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'69.64.219.3'
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'Ebonics'
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'Ebonics'
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{For|African American U.S. English that is distinct from standard U.S. English|African American Vernacular English}} '''Ebonics''' is a term that was originally intended to refer to the language of all people descended from enslaved [[Black people|Black]] [[African people|Africans]], particularly in [[West Africa]], the [[Caribbean]], and [[North America]]. Over time, and especially since 1996, it has been used more often to refer to [[African American Vernacular English]] (distinctively nonstandard Black [[American English|United States English]]), asserting the independence of this from (standard) [[English language|English]]. The term became widely known in the U.S. in 1996 due to a [[Oakland Ebonics controversy|controversy over its use by the Oakland School Board]]. ==Original usage== What is claimed to be the initial mention of "Ebonics" was made by the psychologist<ref>For Williams's background as a writer on issues related to [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]], see {{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000|p=16}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000}} also flatly states (p, 18) that "Williams is not a linguist".</ref> [[Robert Williams (psychologist)|Robert Williams]] in a discussion with linguist Ernie Smith (as well as other language scholars and researchers) that took place in a conference on "Cognitive and Language Development of the Black Child", held in [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], in 1973.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Williams|1997}}; quoted in {{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000|p=2}}.</ref><ref>For conference details, see {{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000|p=15}}.</ref> In 1975, the term appeared within the title and text of a book edited and co-written by Williams, ''[[Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks]].'' Williams there explains it: <blockquote>A two-year-old term created by a group of black scholars, Ebonics may be defined as "the linguistic and [[paralanguage|paralinguistic]] features which on a concentric continuum represent the [[communicative competence]] of the West African, Caribbean, and United States slave descendant of African origin. It includes the various idioms, [[patois]], [[argot]]s, [[idiolect]]s, and [[sociolect|social dialects]] of black people" especially those who have adapted to colonial circumstances. Ebonics derives its form from ebony (black) and phonics (sound, the study of sound) and refers to the study of the language of black people in all its cultural uniqueness.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Williams|1975|p=vi}}, quoted in {{Harvcoltxt|Green|2002|p=7}}, and {{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000|p=15}}. Unfortunately there is something amiss with each reproduction of what Williams writes, and also possible incompatibility between the two. Green has a couple of what appear to be minor typing errors (whether Williams's or her own, and anyway corrected above following Baugh) but otherwise presents the text as above: an unexplained quotation ("the linguistic and paralinguistic features...black people") within the larger quotation. Baugh does not present the material outside this inner quotation but instead presents the latter (not demarcated by quotation marks) within a different context. He describes this as part of a statement to the US Senate made at some unspecified time after 1993, yet also attributes it (or has Williams attribute part of it) to p.vi of Williams's book.</ref></blockquote> Other writers have since emphasized how the term represents a view of the language of Black people as African rather than European.<ref>For example, {{Harvcoltxt|Smith|1998|p=55–7}}; quoted in {{Harvcoltxt|Green|2002|p=7–8}}.</ref> The term was not obviously popular even among those who agreed with the reason for coining it: it is little used even within Williams's ''Ebonics'' book, in which "Black English" is the far more common name.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000|p=19}}.</ref> John Baugh has stated<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000|p=74–5}}; he puts the four in a different order.</ref> that the term ''Ebonics'' is used in four ways by its [[Afrocentrism|Afrocentric]] proponents. It may: #be "an international construct, including the linguistic consequences of the African slave trade";<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Williams|1975}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Williams|1997}}, as summarized in Baugh's words.</ref> #refer to the languages of the [[African diaspora]] as a whole;<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blackshire-Belay|1996}}.</ref> #:or it may refer to what is normally regarded as a variety of [[English language|English]]: either #it "is the equivalent of black English and is considered to be a dialect of English" (and thus merely an alternative term for [[African American Vernacular English|AAVE]]), or #it "is the antonym of black English and is considered to be a language other than English" (and thus a rejection of the notion of "African American Vernacular ''English''" but nevertheless a term for what others term AAVE, viewed as an independent language and not a mere [[ethnolect]]).<ref>The equivalent, {{Harvcoltxt|Tolliver-Weddington|1979}}; the antonym, {{Harvcoltxt|Smith|1992}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Smith|1998}}; both as summarized in Baugh's words.</ref> ==In an exclusively US context== {{details|Oakland Ebonics controversy}} <!-- Please do not add material that either duplicates or can usefully be added to what is in the article on "African American Vernacular English", which is the main article on the distinctive Black dialect of U.S. English. --> ''Ebonics'' remained a little-known and little-remarked term until 1996; it does not appear in the second edition of the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]],'' published in 1989, over a decade after the word was coined, and it was not used by [[Linguistics|linguists]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2002|p=12}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|O'Neil|1998}}.</ref> In 1996, the term became widely known in the U.S. owing to a controversy over a decision by the [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] [[Board of education|School Board]] to denote and recognize the primary language (or [[sociolect]] or [[ethnolect]]) of [[African American]] children attending school, and thereby to facilitate the teaching of [[standard English]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Green|2002|p=222}}. Its use in the context of education in reading, often involving the pedagogic approach called [[phonics]], may have helped mislead people into thinking that the ''phonics'' from which the word ''Ebonics'' is partly derived has this meaning.</ref> Thereafter, the term ''Ebonics'' became popularized, though as little more than a synonym for [[African American Vernacular English]], perhaps differing in the emphasis on its claimed African roots and independence from English. The term is linked with the [[Oakland Ebonics controversy|nationally discussed controversy]] over the decision by the Oakland School Board, and is avoided by most linguists.<ref>For linguists' reasons for this avoidance, see for example, {{Harvcoltxt|Green|2000|p=7–8}}.</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|African American}} *[[African American Vernacular English]] *[[Dialects of North American English]] *[[Stereotypes of African Americans]] *[[Southern American English]] *[[Code-switching]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== *{{cite book |last=Baugh |first=John |year=2000 |title=Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic pride and racial prejudice |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |ISBN=0-19-512046-9 }} *{{citation |last=Blackshire-Belay |first=Carol Aisha |year=1996 |title=The location of Ebonics within the framework of the Afrocological paradigm |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=5–23 }} * {{citation |last=Green |first=Lisa J. |year=2002 |title=African American English: A Linguistic Introduction |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ISBN=0-521-89138-8 }} *{{citation |last=O'Neil |first=Wayne |editor-last=Perry |editor-first=Theresa |editor-last2=Delpit |editor-first2=Lisa |year=1998 |chapter=If Ebonics isn't a language, then tell me, what is? |title=The real Ebonics debate: Power, language, and the education of African-American children |place=Boston |publisher=Beacon |ISBN=0807031453 }} *{{citation |last=Smith |first=Ernie |editor-last=Dreywer |editor-first=Philip |year=1992 |chapter=African American learning behavior: A world of difference |title=Reading the World: Multimedia and multicultural learning in today's classroom |place=Claremont, CA |publisher=Claremont Reading Conference }} *{{citation |last=Smith |first=Ernie |editor-last=Perry |editor-first=Theresa |editor-last2=Delpit |editor-first2=Lisa |year=1998 |chapter=What is Black English? What is Ebonics? |title=The real Ebonics debate: Power, language, and the education of African-American children |place=Boston |publisher=Beacon |ISBN=0807031453 }} *{{citation |editor-last=Tolliver-Weddington |editor-first=Gloria |year=1979 |title=Ebonics (Black English): Implications for Education |journal=Journal of Black Studies (''special issue'') |volume=9 |issue=4 }} *{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Robert |year=1975 |title=Ebonics: The true language of black folks |place=St Louis, MO |publisher=Institute of Black Studies }} *{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Williams (psychologist) |year=1997 |title=Ebonics as a bridge to standard English |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |date=28 January 1997 |pages=14 }} ==External links== <!-- Please do not add links to pages that are not specifically about either (a) the term "Ebonics" or (b) "Ebonics" used to denote something clearly distinct from African American Vernacular English, which is the main article on the distinctive Black dialect of U.S. English. --> *Baugh, John. "[http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/AAVE/ebonics/ American varieties: African American English: Ebony + Phonics]". PBS, 2005. *Patrick, Peter L. "[http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~patrickp/aavesem/EbonicsQ&A.html Answers to some Questions about 'Ebonics' (African American English)]". University of Essex. *[http://linguistlist.org/topics/ebonics/ Ebonics discussion on LINGUIST List] * "Kweku" Shawnn Guthrie "[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5634427384230199073 Mary Hoover discussing Ebonics]" A Race for the Times. "Dr. Mary Hoover a professor at Howard University discusses the origin of Ebonics and what the Oakland Unified School District has done to incorporate it into the curriculum. This Race for the Times program originally aired on Feb. 25, 1997 on 90.5 FM KSJS San Jose" * Blog on African American English "http://africanamericanenglish.com/" Talks about issues relating to African American English [[Category:African-American culture]] [[Category:Languages of the African diaspora]] [[Category:American English]] [[Category:Sociolinguistics]] [[de:Ebonics]] [[fr:Ebonics]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{For|African American U.S. English that is distinct from standard U.S. English|African American Vernacular English}} '''Ebonics''' is a term that was originally intended to refer to the language of all people descended from enslaved [[Black people|Black]] [[African people|Africans]], particularly in [[West Africa]], the [[Caribbean]], and [[North America]]. Over time, and especially since 1996, it has been used more often to refer to [[African American Vernacular English]] (distinctively nonstandard Black [[American English|United States English]]), asserting the independence of this from (standard) [[English language|English]]. The term became widely known in the U.S. in 1996 due to a [[Oakland Ebonics controversy|controversy over its use by the Oakland School Board]]. ==Original usage== What is claimed to be the initial mention of "Ebonics" was made by the psychologist<ref>For Williams's background as a writer on issues related to [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]], see {{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000|p=16}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000}} also flatly states (p, 18) that "Williams is not a linguist".</ref> [[Robert Williams (psychologist)|Robert Williams]] in a discussion with linguist Ernie Smith (as well as other language scholars and researchers) that took place in a conference on "Cognitive and Language Development of the Black Child", held in [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], in 1973.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Williams|1997}}; quoted in {{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000|p=2}}.</ref><ref>For conference details, see {{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000|p=15}}.</ref> In 1975, the term appeared within the title and text of a book edited and co-written by Williams, ''[[Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks]].'' Williams there explains it: poop <blockquote>A two-year-old term created by a group of black scholars, Ebonics may be defined as "the linguistic and [[paralanguage|paralinguistic]] features which on a concentric continuum represent the [[communicative competence]] of the West African, Caribbean, and United States slave descendant of African origin. It includes the various idioms, [[patois]], [[argot]]s, [[idiolect]]s, and [[sociolect|social dialects]] of black people" especially those who have adapted to colonial circumstances. Ebonics derives its form from ebony (black) and phonics (sound, the study of sound) and refers to the study of the language of black people in all its cultural uniqueness.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Williams|1975|p=vi}}, quoted in {{Harvcoltxt|Green|2002|p=7}}, and {{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000|p=15}}. Unfortunately there is something amiss with each reproduction of what Williams writes, and also possible incompatibility between the two. Green has a couple of what appear to be minor typing errors (whether Williams's or her own, and anyway corrected above following Baugh) but otherwise presents the text as above: an unexplained quotation ("the linguistic and paralinguistic features...black people") within the larger quotation. Baugh does not present the material outside this inner quotation but instead presents the latter (not demarcated by quotation marks) within a different context. He describes this as part of a statement to the US Senate made at some unspecified time after 1993, yet also attributes it (or has Williams attribute part of it) to p.vi of Williams's book.</ref></blockquote> Other writers have since emphasized how the term represents a view of the language of Black people as African rather than European.<ref>For example, {{Harvcoltxt|Smith|1998|p=55–7}}; quoted in {{Harvcoltxt|Green|2002|p=7–8}}.</ref> The term was not obviously popular even among those who agreed with the reason for coining it: it is little used even within Williams's ''Ebonics'' book, in which "Black English" is the far more common name.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000|p=19}}.</ref> John Baugh has stated<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2000|p=74–5}}; he puts the four in a different order.</ref> that the term ''Ebonics'' is used in four ways by its [[Afrocentrism|Afrocentric]] proponents. It may: #be "an international construct, including the linguistic consequences of the African slave trade";<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Williams|1975}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Williams|1997}}, as summarized in Baugh's words.</ref> #refer to the languages of the [[African diaspora]] as a whole;<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blackshire-Belay|1996}}.</ref> #:or it may refer to what is normally regarded as a variety of [[English language|English]]: either #it "is the equivalent of black English and is considered to be a dialect of English" (and thus merely an alternative term for [[African American Vernacular English|AAVE]]), or #it "is the antonym of black English and is considered to be a language other than English" (and thus a rejection of the notion of "African American Vernacular ''English''" but nevertheless a term for what others term AAVE, viewed as an independent language and not a mere [[ethnolect]]).<ref>The equivalent, {{Harvcoltxt|Tolliver-Weddington|1979}}; the antonym, {{Harvcoltxt|Smith|1992}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Smith|1998}}; both as summarized in Baugh's words.</ref> ==In an exclusively US context== {{details|Oakland Ebonics controversy}} <!-- Please do not add material that either duplicates or can usefully be added to what is in the article on "African American Vernacular English", which is the main article on the distinctive Black dialect of U.S. English. --> ''Ebonics'' remained a little-known and little-remarked term until 1996; it does not appear in the second edition of the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]],'' published in 1989, over a decade after the word was coined, and it was not used by [[Linguistics|linguists]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Baugh|2002|p=12}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|O'Neil|1998}}.</ref> In 1996, the term became widely known in the U.S. owing to a controversy over a decision by the [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] [[Board of education|School Board]] to denote and recognize the primary language (or [[sociolect]] or [[ethnolect]]) of [[African American]] children attending school, and thereby to facilitate the teaching of [[standard English]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Green|2002|p=222}}. Its use in the context of education in reading, often involving the pedagogic approach called [[phonics]], may have helped mislead people into thinking that the ''phonics'' from which the word ''Ebonics'' is partly derived has this meaning.</ref> Thereafter, the term ''Ebonics'' became popularized, though as little more than a synonym for [[African American Vernacular English]], perhaps differing in the emphasis on its claimed African roots and independence from English. The term is linked with the [[Oakland Ebonics controversy|nationally discussed controversy]] over the decision by the Oakland School Board, and is avoided by most linguists.<ref>For linguists' reasons for this avoidance, see for example, {{Harvcoltxt|Green|2000|p=7–8}}.</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|African American}} *[[African American Vernacular English]] *[[Dialects of North American English]] *[[Stereotypes of African Americans]] *[[Southern American English]] *[[Code-switching]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== *{{cite book |last=Baugh |first=John |year=2000 |title=Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic pride and racial prejudice |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |ISBN=0-19-512046-9 }} *{{citation |last=Blackshire-Belay |first=Carol Aisha |year=1996 |title=The location of Ebonics within the framework of the Afrocological paradigm |journal=Journal of Black Studies |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=5–23 }} * {{citation |last=Green |first=Lisa J. |year=2002 |title=African American English: A Linguistic Introduction |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ISBN=0-521-89138-8 }} *{{citation |last=O'Neil |first=Wayne |editor-last=Perry |editor-first=Theresa |editor-last2=Delpit |editor-first2=Lisa |year=1998 |chapter=If Ebonics isn't a language, then tell me, what is? |title=The real Ebonics debate: Power, language, and the education of African-American children |place=Boston |publisher=Beacon |ISBN=0807031453 }} *{{citation |last=Smith |first=Ernie |editor-last=Dreywer |editor-first=Philip |year=1992 |chapter=African American learning behavior: A world of difference |title=Reading the World: Multimedia and multicultural learning in today's classroom |place=Claremont, CA |publisher=Claremont Reading Conference }} *{{citation |last=Smith |first=Ernie |editor-last=Perry |editor-first=Theresa |editor-last2=Delpit |editor-first2=Lisa |year=1998 |chapter=What is Black English? What is Ebonics? |title=The real Ebonics debate: Power, language, and the education of African-American children |place=Boston |publisher=Beacon |ISBN=0807031453 }} *{{citation |editor-last=Tolliver-Weddington |editor-first=Gloria |year=1979 |title=Ebonics (Black English): Implications for Education |journal=Journal of Black Studies (''special issue'') |volume=9 |issue=4 }} *{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Robert |year=1975 |title=Ebonics: The true language of black folks |place=St Louis, MO |publisher=Institute of Black Studies }} *{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Williams (psychologist) |year=1997 |title=Ebonics as a bridge to standard English |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |date=28 January 1997 |pages=14 }} ==External links== <!-- Please do not add links to pages that are not specifically about either (a) the term "Ebonics" or (b) "Ebonics" used to denote something clearly distinct from African American Vernacular English, which is the main article on the distinctive Black dialect of U.S. English. --> *Baugh, John. "[http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/AAVE/ebonics/ American varieties: African American English: Ebony + Phonics]". PBS, 2005. *Patrick, Peter L. "[http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~patrickp/aavesem/EbonicsQ&A.html Answers to some Questions about 'Ebonics' (African American English)]". University of Essex. *[http://linguistlist.org/topics/ebonics/ Ebonics discussion on LINGUIST List] * "Kweku" Shawnn Guthrie "[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5634427384230199073 Mary Hoover discussing Ebonics]" A Race for the Times. "Dr. Mary Hoover a professor at Howard University discusses the origin of Ebonics and what the Oakland Unified School District has done to incorporate it into the curriculum. This Race for the Times program originally aired on Feb. 25, 1997 on 90.5 FM KSJS San Jose" * Blog on African American English "http://africanamericanenglish.com/" Talks about issues relating to African American English [[Category:African-American culture]] [[Category:Languages of the African diaspora]] [[Category:American English]] [[Category:Sociolinguistics]] [[de:Ebonics]] [[fr:Ebonics]]'
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0
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
1286214845