 July – Ukraine and Germany ratified the Brest Peace Treaty, adoption of laws about the general military obligation, criminal responsibility for exceeding the maximum established prices and speculation, appointments to government service</li>
<li>27 July – due to the anti-Ukrainian policies of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_Regional_Government" title="Crimean Regional Government">Crimean government of Sulkevich</a> the Ukrainian State established an economical blockade of the peninsula</li>
<li>1 August – adoption of laws about supreme government and political position of military servicemen</li>
<li>2 August – adoption of the law about the creation of fund of the National Library of Ukrainian State</li>
<li>6 August – the All-Ukrainian Church Council called for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> of the Ukrainian Church</li>
<li>10 August – confirmed the statute of the Ukrainian State Bank and its base and reserve capitals</li>
<li>17 August – adopted the law about a restriction on import of the Russian monetary units</li>
<li>22 August – in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> Turkey and Ukraine exchanged documents that ratified the Brest Peace Treaty</li>
<li>10 September – signing of an economic agreement between Ukraine, Germany, Austria-Hungary for the 1918–1919 fiscal years</li>
<li>18 September – temporary stop of custom war with Crimea on the petition of the Sulkevich government</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Autumn_1918">Autumn 1918</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Autumn 1918">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>5 October – in Kyiv started negotiations between Ukraine and Crimea about the conditions of Crimea inclusion to Ukraine</li>
<li>6 October – Kyiv State Ukrainian University is opened</li>
<li>16 October – Hetman of Ukraine issued declaration on the revival of cossackdom</li>
<li>17 October – adopted a declaration about organization of volunteer militia on upholding the order of law</li>
<li>21 October – Hetman of Ukraine met with the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government headed by Colonel V. Tkachov</li>
<li>6 November – the German authorities transferred the ships of the Black Sea fleet to the Ukrainian State</li>
<li>13 November – the Soviets annulled the Brest Peace Treaty and refused to recognize the independence of the Ukrainian State</li>
<li>13–16 November – signing of agreement about trade, consulate, and sea relationships, railway and financial treaties between the government of Ukraine and the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government</li>
<li>14 November – anti-Hetman Uprising</li>
<li>26 November – the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is created chaired by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky" title="Vladimir Vernadsky">Vladimir Vernadsky</a></li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Winter_1918">Winter 1918</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Winter 1918">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>5 December – signing of agreement of cooperation between Ukraine and Georgia</li>
<li>14 December – Hetman of Ukraine surrender his powers and emigrated to Germany</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Directorate">Directorate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Directorate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate of Ukraine</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rz%C4%85d_URL_1920.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rz%C4%85d_URL_1920.jpg/300px-Rz%C4%85d_URL_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rz%C4%85d_URL_1920.jpg/450px-Rz%C4%85d_URL_1920.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rz%C4%85d_URL_1920.jpg/600px-Rz%C4%85d_URL_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="671" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rz%C4%85d_URL_1920.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The government of the UNR in 1920 - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petlura</a> is sitting in the centre.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/300px-Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/450px-Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/600px-Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1984" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Map_of_Ukraine_for_Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Proposed borders presented by the Ukrainian delegation at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Conference</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ukraine_1920.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ukraine_1920.jpg/220px-Ukraine_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ukraine_1920.jpg/330px-Ukraine_1920.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ukraine_1920.jpg/440px-Ukraine_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ukraine_1920.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Map of Ukraine attached to a memorandum to the United States Secretary of State in 1920.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dialektologicheskaia_Karta_1914_goda.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dialektologicheskaia_Karta_1914_goda.jpeg/300px-Dialektologicheskaia_Karta_1914_goda.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="356" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dialektologicheskaia_Karta_1914_goda.jpeg/450px-Dialektologicheskaia_Karta_1914_goda.jpeg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dialektologicheskaia_Karta_1914_goda.jpeg/600px-Dialektologicheskaia_Karta_1914_goda.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2438" data-file-height="2893" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dialektologicheskaia_Karta_1914_goda.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Language map published by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Geographical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russian Geographical Society">Imperial Russian Geographical Society</a> in 1914</div></div></div>
<p>The Directorate gained massive popularity, and the support of some of Skoropadsky's military units including the Serdiuk Division. Their insurgent army encircled Kyiv on 21 November. After a three-week-long stalemate Skoropadsky abdicated in favor of the Council of Ministers who surrendered to the Revolutionary forces. On 19 December 1918, the Directorate took control of Kyiv.
</p><p>The Bolsheviks invaded Ukraine from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a> in late December 1918 where the new Ukrainian Soviet government was reestablished earlier in November of the same year. On 16 January 1919 Ukraine officially declared a war on Russia while the Russian Soviet government continued to deny all claims of invasion. On 22 January 1919, the Directorate was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Act_Zluky" class="mw-redirect" title="Act Zluky">officially united</a> with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a>, although the latter entity <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> maintained its own army and government. On 5 February, the Bolsheviks captured Kyiv.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000365_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000365-16">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Throughout 1919, Ukraine experienced chaos as the armies of the Ukrainian Republic, the Bolsheviks, the Whites, the foreign powers of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> forces such as that of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a> tried to prevail. The subsequent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev_Offensive_(1920)" title="Kiev Offensive (1920)">Kyiv Offensive</a>, staged by the Polish army and allied Ukrainian forces, was unable to change the situation. On 10 November 1920, the Directorate lost the remainder of its territory to the Bolsheviks in Volhynia as it crossed into Poland to accept internment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000375_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000375-17">[13]</a></sup> In March 1921, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a> sealed a shared control of the territory by Poland, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>.
</p><p>As the result, the lands of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a> (<i>Halychyna</i>) as well as a large part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynian</a> territory were incorporated into Poland, while the areas to the east and south became part of Soviet Ukraine.
</p><p>After its military and political defeat, the Directorate continued to maintain control over some of its military forces. Preempting a planned invasion by its rival <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Wilhelm of Austria">Archduke Wilhelm of Austria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a></sup> in October 1921 the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_the_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_in_exile" title="Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile">Ukrainian National Republic's government-in-exile</a> launched a series of guerrilla raids into central Ukraine that reached as far east as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv Oblast</a>. On 4 November, the Directorate's guerrillas captured <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korosten" title="Korosten">Korosten</a> and seized much military supplies. But on 17 November 1921, this force was surrounded by Bolshevik cavalry and destroyed.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline_3">Timeline</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span id="Winter_1918.E2.80.9319"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Winter_1918–19">Winter 1918–19</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Winter 1918–19">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>14 December – the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate of Ukraine</a> received the state powers in Ukraine after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hetman_of_Ukraine" title="Hetman of Ukraine">Hetman of Ukraine</a> emigrated to Germany</li>
<li>16 December – the Directorate renewed the law about National-Individual Autonomy</li>
<li>19 December – the grand entry of Directorate to the capital of Ukraine. Military parade at Sofiyivska Ploshcha. Note of protest to the countries of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> due to occupation of ports of the Southern Ukraine (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a>)</li>
<li>26 December – Directorate published a basis of its economic-social policies and political system</li>
<li>31 December – Directorate issued a note of protest to the Soviet Russia due to its invasion of Ukraine</li>
<li>1 January – Directorate adopted the law about the Supreme body of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Cathedral Church</li>
<li>2 January – order of the Chief Otaman <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petlyura" class="mw-redirect" title="Symon Petlyura">Symon Petlyura</a> to exile all enemies of Ukraine</li>
<li>3–4 January – repeated notes of protest to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Soviet Russia</a> due to its intervention</li>
<li>4 January – Directorate adopted the law about Ukrainian monetary unit, hryvnia</li>
<li>8 January – the government of Ukraine adopted the Land Law, based on the principles of socialism</li>
<li>16 January – declaration of war with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> due to no results of peace negotiations</li>
<li>22 January – declaration of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akt_Zluky" class="mw-redirect" title="Akt Zluky">Unification</a> between Ukraine and West Ukraine at Sofiyivska Ploshcha</li>
<li>23 January – session of Labor Congress initiated by Directorate was opened in Kyiv. The congress attended over 400 delegates, out which 65 represented the West Ukraine. It expressed its trust in Directorate and adopted the law about the form of government in Ukraine</li>
<li>2 February – due to the advance of Bolsheviks Directorate moved from Kyiv to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnytsia</a></li>
<li>13 February – Directorate changed the composition of the Council of National Ministers</li>
<li>17 February – Directorate petitioned to the governments of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> and the US for help in fight with Bolsheviks</li>
<li>27 February – Chief Otaman met with Entente Commission in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khodoriv" title="Khodoriv">Khodoriv</a></li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Spring_1919">Spring 1919</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spring 1919">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>15 March – the delegation of West Ukraine headed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yevhen_Petrushevych" title="Yevhen Petrushevych">Yevhen Petrushevych</a> met with Directory in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proskuriv" class="mw-redirect" title="Proskuriv">Proskuriv</a> to further discuss development of joint operations</li>
<li>4 April – plenipotentiary representative of Ukraine at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Versailles Peace Conference</a> H.Sydorenko expressed his protest to the Polish military attack onto the Ukrainian territory and its political and material support by Entente</li>
<li>9 April – Directory adopted the declaration on resignation of the Ostapenko government and appointing the new composition of the Council of National Ministers headed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borys_Martos" title="Borys Martos">Borys Martos</a></li>
<li>15 April – the government of Ukraine appointed General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oleksandr_Osetsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleksandr Osetsky">Oleksandr Osetsky</a> as the Otaman of the Army</li>
<li>29 April – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Oskilko" title="Volodymyr Oskilko">Volodymyr Oskilko</a> Affairs</li>
<li>9 May – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petlyura" class="mw-redirect" title="Symon Petlyura">Symon Petlyura</a> was elected the head of Directory in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radyvyliv" title="Radyvyliv">Radyvyliv</a></li>
<li>20 May – the peace negotiations of the diplomatic mission of Ukraine with the command of the Polish Army of Haller in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> showed no results</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Summer_1919">Summer 1919</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Summer 1919">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>12 June – the government of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> reestablished its diplomatic relationships with Ukraine</li>
<li>16 June – the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a> informed the Chairman of Directorate S. Petliura on the approval of Count <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Tyshkevych&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mykhailo Tyshkevych (page does not exist)">Mykhailo Tyshkevych</a> as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambassador_of_Ukraine_to_the_Holy_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador of Ukraine to the Holy See">Ambassador of Ukraine to the Holy See</a></li>
<li>18 June – the delegation of Ukraine at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Versailles Peace Conference</a> together with the representatives of Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Northern Caucasus expressed its protest against recognition of the Supreme Council of the Paris Peace conference the government of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Admiral_Kolchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Kolchak">Admiral Kolchak</a> as the Supreme government of Russia</li>
<li>20–21 June – signing of a temporary agreement of Ukraine with Poland in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> and establishment of demarcation line (Delwig line)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Anti-Bolshevik_and_other_uprisings">Anti-Bolshevik and other uprisings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anti-Bolshevik and other uprisings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The following is the list of numerous uprisings that took place during the formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Some of them were in opposition to the Petlyura's government (such as the Oskilko's Affair), some were against the establishment of the Soviet regime, some took place to eliminate the Entente forces. According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> documentation, in Ukraine took place 268 uprisings from 1917 through 1932, where in over 100 raions the mutinied peasants were killing chekists, communists, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prodotryad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodotryad">prodotryads</a> that were requisitioning food by force which more resembled <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">expropriation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a>)</li>
<li>Otaman Grigoriev</li>
<li>Otaman Oskilko Affair (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Oskilko" title="Volodymyr Oskilko">Volodymyr Oskilko</a>)</li>
<li>Otaman Zelenyi Uprising</li>
<li>Kholodnyi Yar (Cold Ravine)</li>
<li>Otaman Kamenyuka</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_Cossacks" title="Free Cossacks">Free Cossacks</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semen_Hryzlo" title="Semen Hryzlo">Semen Hryzlo</a>)</li>
<li>Zazymia Uprising<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a></sup> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Troyeshchyna" class="mw-redirect" title="Troyeshchyna">Troyeshchyna</a>) - Otaman Romashka and Otaman Anhel against Kyiv and Chernihiv <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bashkir_Cavalry_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bashkir Cavalry Brigade (page does not exist)">Bashkir Cavalry Brigade</a></li>
<li>Anti-Red Army ambush near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uman" title="Uman">Uman</a> in 1920<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="International_recognition">International recognition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International recognition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Treaty of Warsaw (1920)</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzymorze" class="mw-redirect" title="Międzymorze">Międzymorze</a></div>
<p>The Ukrainian People's Republic was recognized <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> in February 1918 by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a></sup> and by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Bolshevik Russia</a>, the Baltic States (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czechoslovak_Republic_(1918%E2%80%931938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)">Czechoslovakia</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a></i> recognition was granted by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Talmon_1998_289_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmon_1998_289-23">[19]</a></sup> Partial de facto recognition was received from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a> (see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Belarus–Ukraine relations">Belarus–Ukraine relations</a>).
</p><p>Later in 1918 Russia chose to withdraw its recognition of independent Ukraine, representing the protocols of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Versailles_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Treaty">Versailles Treaty</a> as justification for its action. In 1920 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> signed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Warsaw Treaty</a> in which both countries established their borders along the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zbruch_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zbruch River">Zbruch River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank2009_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank2009-24">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Debo1992_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debo1992-25">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KatchanovskiKohut2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KatchanovskiKohut2013-26">[22]</a></sup> The states that previously recognized the Ukrainian People's Republic ceased any relationships with its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_the_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_in_exile" title="Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile">Government-in-exile</a> after they recognized the Soviet Government in Kyiv.<sup id="cite_ref-Talmon_1998_289_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talmon_1998_289-23">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Important_diplomatic_missions_and_results">Important diplomatic missions and results</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Important diplomatic missions and results">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 9 February 1918 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>: ratification of Germany and Turkey)</li>
<li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferencja_pokojowa_Ukrainy_i_Rosji_(1918)" class="extiw" title="pl:Konferencja pokojowa Ukrainy i Rosji (1918)">Preliminary peace treaty</a> with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a>, 12 June 1918 (renouncement of Brest-Litovsk treaty on 13 November 1918)</li>
<li>Peace treaty with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don_Republic" title="Don Republic">Don Republic</a>, 8 August 1918</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Act_Zluky" class="mw-redirect" title="Act Zluky">Unification Act</a>, 20 January 1919 (unification of two semi-recognized entities), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hutsul_Republic" title="Hutsul Republic">Hutsul Republic</a> (Eastern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Zakarpattia</a>) announced their will to join as well</li>
<li>Loss of Kyiv to Soviets on 2 February 1919 and political crisis within the national government of Ukraine</li>
<li>Resignation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serhiy_Ostapenko" title="Serhiy Ostapenko">Serhiy Ostapenko</a> and his government due to failure on series of negotiations with representatives of Entente</li>
<li>Participation at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference, 1919</a></li>
<li>The Eastern Galician mandate of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jules_Cambon" title="Jules Cambon">Jules Cambon</a> Commission was approved by the Entente leaders to hand it over the Poland, 21 November 1919</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Treaty of Warsaw (1920)</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>According to the latest census that was taken 1897, the republic was accounted for over 20 million population in seven former Russian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guberniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Guberniya">guberniyas</a>, plus three <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyezd">uyezds</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida Governorate</a> that were located on the mainland.
</p>
<dl><dt>National composition (thousands)</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> – 14,931.5 (73%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> – 2,146.1 (11%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish</a> – 1,871.8 (9%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> – 451.3 (2%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish people">Poles</a> – 375.9 (2%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> – 208.5 (1%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> – 185.7 (1%)</li>
<li>Other – 1%</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_division">Administrative division</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Administrative division">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_division_of_Ukraine_(1918)" title="Administrative division of Ukraine (1918)">Administrative division of Ukraine (1918)</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine_(1918%E2%80%9325)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine (1918–25)">Administrative divisions of Ukraine (1918–25)</a></div>
<p>On 4 March 1918 the Ukrainian government accepted the law about the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine. The law stated that Ukraine is divided into 32 zemlia (<i>land</i>) which are administrated by their respective <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">zemstvo</a>. This law was not fully implemented as on 29 April 1918 there was the anti-socialist coup in Kyiv, after which Hetman <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlo Skoropadsky">Pavlo Skoropadsky</a> reverted the reform back to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guberniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Guberniya">guberniya</a>-type administration.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Armed forces">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Army">Ukrainian People's Army</a></div>
<p>The headquarters of the republic's armed forces was called the General Bulawa and was considered to be located in Kyiv. Of course, due to constant intervention from the Petrograd <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">sovnarkom</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> the physical location of it was changing (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamyanets-Podilsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamyanets-Podilsky">Kamyanets-Podilsky</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bila_Tserkva" title="Bila Tserkva">Bila Tserkva</a>, others).
</p>
<h3><span id="Main_military_formations_.28UPR.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Main_military_formations_(UPR)">Main military formations (UPR)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Main military formations (UPR)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sich_Riflemen" title="Sich Riflemen">Sich Riflemen</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Sich_Riflemen" title="Ukrainian Sich Riflemen">Ukrainian Sich Riflemen</a> were a similar unit, however, that unit wasn't part of Ukrainian military</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_Cossacks" title="Free Cossacks">Free Cossacks</a></li></ul>
<p>The following three Zaporizhian infantry regiments and the 3 Haidamaka Regiment of the biggest Ukrainian military formation, the Zaporizhian Corps, later were reorganized into the 1 Zaporizhian Division.
</p>
<ul><li>Zaporizhian Corps</li>
<li>Ukrainian Steppe Division (Anti-Bolshevik revolutionary-military unit)</li>
<li>Ukrainian Marines</li>
<li>1 Riflemen-Cavalry Division (Gray-Coats)</li>
<li>Blue-Coats</li>
<li>Sloboda Ukraine Haidamaka Kosh</li>
<li>3 Iron Riflemen Division</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_Air_Fleet" title="Ukrainian People's Republic Air Fleet">Ukrainian People's Republic Air Fleet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Navy_of_the_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic">Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul>
<h3><span id="Main_military_formations_.28WUPR.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Main_military_formations_(WUPR)">Main military formations (WUPR)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Main military formations (WUPR)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Galician_Army" title="Ukrainian Galician Army">Ukrainian Galician Army</a>, was a military formation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Money_and_banking">Money and banking</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Money and banking">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_karbovanets" title="Ukrainian karbovanets">Ukrainian karbovanets</a></div>
<p>In December 1918 a temporary law about the issue of state banknotes by the UPR was adopted. According to this law: "Bank-notes must be issued in karbovanets" (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Карбованець). Each karbovanets contains 17.424 parts of pure gold and is divided into two <i>hrivnas</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Гривня) or 200 <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_shah" title="Ukrainian shah">shahs</a></i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Шаг).
</p><p>There were numerous banks in the republic among the most popular ones were the <i>Ukrainabank</i> and the <i>Soyuzbank</i> that were created by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khrystofor_Baranovsky" title="Khrystofor Baranovsky">Khrystofor Baranovsky</a>, the leader of a cooperative movement.
</p>
<div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:UkraineP36-10Karbovantsiv-(1919)_b.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UkraineP36-10Karbovantsiv-%281919%29_b.jpg/200px-UkraineP36-10Karbovantsiv-%281919%29_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UkraineP36-10Karbovantsiv-%281919%29_b.jpg/300px-UkraineP36-10Karbovantsiv-%281919%29_b.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UkraineP36-10Karbovantsiv-%281919%29_b.jpg/400px-UkraineP36-10Karbovantsiv-%281919%29_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="237" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:UkraineP36-10Karbovantsiv-(1919)_b.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>10 karbovantsiv (1918)</div></div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Maps">Maps</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Maps">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Green indicates UPR-controlled territory, red indicates the Red Army control, light yellow for the White Army control, dark yellow for Germany, blue for Poland, and brown for Romania. Bold black line indicates the borders of modern Ukraine.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:29.5px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ukraine_map_provisional_borders_1919.jpg" class="image" title="Provisional borders of Ukraine in 1919"><img alt="Provisional borders of Ukraine in 1919" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ukraine_map_provisional_borders_1919.jpg/120px-Ukraine_map_provisional_borders_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ukraine_map_provisional_borders_1919.jpg/180px-Ukraine_map_provisional_borders_1919.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ukraine_map_provisional_borders_1919.jpg/240px-Ukraine_map_provisional_borders_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1506" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Provisional borders of Ukraine in 1919
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine" title="General Secretariat of Ukraine">General Secretariat of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Ukraine after the Russian Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine#Ukrainian_People's_Republic" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">History of the Jews in Ukraine#Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_karbovanets" title="Ukrainian karbovanets">Ukrainian karbovanets</a> – first Ukrainian official currency</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarusian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian People's Republic">Belarusian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_(act)" title="Universal (act)">Universal (act)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/February_2014_Euromaidan_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2014 Euromaidan clashes">February 2014 Euromaidan clashes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2014_Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine">2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2014_Crimean_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Crimean crisis">2014 Crimean crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Death_Triangle" title="Ukrainian Death Triangle">Ukrainian Death Triangle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_the_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_in_exile" title="Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile">Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile</a></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Officially disestablished after the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921. In exile until 1992.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In exile, 1920–1926.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dictatorship in 1918, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Ukrainian Constituent Assembly">Ukrainian Constituent Assembly</a> cancelled due to war</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Українська Народня Республіка</span></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>:</span> <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Ukrayinska Narodnya Respublika</i></span>, in modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Українська Народна Республіка</span></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;">romanized:</span> <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Ukrayinska Narodna Respublika</i></span>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbreviated" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbreviated">abbreviated</a>: <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">УНР</span></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;">romanized:</span> <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">UNR</i></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYekelchyk2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYekelchyk2007_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYekelchyk2007_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYekelchyk2007">Yekelchyk 2007</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-endSkoro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-endSkoro_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFEuropa_Publications1999" class="citation book cs1">Europa Publications (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC&pg=PA849"><i>Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 1999</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 849. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-058-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-058-5"><bdi>978-1-85743-058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+and+the+Commonwealth+of+Independent+States%2C+1999&rft.pages=849&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-058-5&rft.au=Europa+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmN95fFocsMC%26pg%3DPA849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=n0005300-17">The Third Universal in the archives of the Verkhovna Rada</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memorial.kiev.ua/index.html">Official website of Kyiv Memorial</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-istpravda152320q-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-istpravda152320q_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-istpravda152320q_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2018/04/18/152320/">100 years ago Bakhmut and the rest of Donbass liberated</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayinska Pravda">Ukrayinska Pravda</a> (18 April 2018)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serhy_Yekelchyk" title="Serhy Yekelchyk">Serhy Yekelchyk</a>, <i>Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530546-3">978-0-19-530546-3</a>, p. 72</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-brit30076brit-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brit30076brit_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30076/Ukraine">"Ukraine - World War I and the struggle for independence"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukraine+-+World+War+I+and+the+struggle+for+independence&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-30076%2FUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UkrainianWeek16042018UwIbbq-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UkrainianWeek16042018UwIbbq_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTynchenko2018" class="citation cs2">Tynchenko, Yaros (23 March 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrainianweek.com/History/105648">"The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917–18"</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Week" title="The Ukrainian Week">The Ukrainian Week</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Week&rft.atitle=The+Ukrainian+Navy+and+the+Crimean+Issue+in+1917%E2%80%9318&rft.date=2018-03-23&rft.aulast=Tynchenko&rft.aufirst=Yaros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukrainianweek.com%2FHistory%2F105648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-retrospective2014031918q-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-retrospective2014031918q_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/29/1918-germany-takes-control-of-crimea/">Germany Takes Control of Crimea</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i> (18 May 1918)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-harvard11181181bbq-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard11181181bbq_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard11181181bbq_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/11181181">War Without Fronts: Atamans and Commissars in Ukraine, 1917–1919</a> by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Akulov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Akulov (page does not exist)">Mikhail Akulov</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, August 2013 (pp. 102 and 103)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/3/24/ic_articles_116_161824/">Babushka with a red wagon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110516/http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/3/24/ic_articles_116_161824/">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000365-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000365_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSubtelny2000">Subtelny 2000</a>, p. 365.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000375-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubtelny2000375_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSubtelny2000">Subtelny 2000</a>, p. 375.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Snyder (2008). Red Prince: the Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke. New York: Basic Books, pp. 138–148</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istpravda.com.ua/artefacts/4ce329aa2fcf4/">People's War (Ukrainian pravda, photos)</a> (Ukrainian)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/02/28/28210/">Left-bank Uprisings (Ukrainian pravda)</a> (Ukrainian)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2010/11/1/1847/">Festival in Lehedzyne (Ukrainian pravda)</a> (Ukrainian)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/02/12/102668439.pdf">TERMS OF PEACE MADE BY UKRAINE; New Republic Gets Increased Territory at Expense of Rest of Russia</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 12 February 1918 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Talmon_1998_289-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Talmon_1998_289_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talmon_1998_289_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFTalmon1998">Talmon 1998</a>, p. 289)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Frank2009-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank2009_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAlison_Fleig_Frank2009" class="citation book cs1">Alison Fleig Frank (1 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNaFc1OdN-QC&pg=PA228"><i>Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 228. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03718-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03718-2"><bdi>978-0-674-03718-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+Empire%3A+Visions+of+Prosperity+in+Austrian+Galicia&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03718-2&rft.au=Alison+Fleig+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNaFc1OdN-QC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Debo1992-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Debo1992_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRichard_K._Debo1992" class="citation book cs1">Richard K. Debo (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQfUB0CXBO4C&pg=PA210"><i>Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 210–211. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6285-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6285-1"><bdi>978-0-7735-6285-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survival+and+Consolidation%3A+The+Foreign+Policy+of+Soviet+Russia%2C+1918-1921&rft.pages=210-211&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-6285-1&rft.au=Richard+K.+Debo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQfUB0CXBO4C%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-KatchanovskiKohut2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KatchanovskiKohut2013_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFIvan_KatchanovskiZenon_E._KohutBohdan_Y._NebesioMyroslav_Yurkevich2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivan_Katchanovski" title="Ivan Katchanovski">Ivan Katchanovski</a>; Zenon E. Kohut; Bohdan Y. Nebesio; Myroslav Yurkevich (11 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA747"><i>Historical Dictionary of Ukraine</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 747–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7847-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7847-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7847-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ukraine&rft.pages=747-&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7847-1&rft.au=Ivan+Katchanovski&rft.au=Zenon+E.+Kohut&rft.au=Bohdan+Y.+Nebesio&rft.au=Myroslav+Yurkevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-h6r57lDC4QC%26pg%3DPA747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKubijovyč1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Kubiyovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Kubiyovych">Kubijovyč, Volodymyr</a> (1963). <i>Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia Vol. 1</i>. Toronto: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3105-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3105-6"><bdi>0-8020-3105-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+Concise+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Vol.+1&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-8020-3105-6&rft.aulast=Kubijovy%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Volodymyr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMagosci1996" class="citation book cs1">Magosci, Paul Robert (1996). <i>A History of Ukraine</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7820-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7820-6"><bdi>0-8020-7820-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8020-7820-6&rft.aulast=Magosci&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Subtelny, Orest</a> (2000). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/mode/2up"><i>Ukraine: A History</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802083900" title="Special:BookSources/0802083900"><bdi>0802083900</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0802083900&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fukrainehistory00subt_0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTalmon1998" class="citation book cs1">Talmon, Stefan (1998). <i>Recognition of Governments in International Law</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826573-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826573-5"><bdi>0-19-826573-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recognition+of+Governments+in+International+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-826573-5&rft.aulast=Talmon&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFVelychenko2010" class="citation book cs1">Velychenko, Stephen (2010). <i>State building in revolutionary Ukraine: a comparative study of governments and bureaucrats, 1917-1922</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442641327" title="Special:BookSources/9781442641327"><bdi>9781442641327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+building+in+revolutionary+Ukraine%3A+a+comparative+study+of+governments+and+bureaucrats%2C+1917-1922&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781442641327&rft.aulast=Velychenko&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFYekelchyk2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serhy_Yekelchyk" title="Serhy Yekelchyk">Yekelchyk, Serhy</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Yekelchyk_Serhii/Ukraine_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation_anhl.pdf"><i>Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530545-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530545-6"><bdi>978-0-19-530545-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+Birth+of+a+Modern+Nation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530545-6&rft.aulast=Yekelchyk&rft.aufirst=Serhy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshron1.chtyvo.org.ua%2FYekelchyk_Serhii%2FUkraine_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation_anhl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ukrainian_history" title="Bibliography of Ukrainian history">Bibliography of Ukrainian history</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110214220458/http://www.narodnaviyna.org.ua/eng/index.html">People's war 1917–1932 by Kyiv city organization "Memorial"</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translationreport.com/translation-of-the-universal/">UNIVERSAL of the Ukrainian Central Rada addressed to the Ukrainian people living in and outside of Ukraine.</a>. Translationreport.</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution_(1917–1920)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Politics_in_(current)_Ukraine_between_1917_and_1920" title="Template:Politics in (current) Ukraine between 1917 and 1920"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_in_(current)_Ukraine_between_1917_and_1920" title="Template talk:Politics in (current) Ukraine between 1917 and 1920"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_in_(current)_Ukraine_between_1917_and_1920&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution_(1917–1920)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution</a> (1917–1920)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Universals_(Central_Council_of_Ukraine)_*_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_*_Act_Zluky">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universals_(Central_Council_of_Ukraine)" title="Universals (Central Council of Ukraine)">Universals (Central Council of Ukraine)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Act_Zluky" class="mw-redirect" title="Act Zluky">Act Zluky</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian national states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> <small>(led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate</a>)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimean national states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_Regional_Government" title="Crimean Regional Government">Crimean Regional Government</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_Soviets" title="Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets">Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taurida_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic">Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odessa_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa Soviet Republic">Odessa Soviet Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donetsk%E2%80%93Krivoy_Rog_Soviet_Republic" title="Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic">Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kholodny_Yar_Republic" title="Kholodny Yar Republic">Kholodny Yar Republic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Council of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minor_Council_(Central_Council_of_Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Council (Central Council of Ukraine)">Minor Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly_election,_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Constituent Assembly election, 1918">Constituent Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Executive Committee of Ukraine">Central Executive Committee of Ukraine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Ukrainian Socialist Parties
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party">USDLP</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Communist_Party" title="Ukrainian Communist Party">independent left</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Party_of_Socialist-Independists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Independists">Socialists-Sovereigns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Democratic_Party_(1904)" title="Ukrainian Democratic Party (1904)">UPSF</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" title="Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party">UPSR</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borotbists" title="Borotbists">Borotbists</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1899)" title="Ukrainian Social Democratic Party (1899)">Ukrainian Social Democratic Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Radical_Party" title="Ukrainian Radical Party">Ukrainian Radical Party</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Soviet of Peasants Deputies
<ul><li>Ukrainian Peasant Society</li></ul></li>
<li>Soviet of Workers Deputies</li>
<li>Soviet of Soldiers Deputies</li>
<li>Jewish Socialist Parties
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Jewish_Socialist_Workers_Party" title="United Jewish Socialist Workers Party">Fareynikte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Lithuania,_Poland_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia">The Bund</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Poalei_Zion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion)">Poalei Zion</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Polish Socialist Parties
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Polish_Democratic_Center_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish Democratic Center Party (page does not exist)">Polish Democratic Center Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Russian Socialist Parties
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Left_Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Socialist Revolutionary Party">Left</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Bolsheviks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Mensheviks</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Democratic_Alliance" title="Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance">Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vsevolod_Holubovych" title="Vsevolod Holubovych">Vsevolod Holubovych</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noman_%C3%87elebicihan" title="Noman Çelebicihan">Noman Çelebicihan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yukhym_Medvedev" title="Yukhym Medvedev">Yukhym Medvedev</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Zatonsky" title="Volodymyr Zatonsky">Volodymyr Zatonsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgiy Pyatakov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuri_Gaven" title="Yuri Gaven">Yuri Gaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>All-Ukrainian National Congress</li>
<li>Congress of Peoples of Russia</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/All-Ukrainian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets">All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Labor_Congress_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor Congress of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Labor Congress of Ukraine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Ukrainian_historical_regions" title="Template:Ukrainian historical regions"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Ukrainian_historical_regions" title="Template talk:Ukrainian historical regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Ukrainian_historical_regions&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" title="Historical regions in present-day Ukraine">Historical regions in present-day Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographical regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Ukraine" title="Central Ukraine">Central Ukraine</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dnieper_Ukraine" title="Dnieper Ukraine">Dnieper Ukraine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polesia" title="Polesia">Polissia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Severia" title="Severia">Siveria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kryvbas" title="Kryvbas">Kryvbas</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pryazovia" title="Pryazovia">Pryazovia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_(region)" title="Zaporizhzhia (region)">Zaporizhzhia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">Southern Ukraine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Che%C5%82m_Land" title="Chełm Land">Chełm Land</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Halychyna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa region</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lodomeria" title="Lodomeria">Lodomeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Maramure%C8%99" title="Northern Maramureș">Northern Maramorshchyna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podillia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pokuttia" title="Pokuttia">Pokuttia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prykarpattia" title="Prykarpattia">Prykarpattia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States and tribes of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a><br />and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ono%C4%9Furs" class="mw-redirect" title="Onoğurs">Onoğurs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazarig" title="Kazarig">Kazarig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar Khaganate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kyivan Rus'</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality_of_Chernigov" title="Principality of Chernigov">Chernigov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" title="Principality of Halych">Halych</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality_of_Novgorod-Seversk" title="Principality of Novgorod-Seversk">Novhorod-Seversk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality_of_Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality_of_Terebovlia" title="Principality of Terebovlia">Terebovlia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Turov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality_of_Pereyaslavl" title="Principality of Pereyaslavl">Pereyaslav</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia" title="Principality of Volhynia">Volhynia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Post-Mongol era</a> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Ruthenia" title="Red Ruthenia">Red Ruthenia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cherven_Cities" title="Cherven Cities">Cherven Cities</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belz_Voivodeship" title="Belz Voivodeship">Belz Voivodeship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brac%C5%82aw_Voivodeship" title="Bracław Voivodeship">Bracław Voivodeship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chernihiv_Voivodeship" title="Chernihiv Voivodeship">Chernihiv Voivodeship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Voivodeship">Kyiv Voivodeship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podolian_Voivodeship" title="Podolian Voivodeship">Podolian Voivodeship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian Voivodeship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volhynian_Voivodeship_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795)">Volhynian Voivodeship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wild_Fields" title="Wild Fields">Wild Fields</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Ukraine" title="Ottoman Ukraine">Ottoman Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube Vilayet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kefe_Eyalet" title="Kefe Eyalet">Kefe Eyalet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podolia_Eyalet" title="Podolia Eyalet">Podolia Eyalet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra Eyalet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yedisan" title="Yedisan">Yedisan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russian</a> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Sea_Cossack_Host" title="Black Sea Cossack Host">Black Sea Cossack Host</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwestern_Krai" title="Southwestern Krai">Southwestern Krai</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Military District">Kyiv Military District</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Governorate">Kyiv Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volhynian_Governorate" title="Volhynian Governorate">Volhynian Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podolia_Governorate" title="Podolia Governorate">Podolia Governorate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabia Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkov_Governorate" title="Kharkov Governorate">Kharkov Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv_Governorate_(1708%E2%80%9364)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Governorate (1708–64)">Kyiv Governorate (1708–64)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Serbia_(historical_province)" title="New Serbia (historical province)">New Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slavo-Serbia" title="Slavo-Serbia">Slavo-Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Russia_Governorate_(1764%E2%80%931781)" title="Little Russia Governorate (1764–1781)">Little Russia Governorate (1764–1781)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Russia_Governorate_(1796%E2%80%931802)" title="Little Russia Governorate (1796–1802)">Little Russia Governorate (1796–1802)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volhynian_Viceroyalty" title="Volhynian Viceroyalty">Volhynian Viceroyalty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poltava_Governorate" title="Poltava Governorate">Poltava Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chernihiv_Governorate" title="Chernihiv Governorate">Chernihiv Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kholm_Governorate_(Russian_Empire)" title="Kholm Governorate (Russian Empire)">Kholm Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkov_Governorate" title="Kharkov Governorate">Kharkov Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Novorossiya_Governorate" title="Novorossiya Governorate">Novorossiya Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Yekaterinoslav Governorate">Yekaterinoslav Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kherson_Governorate" title="Kherson Governorate">Kherson Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nikolayev_War_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolayev War Governorate (page does not exist)">Nikolayev War Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gradonachalstvo" title="Gradonachalstvo">Gradonachalstvo</a>
<ul><li>Odessa</li>
<li>Izmail</li>
<li>Nikolayev</li>
<li>Sevastopol</li>
<li>Feodosia</li>
<li>Kerch-Yenikale</li>
<li>Yalta</li>
<li>Taganrog</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Duchy of Bukovina</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th-century regions and states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lemko_Republic" title="Lemko Republic">Lemko Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hutsul_Republic" title="Hutsul Republic">Hutsul Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian ASSR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drohobych_Oblast" title="Drohobych Oblast">Drohobych Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Izmail_Oblast" title="Izmail Oblast">Izmail Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Oblast">Crimean Oblast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" title="Lwów Voivodeship">Lviv Voivodeship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarnopol_Voivodeship" title="Tarnopol Voivodeship">Ternopil Voivodeship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wo%C5%82y%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)" title="Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)">Volyn Voivodeship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" title="Stanisławów Voivodeship">Stanyslaviv Voivodeship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governorate_of_Subcarpathia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Subcarpathia">Governorate of Subcarpathia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkiv_Governorate" title="Kharkiv Governorate">Kharkiv Governorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/District_of_Galicia" title="District of Galicia">Distrikt Galizien</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine#Traditional_regions" title="Historical regions in present-day Ukraine">Ethno-Ukrainian regions abroad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_Ukraine" title="Green Ukraine">Green Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grey_Ukraine" title="Grey Ukraine">Grey Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Kholm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lemko_Region" title="Lemko Region">Lemko Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Southern Maramorshchyna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Priashiv</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_(river)" title="San (river)">Sian River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_Ukraine" title="Yellow Ukraine">Yellow Ukraine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Years_in_Ukraine_(1917–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Years_in_Ukraine" title="Template:Years in Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Years in Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Years_in_Ukraine&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_in_Ukraine_(1917–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_years_in_Ukraine" title="List of years in Ukraine">Years</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (1917–present)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UNR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1917_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1917 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1917</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1918_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1918 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1918</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1919_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1919 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1919</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1920_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1920 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1920</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1921_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1921 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1921</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1922_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1922</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1923_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1923 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1923</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1924_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1924 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1924</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1925_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1925</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1926_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1926 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1926</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1927_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1927</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1928_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1928</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1929_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1929 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1929</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1930_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 in Ukraine">1930</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1931_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1931</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1932_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1932</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1933_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1933</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1934_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1934</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1935_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1935</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1936_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1936</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1937_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1937</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1938_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1938</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1939_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1939</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1940_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1940 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1940</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1941_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1941</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1942_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1942 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1942</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1943_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1943</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1944_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1944 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1944</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1945_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1945 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1945</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1946_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1946</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1947_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1947</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1948_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1948</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1949_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1949</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1950_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1950</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1951_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1951</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1952_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1952</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1953_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1953</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1954_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1954</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1955_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1955</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1956_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1956</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1957_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1957</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1958_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1958</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1959</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1960_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1961_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1962_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1963_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1963</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1964_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1964</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1965_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1965</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1966_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1966</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1967_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1967</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1968_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1969_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1969</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1970_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1970</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1971_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1971</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1972_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1973_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1973</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1974_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1974</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1975_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1975 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1975</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1976_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1977_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1977</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1978_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1978</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1979_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1979</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1980_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1981_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1982_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1982</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1983_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1983</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1984_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1985_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1985</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1986_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1986</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1987_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1987</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1988_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1989_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1989</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1990_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 in Ukraine (page does not exist)">1990</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1991_in_Ukraine" title="1991 in Ukraine">1991</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1992_in_Ukraine" title="1992 in Ukraine">1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1993_in_Ukraine" title="1993 in Ukraine">1993</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1994_in_Ukraine" title="1994 in Ukraine">1994</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1995_in_Ukraine" title="1995 in Ukraine">1995</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1996_in_Ukraine" title="1996 in Ukraine">1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1997_in_Ukraine" title="1997 in Ukraine">1997</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1998_in_Ukraine" title="1998 in Ukraine">1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1999_in_Ukraine" title="1999 in Ukraine">1999</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2000_in_Ukraine" title="2000 in Ukraine">2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2001_in_Ukraine" title="2001 in Ukraine">2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2002_in_Ukraine" title="2002 in Ukraine">2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2003_in_Ukraine" title="2003 in Ukraine">2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2004_in_Ukraine" title="2004 in Ukraine">2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2005_in_Ukraine" title="2005 in Ukraine">2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2006_in_Ukraine" title="2006 in Ukraine">2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2007_in_Ukraine" title="2007 in Ukraine">2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2008_in_Ukraine" title="2008 in Ukraine">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009_in_Ukraine" title="2009 in Ukraine">2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_in_Ukraine" title="2010 in Ukraine">2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2011_in_Ukraine" title="2011 in Ukraine">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2012_in_Ukraine" title="2012 in Ukraine">2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2013_in_Ukraine" title="2013 in Ukraine">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2014_in_Ukraine" title="2014 in Ukraine">2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2015_in_Ukraine" title="2015 in Ukraine">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_in_Ukraine" title="2016 in Ukraine">2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017_in_Ukraine" title="2017 in Ukraine">2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_in_Ukraine" title="2018 in Ukraine">2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2019_in_Ukraine" title="2019 in Ukraine">2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2020_in_Ukraine" title="2020 in Ukraine">2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_in_Ukraine" title="2021 in Ukraine">2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_in_Ukraine" title="2022 in Ukraine">2022</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_years_in_Ukraine" title="List of years in Ukraine">List</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Years_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Years in Ukraine">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukraine_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Ukraine_topics" title="Template talk:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Ukraine_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukraine_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuyaba" title="Kuyaba">Kuyaba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Revolution and War of Independence</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">War in Donbas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Parks_of_Ukraine" title="National Parks of Ukraine">National parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Ukraine" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Nature_Reserves_of_Ukraine" title="List of Nature Reserves of Ukraine">Nature Reserves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Ukraine" title="List of longest rivers of Ukraine">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ukraine" title="List of mountains in Ukraine">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Ukraine">Waterfalls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ukraine" title="List of islands of Ukraine">Islands and sandbars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">World Heritage Sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Wildlife</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Political parties in Ukraine">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Elections</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Judiciary</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine" title="Law of Ukraine">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia"><i>Hryvnia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banking_in_Ukraine" title="Banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stock_exchanges_in_Ukraine" title="Stock exchanges in Ukraine">Stock exchanges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ukraine" title="Science and technology in Ukraine">Science and technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Transport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Society of Ukraine">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Corruption</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Ukraine" title="Crime in Ukraine">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Ukraine" title="Gender inequality in Ukraine">Gender inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Health</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020-2022)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">HIV/AIDS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">Suicide</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Human rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Animation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arts_of_Ukraine" title="Arts of Ukraine">Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cultural_icons_of_Ukraine" title="List of cultural icons of Ukraine">Cultural icons</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Pysanka</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance in Ukraine">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Public holidays in Ukraine">Holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ukraine" title="Mass media in Ukraine">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian people</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Ukrainian_refugee_crisis" title="2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis">Refugees</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_to_Ukraine" title="Immigration to Ukraine">Immigration to Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censuses_in_Ukraine" title="Censuses in Ukraine">Censuses</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine" title="Outline of Ukraine">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Ukraine" title="Category:Ukraine">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243610#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243610#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243610#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127831119">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n95001009/">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1182552048">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533237005171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n95001009">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge840533&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1073938472">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic&params=50_27_N_30_30_E_type:country_source:kolossus-ptwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°27′N</span> <span class="longitude">30°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.450°N 30.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.450; 30.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></span>
</p></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1669386038' |