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'{{Merge from|Civilis (vicarius)| date = March 2022|discuss=Talk:Civilis (vicarius)}} {{short description|Uprising against Roman rule of Britain (367-368)}} {{Refimprove|date=September 2009}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = The Great Conspiracy | partof = the [[Roman Britain|Roman occupation of Britain]] | image = Roman.Britain.north.350.400.jpg | caption = Northern Roman Britain, c. 350–400 AD. | date = 367&ndash;368 | place = [[Roman Britain]] | territory = | result = Roman victory | combatant1 = [[File:Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg|18px|alt=|link=]] [[Roman Empire]] | combatant2 = [[Picts]]<br>[[Scoti|Scotti]]<br>[[Attacotti]]<br>[[Saxons]]<br>[[Franks]]<br>Roman deserters<br> rebellious Britons | commander1 = [[Nectaridus]]{{KIA}}<br>[[Fullofaudes]]<br>[[Severus (Roman commander)|Severus]]<br>[[Jovinus (consul)|Jovinus]]<br>[[Count Theodosius]] | commander2 = [[Valentinus (rebel)|Valentinus]] and others | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Roman conquest of Britain}} }} The '''Great Conspiracy''' was a year-long state of war and disorder that occurred near the end of [[Roman Britain]]. The historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] described it as a ''barbarica conspiratio'', which capitalised on a depleted military force in the province that had been brought about by [[Magnentius]]' losses at the [[Battle of Mursa Major]] in [[Pannonia]] after his unsuccessful bid to become emperor. It is difficult to ascertain the exact chronology of the events because their main source, Ammianus, was living in [[Antioch]] at that time. His information looks second-hand and confused and is in addition inconsistent with that produced by other sources. As a consequence, there are several different views of what happened.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Ian |year=2013 |title=Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster at Adrianople |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |page=56 |isbn=978-1848844179 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZn9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56}}</ref> ==Conspiracy== In the winter of 367, the Roman garrison on [[Hadrian's Wall]] apparently rebelled and allowed [[Picts]] from [[Caledonia]] to enter Britannia. Simultaneously, [[Attacotti]], the [[Scoti|Scotti]] from [[Hibernia]] and [[Saxons]] from [[Germania]] landed in what might have been coordinated and pre-arranged waves on the island's mid-western and southeastern borders, respectively.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} [[Franks]] and Saxons also landed in northern [[Gaul]]. The warbands managed to overwhelm nearly all of the loyal Roman outposts and settlements. The entire western and northern areas of Britannia were overwhelmed; the cities sacked; and the civilian [[Romano-British]] murdered, raped, or enslaved. [[Nectaridus]], the ''comes maritime tractus'' (commanding general of the sea coast region), was killed, and the [[Dux Britanniarum]], [[Fullofaudes]], was either besieged or captured. The remaining loyal army units stayed garrisoned inside southeastern cities.<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/27*.html |title=The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus |website=Bill Thayer's Web Site |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> The ''[[areani|miles areani]]'', the local Roman agents who provided intelligence on barbarian movements, seem to have betrayed their paymasters for bribes, which made the attacks completely unexpected. Deserting soldiers and escaped slaves roamed the countryside and turned to robbery to support themselves. Although the chaos was widespread and initially concerted, the rebels had aims simply of personal enrichment and worked as small bands rather than larger armies. The historian Ian Hughes later argued that it is likely Nectaridus and Fullofaudes were killed by Saxon and Frankish raiders along the coast of Gaul, rather than by enemies in Britain,<ref name=Hughes59>Hughes p. 59.</ref> but Hughes's account lacks historical evidence. ==Roman response== ===Early attempts=== Emperor [[Valentinian I]] was campaigning against the [[Alamanni]] at the time and so was unable to respond personally. A series of commanders to act in his stead were chosen but swiftly recalled. The first was Severus, the emperor's ''[[comes domesticorum]]'', who was soon recalled and replaced by [[Jovinus (consul)|Jovinus]], the ''[[magister equitum]]''.<ref name="history"/> Jovinus then wrote back to Valentinian requesting reinforcements. The Emperor recalled Jovinus, probably to take part in a campaign along the [[Rhine]], which was a higher priority, and then sent out [[Count Theodosius|Flavius Theodosius]].<ref>Hughes p. 58.</ref> ===Alternative chronology=== The historian Ian Hughes later argued that Severus and Jovinus were never actually sent to Britain since it is unlikely that they would go all that way and come back.<ref name=Hughes59/> He proposed the following alternative chronology: *June 367 &ndash; Valentinian is informed of Saxon and Frankish raids along the coast of Gaul that have resulted in the deaths of Nectaridus and Fullofaudes; * Severus is given a small force and ordered to gather information and counter the Saxon and Frankish raids; * Valentinian moves to [[Amiens]] in order to gather intelligence and co-ordinate a response to the attacks; * Severus returns with information that more troops are needed to restore order; * Jovinus is ordered to the coast and begins repelling attackers; * Jovinus passes word to the Emperor that Britain is under attack and thst he needs more troops to cross the Channel and tp restore the situation; * Valentinian decides to assemble a force under Theodosius for the attack.<ref>Hughes p. 60-61.</ref> ===Arrival of Theodosius=== In the spring of 368, a relief force, commanded by Flavius Theodosius, gathered at [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Bononia]] (Boulogne-sur-Mer). It included four units, ''[[Batavi (military unit)|Batavi]]'', ''[[Heruli (military unit)|Heruli]]'', ''Iovii'' and ''Victores'', as well as his son, the later Emperor [[Theodosius I]], and probably the later [[Roman usurper|usurper]] [[Magnus Maximus]], his nephew. Theodosius took advantage of a break in the winter weather to cross the Channel to [[Richborough Castle|Richborough]], which left the rest of his troops at Bononia to await better weather. That enabled Theodosius to gather vital intelligence.<ref>Hughes p. 69.</ref> He discovered that the British troops had been overwhelmed, refused to fight, or deserted, and many may not have been paid.<ref>Hughes p. 71.</ref> Once the troops had landed, Theodosius marched with them to [[Londinium]], which he made his base. There, he began to deal with the invaders:<ref name=history/> {{blockquote|text=There he divided his troops into many parts and attacked the predatory bands of the enemy, which were ranging about and were laden with heavy packs; quickly routing those who were driving along prisoners and cattle, he wrested from them the booty which the wretched tribute-paying people had lost. And when all this had been restored to them, except for a small part which was allotted to the wearied soldiers, he entered the city, which had previously been plunged into the greatest difficulties, but had been restored more quickly than rescue could have been expected, rejoicing and as if celebrating an [[ovation]].|author=Ammianus Marcellinus|title=Res Gestae 27.8.6}} An [[amnesty]] was promised to deserters, which enabled Theodosius to regarrison abandoned forts. A new ''[[Dux Britanniarum]]'' was appointed, [[Dulcitius]], with [[Civilis (vicarius)|Civilis]] granted [[vicarius]] status to head a new civilian administration. After discovering that the local ''[[areani]]'' had collaborated with the invaders, Theodosius removed them from their positions.<ref name=Hughes85>Hughes p. 85</ref> By the end of the year, the barbarians had been driven back to their homelands; the mutineers had been executed; Hadrian's Wall had been retaken and order had returned to the diocese. Theodosius also overcame and defeated the force of Valentinus, a [[Pannonia|Pannonian]] who had been exiled to Britain and joined the invaders.<ref name=Hughes85/> Considerable reorganization was undertaken in Britain, including the creation of a new province, [[Valentia (Roman Britain)|Valentia]], probably to better address the state of the far north. The poet [[Claudian]] suggests that naval activity took place in northern Britain. It is possible that Theodosius mounted punitive expeditions against the barbarians and extracted terms from them. Certainly, the ''[[Notitia Dignitatum]]'' later records four units of [[Attacotti]] serving Rome on the Continent. The ''areani'' were removed from duty and the frontiers refortified with co-operation from border tribes such as the [[Votadini]], which marked the career of men such as [[Padarn Beisrudd|Paternus]]. ==Political effects== Theodosius returned to Rome a hero and was made senior military advisor to Valentinian to replace Jovinus. A decade later, his son became emperor. The Romans had ended much of the chaos, but raids by all of the people listed above continued. ==Fictional references== Fictional accounts of the Great Conspiracy were featured in [[Wallace Breem]]'s historical novel ''[[Eagle in the Snow]]'', [[Peter Vansittart]]'s historical novel ''Three Six Seven: Memoirs of a Very Important Man'', [[Stephen R. Lawhead]]'s fantasy novel ''[[Pendragon Cycle#Taliesin|Taliesin]]'', [[M. J. Trow]]'s ''Britannia'' series, Jack Whyte's fantasy-historical novel ''[[The Skystone]]'', and [[Mark Chadbourn]]'s novel ''Pendragon'', written under the pen-name James Wilde. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal |last1=Frend |first1=W. H. C. |title=Pagans, Christians, and 'the Barbarian Conspiracy' of A. D. 367 in Roman Britain |journal=[[Britannia (journal)|Britannia]] |date=1992 |volume=23 |pages=121–131 |doi=10.2307/526106 |jstor=526106}} {{refend}} ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125309/http://british-history.net/roman-britain/the-barbarian-conspiracy-in-britannia-353-368/ The Barbarian Conspiracy] at British History *[http://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/the_history_of_rome/2011/08/149-the-great-conspiracy-.html The Great Conspiracy] at The History of Rome Podcast {{Prehistoric Scotland}} [[Category:367]] [[Category:368]] [[Category:Military history of Roman Britain]] [[Category:Valentinianic dynasty]] [[Category:Wars involving the Roman Empire]] [[Category:4th-century conflicts]] [[Category:Wars involving Germanic peoples]] [[Category:4th century in Roman Britain]] [[Category:360s in the Roman Empire]]'