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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Austronesian language of Southeast Asia}}
{{About|the language on which Standard Indonesian and Malaysian are based|the vernacular varieties and dialects of Malay|Malayic languages|the standard Malay used in Malaysia|Malaysian Malay}}
{{Distinguish|Malayalam}}
{{Expand Portuguese|Língua malaia|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Malay
| altname =
| ethnicity = [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]]<br>(see also [[Malay world|Malayophones]])
| nativename = {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}}<br/>{{lang|ms-Arab|{{Script|Arab|بهاس ملايو}}}}<br/>{{Script|Rjng|ꤷꥁꤼ ꤸꥍꤾꤿꥈ}}
| states = [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Thailand]], [[Christmas Island]], [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]
| speakers = [[First language|L1]] – {{sigfig|76.9|2}} million
| date = 2007
| ref = ne2007
| speakers2 = Total (L1 and [[Second language|L2]]): 200–290 million (2009)<ref>{{cite web|last=Uli|first=Kozok|title=How many people speak Indonesian|url=http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/2012/03/10/how-many-people-speak-indonesian/|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|access-date=20 October 2012|date=10 March 2012|quote=James T. Collins (''Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu'', Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).}}</ref>
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Austronesian
| fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3 = [[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Malayic languages|Malayic]]
| fam5 =
| fam6 =
| ancestor = [[Old Malay]]
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Malay]]
| ancestor3 = [[Classical Malay|Pre-Modern Malay]]
| stand1 = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| stand2 = [[Malaysian Malay|Malaysian Standard Malay]]
| script = {{ubl|[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Malay orthography|Malay alphabet]])|[[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Jawi alphabet]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation|title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards|date=26 August 2008|newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>|
[[Thai script|Thai alphabet]] (in Thailand)|[[International uniformity of braille alphabets#Grade 1 braille|Malay Braille]]|
Historically [[Pallava alphabet]], [[Kawi alphabet]], [[Rencong alphabet]], [[Surat Ulu]], [[Rejang script]]}}
| nation = {{startplainlist|class=nowrap}}
* {{Flag|Brunei}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}} <small>(as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])</small>
* {{Flag|Malaysia}} <small>(also called [[Malaysian Malay|Malaysian]])
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
{{endplainlist}}
| minority = {{ubl|
{{flag|Indonesia}}<br/>(beside the national standard of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Malay Indonesians#Language|Local Malay]] enjoys the status of a regional language in [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo|Kalimantan]] (Borneo))|{{Flag|East Timor}} ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] used as a working language and a trade language with [[Indonesia]])<ref name="easttimorgovernment.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|title=East Timor Languages|website=www.easttimorgovernment.com|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{flag|Thailand}} (as [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Pattani Malay]])
| agency = {{ubl|[[Language Development and Fostering Agency]] in Indonesia|[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|Institute of Language and Literature]] in Malaysia|[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei|Language and Literature Bureau]] in Brunei|[https://www.languagecouncils.sg/mbms/en Malay Language Council] in Singapore|[[Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia|Brunei–Indonesia–Malaysia Language Council – MABBIM]] (a trilateral joint venture)}}
| iso1 = ms
| iso2b = may
| iso2t = msa
| iso3 = msa<!--The rest of the codes under the [msa] macrolanguage are at [[Malayan languages]], [[Malay trade and creole languages]], [[Cocos Malay]] and [[Urak Lawoi' language]]-->
| lc1 = zlm
| ld1 = Malay (individual language)
| lc2 = kxd
| ld2 = [[Brunei Malay]]
| lc3 = ind
| ld3 = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| lc4 = zsm
| ld4 = [[Malaysian Malay|Standard Malay]]
| lc5 = jax
| ld5 = [[Jambi Malay]]
| lc6 = meo
| ld6 = [[Kedah Malay]]
| lc7 = kvr
| ld7 = [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]]
| lc8 = xmm
| ld8 = [[Manado Malay]]
| lc9 = min
| ld9 = [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
| lc10 = mui
| ld10 = [[Musi language|Musi]]
| lc11 = zmi
| ld11 = [[Negeri Sembilan Malay|Negeri Sembilan]]
| lc12 = max
| ld12 = [[North Moluccan Malay]]
| lc13 = mfa
| ld13 = [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay]]
| lc14 = coa
| ld14 = [[Cocos Malay]]
| lc15 = bjn
| ld15 = [[Banjarese language|Banjarese]]
| lc16 = bew
| ld16 = [[Betawi language|Betawi]]
| lc17 = msi
| ld17 = [[Sabah Malay]]
| lc18 = mqg
| ld18 = Kota Bangun Kutai Malay
| lingua = 31-MFA-a
| map = Malayophone world.svg
| mapcaption = Countries where Malay is spoken
{{legend|#000075|Official language}}
{{legend|#439dd4|Recognized minority or trade language}}
| sign = [[Manually Coded Malay]]
| glotto = indo1326
| glottoname = partial match
| glottorefname = Indonesian Archipelago Malay
| pronunciation = {{IPA-ms|ba.ha.sa mə.la.ju|}}
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Senful speaking Malay.webm|thumb|A teenager speaks Kedah Malay]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Nila speaking Indonesian.webm|thumb|An Indonesian speaker]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Zairul speaking Malay.webm|thumb|A Malay speaker]]
'''Malay''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ}};<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Linguistic Student's Handbook|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|date=2007|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> {{lang-ms|Bahasa Melayu|links=no}}, [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}}, [[Rejang script|Rencong]]: {{Script|Rjng|ꤷꥁꤼ ꤸꥍꤾꤿꥈ}}) is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] that is an [[official language]] of [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Singapore]], and that is also spoken in [[East Timor]] and parts of the [[Philippines]] and [[Thailand]]. Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people<ref>10 million in Malaysia, 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 260 million as "[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]", etc.</ref> (around 260 million in [[Indonesia]] alone in its own literary standard named "[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]")<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wardhana|first=Dian Eka Chandra|date=2021|title= Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021|url= http://ejournal.karinosseff.org/index.php/jswse/article/view/114|journal= Journal of Social Work and Science Education|volume= 1|issue= 3|pages= 266–280|doi=10.52690/jswse.v1i3.114|access-date=29 January 2021|doi-access= free}}</ref> across [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].
As the {{lang|ms|bahasa kebangsaan}} or {{lang|ms|bahasa nasional}} ("national language") of several states, Standard Malay has various official names. In Malaysia, it is designated as either {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu Malaysia}} ("[[Malaysian Malay]]") or also {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language"). In Singapore and Brunei, it is called {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language"). In Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called {{lang|id|Bahasa Indonesia}} ("[[Indonesian language]]") is designated the {{lang|id|bahasa persatuan/pemersatu}} ("unifying language" or [[lingua franca]]). However, in areas of Central to Southern [[Sumatra]], where vernacular varieties of Malay are indigenous, Indonesians refer to the language as {{lang|ms|bahasa Melayu}}, and consider it to be one of their regional languages.
''Malay'', also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] and [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]] Sultanates and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other [[Malayic languages]]. According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16, several of the Malayic varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the {{lang|ms|[[Orang Asli]]}} varieties of [[Malay Peninsula|Peninsular Malay]], are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several [[Malay trade and creole languages]] based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as [[Malay trade and creole languages#Macassar Malay|Macassar Malay]], which appears to be a [[mixed language]].
==Origin==
Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in Northwestern [[Borneo]].<ref>{{harvp|Adelaar|2004}}</ref> A form known as Proto-Malay was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent [[Malayic languages]]. Its ancestor, [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]], a descendant of the [[Proto-Austronesian language]], began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of [[Austronesian peoples]] into [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] from the island of [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andaya|first=Leonard Y.|date=2001|title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu|url=http://sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|language=en|volume=32|issue=3|pages=315–330|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169|s2cid=62886471}}</ref>
<!-- Doesn't belong here, partly duplicates content found in the following sections and should be merged into them:
Through the penetration and proliferation of [[Sanskrit]] vocabulary and the influence of major [[Indian religions]], the Proto-Malay evolved into a form known as the Old Malay language.
The oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay, the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]], dating from the end of the 7th century CE, was found on the banks of the River Tatang, a tributary of the River Musi, [[South Sumatra]]. "[[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu]]" was the name of an old kingdom located in [[Jambi|Jambi Province]] in Eastern Sumatra.
The use of Malay as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' throughout the [[Malay Archipelago]] is linked to the rise of [[Muslims|Muslim]] kingdoms and the spread of [[Islam]], itself a consequence of growing regional trade. A literary language was established in [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]]. After the defeat of Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511, the literary center shifted to the [[Johor-Riau Sultanate]] and the literary language is therefore often called Johor-Riau Malay, though it is a continuation of Malacca Malay. When Johor was divided between [[British Malaya]] ([[Johor]]) and the [[Dutch East Indies]] ([[Riau]]), its language was accorded official status in both territories.
Indonesia pronounced "Riau" (Malacca–Johor) Malay its official language (''Bahasa Indonesia'') when it gained independence. Since 1928, nationalists and young people throughout the Indonesian archipelago had declared Malay to be Indonesia's only official language, as proclaimed in the ''[[Sumpah Pemuda]]'' "Youth Vow." Thus Indonesia was the first country to designate Malay as an official language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages of Indonesia (Sumatra) |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IDS}}</ref>
In Malaysia, the 1957 [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the Federation adopted Johor (Malacca) Malay as the official language (''Bahasa Malaysia''). The name "Malaysia", in both language and country, emphasised that the nation consisted of more than just ethnic [[Malay people|Malays]]. In 1986 the official name was changed to ''Bahasa Melayu'', but in 2007 it was changed back.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/bm/news.php?id=294230 Penggunaan Istilah Bahasa Malaysia Dan Bukan Bahasa Melayu Muktamad, Kata Zainuddin]. BERNAMA, 5 November 2007</ref>
"Bahasa Melayu" was defined as Brunei's official language in the country's 1959 Constitution. It is also based on the Malaccan standard.
The Indonesian and Malaysian [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]]s of Malay are separated by some centuries of different vocabulary development (see [[Differences between Malaysian and Indonesian]]; cf. [[Serbo-Croatian]]). This is, in part, partly due to the influence of different colonial languages; [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in the case of Indonesia (see [[Dutch East Indies]]) and [[English language|English]] in the case of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, which were formerly under [[British Empire|British rule]]. However, Indonesia and Malaysia largely unified their previously divergent orthographies in 1972, and they along with Brunei have set up a joint commission to develop common scientific and technical vocabulary and otherwise co-operate to keep their standards convergent.
Some Malay [[dialect]]s, however, show only limited [[mutual intelligibility]] with the standard language; for example, [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese]] or [[Sarawak Malay|Sarawakian]] pronunciation is difficult for many fellow Malaysians to understand, while [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] contains many words unfamiliar to speakers of Malaysian, some because of [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] or other [[Languages of Indonesia|local language]] influence and some because of the independent development of [[Indonesian slang language|Indonesian slang]] and colloquial parlance.
The language spoken by the [[Peranakans|Peranakan]] (Straits Chinese, a hybrid of Chinese settlers from the [[Ming dynasty|Ming Dynasty]] and local Malays) is a unique [[patois]] of Malay and the [[Hokkien|Hokkien Chinese]], which is mostly spoken in the former [[Straits Settlements]] of [[Penang]] and [[Malacca]] in Malaysia and the Indonesian Archipelago. -->
==History==
{{Main|History of the Malay language}}
[[File:Lawah-Lawah Merah (1875).pdf|thumb|''Lawah-Lawah Merah'' (1875), a Malay-language translation of ''L'araignée rouge'' by {{ill|René de Pont-Jest|fr}} has been identified as the first Malay-language novel. Prior to the era, the Malay literature & storytelling was predominantly written in the form of ''[[Hikayat]]''.]]
The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Classical Malay, Late Modern Malay and Modern Malay. Old Malay is believed to be the actual ancestor of Classical Malay.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wurm|first1=Stephen|author-link1=Stephen Wurm|last2=Mühlhäusler|first2=Peter|author-link2=Peter Mühlhäusler|last3=Tryon|first3=Darrell T.|author-link3=Darrell T. Tryon|title=Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR19|year=1996|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081972-4|page=677}}</ref>
Old Malay was influenced by [[Sanskrit]], the literary language of Classical India and a liturgical language of [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. [[Sanskrit]] loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in [[Sumatra]], Indonesia, written in the [[Pallava alphabet|Pallava variety]] of the [[Grantha alphabet]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |title=Bahasa Melayu Kuno |publisher=Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com |date=15 September 2007 |access-date=22 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226183127/http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |archive-date=26 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and is dated 1 May 683. Known as the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]], it was discovered by the [[Dutch people|Dutchman]] M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South [[Sumatra]], on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi River]]. It is a small stone of {{convert|45 by 80|cm}}.
Other evidence is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/undang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia/|title=Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia|last=Surakhman|first=M. Ali|date=23 October 2017|website=kemdikbud.go.id|language=id}}</ref> This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text was produced in the [[Adityawarman]] era (1345–1377) of [[Dharmasraya]], a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of [[Srivijaya]]n rule in [[Sumatra]]. The laws were for the [[Minangkabau people]], who today still live in the highlands of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]].
[[Terengganu Inscription Stone]] (Malay: Batu Bersurat Terengganu; Jawi: باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو) is a granite stele carrying inscription in Jawi script that was found in Terengganu, Malaysia is the earliest evidence of classical Malay inscription. The inscription, dated possibly to 702 AH (corresponds to 1303 CE), constituted the earliest evidence of Jawi writing in the Malay world of Southeast Asia, and was one of the oldest testimonies to the advent of Islam as a state religion in the region. It contains the proclamation issued by a ruler of Terengganu known as Seri Paduka Tuan, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance.
The Malay language came into widespread use as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the [[Malacca Sultanate]] (1402–1511). During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of [[Arabic]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] vocabularies, called ''Classical Malay''. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When the court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA70|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-598-8|page=70}}</ref>
Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are the letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of [[Ternate]], [[Maluku Islands]] in present-day [[Indonesia]], dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of [[Portugal]], following contact with Portuguese explorer [[Francisco Serrão]].<ref name=sneddon/> The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated [[Ternate language]], a [[West Papuan languages|West Papuan language]], as their [[first language]]. Malay was used solely as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' for inter-ethnic communications.<ref name=sneddon>{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA62|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-598-8|page=62}}</ref>
==Classification==
{{See also|Austronesian languages#Comparison charts}}
Malay is a member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family of languages, which includes languages from [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]], with a smaller number in continental [[Asia]]. [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], a geographic outlier spoken in [[Madagascar]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, [[Proto-Austronesian language]]. There are many [[cognate]]s found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.
Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related [[variety (linguistics)|forms of speech]] known as the [[Malayic languages]], which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called "Malay" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The [[vernacular]] of Brunei—[[Brunei Malay]]—for example, is not readily intelligible with the [[standard language]], and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as [[Kedah Malay]]. However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close.<ref>''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16 classifies them as distinct languages, ISO3 ''kxd'' and ''meo'', but states that they "are so closely related that they may one day be included as dialects of Malay".</ref>
==Writing system==
{{Main|Malay alphabet}}
[[File:Kerinci MSS detail.jpg|thumb|The [[Rencong alphabet]], a native writing system found in central and [[South Sumatra]]. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line.]]
[[File:KedukanBukit001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.04|[[Kedukan Bukit Inscription]], using [[Pallava alphabet]], is the oldest surviving specimen of the [[Old Malay]] language in [[South Sumatra]], Indonesia.]]
Malay is now written using the [[Latin script]], known as ''Rumi'' in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or ''Latin'' in Indonesia, although an [[Arabic script]] called ''Arab Melayu'' or [[Jawi alphabet|''Jawi'']] also exists. Latin script is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]].
''Rumi'' (Latin) and ''Jawi'' are co-official in [[Brunei]] only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the religious school, ''sekolah agama'', which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14.
Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi.
The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.
Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the [[Pallava script|Pallava]], [[Kawi script|Kawi]] and [[Rencong script|Rencong]] scripts; these scripts are no longer frequently used, but similar scripts such as the [[Cham alphabet]] are used by the [[Chams]] of [[Vietnam]] and [[Cambodia]]. Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, ''Jawi'' gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and British influence, Jawi was gradually replaced by the [[Malay alphabet|Rumi]] script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu) |website=Omniglot |access-date=30 August 2008}}</ref>
== Extent of use ==
{{See also|Malay trade and creole languages}}
[[File:Malaysia Traffic-signs Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg|thumb|right|A Malay traffic sign in Malaysia.]]
[[File:Sukarno hatta airport - Terminal - Jakarta - Indonesia.jpg|thumb|right|Malay road signs in [[Jakarta]], Indonesia. The blue sign reads "''Lajur Khusus Menurunkan Penumpang''" which means "Lane for dropping passengers only" and the small no-parking sign on the left reads "''Sampai Rambu Berikutnya''" which means "until next sign" in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]]]
Malay is spoken in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[East Timor]], [[Singapore]] and southern [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malay Can Be 'Language of ASEAN' |url=http://www.brudirect.com/index.php/2010102331853/Local-News/malay-can-be-language-of-asean.html |date=24 October 2010 |publisher=brudirect.com |access-date=22 December 2010}}</ref> Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use a common standard.<ref name="Introduction">{{Cite book
| last = Salleh
| first = Haji
| author-link = Muhammad Haji Salleh
| title = An introduction to modern Malaysian literature
| publisher = Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad
| year = 2008
| location = Kuala Lumpur
| pages = xvi
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QTKtgVCUZ48C
| isbn = 978-983-068-307-2}}</ref> Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct [[nonstandard dialect|vernacular dialect]] called [[Brunei Malay]]. In [[East Timor]], Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of two working languages (the other being [[English language|English]]), alongside the official languages of [[Tetum language|Tetum]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref name="easttimorgovernment.com"/> The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the [[Constitution of Malaysia]], and became the sole official language in [[Peninsular Malaysia]] in 1968 and in [[East Malaysia]] gradually from 1974. [[English language|English]] continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In the [[Philippines]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community in [[Davao City]], and functional phrases are taught to members of the Philippine Armed Forces and to students.
==Phonology==
{{main|Malay phonology}}
Malay, like most Austronesian languages, is not a [[tonal language]].
===Consonants===
The consonants of Malaysian<ref name="Clynes and Deterding 2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Clynes |first1=Adrian |last2=Deterding |first2=David |date=2011 |title=Standard Malay (Brunei) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=259–268 |doi=10.1017/S002510031100017X |doi-access=free |df=dmy-all}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karim |first1=Nik Safiah |url=https://anyflip.com/itckx/dubr/basic |title=Tatabahasa Dewan |last2=M. Onn |first2=Farid |last3=Haji Musa |first3=Hashim |last4=Mahmood |first4=Abdul Hamid |publisher=[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-983-62-9484-5 |edition=3 |location=Kuala Lumpur |pages=297–303 |language=ms}}</ref> and also Indonesian<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soderberg |first1=Craig D. |last2=Olson |first2=Kenneth S. |year=2008 |title=Indonesian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=209–213 |doi=10.1017/S0025100308003320 |issn=1475-3502|doi-access=free }}</ref> are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in brackets.
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
|+Malay consonant phonemes
! colspan=2|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Labial consonant|Dental]]
! [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]/
[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Post-alveolar consonant|Post{{nbh}}alveolar]]/<br/>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
|
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|ɲ}}
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br/>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}}
|
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|({{IPAlink|q}})
| ({{IPAlink|ʔ}})
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}}
|
| {{IPAlink|d}}
| {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| ({{IPAlink|f}})
| ({{IPAlink|θ}})
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| ({{IPAlink|ʃ}})
| ({{IPAlink|x}})
|
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| ({{IPAlink|v}})
| ({{IPAlink|ð}})
| ({{IPAlink|z}})
|
| ({{IPAlink|ɣ}})
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! <small>[[central consonant|central]]</small>
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|-
! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|
|}
'''Orthographic note''':
The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:
* {{IPAslink|ð}} is 'z', the same as the {{IPAslink|z}} sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the {{IPAslink|ð}} sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with {{IPAslink|z}} sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers).
* {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is 'ny'; 'n' before 'c' and 'j'
* {{IPAslink|ŋ}} is 'ng'
* {{IPAslink|θ}} is represented as 's', the same as the {{IPAslink|s}} sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the {{IPAslink|θ}} sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with {{IPAslink|s}} sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). Previously (before 1972), this sound was written 'th' in Standard Malay (not Indonesian)
* the glottal stop {{IPAslink|ʔ}} is final 'k' or an apostrophe ' (although some words have this glottal stop in the middle, such as ''rakyat'')
* {{IPAslink|tʃ}} is 'c'
* {{IPAslink|dʒ}} is 'j'
* {{IPAslink|ʃ}} is 'sy'
* {{IPAslink|x}} is 'kh'
* {{IPAslink|j}} is 'y'
* {{IPAslink|q}} is 'k'
'''Loans from Arabic''':
* Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic. Otherwise they tend to be replaced with native sounds.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Table of borrowed Arabic consonants
|-
! Distinct !! Assimilated !! Example
|-
| {{IPAslink|x}} || {{IPAslink|k}}, {{IPAslink|h}} || ''khabar, kabar'' "news"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ð}} || {{IPAslink|d}}, {{IPAslink|l}} || ''redha, rela'' "good will"
|-
| {{IPA|/zˤ/}} || {{IPAslink|l}}, {{IPAslink|z}} || ''lohor, zuhur'' "noon (prayer)"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ɣ}} || {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, {{IPAslink|r}} || ''ghaib, raib'' "hidden"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ʕ}} || {{IPAslink|ʔ}} || ''saat, sa'at'' "second (time)"
|-
|{{IPAslink|θ}}
|{{IPAslink|s}}
|{{lang|ms|Selasa}} "Tuesday"
|-
|{{IPAslink|q}}
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|{{lang|ms|makam}} "grave"
|}
===Vowels===
Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six.<ref name="Clynes and Deterding 2011" /> The vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} are much less common than the other four.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Table of vowel phonemes of Standard Malay
|-
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}}
|
|}
'''Orthographic note''': both {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} are written as 'e'. This means that there are some homographs, so ''perang'' can be either /pəraŋ/ ("war") or /peraŋ/ ("blond") (but in Indonesia ''perang'' with /e/ sound is also written as ''pirang'').
Some analyses regard {{IPA|/ai, au, oi/}} as diphthongs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Susur galur bahasa Melayu |last=Asmah Haji |first=Omar |date=1985 |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka |location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Zaharani|title=Fonologi generatif: teori dan penerapan|date=1993|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> However, {{IPA|[ai]}} and {{IPA|[au]}} can only occur in open syllables, such as ''cukai'' ("tax") and ''pulau'' ("island"). Words with a phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as ''baik'' ("good") and ''laut'' ("sea"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs {{IPA|[ai]}}, {{IPA|[au]}} and {{IPA|[oi]}} as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: {{IPA|/aj/}}, {{IPA|/aw/}} and {{IPA|/oj/}} respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clynes |first=Adrian |date=1997 |title=On the Proto-Austronesian "Diphthongs" |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.2307/3622989 |jstor=3622989}}</ref>
There is a rule of [[vowel harmony]]: the non-open vowels {{IPA|/i, e, u, o/}} in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so ''hidung'' ("nose") is allowed but *''hedung'' is not.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C119.pdf |title=Proto Malayic: the reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology |last=Adelaar |first=K. A. |date=1992 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |isbn=0858834081 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/pl-c119 |oclc=26845189}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of several standard pronunciations of Malay<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abu Bakar |first=Mukhlis |date=2019-12-18 |title=Sebutan Johor-Riau dan Sebutan Baku dalam Konteks Identiti Masyarakat Melayu Singapura |url=http://publisher.unimas.my/ojs/index.php/ILS/article/view/1521 |journal=Issues in Language Studies |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.33736/ils.1521.2019 |s2cid=213343934 |issn=2180-2726}}</ref>
!
! style=text-align:center | Johor-Riau
Pronunciation
! style=text-align:center | Northern
Pronunciation
! style=text-align:center| ''Baku'' & Indonesian
Pronunciation
|-
|⟨a⟩ in final open syllable
|/ə/
|/a/
|/a/
|-
|⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩
|/e/
|/i/
|/i/
|-
|⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants
|/e/
|/e/
|/i/
|-
|⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩
|/o/
|/u/
|/u/
|-
|⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants
|/o/
|/o/
|/u/
|-
|final ⟨r⟩
|silent
|/r/
|/r/
|}
Study by Uri Tadmor which was published in 2003 shows that mutation of ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable is an areal feature. Specifically, it is an areal feature of Western Austronesia. Uri Tadmor classify those types into four groups as below.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Uri |first=Tadmor |date=2003 |others=CRCL, CRCL, And/Or The Author(S) |title=Final /a/ mutation: a borrowed areal feature in Western Austronesia |url=http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-550.15.pdf |journal=Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology |language=en |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |issue=PL-550 |pages=15–36 |doi=10.15144/PL-550.15 |access-date=2022-11-05 |via=sealang.net/CRCL}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Final /a/ mutation in Malay-Indonesian dialects and nearby Austronesian languages
!Types
!Phonemes
!"Malay" provenance
!Native languages area
|-
|[a] (origin)
|[a]
|[[Kedah]], [[Brunei]]
|Arekan (eg. [[Tenggerese dialect|Tengger]]), [[Sarawak]], [[Sabah]], [[Kalimantan]] (except Pontianak), [[East Indonesian Malay|East Indonesia]]
|-
|Raised
|[ə], [ɨ]
|[[Johor]], [[Pontianak]], [[Tanah Abang]] ([[Jakarta]])
|[[Bali]]
|-
|Rounded
|[o], [ɔ]
|[[Patani]], [[Palembang]]
|[[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], Mataraman (eg. [[Yogyakarta]])
|-
|Fronted
|[ɛ], [e]
|[[Perak]], [[Jakarta]], [[Sambas Regency|Sambas]]
|
|}
==Grammar==
{{main|Malay grammar}}
Malay is an [[agglutinative language]], and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto a root word ([[affixation]]), formation of a [[compound word]] (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words ([[reduplication]]). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are [[derivation (linguistics)|derived]] from other words by means of [[prefix]]es, [[suffix]]es and [[circumfix]]es.
Malay does not make use of [[grammatical gender]], and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for 'he' and 'she' which is ''dia'' or for 'his' and 'her' which is ''dia punya''. There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus ''orang'' may mean either 'person' or 'people'. Verbs are not [[inflected language|inflected]] for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as 'yesterday') or by other tense indicators, such as ''sudah'' 'already' and ''belum'' 'not yet'. On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote [[voice (grammar)|voice]] or intentional and accidental [[grammatical mood|moods]].
Malay does not have a [[grammatical subject]] in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an [[agent (grammar)|agent]] and an [[object (grammar)|object]], these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive", is the basic and most common word order.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}
==Borrowed words==
{{Main|List of Malay loanwords}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
{{Expand section|small=no|date=July 2019}}
The Malay language has many words borrowed from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (in particular religious terms), [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], certain [[Sinitic languages]], [[Persian language|Persian]] (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub), and more recently, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[English language|English]] (in particular many scientific and technological terms).
==Varieties and related languages==
{{Main|Malayic languages}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2019}}
[[File:Betawi.jpg|thumb|[[Jakarta]]n [[Creole language|Creole]] Malay ([[Betawi language]])]]
There is a group of closely related languages spoken by [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] and related peoples across [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Southern Thailand]], [[Kampung Alor]] in [[East Timor]], and the far southern parts of the [[Philippines]]. They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayan languages are [[mutually intelligible]] to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases.
Para-Malay includes the Malayan languages of [[Sumatra]]. They are: [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Central Malay]] (Bengkulu), [[Pekal language|Pekal]], [[Talang Mamak language|Talang Mamak]], [[Musi language|Musi]] (Palembang), [[Negeri Sembilan Malay|Negeri Sembilan]] (Malaysia), and [[Duano language|Duano’]].<ref>''Ethnologue'' 16 also lists Col, Haji, Kaur, Kerinci, Kubu, Lubu'.</ref>
Aboriginal Malay are the Malayan languages spoken by the [[Orang Asli]] ([[Proto-Malay]]) in [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]. They are [[Jakun language|Jakun]], [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]], [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]], and [[Temuan language|Temuan]].
The other Malayan languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include Malaccan Malay ([[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]), [[Kedah Malay]], [[Brunei Malay|Kedayan/Brunei Malay]], [[Berau Malay]], [[Bangka Malay]], [[Jambi Malay]], [[Kutai Malay]], [[Natuna Malay]], [[Riau Malay]], [[Orang Laut language|Loncong]], [[Pattani Malay]], and [[Banjar language|Banjarese]]. [[Menterap language|Menterap]] may belong here.
There are also several [[Malay-based creole languages]], such as [[Betawi language|Betawi]], [[Cocos Malay]], [[Dili Malay]], [[Kupang Malay]], [[Manado Malay]] and [[Sabah Malay]], which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay.
Due to the early settlement of a [[Cape Malay]] community in [[Cape Town]], who are now known as [[Coloured]]s, numerous [[History of the Malay language#Classical Malay|Classical Malay]] words were brought into [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]].
===Usages===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the [[Constitution of Malaysia]], and became the sole official language in [[West Malaysia]] in 1968, and in [[East Malaysia]] gradually from 1974. [[English language|English]] continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.
In Singapore, Malay was historically the ''[[lingua franca]]'' among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the [[national anthem]], [[Majulah Singapura]], is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay.
Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of [[Thailand]]—a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called [[Pattani kingdom|Pattani]]—speak a dialect of Malay called [[Yawi language|Yawi]] (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition.
Owing to earlier contact with the [[Philippines]], Malay words—such as ''dalam hati'' (sympathy), ''luwalhati'' (glory), ''tengah hari'' (midday), ''sedap'' (delicious)—have evolved and been integrated into [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and other [[languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages]].
By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the ''lingua franca'' for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In [[East Timor]], which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its [[Constitution]] as a 'working language'.)
Besides [[Indonesia language|Indonesian]], which developed from the [[Malacca sultanate|Malaccan]]<!--not Riau: "Riau Malay" is not the Malay native to Riau, but to Malacca--> dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia; they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]], which itself is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay; some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are [[Riau|Riau Malay]], [[Langkat]], [[Musi language|Palembang Malay]] and [[Jambi Malay]]. [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Kerinci people|Kerinci]] and [[Bengkulu]] are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the [[Jakarta]] dialect (known as [[Betawi language|Betawi]]) also belongs to the western Malay group.
The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or [[Malay trade and creole languages|creoles]], are spoken in the easternmost part of the Indonesian archipelago and include [[Manado Malay]], [[Ambonese Malay]], [[North Moluccan Malay]], and [[Papuan Malay]].
The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word ''kita'' means 'we, us' in western, but means 'I, me' in Manado, whereas 'we, us" in Manado is ''torang'' and Ambon ''katong'' (originally abbreviated from Malay ''kita orang'' 'we people'). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb ''pe'' and Ambon ''pu'' (from Malay ''punya'' 'to have') to mark possession. So 'my name' and 'our house" are translated in western Malay as ''namaku'' and ''rumah kita'' but ''kita pe nama'' and ''torang pe rumah'' in Manado and ''beta pu nama'', ''katong pu rumah'' in Ambon dialect.
The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, in some parts of Malaysia and in Singapore, ''kita'' (inclusive 'we, us, our') is pronounced as {{IPA|/kitə/}}, in Kelantan and Southern Thailand as {{IPA|/kitɔ/}}, in Riau as {{IPA|/kita/}}, in Palembang as {{IPA|/kito/}}, in Betawi and Perak as {{IPA|/kitɛ/}} and in Kedah and Perlis as /kitɑ/.
Batavian and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers are not ethnically Malay.
==Examples==
All Malay speakers should be able to understand either of the translations below, which differ mostly in their choice of wording. The words for 'article', ''pasal'' and ''perkara'', and for 'declaration', ''pernyataan'' and ''perisytiharan'', are specific to the Indonesian and Malaysian standards, respectively, but otherwise all the words are found in both (and even those words may be found with slightly different meanings).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Malay<!--classification still correct, refer to Nothofer, Bernd (2009). "Malay". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World p. 678).-->
|-
! Indonesian<ref>Standard named as stated in:
{{Cite web|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2021|website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref>
!Standard "Malay"<ref>The other language standard aside from "Indonesian" is named simply as "Malay", as stated in:
{{Cite web|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Bahasa Melayu (Malay))|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli|website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref>
|-
|'''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''' || '''Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak Asasi Manusia'''<br>(General Declaration about Human Rights) || '''Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat'''<br>(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
|-
|'''Article 1'''||'''Pasal 1'''||'''Perkara 1'''
|-
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
| ''Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.'' <br>
(All human beings are born free and have the same dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should get along with each other in a spirit of brotherhood.)
| ''Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi maruah dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.'' <br>
(All human beings are born free and are equal in dignity and rights. They have thoughts and feelings and should get along with a spirit of brotherhood.)
|}
==See also==
* [[Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian]]
* [[Indonesian language]]
* [[Jawi script]], an [[Arabic script|Arabic alphabet]] for Malay
* [[Languages of Indonesia]]
* [[List of English words of Malay origin]]
* [[Malajoe Batawi]]
* [[Malaysian English]], the English used formally in Malaysia
* [[Malaysian language]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=K. Alexander |date=2004 |title=Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications |journal=[[Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde]] |volume=160 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003733 |doi-access=free |jstor=27868100 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=B. |first=C. O. |date=1939 |title=Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A.D. 1403 and 1511 (?) |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |volume=10 |issue=1 |jstor=607921 }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Braginsky |editor-first=Vladimir |date=2013 |orig-year=First published 2002 |title=Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366 |location=Oxford |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-84879-7}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=E. D. |last2=Blagden |first2=C. O. |date=1931 |title=A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?) |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=715–749 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00093204 |jstor=607205 |s2cid=129174700 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Richard James |year=1901–1903 |title=A Malay-English Dictionary |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AEG2034.0001.001?rgn=main;view=toc |location=Singapore |publisher=Kelly & Walsh }}
== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=ms}}
{{InterWiki|code=id}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Malay phrasebook|Malay|a phrasebook}}
{{Wiktionary|Category:Malay language|Category:Malay derivations}}
* [[Wiktionary:Appendix:Malay Swadesh list|Swadesh list of Malay words]]
* [http://www.sealang.net/malay/dictionary.htm Digital version of Wilkinson's 1926 Malay-English Dictionary]
* [http://prpm.dbp.gov.my Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu], online Malay language database provided by the [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111224121004/http://bahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/ Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan] (Online Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language published by Pusat Bahasa, in Indonesian only)
* [http://www.dbp.gov.my Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka] (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706054017/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php The Malay Spelling Reform], Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)
* [http://www.ekamus.info Malay Chinese Dictionary]
* [https://archive.today/20140816074940/http://hablaa.com/english-malay/ Malay English Dictionary]
* [http://www.malaytranslate.com Malay English Translation]
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{{Austronesian languages}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malay Language}}
[[Category:Malay language| ]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 7th century]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Brunei]]
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New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Austronesian language of Southeast Asia}}
{{About|the language on which Standard Indonesian and Malaysian are based|the vernacular varieties and dialects of Malay|Malayic languages|the standard Malay used in Malaysia|Malaysian Malay}}
{{Distinguish|Malayalam}}
{{Expand Portuguese|Língua malaia|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Malay
| altname =
| ethnicity = [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]]<br>(see also [[Malay world|Malayophones]])
| nativename = {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}}<br/>{{lang|ms-Arab|{{Script|Arab|بهاس ملايو}}}}<br/>{{Script|Rjng|ꤷꥁꤼ ꤸꥍꤾꤿꥈ}}
| states = [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Thailand]], [[Christmas Island]], [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]
| speakers = [[First language|L1]] – {{sigfig|76.9|2}} million
| date = 2007
| ref = ne2007
| speakers2 = Total (L1 and [[Second language|L2]]): 200–290 million (2009)<ref>{{cite web|last=Uli|first=Kozok|title=How many people speak Indonesian|url=http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/2012/03/10/how-many-people-speak-indonesian/|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|access-date=20 October 2012|date=10 March 2012|quote=James T. Collins (''Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu'', Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).}}</ref>
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Austronesian
| fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3 = [[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Malayic languages|Malayic]]
| fam5 =
| fam6 =
| ancestor = [[Old Malay]]
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Malay]]
| ancestor3 = [[Classical Malay|Pre-Modern Malay]]
| stand1 = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| stand2 = [[Malaysian Malay|Malaysian Standard Malay]]
| script = {{ubl|[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Malay orthography|Malay alphabet]])|[[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Jawi alphabet]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation|title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards|date=26 August 2008|newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>|
[[Thai script|Thai alphabet]] (in Thailand)|[[International uniformity of braille alphabets#Grade 1 braille|Malay Braille]]|
Historically [[Pallava alphabet]], [[Kawi alphabet]], [[Rencong alphabet]], [[Surat Ulu]], [[Rejang script]]}}
| nation = {{startplainlist|class=nowrap}}
* {{Flag|Brunei}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}} <small>(as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])</small>
* {{Flag|Malaysia}} <small>(also called [[Malaysian Malay|Malaysian]])
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
{{endplainlist}}
| minority = {{ubl|
{{flag|Indonesia}}<br/>(beside the national standard of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Malay Indonesians#Language|Local Malay]] enjoys the status of a regional language in [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo|Kalimantan]] (Borneo))|{{Flag|East Timor}} ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] used as a working language and a trade language with [[Indonesia]])<ref name="easttimorgovernment.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|title=East Timor Languages|website=www.easttimorgovernment.com|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{flag|Thailand}} (as [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Pattani Malay]])
| agency = {{ubl|[[Language Development and Fostering Agency]] in Indonesia|[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|Institute of Language and Literature]] in Malaysia|[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei|Language and Literature Bureau]] in Brunei|[https://www.languagecouncils.sg/mbms/en Malay Language Council] in Singapore|[[Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia|Brunei–Indonesia–Malaysia Language Council – MABBIM]] (a trilateral joint venture)}}
| iso1 = ms
| iso2b = may
| iso2t = msa
| iso3 = msa<!--The rest of the codes under the [msa] macrolanguage are at [[Malayan languages]], [[Malay trade and creole languages]], [[Cocos Malay]] and [[Urak Lawoi' language]]-->
| lc1 = zlm
| ld1 = Malay (individual language)
| lc2 = kxd
| ld2 = [[Brunei Malay]]
| lc3 = ind
| ld3 = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| lc4 = zsm
| ld4 = [[Malaysian Malay|Standard Malay]]
| lc5 = jax
| ld5 = [[Jambi Malay]]
| lc6 = meo
| ld6 = [[Kedah Malay]]
| lc7 = kvr
| ld7 = [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]]
| lc8 = xmm
| ld8 = [[Manado Malay]]
| lc9 = min
| ld9 = [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
| lc10 = mui
| ld10 = [[Musi language|Musi]]
| lc11 = zmi
| ld11 = [[Negeri Sembilan Malay|Negeri Sembilan]]
| lc12 = max
| ld12 = [[North Moluccan Malay]]
| lc13 = mfa
| ld13 = [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay]]
| lc14 = coa
| ld14 = [[Cocos Malay]]
| lc15 = bjn
| ld15 = [[Banjarese language|Banjarese]]
| lc16 = bew
| ld16 = [[Betawi language|Betawi]]
| lc17 = msi
| ld17 = [[Sabah Malay]]
| lc18 = mqg
| ld18 = Kota Bangun Kutai Malay
| lingua = 31-MFA-a
| map = Malayophone world.svg
| mapcaption = Countries where Malay is spoken
{{legend|#000075|Official language}}
{{legend|#439dd4|Recognized minority or trade language}}
| sign = [[Manually Coded Malay]]
| glotto = indo1326
| glottoname = partial match
| glottorefname = Indonesian Archipelago Malay
| pronunciation = {{IPA-ms|ba.ha.sa mə.la.ju|}}
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Senful speaking Malay.webm|thumb|A teenager speaks Kedah Malay]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Nila speaking Indonesian.webm|thumb|An Indonesian speaker]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Zairul speaking Malay.webm|thumb|A Malay speaker]]
'''Malay''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ}};<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Linguistic Student's Handbook|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|date=2007|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> {{lang-ms|Bahasa Melayu|links=no}}, [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}}, [[Rejang script|Rencong]]: {{Script|Rjng|ꤷꥁꤼ ꤸꥍꤾꤿꥈ}}) is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] that is an [[official language]] of [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Singapore]], and that is also spoken in [[East Timor]] and parts of the [[Philippines]] and [[Thailand]]. Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people<ref>10 million in Malaysia, 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 260 million as "[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]", etc.</ref> (around 260 million in [[Indonesia]] alone in its own literary standard named "[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]")<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wardhana|first=Dian Eka Chandra|date=2021|title= Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021|url= http://ejournal.karinosseff.org/index.php/jswse/article/view/114|journal= Journal of Social Work and Science Education|volume= 1|issue= 3|pages= 266–280|doi=10.52690/jswse.v1i3.114|access-date=29 January 2021|doi-access= free}}</ref> across [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].
As the {{lang|ms|bahasa kebangsaan}} or {{lang|ms|bahasa nasional}} ("national language") of several states, Standard Malay has various official names. In Malaysia, it is designated as either {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu Malaysia}} ("[[Malaysian Malay]]") or also {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language"). In Singapore and Brunei, it is called {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language"). In Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called {{lang|id|Bahasa Indonesia}} ("[[Indonesian language]]") is designated the {{lang|id|bahasa persatuan/pemersatu}} ("unifying language" or [[lingua franca]]). However, in areas of Central to Southern [[Sumatra]], where vernacular varieties of Malay are indigenous, Indonesians refer to the language as {{lang|ms|bahasa Melayu}}, and consider it to be one of their regional languages.
''Malay'', also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] and [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]] Sultanates and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other [[Malayic languages]]. According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16, several of the Malayic varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the {{lang|ms|[[Orang Asli]]}} varieties of [[Malay Peninsula|Peninsular Malay]], are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several [[Malay trade and creole languages]] based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as [[Malay trade and creole languages#Macassar Malay|Macassar Malay]], which appears to be a [[mixed language]].
==Origin==
Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in Northwestern [[Borneo]].<ref>{{harvp|Adelaar|2004}}</ref> A form known as Proto-Malay was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent [[Malayic languages]]. Its ancestor, [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]], a descendant of the [[Proto-Austronesian language]], began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of [[Austronesian peoples]] into [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] from the island of [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andaya|first=Leonard Y.|date=2001|title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu|url=http://sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|language=en|volume=32|issue=3|pages=315–330|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169|s2cid=62886471}}</ref>
<!-- Doesn't belong here, partly duplicates content found in the following sections and should be merged into them:
Through the penetration and proliferation of [[Sanskrit]] vocabulary and the influence of major [[Indian religions]], the Proto-Malay evolved into a form known as the Old Malay language.
The oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay, the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]], dating from the end of the 7th century CE, was found on the banks of the River Tatang, a tributary of the River Musi, [[South Sumatra]]. "[[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu]]" was the name of an old kingdom located in [[Jambi|Jambi Province]] in Eastern Sumatra.
The use of Malay as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' throughout the [[Malay Archipelago]] is linked to the rise of [[Muslims|Muslim]] kingdoms and the spread of [[Islam]], itself a consequence of growing regional trade. A literary language was established in [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]]. After the defeat of Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511, the literary center shifted to the [[Johor-Riau Sultanate]] and the literary language is therefore often called Johor-Riau Malay, though it is a continuation of Malacca Malay. When Johor was divided between [[British Malaya]] ([[Johor]]) and the [[Dutch East Indies]] ([[Riau]]), its language was accorded official status in both territories.
Indonesia pronounced "Riau" (Malacca–Johor) Malay its official language (''Bahasa Indonesia'') when it gained independence. Since 1928, nationalists and young people throughout the Indonesian archipelago had declared Malay to be Indonesia's only official language, as proclaimed in the ''[[Sumpah Pemuda]]'' "Youth Vow." Thus Indonesia was the first country to designate Malay as an official language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages of Indonesia (Sumatra) |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IDS}}</ref>
In Malaysia, the 1957 [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the Federation adopted Johor (Malacca) Malay as the official language (''Bahasa Malaysia''). The name "Malaysia", in both language and country, emphasised that the nation consisted of more than just ethnic [[Malay people|Malays]]. In 1986 the official name was changed to ''Bahasa Melayu'', but in 2007 it was changed back.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/bm/news.php?id=294230 Penggunaan Istilah Bahasa Malaysia Dan Bukan Bahasa Melayu Muktamad, Kata Zainuddin]. BERNAMA, 5 November 2007</ref>
"Bahasa Melayu" was defined as Brunei's official language in the country's 1959 Constitution. It is also based on the Malaccan standard.
The Indonesian and Malaysian [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]]s of Malay are separated by some centuries of different vocabulary development (see [[Differences between Malaysian and Indonesian]]; cf. [[Serbo-Croatian]]). This is, in part, partly due to the influence of different colonial languages; [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in the case of Indonesia (see [[Dutch East Indies]]) and [[English language|English]] in the case of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, which were formerly under [[British Empire|British rule]]. However, Indonesia and Malaysia largely unified their previously divergent orthographies in 1972, and they along with Brunei have set up a joint commission to develop common scientific and technical vocabulary and otherwise co-operate to keep their standards convergent.
Some Malay [[dialect]]s, however, show only limited [[mutual intelligibility]] with the standard language; for example, [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantanese]] or [[Sarawak Malay|Sarawakian]] pronunciation is difficult for many fellow Malaysians to understand, while [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] contains many words unfamiliar to speakers of Malaysian, some because of [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] or other [[Languages of Indonesia|local language]] influence and some because of the independent development of [[Indonesian slang language|Indonesian slang]] and colloquial parlance.
The language spoken by the [[Peranakans|Peranakan]] (Straits Chinese, a hybrid of Chinese settlers from the [[Ming dynasty|Ming Dynasty]] and local Malays) is a unique [[patois]] of Malay and the [[Hokkien|Hokkien Chinese]], which is mostly spoken in the former [[Straits Settlements]] of [[Penang]] and [[Malacca]] in Malaysia and the Indonesian Archipelago. -->
==History==
{{Main|History of the Malay language}}
[[File:Lawah-Lawah Merah (1875).pdf|thumb|''Lawah-Lawah Merah'' (1875), a Malay-language translation of ''L'araignée rouge'' by {{ill|René de Pont-Jest|fr}} has been identified as the first Malay-language novel. Prior to the era, the Malay literature & storytelling was predominantly written in the form of ''[[Hikayat]]''.]]
The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Classical Malay, Late Modern Malay and Modern Malay. Old Malay is believed to be the actual ancestor of Classical Malay.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wurm|first1=Stephen|author-link1=Stephen Wurm|last2=Mühlhäusler|first2=Peter|author-link2=Peter Mühlhäusler|last3=Tryon|first3=Darrell T.|author-link3=Darrell T. Tryon|title=Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR19|year=1996|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081972-4|page=677}}</ref>
Old Malay was influenced by [[Sanskrit]], the literary language of Classical India and a liturgical language of [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. [[Sanskrit]] loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in [[Sumatra]], Indonesia, written in the [[Pallava alphabet|Pallava variety]] of the [[Grantha alphabet]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |title=Bahasa Melayu Kuno |publisher=Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com |date=15 September 2007 |access-date=22 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226183127/http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |archive-date=26 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and is dated 1 May 683. Known as the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]], it was discovered by the [[Dutch people|Dutchman]] M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South [[Sumatra]], on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi River]]. It is a small stone of {{convert|45 by 80|cm}}.
Other evidence is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/undang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia/|title=Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia|last=Surakhman|first=M. Ali|date=23 October 2017|website=kemdikbud.go.id|language=id}}</ref> This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text was produced in the [[Adityawarman]] era (1345–1377) of [[Dharmasraya]], a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of [[Srivijaya]]n rule in [[Sumatra]]. The laws were for the [[Minangkabau people]], who today still live in the highlands of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]].
[[Terengganu Inscription Stone]] (Malay: Batu Bersurat Terengganu; Jawi: باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو) is a granite stele carrying inscription in Jawi script that was found in Terengganu, Malaysia is the earliest evidence of classical Malay inscription. The inscription, dated possibly to 702 AH (corresponds to 1303 CE), constituted the earliest evidence of Jawi writing in the Malay world of Southeast Asia, and was one of the oldest testimonies to the advent of Islam as a state religion in the region. It contains the proclamation issued by a ruler of Terengganu known as Seri Paduka Tuan, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance.
The Malay language came into widespread use as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the [[Malacca Sultanate]] (1402–1511). During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of [[Arabic]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] vocabularies, called ''Classical Malay''. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When the court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA70|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-598-8|page=70}}</ref>
Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are the letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of [[Ternate]], [[Maluku Islands]] in present-day [[Indonesia]], dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of [[Portugal]], following contact with Portuguese explorer [[Francisco Serrão]].<ref name=sneddon/> The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated [[Ternate language]], a [[West Papuan languages|West Papuan language]], as their [[first language]]. Malay was used solely as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' for inter-ethnic communications.<ref name=sneddon>{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA62|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-598-8|page=62}}</ref>
==Classification==
{{See also|Austronesian languages#Comparison charts}}
Malay is a member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family of languages, which includes languages from [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]], with a smaller number in continental [[Asia]]. [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], a geographic outlier spoken in [[Madagascar]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, [[Proto-Austronesian language]]. There are many [[cognate]]s found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.
Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related [[variety (linguistics)|forms of speech]] known as the [[Malayic languages]], which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called "Malay" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The [[vernacular]] of Brunei—[[Brunei Malay]]—for example, is not readily intelligible with the [[standard language]], and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as [[Kedah Malay]]. However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close.<ref>''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16 classifies them as distinct languages, ISO3 ''kxd'' and ''meo'', but states that they "are so closely related that they may one day be included as dialects of Malay".</ref>
==Writing system==
{{Main|Malay alphabet}}
[[File:Kerinci MSS detail.jpg|thumb|The [[Rencong alphabet]], a native writing system found in central and [[South Sumatra]]. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line.]]
[[File:KedukanBukit001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.04|[[Kedukan Bukit Inscription]], using [[Pallava alphabet]], is the oldest surviving specimen of the [[Old Malay]] language in [[South Sumatra]], Indonesia.]]
Malay is now written using the [[Latin script]], known as ''Rumi'' in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or ''Latin'' in Indonesia, although an [[Arabic script]] called ''Arab Melayu'' or [[Jawi alphabet|''Jawi'']] also exists. Latin script is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]].
''Rumi'' (Latin) and ''Jawi'' are co-official in [[Brunei]] only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the religious school, ''sekolah agama'', which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14.
Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi.
The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.
Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the [[Pallava script|Pallava]], [[Kawi script|Kawi]] and [[Rencong script|Rencong]] scripts; these scripts are no longer frequently used, but similar scripts such as the [[Cham alphabet]] are used by the [[Chams]] of [[Vietnam]] and [[Cambodia]]. Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, ''Jawi'' gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and British influence, Jawi was gradually replaced by the [[Malay alphabet|Rumi]] script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu) |website=Omniglot |access-date=30 August 2008}}</ref>
== Extent of use ==
{{See also|Malay trade and creole languages}}
[[File:Malaysia Traffic-signs Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg|thumb|right|A Malay traffic sign in Malaysia.]]
[[File:Sukarno hatta airport - Terminal - Jakarta - Indonesia.jpg|thumb|right|Malay road signs in [[Jakarta]], Indonesia. The blue sign reads "''Lajur Khusus Menurunkan Penumpang''" which means "Lane for dropping passengers only" and the small no-parking sign on the left reads "''Sampai Rambu Berikutnya''" which means "until next sign" in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]]]
Malay is spoken in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[East Timor]], [[Singapore]] and southern [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malay Can Be 'Language of ASEAN' |url=http://www.brudirect.com/index.php/2010102331853/Local-News/malay-can-be-language-of-asean.html |date=24 October 2010 |publisher=brudirect.com |access-date=22 December 2010}}</ref> Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use a common standard.<ref name="Introduction">{{Cite book
| last = Salleh
| first = Haji
| author-link = Muhammad Haji Salleh
| title = An introduction to modern Malaysian literature
| publisher = Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad
| year = 2008
| location = Kuala Lumpur
| pages = xvi
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QTKtgVCUZ48C
| isbn = 978-983-068-307-2}}</ref> Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct [[nonstandard dialect|vernacular dialect]] called [[Brunei Malay]]. In [[East Timor]], Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of two working languages (the other being [[English language|English]]), alongside the official languages of [[Tetum language|Tetum]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref name="easttimorgovernment.com"/> The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the [[Constitution of Malaysia]], and became the sole official language in [[Peninsular Malaysia]] in 1968 and in [[East Malaysia]] gradually from 1974. [[English language|English]] continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In the [[Philippines]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community in [[Davao City]], and functional phrases are taught to members of the Philippine Armed Forces and to students.
==Phonology==
{{main|Malay phonology}}
Malay, like most Austronesian languages, is not a [[tonal language]].
===Consonants===
The consonants of Malaysian<ref name="Clynes and Deterding 2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Clynes |first1=Adrian |last2=Deterding |first2=David |date=2011 |title=Standard Malay (Brunei) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=259–268 |doi=10.1017/S002510031100017X |doi-access=free |df=dmy-all}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karim |first1=Nik Safiah |url=https://anyflip.com/itckx/dubr/basic |title=Tatabahasa Dewan |last2=M. Onn |first2=Farid |last3=Haji Musa |first3=Hashim |last4=Mahmood |first4=Abdul Hamid |publisher=[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-983-62-9484-5 |edition=3 |location=Kuala Lumpur |pages=297–303 |language=ms}}</ref> and also Indonesian<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soderberg |first1=Craig D. |last2=Olson |first2=Kenneth S. |year=2008 |title=Indonesian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=209–213 |doi=10.1017/S0025100308003320 |issn=1475-3502|doi-access=free }}</ref> are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in brackets.
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
|+Malay consonant phonemes
! colspan=2|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Labial consonant|Dental]]
! [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]/
[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Post-alveolar consonant|Post{{nbh}}alveolar]]/<br/>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
|
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|ɲ}}
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br/>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}}
|
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|({{IPAlink|q}})
| ({{IPAlink|ʔ}})
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}}
|
| {{IPAlink|d}}
| {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| ({{IPAlink|f}})
| ({{IPAlink|θ}})
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| ({{IPAlink|ʃ}})
| ({{IPAlink|x}})
|
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| ({{IPAlink|v}})
| ({{IPAlink|ð}})
| ({{IPAlink|z}})
|
| ({{IPAlink|ɣ}})
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! <small>[[central consonant|central]]</small>
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|-
! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|
|}
'''Orthographic note''':
The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:
* {{IPAslink|ð}} is 'z', the same as the {{IPAslink|z}} sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the {{IPAslink|ð}} sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with {{IPAslink|z}} sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers).
* {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is 'ny'; 'n' before 'c' and 'j'
* {{IPAslink|ŋ}} is 'ng'
* {{IPAslink|θ}} is represented as 's', the same as the {{IPAslink|s}} sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the {{IPAslink|θ}} sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with {{IPAslink|s}} sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). Previously (before 1972), this sound was written 'th' in Standard Malay (not Indonesian)
* the glottal stop {{IPAslink|ʔ}} is final 'k' or an apostrophe ' (although some words have this glottal stop in the middle, such as ''rakyat'')
* {{IPAslink|tʃ}} is 'c'
* {{IPAslink|dʒ}} is 'j'
* {{IPAslink|ʃ}} is 'sy'
* {{IPAslink|x}} is 'kh'
* {{IPAslink|j}} is 'y'
* {{IPAslink|q}} is 'k'
'''Loans from Arabic''':
* Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic. Otherwise they tend to be replaced with native sounds.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Table of borrowed Arabic consonants
|-
! Distinct !! Assimilated !! Example
|-
| {{IPAslink|x}} || {{IPAslink|k}}, {{IPAslink|h}} || ''khabar, kabar'' "news"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ð}} || {{IPAslink|d}}, {{IPAslink|l}} || ''redha, rela'' "good will"
|-
| {{IPA|/zˤ/}} || {{IPAslink|l}}, {{IPAslink|z}} || ''lohor, zuhur'' "noon (prayer)"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ɣ}} || {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, {{IPAslink|r}} || ''ghaib, raib'' "hidden"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ʕ}} || {{IPAslink|ʔ}} || ''saat, sa'at'' "second (time)"
|-
|{{IPAslink|θ}}
|{{IPAslink|s}}
|{{lang|ms|Selasa}} "Tuesday"
|-
|{{IPAslink|q}}
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|{{lang|ms|makam}} "grave"
|}
===Vowels===
Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six.<ref name="Clynes and Deterding 2011" /> The vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} are much less common than the other four.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Table of vowel phonemes of Standard Malay
|-
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}}
|
|}
'''Orthographic note''': both {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} are written as 'e'. This means that there are some homographs, so ''perang'' can be either /pəraŋ/ ("war") or /peraŋ/ ("blond") (but in Indonesia ''perang'' with /e/ sound is also written as ''pirang'').
Some analyses regard {{IPA|/ai, au, oi/}} as diphthongs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Susur galur bahasa Melayu |last=Asmah Haji |first=Omar |date=1985 |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka |location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Zaharani|title=Fonologi generatif: teori dan penerapan|date=1993|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> However, {{IPA|[ai]}} and {{IPA|[au]}} can only occur in open syllables, such as ''cukai'' ("tax") and ''pulau'' ("island"). Words with a phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as ''baik'' ("good") and ''laut'' ("sea"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs {{IPA|[ai]}}, {{IPA|[au]}} and {{IPA|[oi]}} as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: {{IPA|/aj/}}, {{IPA|/aw/}} and {{IPA|/oj/}} respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clynes |first=Adrian |date=1997 |title=On the Proto-Austronesian "Diphthongs" |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.2307/3622989 |jstor=3622989}}</ref>
There is a rule of [[vowel harmony]]: the non-open vowels {{IPA|/i, e, u, o/}} in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so ''hidung'' ("nose") is allowed but *''hedung'' is not.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C119.pdf |title=Proto Malayic: the reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology |last=Adelaar |first=K. A. |date=1992 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |isbn=0858834081 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/pl-c119 |oclc=26845189}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of several standard pronunciations of Malay<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abu Bakar |first=Mukhlis |date=2019-12-18 |title=Sebutan Johor-Riau dan Sebutan Baku dalam Konteks Identiti Masyarakat Melayu Singapura |url=http://publisher.unimas.my/ojs/index.php/ILS/article/view/1521 |journal=Issues in Language Studies |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.33736/ils.1521.2019 |s2cid=213343934 |issn=2180-2726}}</ref>
!
! style=text-align:center | Johor-Riau
Pronunciation
! style=text-align:center | Northern
Pronunciation
! style=text-align:center| ''Baku'' & Indonesian
Pronunciation
|-
|⟨a⟩ in final open syllable
|/ə/
|/a/
|/a/
|-
|⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩
|/e/
|/i/
|/i/
|-
|⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants
|/e/
|/e/
|/i/
|-
|⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩
|/o/
|/u/
|/u/
|-
|⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants
|/o/
|/o/
|/u/
|-
|final ⟨r⟩
|silent
|/r/
|/r/
|}
Study by Uri Tadmor which was published in 2003 shows that mutation of ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable is an areal feature. Specifically, it is an areal feature of Western Austronesia. Uri Tadmor classify those types into four groups as below.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Uri |first=Tadmor |date=2003 |others=CRCL, CRCL, And/Or The Author(S) |title=Final /a/ mutation: a borrowed areal feature in Western Austronesia |url=http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-550.15.pdf |journal=Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology |language=en |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |issue=PL-550 |pages=15–36 |doi=10.15144/PL-550.15 |access-date=2022-11-05 |via=sealang.net/CRCL}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Final /a/ mutation in Malay-Indonesian dialects and nearby Austronesian languages
!Types
!Phonemes
!"Malay" provenance
!Native languages area
|-
|[a] (origin)
|[a]
|[[Kedah]], [[Brunei]]
|Arekan (eg. [[Tenggerese dialect|Tengger]]), [[Sarawak]], [[Sabah]], [[Kalimantan]] (except Pontianak), [[East Indonesian Malay|East Indonesia]]
|-
|Raised
|[ə], [ɨ]
|[[Johor]], [[Pontianak]], [[Tanah Abang]] ([[Jakarta]])
|[[Bali]]
|-
|Rounded
|[o], [ɔ]
|[[Patani]], [[Palembang]]
|[[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], Mataraman (eg. [[Yogyakarta]])
|-
|Fronted
|[ɛ], [e]
|[[Perak]], [[Jakarta]], [[Sambas Regency|Sambas]]
|
|}
==Grammar==
{{main|Malay grammar}}
Malay is an [[agglutinative language]], and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto a root word ([[affixation]]), formation of a [[compound word]] (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words ([[reduplication]]). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are [[derivation (linguistics)|derived]] from other words by means of [[prefix]]es, [[suffix]]es and [[circumfix]]es.
Malay does not make use of [[grammatical gender]], and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for 'he' and 'she' which is ''dia'' or for 'his' and 'her' which is ''dia punya''. There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus ''orang'' may mean either 'person' or 'people'. Verbs are not [[inflected language|inflected]] for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as 'yesterday') or by other tense indicators, such as ''sudah'' 'already' and ''belum'' 'not yet'. On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote [[voice (grammar)|voice]] or intentional and accidental [[grammatical mood|moods]].
Malay does not have a [[grammatical subject]] in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an [[agent (grammar)|agent]] and an [[object (grammar)|object]], these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive", is the basic and most common word order.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}
===Usages===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the [[Constitution of Malaysia]], and became the sole official language in [[West Malaysia]] in 1968, and in [[East Malaysia]] gradually from 1974. [[English language|English]] continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.
In Singapore, Malay was historically the ''[[lingua franca]]'' among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the [[national anthem]], [[Majulah Singapura]], is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay.
Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of [[Thailand]]—a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called [[Pattani kingdom|Pattani]]—speak a dialect of Malay called [[Yawi language|Yawi]] (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition.
Owing to earlier contact with the [[Philippines]], Malay words—such as ''dalam hati'' (sympathy), ''luwalhati'' (glory), ''tengah hari'' (midday), ''sedap'' (delicious)—have evolved and been integrated into [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and other [[languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages]].
By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the ''lingua franca'' for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In [[East Timor]], which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its [[Constitution]] as a 'working language'.)
Besides [[Indonesia language|Indonesian]], which developed from the [[Malacca sultanate|Malaccan]]<!--not Riau: "Riau Malay" is not the Malay native to Riau, but to Malacca--> dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia; they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]], which itself is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay; some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are [[Riau|Riau Malay]], [[Langkat]], [[Musi language|Palembang Malay]] and [[Jambi Malay]]. [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Kerinci people|Kerinci]] and [[Bengkulu]] are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the [[Jakarta]] dialect (known as [[Betawi language|Betawi]]) also belongs to the western Malay group.
The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or [[Malay trade and creole languages|creoles]], are spoken in the easternmost part of the Indonesian archipelago and include [[Manado Malay]], [[Ambonese Malay]], [[North Moluccan Malay]], and [[Papuan Malay]].
The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word ''kita'' means 'we, us' in western, but means 'I, me' in Manado, whereas 'we, us" in Manado is ''torang'' and Ambon ''katong'' (originally abbreviated from Malay ''kita orang'' 'we people'). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb ''pe'' and Ambon ''pu'' (from Malay ''punya'' 'to have') to mark possession. So 'my name' and 'our house" are translated in western Malay as ''namaku'' and ''rumah kita'' but ''kita pe nama'' and ''torang pe rumah'' in Manado and ''beta pu nama'', ''katong pu rumah'' in Ambon dialect.
The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, in some parts of Malaysia and in Singapore, ''kita'' (inclusive 'we, us, our') is pronounced as {{IPA|/kitə/}}, in Kelantan and Southern Thailand as {{IPA|/kitɔ/}}, in Riau as {{IPA|/kita/}}, in Palembang as {{IPA|/kito/}}, in Betawi and Perak as {{IPA|/kitɛ/}} and in Kedah and Perlis as /kitɑ/.
Batavian and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers are not ethnically Malay.
==Examples==
All Malay speakers should be able to understand either of the translations below, which differ mostly in their choice of wording. The words for 'article', ''pasal'' and ''perkara'', and for 'declaration', ''pernyataan'' and ''perisytiharan'', are specific to the Indonesian and Malaysian standards, respectively, but otherwise all the words are found in both (and even those words may be found with slightly different meanings).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Malay<!--classification still correct, refer to Nothofer, Bernd (2009). "Malay". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World p. 678).-->
|-
! Indonesian<ref>Standard named as stated in:
{{Cite web|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2021|website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref>
!Standard "Malay"<ref>The other language standard aside from "Indonesian" is named simply as "Malay", as stated in:
{{Cite web|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Bahasa Melayu (Malay))|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli|website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref>
|-
|'''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''' || '''Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak Asasi Manusia'''<br>(General Declaration about Human Rights) || '''Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat'''<br>(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
|-
|'''Article 1'''||'''Pasal 1'''||'''Perkara 1'''
|-
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
| ''Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.'' <br>
(All human beings are born free and have the same dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should get along with each other in a spirit of brotherhood.)
| ''Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi maruah dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.'' <br>
(All human beings are born free and are equal in dignity and rights. They have thoughts and feelings and should get along with a spirit of brotherhood.)
|}
==See also==
* [[Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian]]
* [[Indonesian language]]
* [[Jawi script]], an [[Arabic script|Arabic alphabet]] for Malay
* [[Languages of Indonesia]]
* [[List of English words of Malay origin]]
* [[Malajoe Batawi]]
* [[Malaysian English]], the English used formally in Malaysia
* [[Malaysian language]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=K. Alexander |date=2004 |title=Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications |journal=[[Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde]] |volume=160 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003733 |doi-access=free |jstor=27868100 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=B. |first=C. O. |date=1939 |title=Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A.D. 1403 and 1511 (?) |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |volume=10 |issue=1 |jstor=607921 }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Braginsky |editor-first=Vladimir |date=2013 |orig-year=First published 2002 |title=Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366 |location=Oxford |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-84879-7}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=E. D. |last2=Blagden |first2=C. O. |date=1931 |title=A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?) |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=715–749 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00093204 |jstor=607205 |s2cid=129174700 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Richard James |year=1901–1903 |title=A Malay-English Dictionary |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AEG2034.0001.001?rgn=main;view=toc |location=Singapore |publisher=Kelly & Walsh }}
== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=ms}}
{{InterWiki|code=id}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Malay phrasebook|Malay|a phrasebook}}
{{Wiktionary|Category:Malay language|Category:Malay derivations}}
* [[Wiktionary:Appendix:Malay Swadesh list|Swadesh list of Malay words]]
* [http://www.sealang.net/malay/dictionary.htm Digital version of Wilkinson's 1926 Malay-English Dictionary]
* [http://prpm.dbp.gov.my Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu], online Malay language database provided by the [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111224121004/http://bahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/ Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan] (Online Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language published by Pusat Bahasa, in Indonesian only)
* [http://www.dbp.gov.my Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka] (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706054017/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php The Malay Spelling Reform], Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)
* [http://www.ekamus.info Malay Chinese Dictionary]
* [https://archive.today/20140816074940/http://hablaa.com/english-malay/ Malay English Dictionary]
* [http://www.malaytranslate.com Malay English Translation]
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Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -423,28 +423,4 @@
Malay does not have a [[grammatical subject]] in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an [[agent (grammar)|agent]] and an [[object (grammar)|object]], these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive", is the basic and most common word order.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}
-
-==Borrowed words==
-{{Main|List of Malay loanwords}}
-{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
-{{Expand section|small=no|date=July 2019}}
-
-The Malay language has many words borrowed from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (in particular religious terms), [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], certain [[Sinitic languages]], [[Persian language|Persian]] (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub), and more recently, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[English language|English]] (in particular many scientific and technological terms).
-
-==Varieties and related languages==
-{{Main|Malayic languages}}
-{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2019}}
-[[File:Betawi.jpg|thumb|[[Jakarta]]n [[Creole language|Creole]] Malay ([[Betawi language]])]]
-
-There is a group of closely related languages spoken by [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] and related peoples across [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Southern Thailand]], [[Kampung Alor]] in [[East Timor]], and the far southern parts of the [[Philippines]]. They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayan languages are [[mutually intelligible]] to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases.
-
-Para-Malay includes the Malayan languages of [[Sumatra]]. They are: [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Central Malay]] (Bengkulu), [[Pekal language|Pekal]], [[Talang Mamak language|Talang Mamak]], [[Musi language|Musi]] (Palembang), [[Negeri Sembilan Malay|Negeri Sembilan]] (Malaysia), and [[Duano language|Duano’]].<ref>''Ethnologue'' 16 also lists Col, Haji, Kaur, Kerinci, Kubu, Lubu'.</ref>
-
-Aboriginal Malay are the Malayan languages spoken by the [[Orang Asli]] ([[Proto-Malay]]) in [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]. They are [[Jakun language|Jakun]], [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]], [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]], and [[Temuan language|Temuan]].
-
-The other Malayan languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include Malaccan Malay ([[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]), [[Kedah Malay]], [[Brunei Malay|Kedayan/Brunei Malay]], [[Berau Malay]], [[Bangka Malay]], [[Jambi Malay]], [[Kutai Malay]], [[Natuna Malay]], [[Riau Malay]], [[Orang Laut language|Loncong]], [[Pattani Malay]], and [[Banjar language|Banjarese]]. [[Menterap language|Menterap]] may belong here.
-
-There are also several [[Malay-based creole languages]], such as [[Betawi language|Betawi]], [[Cocos Malay]], [[Dili Malay]], [[Kupang Malay]], [[Manado Malay]] and [[Sabah Malay]], which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay.
-
-Due to the early settlement of a [[Cape Malay]] community in [[Cape Town]], who are now known as [[Coloured]]s, numerous [[History of the Malay language#Classical Malay|Classical Malay]] words were brought into [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]].
===Usages===
' |
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1 => '==Borrowed words==',
2 => '{{Main|List of Malay loanwords}}',
3 => '{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}',
4 => '{{Expand section|small=no|date=July 2019}}',
5 => '',
6 => 'The Malay language has many words borrowed from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (in particular religious terms), [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], certain [[Sinitic languages]], [[Persian language|Persian]] (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub), and more recently, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[English language|English]] (in particular many scientific and technological terms).',
7 => '',
8 => '==Varieties and related languages==',
9 => '{{Main|Malayic languages}}',
10 => '{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2019}}',
11 => '[[File:Betawi.jpg|thumb|[[Jakarta]]n [[Creole language|Creole]] Malay ([[Betawi language]])]]',
12 => '',
13 => 'There is a group of closely related languages spoken by [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] and related peoples across [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Southern Thailand]], [[Kampung Alor]] in [[East Timor]], and the far southern parts of the [[Philippines]]. They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayan languages are [[mutually intelligible]] to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases.',
14 => '',
15 => 'Para-Malay includes the Malayan languages of [[Sumatra]]. They are: [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Central Malay]] (Bengkulu), [[Pekal language|Pekal]], [[Talang Mamak language|Talang Mamak]], [[Musi language|Musi]] (Palembang), [[Negeri Sembilan Malay|Negeri Sembilan]] (Malaysia), and [[Duano language|Duano’]].<ref>''Ethnologue'' 16 also lists Col, Haji, Kaur, Kerinci, Kubu, Lubu'.</ref>',
16 => '',
17 => 'Aboriginal Malay are the Malayan languages spoken by the [[Orang Asli]] ([[Proto-Malay]]) in [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]. They are [[Jakun language|Jakun]], [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]], [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]], and [[Temuan language|Temuan]].',
18 => '',
19 => 'The other Malayan languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include Malaccan Malay ([[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]), [[Kedah Malay]], [[Brunei Malay|Kedayan/Brunei Malay]], [[Berau Malay]], [[Bangka Malay]], [[Jambi Malay]], [[Kutai Malay]], [[Natuna Malay]], [[Riau Malay]], [[Orang Laut language|Loncong]], [[Pattani Malay]], and [[Banjar language|Banjarese]]. [[Menterap language|Menterap]] may belong here.',
20 => '',
21 => 'There are also several [[Malay-based creole languages]], such as [[Betawi language|Betawi]], [[Cocos Malay]], [[Dili Malay]], [[Kupang Malay]], [[Manado Malay]] and [[Sabah Malay]], which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay.',
22 => '',
23 => 'Due to the early settlement of a [[Cape Malay]] community in [[Cape Town]], who are now known as [[Coloured]]s, numerous [[History of the Malay language#Classical Malay|Classical Malay]] words were brought into [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]].'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austronesian language of Southeast Asia</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the language on which Standard Indonesian and Malaysian are based. For the vernacular varieties and dialects of Malay, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a>. For the standard Malay used in Malaysia, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian Malay</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>.</div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FL%C3%ADngua_malaia&sl=pt&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.</li>
<li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li>
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<li>You should also add the template <code>{{Translated|pt|Língua malaia}}</code> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talk:Malay_language" title="Talk:Malay language">talk page</a>.</li>
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<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Malay</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</i></span><br /><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116685952">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"SF Arabic",Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,"Scheherazade New","Amiri","Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Microsoft Uighur","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman","Arial",Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بهاس ملايو</span>‎</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'Noto Sans Rejang', 'Code2000';">ꤷꥁꤼ ꤸꥍꤾꤿꥈ</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><small></small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="ms-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ba.ha.sa mə.la.ju]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="South Thailand">South Thailand</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a><br />(see also <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malayophones</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a> – 77 million (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-NE100_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE100-1">[1]</a></sup><br />Total (L1 and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>): 200–290 million (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li>
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a> (?)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Malay</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a>
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Malay">Classical Malay</a>
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Malay">Pre-Modern Malay</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian Standard Malay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay alphabet</a>)</li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi alphabet</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai alphabet</a> (in Thailand)</li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets#Grade_1_braille" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">Malay Braille</a></li><li>Historically <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava alphabet</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi alphabet">Kawi alphabet</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rencong_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rencong alphabet">Rencong alphabet</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Surat_Ulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surat Ulu (page does not exist)">Surat Ulu</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang script</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="plainlist nowrap">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <small>(as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>)</small></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <small>(also called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a>)</small></li><small>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></small></ul><small>
</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><br />(beside the national standard of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_Indonesians#Language" title="Malay Indonesians">Local Malay</a> enjoys the status of a regional language in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a> (Borneo))</li><li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> used as a working language and a trade language with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-easttimorgovernment.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-easttimorgovernment.com-4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul></div>
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Pattani Malay</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Language_Development_and_Fostering_Agency" title="Language Development and Fostering Agency">Language Development and Fostering Agency</a> in Indonesia</li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Institute of Language and Literature</a> in Malaysia</li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka_Brunei" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei">Language and Literature Bureau</a> in Brunei</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagecouncils.sg/mbms/en">Malay Language Council</a> in Singapore</li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia" title="Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia">Brunei–Indonesia–Malaysia Language Council – MABBIM</a> (a trilateral joint venture)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ms">ms</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=288">may</a></span> (B)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=288">msa</a></span> (T)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/msa" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:msa">msa</a></code> – inclusive code<br />Individual codes:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/zlm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:zlm">zlm</a></code> – Malay (individual language)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kxd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kxd">kxd</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ind" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ind">ind</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/zsm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:zsm">zsm</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Standard Malay</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/jax" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:jax">jax</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/meo" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:meo">meo</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kvr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kvr">kvr</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xmm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xmm">xmm</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/min" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:min">min</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mui" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mui">mui</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Musi language">Musi</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/zmi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:zmi">zmi</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/max" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:max">max</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mfa" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mfa">mfa</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/coa" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:coa">coa</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bjn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bjn">bjn</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjarese</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bew" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bew">bew</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/msi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:msi">msi</a></code> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mqg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mqg">mqg</a></code> – Kota Bangun Kutai Malay</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1326">indo1326</a></code>  partial match</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>31-MFA-a</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Malayophone_world.svg" class="image"><img alt="Malayophone world.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Malayophone_world.svg/220px-Malayophone_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Malayophone_world.svg/330px-Malayophone_world.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Malayophone_world.svg/440px-Malayophone_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="190" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Countries where Malay is spoken
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000075; color:white;"> </span> Official language</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#439dd4; color:black;"> </span> Recognized minority or trade language</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="126" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1081872" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1349224" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2102392" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2623952" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Original WebM file, 1,920 × 1,080 (2.76 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="2757635" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.1080p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="4174232" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Full HD VP9 (1080P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="5157104" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="214" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="194040" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="206240" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="283896" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="321408" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="400256" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="576848" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="713008" data-framerate="29.97" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/enwiki/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /></video> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A teenager speaks Kedah Malay</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="115" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="277048" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="504712" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1060184" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Full HD VP9 (1080P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="1060368" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Original WebM file, 1,920 × 1,080 (1.53 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="1534644" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2136600" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.1080p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="4192248" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="214" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="111128" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="202376" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="130080" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="143896" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="315008" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="187416" data-framerate="23.976" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="561688" data-framerate="23.976" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/enwiki/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/enwiki/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia (id)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/enwiki/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский (ru)" data-dir="ltr" /></video> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An Indonesian speaker</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="333832" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="619896" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="985120" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Full HD VP9 (1080P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="1312080" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="1763640" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Original WebM file, 1,920 × 1,080 (1.81 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="1807757" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.1080p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="3047520" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="214" data-height="120" data-bandwidth="118160" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="200352" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="180" data-bandwidth="138400" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="155400" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="326048" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="204960" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="556128" data-framerate="29.97" /></video> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A Malay speaker</div></div></div>
<p><b>Malay</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Malay: <i lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a>: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl">بهاس ملايو</span></span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rencong</a>: <span style="font-size:16px; line-height:2.1em; font-family:'Noto Sans Rejang', 'Code2000';">ꤷꥁꤼ ꤸꥍꤾꤿꥈ</span>) is an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language</a> that is an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and that is also spoken in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> and parts of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> (around 260 million in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> alone in its own literary standard named "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> across <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>.
</p><p>As the <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">bahasa kebangsaan</i></span> or <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">bahasa nasional</i></span> ("national language") of several states, Standard Malay has various official names. In Malaysia, it is designated as either <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu Malaysia</i></span> ("<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian Malay</a>") or also <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</i></span> ("Malay language"). In Singapore and Brunei, it is called <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</i></span> ("Malay language"). In Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</i></span> ("<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a>") is designated the <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">bahasa persatuan/pemersatu</i></span> ("unifying language" or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>). However, in areas of Central to Southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, where vernacular varieties of Malay are indigenous, Indonesians refer to the language as <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">bahasa Melayu</i></span>, and consider it to be one of their regional languages.
</p><p><i>Malay</i>, also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor</a> Sultanates and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a>. According to <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> 16, several of the Malayic varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a></i></span> varieties of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Peninsular Malay</a>, are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a> based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Macassar_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Macassar Malay</a>, which appears to be a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Writing_system"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Writing system</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Extent_of_use"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Extent of use</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Consonants"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consonants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Vowels"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vowels</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Grammar"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Grammar</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Usages"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Usages</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in Northwestern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> A form known as Proto-Malay was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a>. Its ancestor, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a>, a descendant of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian language</a>, began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> from the island of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language" title="History of the Malay language">History of the Malay language</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lawah-Lawah_Merah_(1875).pdf" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf/page1-220px-Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf/page1-330px-Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf/page1-440px-Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="1485" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lawah-Lawah_Merah_(1875).pdf" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Lawah-Lawah Merah</i> (1875), a Malay-language translation of <i>L'araignée rouge</i> by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_de_Pont-Jest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René de Pont-Jest (page does not exist)">René de Pont-Jest</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Pont-Jest" class="extiw" title="fr:René de Pont-Jest">fr</a>]</span> has been identified as the first Malay-language novel. Prior to the era, the Malay literature & storytelling was predominantly written in the form of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hikayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hikayat">Hikayat</a></i>.</div></div></div>
<p>The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Classical Malay, Late Modern Malay and Modern Malay. Old Malay is believed to be the actual ancestor of Classical Malay.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Old Malay was influenced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, the literary language of Classical India and a liturgical language of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, Indonesia, written in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava variety</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grantha_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantha alphabet">Grantha alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> and is dated 1 May 683. Known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_inscription" title="Kedukan Bukit inscription">Kedukan Bukit inscription</a>, it was discovered by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutchman</a> M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musi_River_(Indonesia)" title="Musi River (Indonesia)">Musi River</a>. It is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres (18 by 31 in).
</p><p>Other evidence is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text was produced in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adityawarman" title="Adityawarman">Adityawarman</a> era (1345–1377) of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a>, a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijayan</a> rule in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. The laws were for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a>, who today still live in the highlands of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terengganu_Inscription_Stone" title="Terengganu Inscription Stone">Terengganu Inscription Stone</a> (Malay: Batu Bersurat Terengganu; Jawi: باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو) is a granite stele carrying inscription in Jawi script that was found in Terengganu, Malaysia is the earliest evidence of classical Malay inscription. The inscription, dated possibly to 702 AH (corresponds to 1303 CE), constituted the earliest evidence of Jawi writing in the Malay world of Southeast Asia, and was one of the oldest testimonies to the advent of Islam as a state religion in the region. It contains the proclamation issued by a ruler of Terengganu known as Seri Paduka Tuan, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance.
</p><p>The Malay language came into widespread use as the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> (1402–1511). During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> vocabularies, called <i>Classical Malay</i>. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When the court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are the letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> in present-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, following contact with Portuguese explorer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sneddon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sneddon-14">[14]</a></sup> The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate language</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan language</a>, as their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. Malay was used solely as a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> for inter-ethnic communications.<sup id="cite_ref-sneddon_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sneddon-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification">Classification</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages#Comparison_charts" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages § Comparison charts</a></div>
<p>Malay is a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> family of languages, which includes languages from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, with a smaller number in continental <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, a geographic outlier spoken in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian language</a>. There are many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.
</p><p>Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">forms of speech</a> known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a>, which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called "Malay" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> of Brunei—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a>—for example, is not readily intelligible with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a>, and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a>. However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Writing_system">Writing system</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Malay alphabet</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg/220px-Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg/330px-Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg/440px-Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="531" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rencong_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rencong alphabet">Rencong alphabet</a>, a native writing system found in central and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:232px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:KedukanBukit001.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KedukanBukit001.jpg/230px-KedukanBukit001.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="341" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/KedukanBukit001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="479" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:KedukanBukit001.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedukan Bukit Inscription">Kedukan Bukit Inscription</a>, using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava alphabet</a>, is the oldest surviving specimen of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> language in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>, Indonesia.</div></div></div>
<p>Malay is now written using the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, known as <i>Rumi</i> in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or <i>Latin</i> in Indonesia, although an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> called <i>Arab Melayu</i> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet"><i>Jawi</i></a> also exists. Latin script is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindu-Arabic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Arabic numerals">Hindu-Arabic numerals</a>.
</p><p><i>Rumi</i> (Latin) and <i>Jawi</i> are co-official in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the religious school, <i>sekolah agama</i>, which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14.
</p><p>Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi.
</p><p>The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.
</p><p>Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rencong_script" title="Rencong script">Rencong</a> scripts; these scripts are no longer frequently used, but similar scripts such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cham_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham alphabet">Cham alphabet</a> are used by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, <i>Jawi</i> gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and British influence, Jawi was gradually replaced by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Rumi</a> script.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Extent_of_use">Extent of use</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Extent of use">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg/220px-Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg/330px-Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg/440px-Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5442" data-file-height="3278" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A Malay traffic sign in Malaysia.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg/330px-Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg/440px-Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Malay road signs in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia. The blue sign reads "<i>Lajur Khusus Menurunkan Penumpang</i>" which means "Lane for dropping passengers only" and the small no-parking sign on the left reads "<i>Sampai Rambu Berikutnya</i>" which means "until next sign" in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></div></div></div>
<p>Malay is spoken in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use a common standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction-18">[18]</a></sup> Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" title="Nonstandard dialect">vernacular dialect</a> called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of two working languages (the other being <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>), alongside the official languages of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-easttimorgovernment.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-easttimorgovernment.com-4">[4]</a></sup> The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Article 152</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia</a>, and became the sole official language in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a> in 1968 and in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> gradually from 1974. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a>, and functional phrases are taught to members of the Philippine Armed Forces and to students.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Phonology">Phonology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay phonology</a></div>
<p>Malay, like most Austronesian languages, is not a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Consonants">Consonants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The consonants of Malaysian<sup id="cite_ref-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> and also Indonesian<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in brackets.
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center">
<caption>Malay consonant phonemes
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2">
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Dental</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a>/
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a>
</p>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Post-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-alveolar consonant">Post‑alveolar</a>/<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a>
</th>
<th><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span>)
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a>
</th>
<th><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small>
</th>
<td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>)
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span>)
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>)
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>)
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small>
</th>
<td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span>)
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span>)
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>)
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>)
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a>
</th>
<th><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a></small>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Orthographic note</b>:
The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</span> is 'z', the same as the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</span> sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers).</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> is 'ny'; 'n' before 'c' and 'j'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> is 'ng'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/</span> is represented as 's', the same as the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/</span> sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). Previously (before 1972), this sound was written 'th' in Standard Malay (not Indonesian)</li>
<li>the glottal stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> is final 'k' or an apostrophe ' (although some words have this glottal stop in the middle, such as <i>rakyat</i>)</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/</span> is 'c'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/</span> is 'j'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> is 'sy'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> is 'kh'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> is 'y'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> is 'k'</li></ul>
<p><b>Loans from Arabic</b>:
</p>
<ul><li>Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic. Otherwise they tend to be replaced with native sounds.</li></ul>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Table of borrowed Arabic consonants
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Distinct</th>
<th>Assimilated</th>
<th>Example
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span></td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span></td>
<td><i>khabar, kabar</i> "news"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</span></td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span></td>
<td><i>redha, rela</i> "good will"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/zˤ/</span></td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span></td>
<td><i>lohor, zuhur</i> "noon (prayer)"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span></td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span></td>
<td><i>ghaib, raib</i> "hidden"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</span></td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span></td>
<td><i>saat, sa'at</i> "second (time)"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span>
</td>
<td><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Selasa</i></span> "Tuesday"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span>
</td>
<td><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">makam</i></span> "grave"
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vowels">Vowels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six.<sup id="cite_ref-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011-19">[19]</a></sup> The vowels <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/e, o/</span> are much less common than the other four.
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
<caption>Table of vowel phonemes of Standard Malay
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Orthographic note</b>: both <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/e/</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/ə/</span> are written as 'e'. This means that there are some homographs, so <i>perang</i> can be either /pəraŋ/ ("war") or /peraŋ/ ("blond") (but in Indonesia <i>perang</i> with /e/ sound is also written as <i>pirang</i>).
</p><p>Some analyses regard <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/ai, au, oi/</span> as diphthongs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> However, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">[ai]</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">[au]</span> can only occur in open syllables, such as <i>cukai</i> ("tax") and <i>pulau</i> ("island"). Words with a phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as <i>baik</i> ("good") and <i>laut</i> ("sea"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">[ai]</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">[au]</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">[oi]</span> as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/aj/</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/aw/</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/oj/</span> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>There is a rule of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>: the non-open vowels <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/i, e, u, o/</span> in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so <i>hidung</i> ("nose") is allowed but *<i>hedung</i> is not.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Comparison of several standard pronunciations of Malay<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th style="text-align:center">Johor-Riau
<p>Pronunciation
</p>
</th>
<th style="text-align:center">Northern
<p>Pronunciation
</p>
</th>
<th style="text-align:center"><i>Baku</i> & Indonesian
<p>Pronunciation
</p>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>⟨a⟩ in final open syllable
</td>
<td>/ə/
</td>
<td>/a/
</td>
<td>/a/
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩
</td>
<td>/e/
</td>
<td>/i/
</td>
<td>/i/
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants
</td>
<td>/e/
</td>
<td>/e/
</td>
<td>/i/
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩
</td>
<td>/o/
</td>
<td>/u/
</td>
<td>/u/
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants
</td>
<td>/o/
</td>
<td>/o/
</td>
<td>/u/
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>final ⟨r⟩
</td>
<td>silent
</td>
<td>/r/
</td>
<td>/r/
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Study by Uri Tadmor which was published in 2003 shows that mutation of ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable is an areal feature. Specifically, it is an areal feature of Western Austronesia. Uri Tadmor classify those types into four groups as below.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Final /a/ mutation in Malay-Indonesian dialects and nearby Austronesian languages
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Types
</th>
<th>Phonemes
</th>
<th>"Malay" provenance
</th>
<th>Native languages area
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>[a] (origin)
</td>
<td>[a]
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>
</td>
<td>Arekan (eg. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tengger</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> (except Pontianak), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Indonesian_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="East Indonesian Malay">East Indonesia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Raised
</td>
<td>[ə], [ɨ]
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak">Pontianak</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanah_Abang" title="Tanah Abang">Tanah Abang</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>)
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Rounded
</td>
<td>[o], [ɔ]
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patani" title="Patani">Patani</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>, Mataraman (eg. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Fronted
</td>
<td>[ɛ], [e]
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambas_Regency" title="Sambas Regency">Sambas</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Grammar">Grammar</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay grammar</a></div>
<p>Malay is an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>, and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto a root word (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Affixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Affixation">affixation</a>), formation of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compound_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound word">compound word</a> (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a>). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">derived</a> from other words by means of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circumfix" title="Circumfix">circumfixes</a>.
</p><p>Malay does not make use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for 'he' and 'she' which is <i>dia</i> or for 'his' and 'her' which is <i>dia punya</i>. There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus <i>orang</i> may mean either 'person' or 'people'. Verbs are not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inflected_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflected</a> for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as 'yesterday') or by other tense indicators, such as <i>sudah</i> 'already' and <i>belum</i> 'not yet'. On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voice</a> or intentional and accidental <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a>.
</p><p>Malay does not have a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grammatical_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical subject">grammatical subject</a> in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a> and an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>, these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive", is the basic and most common word order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Usages">Usages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Usages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"/><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Article 152</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia</a>, and became the sole official language in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="West Malaysia">West Malaysia</a> in 1968, and in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> gradually from 1974. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.
</p><p>In Singapore, Malay was historically the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Majulah Singapura</a>, is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay.
</p><p>Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>—a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pattani_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani kingdom">Pattani</a>—speak a dialect of Malay called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawi language">Yawi</a> (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition.
</p><p>Owing to earlier contact with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, Malay words—such as <i>dalam hati</i> (sympathy), <i>luwalhati</i> (glory), <i>tengah hari</i> (midday), <i>sedap</i> (delicious)—have evolved and been integrated into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippine languages</a>.
</p><p>By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the <i>lingua franca</i> for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> as a 'working language'.)
</p><p>Besides <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia language">Indonesian</a>, which developed from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malacca_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca sultanate">Malaccan</a> dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia; they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, which itself is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay; some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langkat" class="mw-redirect" title="Langkat">Langkat</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Musi language">Palembang Malay</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerinci_people" title="Kerinci people">Kerinci</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a> are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> dialect (known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>) also belongs to the western Malay group.
</p><p>The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">creoles</a>, are spoken in the easternmost part of the Indonesian archipelago and include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuan_Malay" title="Papuan Malay">Papuan Malay</a>.
</p><p>The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word <i>kita</i> means 'we, us' in western, but means 'I, me' in Manado, whereas 'we, us" in Manado is <i>torang</i> and Ambon <i>katong</i> (originally abbreviated from Malay <i>kita orang</i> 'we people'). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb <i>pe</i> and Ambon <i>pu</i> (from Malay <i>punya</i> 'to have') to mark possession. So 'my name' and 'our house" are translated in western Malay as <i>namaku</i> and <i>rumah kita</i> but <i>kita pe nama</i> and <i>torang pe rumah</i> in Manado and <i>beta pu nama</i>, <i>katong pu rumah</i> in Ambon dialect.
</p><p>The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, in some parts of Malaysia and in Singapore, <i>kita</i> (inclusive 'we, us, our') is pronounced as <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/kitə/</span>, in Kelantan and Southern Thailand as <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/kitɔ/</span>, in Riau as <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/kita/</span>, in Palembang as <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/kito/</span>, in Betawi and Perak as <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">/kitɛ/</span> and in Kedah and Perlis as /kitɑ/.
</p><p>Batavian and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers are not ethnically Malay.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>All Malay speakers should be able to understand either of the translations below, which differ mostly in their choice of wording. The words for 'article', <i>pasal</i> and <i>perkara</i>, and for 'declaration', <i>pernyataan</i> and <i>perisytiharan</i>, are specific to the Indonesian and Malaysian standards, respectively, but otherwise all the words are found in both (and even those words may be found with slightly different meanings).
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Article 1 of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th rowspan="2">English
</th>
<th colspan="2">Malay
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Indonesian<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</th>
<th>Standard "Malay"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</b></td>
<td><b>Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak Asasi Manusia</b><br />(General Declaration about Human Rights)</td>
<td><b>Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat</b><br />(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Article 1</b></td>
<td><b>Pasal 1</b></td>
<td><b>Perkara 1</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
</td>
<td><i>Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.</i> <br />
<p>(All human beings are born free and have the same dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should get along with each other in a spirit of brotherhood.)
</p>
</td>
<td><i>Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi maruah dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.</i> <br />
<p>(All human beings are born free and are equal in dignity and rights. They have thoughts and feelings and should get along with a spirit of brotherhood.)
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Malay_and_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian">Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a>, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabet</a> for Malay</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Malay_origin" title="List of English words of Malay origin">List of English words of Malay origin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malajoe_Batawi" title="Malajoe Batawi">Malajoe Batawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian English</a>, the English used formally in Malaysia</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian language</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-NE100-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NE100_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFUli2012" class="citation web cs1">Uli, Kozok (10 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/2012/03/10/how-many-people-speak-indonesian/">"How many people speak Indonesian"</a>. University of Hawaii at Manoa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2012</span>. <q>James T. Collins (<i>Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu</i>, Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+many+people+speak+Indonesian&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+at+Manoa&rft.date=2012-03-10&rft.aulast=Uli&rft.aufirst=Kozok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipll.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Findonesian%2F2012%2F03%2F10%2Fhow-many-people-speak-indonesian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation">"Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a></i>. 26 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation">the original</a> on 29 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Kedah+MB+defends+use+of+Jawi+on+signboards&rft.date=2008-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989%26sec%3Dnation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-easttimorgovernment.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-easttimorgovernment.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-easttimorgovernment.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm">"East Timor Languages"</a>. <i>www.easttimorgovernment.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.easttimorgovernment.com&rft.atitle=East+Timor+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easttimorgovernment.com%2Flanguages.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBauer2007" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Laurie (2007). <i>The Linguistic Student's Handbook</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linguistic+Student%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">10 million in Malaysia, 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 260 million as "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>", etc.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWardhana2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wardhana, Dian Eka Chandra (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournal.karinosseff.org/index.php/jswse/article/view/114">"Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021"</a>. <i>Journal of Social Work and Science Education</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 266–280. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52690%2Fjswse.v1i3.114">10.52690/jswse.v1i3.114</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Work+and+Science+Education&rft.atitle=Indonesian+as+the+Language+of+ASEAN+During+the+New+Life+Behavior+Change+2021&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=266-280&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.52690%2Fjswse.v1i3.114&rft.aulast=Wardhana&rft.aufirst=Dian+Eka+Chandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejournal.karinosseff.org%2Findex.php%2Fjswse%2Farticle%2Fview%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdelaar2004">Adelaar (2004)</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAndaya2001" class="citation journal cs1">Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf">"The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 315–330. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463401000169">10.1017/S0022463401000169</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62886471">62886471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+the+%27Origins%27+of+Melayu&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315-330&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463401000169&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62886471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Andaya&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsabrizain.org%2Fmalaya%2Flibrary%2Fsearch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWurmMühlhäuslerTryon1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Wurm, Stephen</a>; <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Peter_M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Mühlhäusler (page does not exist)">Mühlhäusler, Peter</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darrell_T._Tryon" class="mw-redirect" title="Darrell T. Tryon">Tryon, Darrell T.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR19"><i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 677. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081972-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081972-4"><bdi>978-3-11-081972-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas%3A+Vol+I%3A+Maps.+Vol+II%3A+Texts&rft.pages=677&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081972-4&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler%2C+Peter&rft.au=Tryon%2C+Darrell+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFW1BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226183127/http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html">"Bahasa Melayu Kuno"</a>. Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com. 15 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahasa+Melayu+Kuno&rft.pub=Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com&rft.date=2007-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com%2Fbahasa-melayu-kuno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSurakhman2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Surakhman, M. Ali (23 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/undang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia/">"Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia"</a>. <i>kemdikbud.go.id</i> (in Indonesian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kemdikbud.go.id&rft.atitle=Undang-Undang+Tanjung+Tanah%3A+Naskah+Melayu+Tertua+di+Dunia&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft.aulast=Surakhman&rft.aufirst=M.+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fbpnbkepri%2Fundang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSneddon2003" class="citation book cs1">Sneddon, James N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA70"><i>The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society</i></a>. UNSW Press. p. 70. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-598-8"><bdi>978-0-86840-598-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+Language%3A+Its+History+and+Role+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-598-8&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9UjLYD9jVEC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-sneddon-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sneddon_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sneddon_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSneddon2003" class="citation book cs1">Sneddon, James N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA62"><i>The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society</i></a>. UNSW Press. p. 62. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-598-8"><bdi>978-0-86840-598-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+Language%3A+Its+History+and+Role+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-598-8&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9UjLYD9jVEC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> 16 classifies them as distinct languages, ISO3 <i>kxd</i> and <i>meo</i>, but states that they "are so closely related that they may one day be included as dialects of Malay".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm">"Malay (Bahasa Melayu)"</a>. <i>Omniglot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Malay+%28Bahasa+Melayu%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fmalay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brudirect.com/index.php/2010102331853/Local-News/malay-can-be-language-of-asean.html">"Malay Can Be 'Language of ASEAN'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. brudirect.com. 24 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malay+Can+Be+%27Language+of+ASEAN%27&rft.pub=brudirect.com&rft.date=2010-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brudirect.com%2Findex.php%2F2010102331853%2FLocal-News%2Fmalay-can-be-language-of-asean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Introduction-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSalleh2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Haji_Salleh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Haji Salleh (page does not exist)">Salleh, Haji</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTKtgVCUZ48C"><i>An introduction to modern Malaysian literature</i></a>. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad. pp. xvi. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-068-307-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-068-307-2"><bdi>978-983-068-307-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+modern+Malaysian+literature&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Institut+Terjemahan+Negara+Malaysia+Berhad&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-983-068-307-2&rft.aulast=Salleh&rft.aufirst=Haji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTKtgVCUZ48C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFClynesDeterding2011" class="citation journal cs1">Clynes, Adrian; Deterding, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510031100017X">"Standard Malay (Brunei)"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 259–268. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510031100017X">10.1017/S002510031100017X</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Standard+Malay+%28Brunei%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-268&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510031100017X&rft.aulast=Clynes&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Deterding%2C+David&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS002510031100017X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKarimM._OnnHaji_MusaMahmood2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karim, Nik Safiah; M. Onn, Farid; Haji Musa, Hashim; Mahmood, Abdul Hamid (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anyflip.com/itckx/dubr/basic"><i>Tatabahasa Dewan</i></a> (in Malay) (3 ed.). Kuala Lumpur: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a>. pp. 297–303. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-62-9484-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-62-9484-5"><bdi>978-983-62-9484-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tatabahasa+Dewan&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=297-303&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-983-62-9484-5&rft.aulast=Karim&rft.aufirst=Nik+Safiah&rft.au=M.+Onn%2C+Farid&rft.au=Haji+Musa%2C+Hashim&rft.au=Mahmood%2C+Abdul+Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanyflip.com%2Fitckx%2Fdubr%2Fbasic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSoderbergOlson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003320">"Indonesian"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 209–213. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003320">10.1017/S0025100308003320</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-3502">1475-3502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Indonesian&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-213&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100308003320&rft.issn=1475-3502&rft.aulast=Soderberg&rft.aufirst=Craig+D.&rft.au=Olson%2C+Kenneth+S.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100308003320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAsmah_Haji1985" class="citation book cs1">Asmah Haji, Omar (1985). <i>Susur galur bahasa Melayu</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Susur+galur+bahasa+Melayu&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Asmah+Haji&rft.aufirst=Omar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1993" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Zaharani (1993). <i>Fonologi generatif: teori dan penerapan</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonologi+generatif%3A+teori+dan+penerapan&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Zaharani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFClynes1997" class="citation journal cs1">Clynes, Adrian (1997). "On the Proto-Austronesian "Diphthongs"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 347–361. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3622989">10.2307/3622989</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/3622989">3622989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+the+Proto-Austronesian+%22Diphthongs%22&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=347-361&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3622989&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3622989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clynes&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar1992" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, K. A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C119.pdf"><i>Proto Malayic: the reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2Fpl-c119">10.15144/pl-c119</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858834081" title="Special:BookSources/0858834081"><bdi>0858834081</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26845189">26845189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto+Malayic%3A+the+reconstruction+of+its+phonology+and+parts+of+its+lexicon+and+morphology&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26845189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2Fpl-c119&rft.isbn=0858834081&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fpl%2Fpdf%2FPL-C119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Bakar2019" class="citation journal cs1">Abu Bakar, Mukhlis (18 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publisher.unimas.my/ojs/index.php/ILS/article/view/1521">"Sebutan Johor-Riau dan Sebutan Baku dalam Konteks Identiti Masyarakat Melayu Singapura"</a>. <i>Issues in Language Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (2). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33736%2Fils.1521.2019">10.33736/ils.1521.2019</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/2180-2726">2180-2726</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213343934">213343934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=Sebutan+Johor-Riau+dan+Sebutan+Baku+dalam+Konteks+Identiti+Masyarakat+Melayu+Singapura&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213343934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2180-2726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33736%2Fils.1521.2019&rft.aulast=Abu+Bakar&rft.aufirst=Mukhlis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublisher.unimas.my%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2FILS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFUri2003" class="citation journal cs1">Uri, Tadmor (2003). CRCL, CRCL, And/Or The Author(S). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-550.15.pdf">"Final /a/ mutation: a borrowed areal feature in Western Austronesia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology</i>. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University (PL-550): 15–36. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-550.15">10.15144/PL-550.15</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span> – via sealang.net/CRCL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Austronesian+Historical+Phonology&rft.atitle=Final+%2Fa%2F+mutation%3A+a+borrowed+areal+feature+in+Western+Austronesia&rft.issue=PL-550&rft.pages=15-36&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-550.15&rft.aulast=Uri&rft.aufirst=Tadmor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fpl%2Fpdf%2FPL-550.15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standard named as stated in:
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)"</a>. <i>Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+-+Bahasa+Indonesia+%28Indonesian%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fudhr%2Fpages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dmli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The other language standard aside from "Indonesian" is named simply as "Malay", as stated in:
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Bahasa Melayu (Malay))"</a>. <i>Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+%28Bahasa+Melayu+%28Malay%29%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fudhr%2Fpages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dmli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Adelaar, K. Alexander (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003733">"Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijdragen_tot_de_Taal-,_Land-_en_Volkenkunde" title="Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde">Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</a></i>. <b>160</b> (1): 1–30. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003733">10.1163/22134379-90003733</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/27868100">27868100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Where+does+Malay+come+from%3F+Twenty+years+of+discussions+about+homeland%2C+migrations+and+classifications&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003733&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27868100%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+Alexander&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-90003733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFB.1939" class="citation journal cs1">B., C. O. (1939). "Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A.D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London</i>. <b>10</b> (1). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/607921">607921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Corrigenda+and+Addenda%3A+A+Chinese+Vocabulary+of+Malacca+Malay+Words+and+Phrases+Collected+between+A.D.+1403+and+1511+%28%3F%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1939&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F607921%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=B.&rft.aufirst=C.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBraginsky2013" class="citation book cs1">Braginsky, Vladimir, ed. (2013) [First published 2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dxwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366"><i>Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia</i></a>. Oxford: Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84879-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84879-7"><bdi>978-1-136-84879-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Civilizations+of+South-East+Asia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84879-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdxwiAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsBlagden1931" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, E. D.; Blagden, C. O. (1931). "A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 715–749. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00093204">10.1017/S0041977X00093204</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/607205">607205</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129174700">129174700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=A+Chinese+Vocabulary+of+Malacca+Malay+Words+and+Phrases+Collected+between+A.+D.+1403+and+1511+%28%3F%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=715-749&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129174700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F607205%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00093204&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rft.au=Blagden%2C+C.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1901–1903" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Richard James (1901–1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AEG2034.0001.001?rgn=main;view=toc"><i>A Malay-English Dictionary</i></a>. Singapore: Kelly & Walsh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Malay-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Kelly+%26+Walsh&rft.date=1901%2F1903&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fg%2Fgenpub%2FAEG2034.0001.001%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097025294">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox">
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ms:"> Malay edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="id:"> Indonesian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097025294"/><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox">
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<div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malay_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Malay language">Malay language</a></span>.</div></div>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097025294"/><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox">
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<div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Malay_phrasebook#Q9237" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Malay phrasebook">Malay</a></b></i>.</div></div>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097025294"/><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox">
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<div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Malay_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Malay language">Category:Malay language</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Malay_derivations" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Malay derivations">Category:Malay derivations</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Malay_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Malay Swadesh list">Swadesh list of Malay words</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sealang.net/malay/dictionary.htm">Digital version of Wilkinson's 1926 Malay-English Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prpm.dbp.gov.my">Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu</a>, online Malay language database provided by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111224121004/http://bahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan</a> (Online Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language published by Pusat Bahasa, in Indonesian only)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbp.gov.my">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a> (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706054017/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php">The Malay Spelling Reform</a>, Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekamus.info">Malay Chinese Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140816074940/http://hablaa.com/english-malay/">Malay English Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malaytranslate.com">Malay English Translation</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></span></b>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahasa_Binan" title="Bahasa Binan">Bahasa Binan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_slang" title="Indonesian slang">Slang</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Loncong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Boyanese_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boyanese language (page does not exist)">Boyanese</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Anambas-Natuna</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjar</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berau_Malay" title="Berau Malay">Berau</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col/Lembak</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Jaring Halus</a></span></li>
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<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kutai_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutai Malay">Kutai</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larantuka_Malay" title="Larantuka Malay">Larantuka</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Palembang-Musi</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riau_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Malay language">Riau</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantenese_language" title="Bantenese language">Bantenese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andio_language" title="Andio language">Andio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bada_language" title="Bada language">Bada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balantak_language" title="Balantak language">Balantak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batui_language" title="Batui language">Batui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Behoa_language" title="Behoa language">Behoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Boano language (Sulawesi)">Boano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobongko_language" title="Bobongko language">Bobongko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonerate_language" title="Bonerate language">Bonerate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Busoa_language" title="Busoa language">Busoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dampelas_language" title="Dampelas language">Dampelas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dondo language (Austronesian)">Dondo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalao_language" title="Kalao language">Kalao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaili_language" title="Kaili language">Kaili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language" title="Kaimbulawa language">Kaimbulawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamaru_language" title="Kamaru language">Kamaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kodeoha_language" title="Kodeoha language">Kodeoha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumbewaha_language" title="Kumbewaha language">Kumbewaha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lasalimu_language" title="Lasalimu language">Lasalimu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laiyolo_language" title="Laiyolo language">Laiyolo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lauje_language" title="Lauje language">Lauje</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liabuku_language" title="Liabuku language">Liabuku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbelala_language" title="Mbelala language">Mbelala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moma_language" title="Moma language">Moma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Napu_language" title="Napu language">Napu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pancana_language" title="Pancana language">Pancana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pendau_language" title="Pendau language">Pendau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rahambuu_language" title="Rahambuu language">Rahambuu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rampi_language" title="Rampi language">Rampi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarudu_language" title="Sarudu language">Sarudu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedoa_language" title="Sedoa language">Sedoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pamona_language" title="Pamona language">Pamona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taje_language" title="Taje language">Taje</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tajio_language" title="Tajio language">Tajio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Tukang Besi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topoiyo_language" title="Topoiyo language">Topoiyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomini_language" title="Tomini language">Tomini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totoli_language" title="Totoli language">Totoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waru_language" title="Waru language">Waru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wotu_language" title="Wotu language">Wotu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–<br />Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Angkola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Angkola language">Batak Angkola</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Dairi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Dairi language">Batak Dairi</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Batak Karo</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandailing_language" title="Mandailing language">Batak Mandailing</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Batak Simalungun</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Batak Toba</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikule_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aralle-Tabulahan_language" title="Aralle-Tabulahan language">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bambam_language" title="Bambam language">Bambam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bentong_language" title="Bentong language">Bentong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Budong-Budong_language" title="Budong-Budong language">Budong-Budong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campalagian_language" title="Campalagian language">Campalagian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language" title="Coastal Konjo language">Coastal Konjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakka_language" title="Dakka language">Dakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duri_language" title="Duri language">Duri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Embaloh_language" title="Embaloh language">Embaloh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enrekang_language" title="Enrekang language">Enrekang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language" title="Highland Konjo language">Highland Konjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lemolang_language" title="Lemolang language">Lemolang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Maiwa language (Sulawesi)">Maiwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malimpung_language" title="Malimpung language">Malimpung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamuju_language" title="Mamuju language">Mamuju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panasuan_language" title="Panasuan language">Panasuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pannei_language" title="Pannei language">Pannei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seko_Padang_language" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seko_Tengah_language" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tae%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae’ language">Tae’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talondo%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Talondo’ language">Talondo’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taman_language_(Indonesia)" title="Taman language (Indonesia)">Taman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toraja-Sa%E2%80%99dan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja-Sa’dan language">Toraja-Sa’dan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulumanda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulumanda’ language">Ulumanda’</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ampanang_language" title="Ampanang language">Ampanang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakumpai_language" title="Bakumpai language">Bakumpai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bajaw_language" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deyah_language" title="Deyah language">Deyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kohin_language" title="Kohin language">Kohin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawangan_language" title="Lawangan language">Lawangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language" title="Dusun Malang language">Malang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ot_Danum_language" title="Ot Danum language">Ot Danum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sama_language" title="Sama language">Sama </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siang_language" title="Siang language">Ot Siang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunjung_language" title="Tunjung language">Tunjung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language" title="Dusun Witu language">Witu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paku_language_(Indonesia)" title="Paku language (Indonesia)">Pakau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan Merah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakati%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakati’ language">Bakati’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language" title="Laraʼ language">Laraʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyadu%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyadu’ language">Nyadu’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rejangese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejangese language">Rejangese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language" title="Sara Bakati' language">Sara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beginci_language" title="Beginci language">Beginci</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerai_language" title="Gerai language">Gerai</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenyah_languages" title="Kenyah languages">Kenyah</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murut</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Tubu_language" title="Punan Tubu language">Punan Tubu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language" title="Sajau Basap language">Sajau</a></li>
<li>Tidung
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo-Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontaloan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangirese_language" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central-Eastern_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central-Eastern languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barakai_language" title="Barakai language">Barakai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batuley_language" title="Batuley language">Batuley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dobel_language" title="Dobel language">Dobel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karey_language" title="Karey language">Karey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koba_language" title="Koba language">Koba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kola_language" title="Kola language">Kola-Kompane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lola_language" title="Lola language">Lola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lorang_language" title="Lorang language">Lorang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manombai_language" title="Manombai language">Manombai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariri_language" title="Mariri language">Mariri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarangan_language" title="Tarangan language">Tarangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ujir_language" title="Ujir language">Ujir</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alune_language" title="Alune language">Alune</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amahai_language" title="Amahai language">Amahai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambelau_language" title="Ambelau language">Ambelau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banda_language_(Maluku)" title="Banda language (Maluku)">Banda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bati_language_(Indonesia)" title="Bati language (Indonesia)">Bati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benggoi_language" title="Benggoi language">Benggoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boano_language_(Maluku)" title="Boano language (Maluku)">Boano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobot_language" title="Bobot language">Bobot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buru_language" title="Buru language">Buru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geser_language" title="Geser language">Geser</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haruku_language" title="Haruku language">Haruku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hitu_language" title="Hitu language">Hitu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoti_language" title="Hoti language">Hoti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huaulu_language" title="Huaulu language">Huaulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hulung_language" title="Hulung language">Hulung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaibobo_language" title="Kaibobo language">Kaibobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamarian_language" title="Kamarian language">Kamarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laha_language_(Indonesia)" title="Laha language (Indonesia)">Laha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wakasihu_language" title="Wakasihu language">Larike-Wakasihu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latu_language" title="Latu language">Latu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liana-Seti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liana-Seti language">Liana-Seti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisabata-Nuniali_language" title="Lisabata-Nuniali language">Lisabata-Nuniali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisela_language" title="Lisela language">Lisela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loun_language" title="Loun language">Loun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luhu_language" title="Luhu language">Luhu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangole_language" title="Mangole language">Mangole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manipa_language" title="Manipa language">Manipa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manusela_language" title="Manusela language">Manusela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masiwang_language" title="Masiwang language">Masiwang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naka%27ela_language" title="Naka'ela language">Naka'ela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuaulu_language" title="Nuaulu language">Nuaulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nusa_Laut_language" title="Nusa Laut language">Nusa Laut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paulohi_language" title="Paulohi language">Paulohi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salas_language" title="Salas language">Salas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saleman_language" title="Saleman language">Saleman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saparua_language" title="Saparua language">Saparua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seit-Kaitetu_language" title="Seit-Kaitetu language">Seit-Kaitetu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sepa-Teluti_language" title="Sepa-Teluti language">Sepa-Teluti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sula_language" title="Sula language">Sula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taliabo_language" title="Taliabo language">Taliabo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teor-Kur_language" title="Teor-Kur language">Teor-Kur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulehu_language" title="Tulehu language">Tulehu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watubela_language" title="Watubela language">Watubela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wemale_language" title="Wemale language">Wemale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yalahatan_language" title="Yalahatan language">Yalahatan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alorese_language" title="Alorese language">Alorese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedang_language" title="Kedang language">Kedang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamaholot_language" title="Lamaholot language">Lamaholot</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adonara_language" title="Adonara language">Adonara</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ile_Ape_language" title="Ile Ape language">Ile Ape</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamatuka_language" title="Lamatuka language">Lamatuka</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levuka_language" title="Levuka language">Levuka</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewo_Eleng_language" title="Lewo Eleng language">Lewo Eleng</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewotobi_language" title="Lewotobi language">Lewotobi</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lembata language">South Lembata</a> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Lembata language">West Lembata</a> </span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sika language">Sika</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">Halmahera-<br />Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arguni_language" title="Arguni language">Arguni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bedoanas_language" title="Bedoanas language">Bedoanas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Busami_language" title="Busami language">Busami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erokwanas_language" title="Erokwanas language">Erokwanas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Irarutu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iresim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iresim language">Iresim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuri_language_(Austronesian)" title="Kuri language (Austronesian)">Kuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maba_language_(Indonesia)" title="Maba language (Indonesia)">Maba </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maden_language" title="Maden language">Maden </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mor_language_(Austronesian)" title="Mor language (Austronesian)">Mor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">Pom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taba_language" title="Taba language">Taba </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wamesa_language" title="Wamesa language">Wamesa </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woi_language" title="Woi language">Woi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeretuar_language" title="Yeretuar language">Yeretuar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeresiam_language" title="Yeresiam language">Yeresiam </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kei-Tanimbar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kei-Tanimbar languages">Kei-Tanimbar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fordata_language" title="Fordata language">Fordata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kei_language" title="Kei language">Kei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Onin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekar_language" title="Sekar language">Sekar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruangnirin_language" title="Uruangnirin language">Uruangnirin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamdena_language" title="Yamdena language">Yamdena</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seluwasan_language" title="Seluwasan language">Seluwasan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anakalangu_language" title="Anakalangu language">Anakalangu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baliledo_language" title="Baliledo language">Baliledo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhao_language" title="Dhao language">Dhao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)" title="Ende language (Indonesia)">Ende</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaura language">Gaura</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawu_language" title="Hawu language">Hawu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%A9o_language" title="Kéo language">Kéo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kodi_language" title="Kodi language">Kodi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komodo_language" title="Komodo language">Komodo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamboya_language" title="Lamboya language">Lamboya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lio_language" title="Lio language">Lio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamboru_language" title="Mamboru language">Mamboru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manggarainese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manggarainese language">Manggarai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nage_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage language">Nage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palu%27e_language" title="Palu'e language">Palu'e</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pondok_language" title="Pondok language">Pondok</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajong_language" title="Rajong language">Rajong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riung_language" title="Riung language">Riung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rongga_language" title="Rongga language">Rongga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/So%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="So'a language">So'a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kepo%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepo' language">Kepo'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wae_Rana_language" title="Wae Rana language">Wae Rana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wanukaka_language" title="Wanukaka language">Wanukaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wejewa_language" title="Wejewa language">Wejewa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Babar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor–Babar languages">Timor–Babar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amarasi_language" title="Amarasi language">Amarasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekais language">Bekais</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bilba_language" title="Bilba language">Bilba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dai_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dai language (Austronesian)">Dai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawera-Daweloor_language" title="Dawera-Daweloor language">Dawera-Daweloor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dela-Oenale_language" title="Dela-Oenale language">Dela-Oenale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dengka_language" title="Dengka language">Dengka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Damar_language" title="East Damar language">East Damar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emplawas_language" title="Emplawas language">Emplawas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galoli_language" title="Galoli language">Galoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helong_language" title="Helong language">Helong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imroing_language" title="Imroing language">Imroing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kemak_language" title="Kemak language">Kemak </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kisar_language" title="Kisar language">Kisar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lole_language" title="Lole language">Lole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luang_language" title="Luang language">Luang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masela_language" title="Masela language">Masela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nila_language" title="Nila language">Nila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Babar_language" title="North Babar language">North Babar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ringgou_language" title="Ringgou language">Ringgou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romang_language" title="Romang language">Romang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serili_language" title="Serili language">Serili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serua_language" title="Serua language">Serua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Babar_language" title="Southeast Babar language">Southeast Babar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tela%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tela'a language">Tela'a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Termanu_language" title="Termanu language">Termanu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Te%27un_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Te'un language">Te'un</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tii_language" title="Tii language">Tii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uab_Meto_language" title="Uab Meto language">Uab Meto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Damar_language" title="West Damar language">West Damar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welaun_language" title="Welaun language">Welaun </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wetarese_language" title="Wetarese language">Wetar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Papuan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galela_language" title="Galela language">Galela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gamkonora_language" title="Gamkonora language">Gamkonora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loloda_language" title="Loloda language">Loloda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modole_language" title="Modole language">Modole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pagu_language" title="Pagu language">Pagu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sahu_language" title="Sahu language">Sahu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabaru_language" title="Tabaru language">Tabaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tobelo_language" title="Tobelo language">Tobelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waioli_language" title="Waioli language">Waioli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abui_language" title="Abui language">Abui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adang_language" title="Adang language">Adang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blagar_language" title="Blagar language">Blagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaera_language" title="Kaera language">Kaera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kafoa_language" title="Kafoa language">Kafoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamang language">Kamang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klon_language" title="Klon language">Klon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kui_language_(Indonesia)" title="Kui language (Indonesia)">Kui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kula_language" title="Kula language">Kula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nedebang_language" title="Nedebang language">Nedebang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oirata_language" title="Oirata language">Oirata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retta_language" title="Retta language">Retta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawila_language" title="Sawila language">Sawila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teiwa_language" title="Teiwa language">Teiwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wersing_language" title="Wersing language">Wersing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Pantar_language" title="Western Pantar language">Western Pantar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woisika_language" title="Woisika language">Woisika </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buruwai_language" title="Buruwai language">Buruwai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casuarina_Coast_Asmat_language" title="Casuarina Coast Asmat language">Casuarina Coast Asmat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Asmat_language" title="Central Asmat language">Central Asmat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Asmat_language" title="North Asmat language">North Asmat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citak_language" title="Citak language">Citak </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mombum_language" title="Mombum language">Mombum </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamberau_language" title="Kamberau language">Kamberau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamoro_language" title="Kamoro language">Kamoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koneraw_language" title="Koneraw language">Koneraw </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sempan_language" title="Sempan language">Sempan </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalabra_language" title="Kalabra language">Kalabra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwani_language" title="Kuwani language">Kuwani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moi_language" title="Moi language">Moi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moraid_language" title="Moraid language">Moraid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seget_language" title="Seget language">Seget</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tehit_language" title="Tehit language">Tehit</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arandai_languages" title="Arandai languages">Arandai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dombano_language" title="Dombano language">Dombano </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duriankari_language" title="Duriankari language">Duriankari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inanwatan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanwatan language">Inanwatan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaburi_language" title="Kaburi language">Kaburi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kais_language" title="Kais language">Kais</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kemberano_language" title="Kemberano language">Kemberano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kokoda_language" title="Kokoda language">Kokoda </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Konda_language_(Papuan)" title="Konda language (Papuan)">Konda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kovojab_language" title="Kovojab language">Kovojab </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puragi_language" title="Puragi language">Puragi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yahadian_language" title="Yahadian language">Yahadian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hatam_language" title="Hatam language">Hatam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mansim_language" title="Mansim language">Mansim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meyah_language" title="Meyah language">Meyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moskona_language" title="Moskona language">Moskona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sougb_language" title="Sougb language">Sougb</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baham_language" title="Baham language">Baham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Iha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karas_language" title="Karas language">Karas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dani_languages" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language" title="Grand Valley Dani language">Grand Valley Dani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hupla_language" title="Hupla language">Hupla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nduga_language" title="Nduga language">Nduga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nggem_language" title="Nggem language">Nggem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silimo_language" title="Silimo language">Silimo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walak_language" title="Walak language">Walak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wano_language" title="Wano language">Wano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yali_language" title="Yali language">Yali</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Auye language">Auye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dao_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao language (Papuan)">Dao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ekari_language" title="Ekari language">Ekari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moni_language" title="Moni language">Moni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolani_language" title="Wolani language">Wolani</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digul_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Digul River languages">Digul River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aghu_language" title="Aghu language">Aghu </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awbono_language" title="Awbono language">Awbono </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayono_language" title="Bayono language">Bayono </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Densar_language" title="Densar language">Densar </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edera_River_Awyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edera River Awyu">Edera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jair_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jair language">Jair</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kombai_language" title="Kombai language">Kombai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komyandaret_language" title="Komyandaret language">Komyandaret </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korowai_language" title="Korowai language">Korowai </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandobo_language" title="Mandobo language">Mandobo </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pisa_language" title="Pisa language">Pisa </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawi_language_(Papuan)" title="Sawi language (Papuan)">Sawi </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shiaxa_language" title="Shiaxa language">Shiaxa </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsaukambo_language" title="Tsaukambo language">Tsaukambo </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wambon_language" title="Wambon language">Wambon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airoran_language" title="Airoran language">Airoran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bagusa_language" title="Bagusa language">Bagusa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berik_language" title="Berik language">Berik </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betaf_language" title="Betaf language">Betaf </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonerif_language" title="Bonerif language">Bonerif </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dabe_language" title="Dabe language">Dabe </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dineor_language" title="Dineor language">Dineor </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edwas_language" title="Edwas language">Edwas </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gresi_language" title="Gresi language">Gresi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isirawa_language" title="Isirawa language">Isirawa </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itik_language" title="Itik language">Itik </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kapori_language" title="Kapori language">Kapori </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kauwera_language" title="Kauwera language">Kauwera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keijar_language" title="Keijar language">Keijar </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kemtuik_language" title="Kemtuik language">Kemtuik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwerba_language" title="Kwerba language">Kwerba </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwerba_Mamberamo_language" title="Kwerba Mamberamo language">Kwerba Mamberamo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwesten_language" title="Kwesten language">Kwesten </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwinsu_language" title="Kwinsu language">Kwinsu </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mander_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mander language">Mander</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mekwei_language" title="Mekwei language">Mekwei </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mlap_language" title="Mlap language">Mlap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namblong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namblong language">Namblong </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nimboran_language" title="Nimboran language">Nimboran </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orya_language" title="Orya language">Orya </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sause_language" title="Sause language">Sause </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samarokena_language" title="Samarokena language">Samarokena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trimuris_language" title="Trimuris language">Trimuris </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitou_language" title="Vitou language">Vitou </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awera_language" title="Awera language">Awera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biritai_language" title="Biritai language">Biritai </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doutai_language" title="Doutai language">Doutai </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duvle_language" title="Duvle language">Duvle </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritai_language" title="Eritai language">Eritai </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fayu_language" title="Fayu language">Fayu </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Foau language">Foau </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iau_language" title="Iau language">Iau </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaiy_language" title="Kaiy language">Kaiy </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirikiri_language" title="Kirikiri language">Kirikiri </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwerisa_language" title="Kwerisa language">Kwerisa </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obokuitai_language" title="Obokuitai language">Obokuitai </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papasena_language" title="Papasena language">Papasena </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rasawa_language" title="Rasawa language">Rasawa </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikaritai_language" title="Sikaritai language">Sikaritai </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tause_language" title="Tause language">Tause </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taworta_language" title="Taworta language">Taworta </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waritai_language" title="Waritai language">Waritai </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Cenderawasih_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cenderawasih Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baropasi_language" title="Baropasi language">Baropasi </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bauzi_language" title="Bauzi language">Bauzi </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burate_language" title="Burate language">Burate </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demisa_language" title="Demisa language">Demisa </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kofei_language" title="Kofei language">Kofei </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nisa-Anasi_language" title="Nisa-Anasi language">Nisa-Anasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sauri_language" title="Sauri language">Sauri </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tefaro_language" title="Tefaro language">Tefaro </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunggare_language" title="Tunggare language">Tunggare </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woria_language" title="Woria language">Woria</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saweru_language" title="Saweru language">Saweru </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yawa_language" title="Yawa language">Yawa </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demta_language" title="Demta language">Demta </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nafri_language" title="Nafri language">Nafri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sentani_language" title="Sentani language">Sentani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabla_language" title="Tabla language">Tabla</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burumakok_language" title="Burumakok language">Burumakok </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iwur_language" title="Iwur language">Iwur </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kopka_language" title="Kopka language">Kopka </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muyu_language" title="Muyu language">Muyu </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nakai_language" title="Nakai language">Nakai </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangko_language" title="Tangko language">Tangko </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Momuna%E2%80%93Mek_languages" title="Momuna–Mek languages">Momuna–Mek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eipo_language" title="Eipo language">Eipo </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_language" title="Goliath language">Goliath </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ketengban_language" title="Ketengban language">Ketengban </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosarek_language" title="Kosarek language">Kosarek </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korupun_language" title="Korupun language">Korupun </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nalca_language" title="Nalca language">Nalca </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nipsan_language" title="Nipsan language">Nipsan </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somahai_language" title="Somahai language">Somahai </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skou_language" title="Skou language">Skou</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biksi-Yetfa_language" title="Biksi-Yetfa language">Biksi-Yetfa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lepki_language" title="Lepki language">Lepki </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murkim_language" title="Murkim language">Murkim </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emem_language" title="Emem language">Emem </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zorop_language" title="Zorop language">Zorop </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namla_language" title="Namla language">Namla </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tebi_language" title="Tebi language">Tebi </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tofanma_language" title="Tofanma language">Tofanma </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Towei_language" title="Towei language">Towei </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaure_language" title="Kaure language">Kaure </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosare_language" title="Kosare language">Kosare </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marind%E2%80%93Yaqai_languages" title="Marind–Yaqai languages">Marind–Yaqai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bipim_language" title="Bipim language">Bipim </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marind_language" title="Marind language">Marind </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaqay_language" title="Yaqay language">Yaqay </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yelmek_language" title="Yelmek language">Yelmek </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayagar_languages" title="Kayagar languages">Kayagar </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atohwaim_language" title="Atohwaim language">Atohwaim </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayagar_language" title="Kayagar language">Kayagar </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamagario_language" title="Tamagario language">Tamagario </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awyi_language" title="Awyi language">Awyi </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taikat_language" title="Taikat language">Taikat </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manem_language" title="Manem language">Manem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sowanda_language" title="Sowanda language">Sowanda </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viid_language" title="Viid language">Viid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waris_language" title="Waris language">Waris </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mairasi_language" title="Mairasi language">Mairasi </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mer_language" title="Mer language">Mer </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semimi_language" title="Semimi language">Semimi </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kimaghama_language" title="Kimaghama language">Kimaghama </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morori_language" title="Morori language">Morori </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ndom_language" title="Ndom language">Ndom </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riantana_language" title="Riantana language">Riantana </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngkolmpu_Kanum_language" title="Ngkolmpu Kanum language">Ngkolmpu Kanum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rema_language" title="Rema language">Rema </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smerki_language" title="Smerki language">Smerki </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamer_language" title="Tamer language">Tamer </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yei_language" title="Yei language">Yei </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warembori_language" title="Warembori language">Warembori </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke </a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amung_language" title="Amung language">Amung </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanum language">Kanum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Momina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momina language">Momina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin language">Pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malay-based_creoles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay-based creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alor_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Alor Malay">Alor Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bandanese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandanese Malay">Bandanese Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bacanese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacanese Malay">Bacanese Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balinese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese Malay">Balinese Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorap language">Gorap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gorontaloan_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorontaloan Malay (page does not exist)">Gorontaloan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kupang_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kupang Malay">Kupang Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makassar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar Malay">Makassar Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuan_Malay" title="Papuan Malay">Papuan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Peranakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serui_Malay" title="Serui Malay">Serui Malay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other creoles and pidgins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Javindo language">Javindo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mardijker_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardijker language">Mardijker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Pidgin Iha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Pidgin Onin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugis_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugis language">Portugis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bidau_Creole_Portuguese" title="Bidau Creole Portuguese">Bidau Creole Portuguese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Fujianese</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></span>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riau_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Hokkien">Riau</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teochew_dialect" title="Teochew dialect">Tiochiu</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" title="Pu-Xian Min">Hinghwa</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic languages">Arabic</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami Arabic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign languages">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian Sign Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_and_Malaysian_English_differences" title="British and Malaysian English differences">comparison with British English</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" title="Chaoshan Min">Chaoshan Min</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teochew_dialect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian<br />archipelago</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Baweanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandailing_language" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_Chetty_creole_language" title="Malay Chetty creole language">Chetty Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Natives</a> &<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Mos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ida%27an_language" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Punan Bah-Biau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sama_language" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed & Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Rojak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esperanto_in_Malaysia" title="Esperanto in Malaysia">Esperanto</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigrants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Bangladeshi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay" title="Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay">comparison with Malaysian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Korea">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Laos">Laotian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepalese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang Sign Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor Sign Language</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><sup>1</sup> Extinct languages</li>
<li><sup>2</sup> Nearly extinct languages</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">English</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Johor-Riau Malay</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Singapore_Bazaar_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Bazaar Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaccan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Creole Malay">Chitty Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" title="Pu-Xian Min">Henghwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teochew_dialect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_languages_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian languages in Singapore">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angkola_language" title="Angkola language">Angkola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandailing_language" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Baweanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singaporean Sign Language</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Languages_of_South_Africa&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Pan_South_African_Language_Board_*_Commission_for_Cultural,_Religious_and_Linguistic_Community_Rights_*_Department_of_Arts_and_Culture">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Cultural,_Religious_and_Linguistic_Communities" title="Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities">Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Arts_and_Culture_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Arts and Culture (South Africa)">Department of Arts and Culture</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana_languages" title="Sotho–Tswana languages">Sotho–Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho <i>(Sesotho sa Leboa)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho <i>(Sesotho)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana <i>(Setswana)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele <i>(isiNdebele)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi <i>(siSwati)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa <i>(isiXhosa)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu <i>(isiZulu)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tswa%E2%80%93Ronga_languages" title="Tswa–Ronga languages">Tswa–Ronga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga <i>(Xitsonga)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda <i>(Tshivenḓa)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised<br />unofficial languages<br />mentioned in the<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">1996 constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhaca_language" title="Bhaca language">Bhaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lala_language_(South_Africa)" title="Lala language (South Africa)">Lala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nhlangwini_language" title="Nhlangwini language">Nhlangwini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a> (historical)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_slang" title="LGBT slang">LGBT slang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gayle_language" title="Gayle language">Gayle</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IsiNgqumo" title="IsiNgqumo">IsiNgqumo</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsotsitaal_and_Camtho" title="Tsotsitaal and Camtho">Tsotsitaal and Camtho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oorlams_Creole" title="Oorlams Creole">Oorlams Creole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fanagalo" title="Fanagalo">Fanagalo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pretoria_Sotho" title="Pretoria Sotho">Pretoria Sotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scamto" title="Scamto">Scamto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">SA Sign Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Languages of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Languages of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Languages_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages of Sri Lanka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan English</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Malay_language" title="Sri Lanka Malay language">Sri Lankan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Portuguese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole">Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan sign languages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formerly spoken and extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceylon_Dutch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon Dutch language">Ceylon Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rodiya_dialect" title="Rodiya dialect">Rodiya</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup><i>Recognized as a "link" language</i> <sup>2</sup><i>a liturgical language</i> <sup>3</sup><i>a dialect of Sinhala</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Brunei" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Brunei" title="Template:Languages of Brunei"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Brunei" title="Template talk:Languages of Brunei"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Languages_of_Brunei&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Brunei" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Brunei" title="Languages of Brunei">Languages of Brunei</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">English</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Bisaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutong_language" title="Tutong language">Tutong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penan-Nibong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Penan-Nibong language">Penan-Nibong</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Thailand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Template:Languages of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Languages of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Languages_of_Thailand&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Languages</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Other Thais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lao–Phutai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chiang Saen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sukhothai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phuan_language" title="Phuan language">Phuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Nüa language">Tai Nüa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_Song_language" title="Thai Song language">Thai Song</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Minority ethnics</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">by languages groups</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Chong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sa%27och_language" title="Sa'och language">Chung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Khmer_dialect" title="Northern Khmer dialect">Northern</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Khmer_dialect" title="Western Khmer dialect">Western</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuy_language" title="Kuy language">Kuy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyah Kur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Ten'edn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Thavung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">Malay</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangkok_Malay" title="Bangkok Malay">Bangkok Malay</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Malay">Pattani Malay</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satun_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Satun Malay">Satun Malay</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi’ language">Urak Lawoi’</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Pwo_language" title="Eastern Pwo language">Eastern Pwo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teochew_dialect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchew</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Pwo_language" title="Northern Pwo language">Northern Pwo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phrae_Pwo_language" title="Phrae Pwo language">Phrae Pwo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Karen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Karen language">Red Karen (Eastern Kayah)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_language" title="S'gaw Karen language">S'gaw Karen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ugong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugong language">Ugong</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Immigrant language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai Sign Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor Sign</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Austronesian_languages&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Formosan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwest<br />Formosan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Papora-Hoanya</a> †</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kavalanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luilang_language" title="Luilang language">Luilang</a> †</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ami</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirayaic_languages" title="Sirayaic languages">Siraiyac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taivoan_language" title="Taivoan language">Taivoan</a> †</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Malayo–Polynesian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo–Polynesian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #e6e6ff;"><div id="Western_branches_of_Malayo–Polynesian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Western branches of Malayo–Polynesian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a><br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linkage_(linguistics)" title="Linkage (linguistics)">linkage</a>) ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilokano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dicamay_Agta_language" title="Dicamay Agta language">Dicamay Agta</a> ?†</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cagayan_Valley_languages" title="Cagayan Valley languages">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Cagayan Aeta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ga%27dang_language" title="Ga'dang language">Ga'dang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northeastern_Luzon_languages" title="Northeastern Luzon languages">Northeastern Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dupaningan_Agta" title="Dupaningan Agta">Dupaningan Agta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dinapigue_Agta" title="Dinapigue Agta">Dinapigue Agta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_Agta" title="Casiguran Dumagat Agta">Casiguran Agta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nagtipunan_Agta" title="Nagtipunan Agta">Nagtipunan Agta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paranan_Agta_language" title="Paranan Agta language">Pahanan Agta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paranan_Agta_language" title="Paranan Agta language">Paranan Agta</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meso-Cordilleran_languages" title="Meso-Cordilleran languages">Meso-Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Cordilleran_languages" title="Southern Cordilleran languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Cordilleran_languages" title="Central Cordilleran languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontok-Finallig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itneg_language" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambalic_languages" title="Sambalic languages">Sambalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Mag-antsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Mag-indi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambali</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central<br />Philippine</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Mindoro_languages" title="Southern Mindoro languages">Southern Mindoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanuno'o</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kasiguranin_language" title="Kasiguranin language">Kasiguranin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Kinaray-a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Akeanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Inonhan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a> ?</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kinabalian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon / Gubat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybayanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cebuan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boholano_dialect" title="Boholano dialect">Boholano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano †</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a> ?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Bikol" title="Central Bikol">Central Bikol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Isarog Agta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mansakan_languages" title="Mansakan languages">Mansakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davaoeño</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palawanic_languages" title="Palawanic languages">Palawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aborlan_Tagbanwa_language" title="Aborlan Tagbanwa language">Aborlan Tagbanwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Palawan Batak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mindanao_languages" title="Mindanao languages">Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon Manobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Binukid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kinamigin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danao_languages" title="Danao languages">Danao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subanen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo–<br />Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontalo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">Bilic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">B'laan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Giangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">T'boli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiruray_language" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangirese_language" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manide–Alabat *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Inati</a> ?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Barito" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Bushi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deyah_language" title="Deyah language">Deyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language" title="Dusun Malang language">Malang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language" title="Dusun Witu language">Witu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paku_language_(Indonesia)" title="Paku language (Indonesia)">Paku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawangan_language" title="Lawangan language">Lawangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kohin_language" title="Kohin language">Kohin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ot_Danum_language" title="Ot Danum language">Dohoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siang_language" title="Siang language">Siang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakumpai_language" title="Bakumpai language">Bakumpai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ampanang_language" title="Ampanang language">Ampanang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunjung_language" title="Tunjung language">Tunjung</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bajaw_language" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bajaw_language" title="Bajaw language">Mapun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language" title="Pangutaran Sama language">Pangutaran Sama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sama_language" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bajaw_language" title="Bajaw language">West Coast Bajaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a> *</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater<br />North Borneo</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Borneo *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Northeast Sabah</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ida%27an_language" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a> ?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Southwest Sabah</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater<br />Dusunic *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bisaya–Lotud</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusunic_languages" title="Dusunic languages">Dusunic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Kadazandusun
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Central Dusun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Rungus / Momogun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paitanic_languages" title="Paitanic languages">Paitanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Abai Sungai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater<br />Murutic *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Tatana</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murutic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Baukan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sesayap_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesayap Tidong language">Sesayap Tidong</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawak</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Kenyah / Bakung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebob</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wahau_Kenyah_language" title="Wahau Kenyah language">Wahau Kenyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lundayeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutong_language" title="Tutong language">Tutong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Central Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit–Tanjong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau Punan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language" title="Sajau Basap language">Sajau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a> †</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio Dayak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakati%CA%BC_language" title="Bakatiʼ language">Bakatiʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language" title="Sara Bakati' language">Sara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language" title="Laraʼ language">Laraʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyadu%CA%BC_language" title="Nyaduʼ language">Benyaduʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malayo–Chamic *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Aceh–Chamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham dialects</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iban–Malayan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ibanic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibanic_languages" title="Ibanic languages">Ibanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei/Kedayan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berau_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berau Malay language">Berau Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan / Selako</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kutainese_language" title="Kutainese language">Kutai Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Orang Laut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Musi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%27_language" title="Urak Lawoi' language">Urak Lawoi'</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sundanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Sundanese_language" title="Old Sundanese language">Old Sundanese</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantenese_language" title="Bantenese language">Bantenese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cirebonese_Sundanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese Sundanese language">Cirebonese</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rejang ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sumatran *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Northwest_Sumatra–Barrier_Islands" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra<br />–Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikule_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angkola_language" title="Angkola language">Angkola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakpak_language" title="Pakpak language">Dairi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Karo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Simalungun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandailing_language" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a> ?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lampungic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li>
<li>Lampung Nyo</li>
<li>Lampung Api</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Javanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi / Old Javanese</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osing_language" title="Osing language">Osing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madurese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak<br />–Sumbawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kodeoha_language" title="Kodeoha language">Kodeoha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rahambuu_language" title="Rahambuu language">Rahambuu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waru_language" title="Waru language">Waru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonerate_language" title="Bonerate language">Bonerate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Busoa_language" title="Busoa language">Busoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language" title="Kaimbulawa language">Kaimbulawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumbewaha_language" title="Kumbewaha language">Kumbewaha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lasalimu_language" title="Lasalimu language">Lasalimu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liabuku_language" title="Liabuku language">Liabuku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pancana_language" title="Pancana language">Pancana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Tukang Besi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andio_language" title="Andio language">Andio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balantak_language" title="Balantak language">Balantak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batui_language" title="Batui language">Batui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobongko_language" title="Bobongko language">Bobongko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Boano language (Sulawesi)">Boano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dampelas_language" title="Dampelas language">Dampelas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dondo language (Austronesian)">Dondo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lauje_language" title="Lauje language">Lauje</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pendau_language" title="Pendau language">Pendau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taje_language" title="Taje language">Taje</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tajio_language" title="Tajio language">Tajio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomini_language" title="Tomini language">Tomini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totoli_language" title="Totoli language">Totoli</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaili–Wolio *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaili%E2%80%93Pamona_languages" title="Kaili–Pamona languages">Kaili–Pamona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaili_language" title="Kaili language">Kaili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbelala_language" title="Mbelala language">Mbelala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moma_language" title="Moma language">Moma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pamona_language" title="Pamona language">Pamona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rampi_language" title="Rampi language">Rampi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarudu_language" title="Sarudu language">Sarudu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedoa_language" title="Sedoa language">Sedoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topoiyo_language" title="Topoiyo language">Topoiyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badaic_languages" title="Badaic languages">Badaic</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bada_language" title="Bada language">Bada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Behoa_language" title="Behoa language">Behoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Napu_language" title="Napu language">Napu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wotu%E2%80%93Wolio_languages" title="Wotu–Wolio languages">Wotu–Wolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalao_language" title="Kalao language">Kalao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamaru_language" title="Kamaru language">Kamaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laiyolo_language" title="Laiyolo language">Laiyolo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wotu_language" title="Wotu language">Wotu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bugis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campalagian_language" title="Campalagian language">Campalagian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Embaloh_language" title="Embaloh language">Embaloh</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taman_language_(Indonesia)" title="Taman language (Indonesia)">Taman</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makassaric_languages" title="Makassaric languages">Makassaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bentong_language" title="Bentong language">Bentong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language" title="Coastal Konjo language">Coastal Konjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language" title="Highland Konjo language">Highland Konjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seko_languages" title="Seko languages">Seko</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Budong-Budong_language" title="Budong-Budong language">Budong-Budong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panasuan_language" title="Panasuan language">Panasuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seko_Padang_language" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seko_Tengah_language" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamuju_language" title="Mamuju language">Mamuju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aralle-Tabulahan_language" title="Aralle-Tabulahan language">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bambam_language" title="Bambam language">Bambam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakka_language" title="Dakka language">Dakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pannei_language" title="Pannei language">Pannei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulumanda%CA%BC_language" title="Ulumandaʼ language">Ulumandaʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duri_language" title="Duri language">Duri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enrekang_language" title="Enrekang language">Enrekang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Maiwa language (Sulawesi)">Maiwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malimpung_language" title="Malimpung language">Malimpung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pattae%27_language" title="Pattae' language">Pattae'</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tae%CA%BC_language" title="Taeʼ language">Lawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talondo%CA%BC_language" title="Talondoʼ language">Talondoʼ</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toraja-Sa%CA%BCdan_language" title="Toraja-Saʼdan language">Toraja-Saʼdan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lemolang_language" title="Lemolang language">Lemolang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palauan_language" title="Palauan language">Palauan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #e6e6ff;"><div id="Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bima</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Hawu_languages" title="Sumba–Hawu languages">Sumba–Hawu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savu_languages" title="Savu languages">Savu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawu_language" title="Hawu language">Hawu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhao_language" title="Dhao language">Dhao</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumba_languages" title="Sumba languages">Sumba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamboru_language" title="Mamboru language">Mamboru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anakalangu_language" title="Anakalangu language">Anakalangu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wanukaka_language" title="Wanukaka language">Wanukaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pondok_language" title="Pondok language">Pondok</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baliledo_language" title="Baliledo language">Baliledo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wejewa_language" title="Wejewa language">Wejewa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamboya_language" title="Lamboya language">Lamboya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kodi_language" title="Kodi language">Kodi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kodi_language" title="Kodi language">Gaura</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Flores</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komodo_language" title="Komodo language">Komodo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manggarai_language" title="Manggarai language">Manggarai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riung_language" title="Riung language">Riung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajong_language" title="Rajong language">Rajong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kepo%CA%BC_language" title="Kepoʼ language">Kepoʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wae_Rana_language" title="Wae Rana language">Wae Rana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palu%27e_language" title="Palu'e language">Palu'e</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)" title="Ende language (Indonesia)">Ende</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lio_language" title="Lio language">Lio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%A9o_language" title="Kéo language">Nagé-Kéo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rongga_language" title="Rongga language">Rongga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/So%CA%BCa_language" title="Soʼa language">Soʼa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sika language">Sika</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedang_language" title="Kedang language">Kedang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lamaholot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamaholot_language" title="Lamaholot language">Lamaholot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alorese_language" title="Alorese language">Alorese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamatuka_language" title="Lamatuka language">Lamatuka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewo_Eleng_language" title="Lewo Eleng language">Lewo Eleng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levuka_language" title="Levuka language">Levuka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Atadei_language" title="East Atadei language">South Lembata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewotobi_language" title="Lewotobi language">Lewotobi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adonara_language" title="Adonara language">Adonara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ile_Ape_language" title="Ile Ape language">Ile Ape</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mingar_language" title="Mingar language">Mingar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seluwasan_language" title="Seluwasan language">Seluwasan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kei_language" title="Kei language">Kei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fordata_language" title="Fordata language">Fordata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamdena_language" title="Yamdena language">Yamdena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Onin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekar_language" title="Sekar language">Sekar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruangnirin_language" title="Uruangnirin language">Uruangnirin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barakai_language" title="Barakai language">Barakai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batuley_language" title="Batuley language">Batuley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dobel_language" title="Dobel language">Dobel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karey_language" title="Karey language">Karey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koba_language" title="Koba language">Koba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kola_language" title="Kola language">Kola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lola_language" title="Lola language">Lola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lorang_language" title="Lorang language">Lorang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manombai_language" title="Manombai language">Manombai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariri_language" title="Mariri language">Mariri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarangan_language" title="Tarangan language">Tarangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ujir_language" title="Ujir language">Ujir</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helong_language" title="Helong language">Helong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uab_Meto_language" title="Uab Meto language">Uab Meto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amarasi_language" title="Amarasi language">Amarasi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Timor *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kemak_language" title="Kemak language">Kemak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokodede_language" title="Tokodede language">Tukudede</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mambai_language_(Timor)" title="Mambai language (Timor)">Mambai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welaun_language" title="Welaun language">Bekais</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wetar–Galoli ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wetarese_language" title="Wetarese language">Wetar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galoli_language" title="Galoli language">Galoli</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawaimina_languages" title="Kawaimina languages">Kawaimina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kairui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kairui language">Kairui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waimoa_language" title="Waimoa language">Waimoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midiki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Midiki language">Midiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naueti_language" title="Naueti language">Naueti</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habun_language" title="Habun language">Habun</a> ?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Luangic–Kisaric ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romang_language" title="Romang language">Romang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kisar_language" title="Kisar language">Kisar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luang_language" title="Luang language">Luang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makuva_language" title="Makuva language">Makuva</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rote–Meto *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bilba_language" title="Bilba language">Bilba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dengka_language" title="Dengka language">Dengka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lole_language" title="Lole language">Lole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ringgou_language" title="Ringgou language">Ringgou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dela-Oenale_language" title="Dela-Oenale language">Dela-Oenale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Termanu_language" title="Termanu language">Termanu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tii_language" title="Tii language">Tii</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babar_languages" title="Babar languages">Babar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idalaka_language" title="Idalaka language">Idalaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Damar_language" title="West Damar language">West Damar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawera-Daweloor_language" title="Dawera-Daweloor language">Dawera-Daweloor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Babar_language" title="North Babar language">North Babar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dai_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dai language (Austronesian)">Dai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masela_language" title="Masela language">Masela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serili_language" title="Serili language">Serili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Babar_language" title="Southeast Babar language">Southeast Babar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emplawas_language" title="Emplawas language">Emplawas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imroing_language" title="Imroing language">Imroing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tela%CA%BCa_language" title="Telaʼa language">Telaʼa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest Maluku</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Damar_language" title="East Damar language">East Damar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teun_language" title="Teun language">Teun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nila_language" title="Nila language">Nila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serua_language" title="Serua language">Serua</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kowiai ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a> *</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teor-Kur_language" title="Teor-Kur language">Teor-Kur</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambelau_language" title="Ambelau language">Ambelau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buru_language" title="Buru language">Buru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisela_language" title="Lisela language">Lisela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hukumina_language" title="Hukumina language">Hukumina</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moksela_language" title="Moksela language">Moksela</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sula_language" title="Sula language">Sula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangole_language" title="Mangole language">Mangole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taliabo_language" title="Taliabo language">Taliabo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banda_language_(Maluku)" title="Banda language (Maluku)">Banda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bati_language_(Indonesia)" title="Bati language (Indonesia)">Bati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geser_language" title="Geser language">Geser</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watubela_language" title="Watubela language">Watubela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobot_language" title="Bobot language">Bobot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masiwang_language" title="Masiwang language">Masiwang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoti_language" title="Hoti language">Hoti</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benggoi_language" title="Benggoi language">Benggoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salas_language" title="Salas language">Salas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liana_language" title="Liana language">Liana</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunusaku_languages" title="Nunusaku languages">Nunusaku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayeli_language" title="Kayeli language">Kayeli</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuaulu_language" title="Nuaulu language">Nuaulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huaulu_language" title="Huaulu language">Huaulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manusela_language" title="Manusela language">Manusela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wemale_language" title="Wemale language">Wemale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yalahatan_language" title="Yalahatan language">Yalahatan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piru_Bay_languages" title="Piru Bay languages">Piru Bay</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luhu_language" title="Luhu language">Luhu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manipa_language" title="Manipa language">Manipa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wakasihu_language" title="Wakasihu language">Wakasihu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boano_language_(Maluku)" title="Boano language (Maluku)">Boano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sepa-Teluti_language" title="Sepa-Teluti language">Sepa-Teluti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paulohi_language" title="Paulohi language">Paulohi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaibobo_language" title="Kaibobo language">Kaibobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hitu_language" title="Hitu language">Hitu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulehu_language" title="Tulehu language">Tulehu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laha_language_(Indonesia)" title="Laha language (Indonesia)">Laha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seit-Kaitetu_language" title="Seit-Kaitetu language">Seit-Kaitetu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamarian_language" title="Kamarian language">Kamarian</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haruku_language" title="Haruku language">Haruku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amahai_language" title="Amahai language">Amahai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nusa_Laut_language" title="Nusa Laut language">Nusa Laut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saparua_language" title="Saparua language">Saparua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latu_language" title="Latu language">Latu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #e6e6ff;"><div id="Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mor_language_(Austronesian)" title="Mor language (Austronesian)">Mor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warembori_language" title="Warembori language">Warembori</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke</a> ?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halmahera_Sea_languages" title="Halmahera Sea languages">Halmahera Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambel–Biga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maya–Matbat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maden_language" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiawat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiawat language">Fiawat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Halmahera_languages" title="South Halmahera languages">South Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taba_language" title="Taba language">Taba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gebe_language" title="Gebe language">Gebe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biakic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Biakic languages">Biakic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yapen_languages_(Austronesian)" title="Yapen languages (Austronesian)">Yapen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wamesa_language" title="Wamesa language">Wamesa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woi_language" title="Woi language">Wooi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">Pom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeresiam_language" title="Yeresiam language">Yerisiam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeretuar_language" title="Yeretuar language">Umar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yapese_language" title="Yapese language">Yapese</a> ?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manus_languages" title="Manus languages">Manus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baluan-Pam_language" title="Baluan-Pam language">Baluan-Pam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lenkau_language" title="Lenkau language">Lenkau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lou_language_(Austronesian)" title="Lou language (Austronesian)">Lou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nauna_language" title="Nauna language">Nauna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penchal_language" title="Penchal language">Penchal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Kaniet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kaniet language">Northern Kaniet</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Kaniet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Kaniet language">Southern Kaniet</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seimat_language" title="Seimat language">Seimat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuvulu-Aua_language" title="Wuvulu-Aua language">Wuvulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuvulu-Aua_language" title="Wuvulu-Aua language">Aua</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">Saint Matthias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mussau-Emira_language" title="Mussau-Emira language">Mussau-Emira</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenis_language" title="Tenis language">Tenis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utupua</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amba_language_(Solomon_Islands)" title="Amba language (Solomon Islands)">Amba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asumbuo_language" title="Asumbuo language">Asumboa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanimbili_language" title="Tanimbili language">Tanimbili</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanikoro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teanu_language" title="Teanu language">Teanu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lovono_language" title="Lovono language">Lovono</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanema_language" title="Tanema language">Tanema</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reefs_%E2%80%93_Santa_Cruz_languages" title="Reefs – Santa Cruz languages">Reefs–Santa Cruz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%84iwoo_language" title="Äiwoo language">Äiwoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanggu_language" title="Nanggu language">Engdewu / Nanggu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santa_Cruz_language" title="Santa Cruz language">Natügu / Santa Cruz</a>
<ul><li>Nalögo</li>
<li>Noipx</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast<br />Solomonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gela–Guadalcanal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bughotu_language" title="Bughotu language">Bugotu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gela_language" title="Gela language">Gela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lengo_language" title="Lengo language">Lengo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birao_language" title="Birao language">Birao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghari_language" title="Ghari language">Ghari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malango_language" title="Malango language">Malango</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talise_language" title="Talise language">Talise</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malaita–<br />San Cristobal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longgu_language" title="Longgu language">Longgu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sa%27a_language" title="Sa'a language">Sa'a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arosi_language" title="Arosi language">Arosi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fagani_language" title="Fagani language">Fagani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bauro_language" title="Bauro language">Bauro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kahua_language" title="Kahua language">Kahua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Owa_language" title="Owa language">Owa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marau_Wawa_language" title="Marau Wawa language">Marau Wawa</a> ? †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/To%CA%BCabaita_language" title="Toʼabaita language">Toʼabaita</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baelelea_language" title="Baelelea language">Baelelea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baeggu_language" title="Baeggu language">Baeggu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fataleka_language" title="Fataleka language">Fataleka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lau_language_(Malaita)" title="Lau language (Malaita)">Lau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwara%27ae_language" title="Kwara'ae language">Kwara'ae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langalanga_language" title="Langalanga language">Wala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gula%27alaa_language" title="Gula'alaa language">Gula'alaa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwaio_language" title="Kwaio language">Kwaio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dori%27o_language" title="Dori'o language">Dori'o</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%EA%9E%8BAre%EA%9E%8Care_language" title="ꞋAreꞌare language">ꞋAreꞌare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oroha_language" title="Oroha language">Oroha</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western<br />Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso–<br />Melanesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Willaumez</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bola_language_(Austronesian)" title="Bola language (Austronesian)">Bola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulu_language_(Oceanic)" title="Bulu language (Oceanic)">Bulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meramera_language" title="Meramera language">Meramera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nakanai_language" title="Nakanai language">Nakanai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bali-Vitu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uneapa_language" title="Uneapa language">Bali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitu_language" title="Vitu language">Vitu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Ireland–<br />Northwest<br />Solomonic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungag–Nalik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kara_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kara language (Papua New Guinea)">Kara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laxudumau_language" title="Laxudumau language">Laxudumau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nalik_language" title="Nalik language">Nalik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiang_language" title="Tiang language">Tiang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tigak_language" title="Tigak language">Tigak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tungag_language" title="Tungag language">Tungag</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tabar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lihir_language" title="Lihir language">Lihir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandara_language" title="Mandara language">Madara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Notsi_language" title="Notsi language">Notsi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barok_language" title="Barok language">Barok</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lavatbura-Lamusong_language" title="Lavatbura-Lamusong language">Lavatbura–Lamusong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madak_language" title="Madak language">Madak</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">St. George</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bilur_language" title="Bilur language">Bilur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangga_language" title="Tangga language">Fanamaket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guramalum_language" title="Guramalum language">Guramalum</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kandas_language" title="Kandas language">Kandas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Konomala_language" title="Konomala language">Konomala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Label_language" title="Label language">Label</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lungalunga_language" title="Lungalunga language">Lungalunga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niwer_Mil_language" title="Niwer Mil language">Niwer Mil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patpatar_language" title="Patpatar language">Patpatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramoaaina_language" title="Ramoaaina language">Ramoaaina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siar-Lak_language" title="Siar-Lak language">Siar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sursurunga_language" title="Sursurunga language">Sursurunga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangga_language" title="Tangga language">Tangga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Tolai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest_Solomonic_languages" title="Northwest Solomonic languages">Northwest<br />Solomonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babatana_language" title="Babatana language">Babatana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bannoni_language" title="Bannoni language">Bannoni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blablanga_language" title="Blablanga language">Blablanga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheke_Holo_language" title="Cheke Holo language">Cheke Holo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gao_language" title="Gao language">Gao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghanongga_language" title="Ghanongga language">Ghanongga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hahon_language" title="Hahon language">Hahon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hak%C3%B6_language" title="Hakö language">Hakö</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halia_language" title="Halia language">Halia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoava_language" title="Hoava language">Hoava</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazukuru_language" title="Kazukuru language">Kazukuru</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kokota_language" title="Kokota language">Kokota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kusaghe_language" title="Kusaghe language">Kusaghe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laghu_language" title="Laghu language">Laghu</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lungga_language" title="Lungga language">Lungga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marovo_language" title="Marovo language">Marovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mono-Alu_language" title="Mono-Alu language">Mono-Alu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_language" title="Duke language">Nduke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nehan_language" title="Nehan language">Nehan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papapana_language" title="Papapana language">Papapana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petats_language" title="Petats language">Petats</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawunuia_language" title="Lawunuia language">Piva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ririo_language" title="Ririo language">Ririo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roviana_language" title="Roviana language">Roviana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saposa_language" title="Saposa language">Saposa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simbo_language" title="Simbo language">Simbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solos_language" title="Solos language">Solos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teop_language" title="Teop language">Teop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tinputz_language" title="Tinputz language">Tinputz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torau_language" title="Torau language">Torau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ughele_language" title="Ughele language">Ughele</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruava_language" title="Uruava language">Uruava</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaghua_language" title="Vaghua language">Vaghua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vangunu_language" title="Vangunu language">Vangunu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varisi_language" title="Varisi language">Varisi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zabana_language" title="Zabana language">Zabana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zazao_language" title="Zazao language">Zazao</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomoip_language" title="Tomoip language">Tomoip</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North<br />New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarmi%E2%80%93Jayapura_languages" title="Sarmi–Jayapura languages">Sarmi–<br />Jayapura</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schouten_languages" title="Schouten languages">Schouten</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arop_language" title="Arop language">Arop-Sissano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sera_language" title="Sera language">Sera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sissano_language" title="Sissano language">Sissano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulau-Suain_language" title="Ulau-Suain language">Ulau-Suain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tumleo_language" title="Tumleo language">Tumleo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakamul_language" title="Yakamul language">Yakamul</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaiep_language" title="Kaiep language">Kaiep</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kairiru_language" title="Kairiru language">Kairiru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terebu_language" title="Terebu language">Terebu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biem_language" title="Biem language">Biem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kis_language" title="Kis language">Kis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manam_language" title="Manam language">Manam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medebur_language" title="Medebur language">Medebur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sepa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Sepa language (Papua New Guinea)">Sepa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wogeo_language" title="Wogeo language">Wogeo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huon_Gulf_languages" title="Huon Gulf languages">Huon Gulf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukawa_language" title="Bukawa language">Bukawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kala_language" title="Kala language">Kela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yabem_language" title="Yabem language">Yabem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aribwatsa_language" title="Aribwatsa language">Aribwatsa</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aribwaung_language" title="Aribwaung language">Aribwaung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adzera_language" title="Adzera language">Adzera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watut_language" title="Watut language">Dangal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duwet_language" title="Duwet language">Duwet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labu_language" title="Labu language">Labu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watut_language" title="Watut language">Maralango</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mari_language_(Madang_Province)" title="Mari language (Madang Province)">Mari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musom_language" title="Musom language">Musom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nafi_language" title="Nafi language">Nafi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watut_language" title="Watut language">Silisili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wampar_language" title="Wampar language">Wampar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wampur_language" title="Wampur language">Wampur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hote_language" title="Hote language">Hote</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iwal_language" title="Iwal language">Iwal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kapin_language" title="Kapin language">Kapin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mumeng_language" title="Mumeng language">Kumalu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangga_Buang_language" title="Mangga Buang language">Mangga Buang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mapos_Buang_language" title="Mapos Buang language">Mapos Buang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mumeng_language" title="Mumeng language">Mumeng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piu_language" title="Piu language">Piu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vehes_language" title="Vehes language">Vehes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamap_language" title="Yamap language">Yamap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numbami_language" title="Numbami language">Numbami</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngero%E2%80%93Vitiaz_languages" title="Ngero–Vitiaz languages">Ngero–Vitiaz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bariai_language" title="Bariai language">Bariai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gitua_language" title="Gitua language">Gitua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kove_language" title="Kove language">Kove</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lusi_language" title="Lusi language">Lusi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malalamai_language" title="Malalamai language">Malalamai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mutu_language" title="Mutu language">Mutu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awad_Bing_language" title="Awad Bing language">Awad Bing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bilibil_language" title="Bilibil language">Bilibil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gedaged_language" title="Gedaged language">Gedaged</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marik_language" title="Marik language">Marik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matukar_language" title="Matukar language">Matukar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mindiri_language" title="Mindiri language">Mindiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Takia_language" title="Takia language">Takia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wab_language" title="Wab language">Wab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamogai_language" title="Lamogai language">Lamogai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mouk-Aria_language" title="Mouk-Aria language">Mouk-Aria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aigon_language" title="Aigon language">Aigon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karore_language" title="Karore language">Karore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaulong_language" title="Kaulong language">Kaulong</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miu_language" title="Miu language">Miu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sengseng_language" title="Sengseng language">Sengseng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Aiklep</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akolet_language" title="Akolet language">Akolet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Apalik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avau_language" title="Avau language">Avau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bebeli_language" title="Bebeli language">Bebeli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Gimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lesing-Gelimi_language" title="Lesing-Gelimi language">Lesing-Gelimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangseng_language" title="Mangseng language">Mangseng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solong_language" title="Solong language">Solong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lote_language" title="Lote language">Lote</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamusi_language" title="Mamusi language">Mamusi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mengen_language" title="Mengen language">Mengen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arop-Lokep_language" title="Arop-Lokep language">Arop-Lukep</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karnai_language" title="Karnai language">Karnai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malasanga_language" title="Malasanga language">Malasanga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mur_Pano_language" title="Mur Pano language">Mur Pano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mato_language" title="Mato language">Mato</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ronji_language" title="Ronji language">Ronji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amara_language" title="Amara language">Amara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idne_language" title="Idne language">Maleu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbula_language" title="Mbula language">Mbula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sio_language" title="Sio language">Sio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tami_language" title="Tami language">Tami</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%CA%BCAuhelawa_language" title="ʼAuhelawa language">ʼAuhelawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buhutu_language" title="Buhutu language">Buhutu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bwanabwana_language" title="Bwanabwana language">Bwanabwana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oya%27oya_language" title="Oya'oya language">Oya'oya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saliba_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Saliba language (Papua New Guinea)">Saliba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suau_language" title="Suau language">Suau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unubahe_language" title="Unubahe language">Unubahe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagawaga_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Wagawaga language (New Guinea)">Wagawaga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bwaidoka_language" title="Bwaidoka language">Bwaidoka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diodio_language" title="Diodio language">Diodio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamalele_language" title="Yamalele language">Iamalele</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iduna_language" title="Iduna language">Iduna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koluwawa_language" title="Koluwawa language">Koluwawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maiadomu_language" title="Maiadomu language">Maiadomu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bunama_language" title="Bunama language">Bunama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boselewa_language" title="Boselewa language">Boselewa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dobu_language" title="Dobu language">Dobu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duau_language" title="Duau language">Duau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galeya_language" title="Galeya language">Galeya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molima_language" title="Molima language">Molima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mwatebu_language" title="Mwatebu language">Mwatebu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sewa_Bay_language" title="Sewa Bay language">Sewa Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawawa_language" title="Dawawa language">Dawawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kakabai_language" title="Kakabai language">Kakabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Are_language" title="Are language">Are</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arifama-Miniafia_language" title="Arifama-Miniafia language">Arifama-Miniafia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doga_language" title="Doga language">Doga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gapapaiwa_language" title="Gapapaiwa language">Gapapaiwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghayavi_language" title="Ghayavi language">Ghayavi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaninuwa_language" title="Kaninuwa language">Kaninuwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ubir_language" title="Ubir language">Ubir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gweda_language" title="Gweda language">Gweda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haigwai_language" title="Haigwai language">Haigwai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maiwala_language" title="Maiwala language">Maiwala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minaveha_language" title="Minaveha language">Minaveha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taupota_language" title="Taupota language">Taupota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tawala_language" title="Tawala language">Tawala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakaikeke_language" title="Yakaikeke language">Yakaikeke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anuki_language" title="Anuki language">Anuki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gumawana_language" title="Gumawana language">Gumawana</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kilivila–Misima</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Budibud_language" title="Budibud language">Budibud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kilivila_language" title="Kilivila language">Kilivila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Misima_language" title="Misima language">Misima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muyuw_language" title="Muyuw language">Muyuw</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nimoa–Sudest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nimoa_language" title="Nimoa language">Nimoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudest_language" title="Sudest language">Sudest</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern<br />Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North<br />Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages" title="Torres–Banks languages">Torres–Banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dorig_language" title="Dorig language">Dorig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Koro language (Vanuatu)">Koro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lehali_language" title="Lehali language">Lehali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lemerig_language" title="Lemerig language">Lemerig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lo-Toga_language" title="Lo-Toga language">Lo-Toga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language" title="Löyöp language">Löyöp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mwerlap_language" title="Mwerlap language">Mwerlap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mwesen_language" title="Mwesen language">Mwesen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mwotlap_language" title="Mwotlap language">Mwotlap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nume_language" title="Nume language">Nume</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olrat_language" title="Olrat language">Olrat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vera%27a_language" title="Vera'a language">Vera’a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volow_language" title="Volow language">Volow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maewo–Ambae–<br />North Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baetora_language" title="Baetora language">Baetora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Ambae_language" title="West Ambae language">Duidui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Ambae_language" title="East Ambae language">Northeast Ambae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sungwadaga_language" title="Sungwadaga language">Sun̄wadaga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sungwadia_language" title="Sungwadia language">Sun̄wadia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apma_language" title="Apma language">Apma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saa_language" title="Saa language">Sa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ske_language" title="Ske language">Ske</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sowa_language" title="Sowa language">Sowa</a> †</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages" title="Espiritu Santo languages">Espiritu Santo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akei_language" title="Akei language">Akei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aore_language" title="Aore language">Aore</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valpei_language" title="Valpei language">Cape Cumberland</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nokuku_language" title="Nokuku language">Nokuku</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiai_language" title="Kiai language">Kiai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mavea_language" title="Mavea language">M̈av̈ea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merei-Tiale_language" title="Merei-Tiale language">Merei-Tiale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mores_language" title="Mores language">Mores</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakao_language" title="Sakao language">Sakao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngen_language" title="Ngen language">Shark Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamambo_language" title="Tamambo language">Tamambo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangoa_language" title="Tangoa language">Tangoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akei_language" title="Akei language">Tasiriki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tolomako_language" title="Tolomako language">Tolomako</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutuba_language" title="Tutuba language">Tutuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wusi_language" title="Wusi language">Wusi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Southern<br />Oceanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aulua_language" title="Aulua language">Aulua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avok_language" title="Avok language">Avok</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Axamb_language" title="Axamb language">Axamb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burmbar_language" title="Burmbar language">Banam Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tirax_language" title="Tirax language">Dirak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lar%C3%ABvat_language" title="Larëvat language">Larëvat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lendamboi_language" title="Lendamboi language">Lendamboi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maii_language" title="Maii language">Maii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malua_Bay_language" title="Malua Bay language">Malua Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maskelynes_language" title="Maskelynes language">Maskelynes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Botovro_language" title="Botovro language">Mpotovoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malfaxal_language" title="Malfaxal language">Naha’ai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Efate_language" title="North Efate language">Nakanamanga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namakura_language" title="Namakura language">Namakir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Litzlitz_language" title="Litzlitz language">Naman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nasarian_language" title="Nasarian language">Nasarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avava_language" title="Avava language">Navava</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neve%27ei_language" title="Neve'ei language">Neve’ei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neverver_language" title="Neverver language">Nevwervwer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nguna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguna language">Nguna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ninde_language" title="Ninde language">Ninde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language" title="Northeast Malakula language">Northeast Malakula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rerep_language" title="Rerep language">Pangkumu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language" title="Port Sandwich language">Port Sandwich</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nahavaq_language" title="Nahavaq language">Sinesip</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daakaka_language" title="Daakaka language">South Ambrym</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nafsan_language" title="Nafsan language">South Efate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tape_language" title="Tape language">Tape</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unua_language" title="Unua language">Unua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vao_language" title="Vao language">Vao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Nambas_language" title="Big Nambas language">V’ënen Taut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Vovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lonwolwol_language" title="Lonwolwol language">West Ambrym</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erromango</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erromanga_language" title="Erromanga language">Erromanga / Sie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sorung_language" title="Sorung language">Sorung</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Ura language (Vanuatu)">Ura</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utaha_language" title="Utaha language">Utaha / Ifo</a> †</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tanna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwamera_language" title="Kwamera language">Kwamera / South Tanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lenakel_language" title="Lenakel language">Lenakel / West Tanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Tanna_language" title="North Tanna language">North Tanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwest_Tanna_language" title="Southwest Tanna language">Southwest Tanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitesands_language" title="Whitesands language">Whitesands / East Tanna</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aneityum_language" title="Aneityum language">Aneityum</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalties–<br />New Caledonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalty Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iaai_language" title="Iaai language">Iaai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Caledonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arh%C3%A2_language" title="Arhâ language">Arhâ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arh%C3%B6_language" title="Arhö language">Arhö</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ndrumbea_language" title="Ndrumbea language">Ndrumbea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neku_language" title="Neku language">Neku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Num%C3%A8%C3%A8_language" title="Numèè language">Numèè</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orowe_language" title="Orowe language">Orowe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C3%AEr%C3%AE_language" title="Tîrî language">Tîrî</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2c%C3%B9%C3%B9" title="Xârâcùù">Xârâcùù</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2gur%C3%A8_language" title="Xârâgurè language">Xârâgurè</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zire_language" title="Zire language">Zire</a> †</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haveke_language" title="Haveke language">Bwatoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caac_language" title="Caac language">Caac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C%C3%A8muh%C3%AE_language" title="Cèmuhî language">Cèmuhî</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fw%C3%A2i_language" title="Fwâi language">Fwâi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haeke_language" title="Haeke language">Haeke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haveke_language" title="Haveke language">Haveke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hmwaveke_language" title="Hmwaveke language">Hmwaveke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawe_language" title="Jawe language">Jawe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumak_language" title="Kumak language">Kumak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nemi_language" title="Nemi language">Nemi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ny%C3%A2layu_language" title="Nyâlayu language">Nyâlayu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pije_language" title="Pije language">Pije</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pwaamei_language" title="Pwaamei language">Pwaamei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pwapw%C3%A2_language" title="Pwapwâ language">Pwapwâ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vamale_language" title="Vamale language">Vamale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waamwang_language" title="Waamwang language">Waamwang</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuanga_language" title="Yuanga language">Yuanga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nauruan_language" title="Nauruan language">Nauruan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Micronesian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosraean_language" title="Kosraean language">Kosraean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuukic%E2%80%93Pohnpeic_languages" title="Chuukic–Pohnpeic languages">Chuukic–<br />Pohnpeic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuukic_languages" title="Chuukic languages">Chuukic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carolinian_language" title="Carolinian language">Carolinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuukese_language" title="Chuukese language">Chuukese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mapia_language" title="Mapia language">Mapia</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mortlockese_language" title="Mortlockese language">Mortlockese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namonuito_language" title="Namonuito language">Namonuito</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/P%C3%A1%C3%A1fang_language" title="Pááfang language">Pááfang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puluwat_language" title="Puluwat language">Puluwatese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satawalese_language" title="Satawalese language">Satawalese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sonsorolese_language" title="Sonsorolese language">Sonsorol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanapag_language" title="Tanapag language">Tanapag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tobian_language" title="Tobian language">Tobian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulithian_language" title="Ulithian language">Ulithian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woleaian_language" title="Woleaian language">Woleaian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pohnpeic_languages" title="Pohnpeic languages">Pohnpeic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mokilese_language" title="Mokilese language">Mokilese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngatikese_language" title="Ngatikese language">Ngatikese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pingelapese_language" title="Pingelapese language">Pingelapese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pohnpeian_language" title="Pohnpeian language">Pohnpeian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central<br />Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua_language" title="Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua language">Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Fijian_language" title="Western Fijian language">Western Fijian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gone_Dau_language" title="Gone Dau language">Gone Dau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lauan_language" title="Lauan language">Lauan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lomaiviti_language" title="Lomaiviti language">Lomaiviti</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear<br />Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nukuria_language" title="Nukuria language">Nuguria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nukumanu_language" title="Nukumanu language">Nukumanu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ontong_Java_language" title="Ontong Java language">Ontong Java</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samoic_languages" title="Samoic languages">Samoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niuatoputapu_language" title="Niuatoputapu language">Niuatoputapu</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Austral</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Cook Islands Māori</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangareva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a> †</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penrhyn_language" title="Penrhyn language">Penrhyn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Futunic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa_language" title="Futuna-Aniwa language">Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan / East Futunan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian / East Uvean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niuafo%CA%BBou_language" title="Niuafoʻou language">Niuafoʻou</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>* indicates proposed status </li><li>? indicates classification dispute</li><li>† indicates <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9237#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9237#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control: National libraries</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9237#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949051r">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949051r">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037194-3">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546075205171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85080066">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567478">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph344077&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1669625258' |