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'{{Short description|1818–1978 ruling dynasty of Afghanistan}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}} {{Royal house|surname=Barakzai|native_name=بارکزایی|estate=[[Afghanistan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber Pashtunkhwa]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]|native_name_lang=ps|coat of arms=Emblem of Afghanistan (1931-1973).svg|image_size=150px|country={{flagicon|Afghanistan|1880}}[[Principality of Qandahar]]<br /><small>(1818–1855)</small><br />{{flagicon|Afghanistan|1901}} [[Emirate of Afghanistan]]<br /><small>(1823–1855) (Emirate of Kabul)<br />(1855–1926) (Emirate of Afghanistan)</small><br /> {{flagicon|Afghanistan|1930}} [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]<br /><small>(1926–1973)</small>|titles=[[Emir of Afghanistan]]<br>[[King of Afghanistan]]<br> [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|President of Afghanistan]]<br>[[Sardar]] (Prince) of Afghanistan<br>[[Father of the Nation]] <br>Head of the House of Barakzai<br>[[List of rulers of Kandahar|Ruler of Kandahar]] |founder= *[[Sultan Mohammad Khan|Sultan Mohammed Khan Telai]] *[[Dost Mohammad Khan]] *Sons of [[Sardar Payinda Khan]]. |current head= * [[Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan|Sardar Ahmed Shah Khan]] ([[1964 Constitution of Afghanistan]]) * [[Sardar]] Rahmatullah Khan´s descendants ([[Amanullah loyalism|Amanism]]) |final_ruler= * [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]] (as [[King]]) * [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]] (as [[President (government title)|President]]) |founding year=1823|deposition=1973 ([[1964 Constitution of Afghanistan|de jure]]) 1978 ([[Saur Revolution|de facto]])|}} {{Use British English|date=May 2012}} The '''Barakzai dynasty''' ({{Lang-ps|بارکزایی}}, "sons of Barak")<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Mike|title=An Intimate War: An Oral History of the Helmand Conflict, 1978–2012|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199387984|page=321|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OENeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321|access-date=26 July 2016|quote=In Pushtun folklore, Barak, Alak and Popol were brothers who went their separate ways to found tribes in their own namesake with the addition of the—zai (son of) suffix, for example, Barakzai.}}</ref> also known as the '''Muhmmadzai Dynasty'''<ref>Ende in Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society, p. 259</ref><ref>Herbe in All in the family, Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in Middle Eastern Monarchies, p. 199</ref><ref>Ahmed in Afghanistan Rising Islamic Law and Statecraft Between the Ottoman and British Empires, p. 23</ref> ruled modern day [[Afghanistan]] from 1823 to 1978 when the monarchy ended [[de jure]] under [[Musahiban]] [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]] and [[de facto]] under his cousin [[Daoud Khan|Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan]]. The Barakzai dynasty was established by [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] after the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani dynasty]] of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] was removed from power. Prior the seizing of the Durrani empire by the Barakzai dynasty, [[Principality of Qandahar|Loy Qandahar]] was captured by the Dil Brothers, [[Sardar Pur Dil Khan]], [[Sardar Kohan Dil Khan]], [[Sardar Sher Dil Khan]], [[Sardar Mir Dil Khan]], [[Sardar Rahim Dil Khan]], in year 1818 and declared their independence, which lasted as a independant state until 1855, when Amir Dost Mohammad Khan unified Qandahar with Kabul.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trousdale |first=William B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEE4zgEACAAJ |title=Kandahar in the Nineteenth Century |date=2021-03-08 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44522-2 |language=en}}</ref> At the start of Barakzai rule over [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate of Kabul]] in March 1823, the Afghans lost their former stronghold of [[Peshawar Valley]] to the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] of [[Ranjit Singh]] at the [[Battle of Nowshera]]. The Afghan forces in the battle were supported by [[Azim Khan]], half-brother of Dost Mohammad Khan. During the Barakzai era, Afghanistan saw much of its territory lost to the [[British Raj|British]] in the south and east, [[Persia]] in the west, and Russia in the north. There were also many conflicts within Afghanistan, including the three major [[Anglo-Afghan wars]] and the [[Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)|1928–29 civil war]]. ==History and background== {{History of Afghanistan}} === Ancestrial background === The Barakzai claim descent from [[Israelites|the children of Israel]] in a direct line through [[Saul|the first Israeli King Saul]], whose family intermarried with the family of his successor [[David|King David]].<ref>Kharnam, Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia 2005, publisher Global Vision, {{isbn|978-8182200623}}, page 20</ref><ref>Socio-economic Behaviour of Pukhtun Tribes By Dipali Saha, Dipali Saha – 2006 – 282 pages – Page 124</ref> [[Saul|King Saul´s]] grandson the Prince (Malak) [[Afghana]] was grown up by [[Solomon|King Solomon]], acting as his commander in chief and Manager in the construction of the [[Temple Mount]].<ref>The people of India By Herbert Risley, W. Crooke – 1999 – 472 pages – Page 64.</ref><ref>Illustrations of prophecy, By Joseph Lomas Towers – 1796 – 799 pages – page 590.</ref> However Prince Afghana sought refuge in a place called "Takht-e-Sulaiman", where he settled as Exil Arch.<ref>Tadhkirat al-Muluk: A Manual of Safavid Administration, Translated by V. Minorsky, Publisher: Gibb Memorial Trust; 2nd edition (December 1, 1980) Language: English, ISBN 978-0906094129, Paperback: 360 pages.</ref> A direct descendant of [[Afghana|Prince Afghana]] in the 37th generation called Qais heard of the message of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and visited him in [[Medina|Medinah]]. Qais regarded Muhammad as the awaited [[Moschiach]] and embraced [[Islam]] under him. He changed his name [[Qais Abdur Rashid|Qais]] to Abdul Rashid Pathan and married a daughter of [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khalid bin Walid]].<ref>Niamatullah’s history of the Afghans , Volume 1, Niʻmat Allāh, Nirod Bhusan Roy, Santiniketan Press, 1958.</ref><ref>Settling the frontier: land, law and society in the Peshawar valley, 1500-1900, Robert Nichols, Robert Nichols (PhD.), Oxford University Press, 2001 – 321 pages.]</ref><ref>Imperial gazetteer of India , Volume 5, Sir William Wilson Hunter, Great Britain. India Office, Clarendon Press, 1908.</ref> Qais Abdur Rashid's descendant Sulaiman, also known as "Zirak Khan" is regarded as the forefather of [[Durrani|the Durrani Pashtuns]] to whom the Barakzai also belonged, next to the [[Popalzai]] and [[Alakozai]]. It is through Sulaiman´s son Barak, that the Barakzai derive their name from, because Barakzai means "children of Barak".<ref>Alikozai in a Conside History of Afghanistan, p. 355, Trafford 2013</ref> === Naming Afghanistan === It was in honor of their ancestor [[Afghana|Prince Afghana of Israel]], whom some Muslims venerate as a Saint that [[Sultan Mohammad Khan|the first Barakzai King Sultan Mohammed Khan]] and his brother [[Dost Mohammad Khan|Dost Mohammed Khan]] have named their Kingdom "Afghanistan", a fact some [[Afghans]] tried to hide because of [[Antisemitism|International Antisemitic Sentiments]] that were present in the late 19th century, reaching its peak in [[World War II]] in the form of [[Fascism]].<ref>Journal of the United Service Institution of India, United Service Institution of India 1880, p. 71</ref> === Political background === The Barakzai dynasty was the line of rulers in Afghanistan in the 19th and 20th centuries. Following the fall of the [[Durrani Empire]] in 1823, chaos reigned in the domains of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]'s [[Durrani Empire|Afghan Empire]] as various sons of [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]] struggled for supremacy. The Afghan Empire ceased to exist as a single [[nation state]], disintegrating for a brief time into a fragmented collection of small units. [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] gained preeminence alongside his brother, [[Sultan Mohammad Khan]] in 1823. [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] would found the Barakzai dynasty in about 1837. Thereafter, his [[Lineal descendant|descendant]]s ruled in direct succession until 1929, when King [[Amanullah Khan]] abdicated and his cousin [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]] was elected king. The most [[Celebrity|prominent]] & powerful sub-clan of the Barakzai Pashtun tribe is the [[Mohammadzai]], of which the 1823–1973 Afghanistan ruling dynasty comes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |title=Afghanistan |access-date=25 August 2010 |work=[[CIA]] }}</ref> ==Mohammadzai== {{Pashtuns}} '''[[Mohammadzai]]''' are the most prominent & powerful sub-tribe of Barakzai, they belong to the branch of the [[Durrani]] confederacy, and are primarily centered around [[Kandahar]]. They can also be found in other provinces throughout Afghanistan as well across the border in the Pakistan's [[Balochistan]] Province.<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Balland |first=D. |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |title=BĀRAKZĪ |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barakzi-singular-barakzay-an-ethnic-name-common-in-the-entire-eastern-portion-of-iran-and-afghanistan-where-it-is-found |edition=Online |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |location=United States }}</ref> '''Payendah Khel''' are descendants of Payendah Khan, head of the Mohammadzai branch of the Barakzai tribe during the reigns of [[Timur Shah Durrani]] and [[Zaman Shah Durrani]], who became rulers of Afghanistan with the decline of the [[Sadduzai]]. Popular Payindah Khel are the Tarzis, to which [[Amanullah Khan|King Amanullah Khan´s]] consort [[Soraya Tarzi|Queen Soraya Tarzi]] belonged.<ref>Barak14 (royalark.net)</ref> '''[[Musahiban]]''' or '''Telai''' are the descendants of [[Sultan Mohammad Khan]] "Telai", ruler of [[Peshawar]], brother of [[Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Dost Muhammad Khan]]. The family of Nadir and Zahir Shah were closely related to [[Amanullah Khan]] through marriages.<ref>Hadi in Afghan Experiences, Greenville 2016</ref>Another Telai branch that had immense power in Afghanistan´s military was that of His Royal Highness Sardar Abdul Aziz Khan Telai and his children. Prince Abdul Aziz Telai was son of [[Sultan Mohammad Khan|the Afghan King HM Sultan Mohammed Khan Telai]] and acted as a Major General of the Afghan Army and Governor in [[Kandahar]] and [[Badakhshan]]. His eldest son was Prince Abdul Qayyum Khan, who acted as Governor of many central Afghan Provinces. Prince Abdul Qayyum Khan´s son was the UN ambassador Prince Abdul Khalek Khan Telai, whose descendants are the [[Dakik Family|Dakik family]]. Another known son of Prince Abdul Aziz was General Sardar Amir Muhammad Khan, who sided with the [[British Empire|British]] in an attempted coup d´état against [[Amanullah Khan]] in [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|the third anglo Afghan War]], proclaiming the title [[Emir|Amir]] for himself. His son Assadullah, whose nickname was Sharza became a [[General officer|General]] in the [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]], representing Telai interests in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]]. Another well known son of Prince Abdul Aziz was Brigade General Sardar Abdul Ghafar Khan, who acted as Commander of the Personal Royal Brigade of his cousin [[Mohammed Nadir Shah|King Nadir Shah]]. It was Prince Abdul Ghafar Khan who executed the [[Amanullah loyalism|Amanist]] Charkhi family, who plotted against his cousin [[Mohammed Nadir Shah|HM King Nadir Shah]]. These executions made by Prince Abdul Ghaffar Khan led to Ghulam Nabi Khan Charkhi's daughter convincing a Hazara [[Amanullah loyalism|Amanist]] called Abdul Khaliq Hazaragi to take revenge for the Charkhi family's massacre and murder [[Mohammed Nadir Shah|HM King Nadir Shah]].<ref>Buyers in Royal Ark, Chapter: Telai III</ref><ref>Adamek in Who is Who in Afghanistan</ref> '''[[Dakik Family|Dakik family]]''' or '''House of Hazrat Ishaan''' is an influential sub branch of the Telai who also claim descent from [[Muhammad]] and [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] through the Afghan [[General]] and [[Naqib_al-ashraf#Afghanistan|Sayyid ul Sadaat]] and head of the [[Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya|Qadiri-Naqshbandi Sufi Order]] [[Naqib al-ashraf#Afghanistan|Sayyid Mir Muhammad Jan]], considered as hereditary successor of Ali ibn Abi Talib through [[Hazrat Ishaan]] by his followers. It is a branch whose family had influence in the establishment of [[Pakistan]]. [[Sultan Mohammad Khan|Emir Sultan Mohammed Khan´s]] great grandson [[sardar|Prince (Sardar)]] Abdul Khalek Khan Telai was a [[Sardar|Sardar (Prince) by birth]] and religious devotee ([[Murid]]) of [[Naqib al-ashraf#Afghanistan|Sayyid Mir Muhammad Jan]], marrying his daughter Sayyida Rahima. Prince Abdul Khalek served as [[Permanent representative to the United Nations|Afghan Ambassador to the United Nations]] under his second cousin [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah´s]] rule and [[Chief of staff|Chief of Staff]] under his second cousin [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Daoud Khan´s]] [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|presidency]] and is considered as the "Afghan Pioneer of Natural Science" as first Afghan [[Professor]] of [[Physics]]. His grandson [[sardar|Prince]] [[Sayyid]] Raphael Dakik (b.1998) is an International Lawyer, Diplomat and professional Lobbyist with significant influence in the [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] [[Oligarchy]] as a religious leader, honored as "[[Sajjada nashin|Sajjada Nasheen]]" of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. <ref>Tazkare Khwanadane Hazrat Eshan(genealogy of the family of Hazrat Eshan)(by author and investigator:Muhammad Yasin Qasvari Naqshbandi company:Edara Talimat Naqshbandiyya Lahore), Lahore, 1988</ref><ref>Christoper Buyers in the Royal Ark, Telai III</ref> == Shaghasi == '''[[Ali Ahmad Khan|Shaghasi]]''' are the second most prominent & powerful sub-tribe of Barakzai, they belong to the [[Zirak]] branch of the [[Durrani]] confederacy, and are primarily centered around [[Kandahar]]. They can also be found in other provinces throughout central Afghanistan.<ref name=":0" /> '''Shaghasi Khel''' are descendants of Mirdaad Khan Barakzai, ''Işik Aqasi'' (Chemberlain) during the reigns of the Kandahari ''Sardars'' ([[Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Dost Muhammad Khan]]'s brothers), as well as the reign of [[Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Dost Muhammad Khan]] 1863 - 1866 and 1868 - 1879. His father, Bazar Khan was a local Barakzai chief, and his grandfather was ''Sardar'' Yasin Khan ''Omar Khanzai'' one of the notable Sardars of Kandahar during the reigns of [[Timur Shah Durrani]] <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hotak |first=Muḥammad Maʻṣūm |title=Afghan Shaghasis |publisher=Kandahar: Allama Rashad Publication Institue |year=2008 |language=written in Pashto by Mohammad Masoom Hotak ; translated in English by Zaki Hotak.}}</ref>and brother to Muhammad of the '''[[Mohammadzai]]'''. To the Shaghasi Khel is related [[Amanullah Khan|King Amanullah Khan´s]] mother H.M. Queen Sarwar Sultana Begum, ''Siraj'' ''ul-Khwatin'', the ''Aliya'' ''Hazrat'' (''b''. at Kabul, 1875; ''d''. at Istanbul, Turkey, 1965), eldest daughter of ''Loinab'' Sher Dil Khan Shaghasi, by his third wife, Benazir Begum, a lady form the Popalzai clan. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sistani |first=Abd. Azam |title=Three Research Articles about the Three Historical Families of Kandahar |year=2012 |location=Sweden |pages=183-185 |language=Dari}}</ref> ===List of Barakzai rulers=== {{thumb|width=250|content= <gallery mode=packed style="width:250px; line-height:120%"> File:Dost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan with his son.jpg|[[Amir-ul-Momineen]], [[Amir-i-Kabir]] [[Dost Mohammad Khan]], who established the ''Barakzai dynasty'' in 1823 File:Mahmud Tarzi and his wife Asma Rasmiya.jpg|[[Mahmud Tarzi]], son of [[Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi]], became the pioneer of [[Media of Afghanistan|Afghan journalism]], he belonged to the [[Tarzi]] royal family File:King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan in 1963.jpg|[[Mohammed Zahir Shah]], was the last King (''[[Padishah|Badshah]]'') of [[Afghanistan]], reigning for four decades, from 1933 until he was ousted by a coup in 1973, he belonged to the [[Mohammadzai]] tribe File:H.E. Dr. Abdul Khaliq Khan (UN).jpg|[[Sardar]] Abdul Khaliq Khan Telai, Prof. PhD (Sorbonne), [[Ambassador to the United Nations|Ambassador of Afghanistan to the UN]], Pioneer of [[Physics]] in Afghanistan. He was great grandson of [[Sultan Mohammad Khan|King Sultan Mohammed Khan Telai]] and a close ally of [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|HRH Prince Daoud Khan]] supporting his [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Coup d´État]]. File:Barakzairulersofafghanistan.gif|Genealogy of the [[Barakzai]] rulers of [[Afghanistan]] from the Barakzai dynasty </gallery>}} {{Succession table monarch | name1 = '''[[Sultan Mohammad Khan]]''' | nickname1 = Mohammad Khan Telai | native1 = | life1 = 1792–1834 | reignstart1 = 1823 | reignend1 = 1826<br>{{small|(''resigned'')}} | notes1 = First ruler of the Barakzai dynasty; Son of Sardar Payendah Khan, brother of Dost Mohammad Khan | family1 = Barakzai | image1 = Sultan Mohammad Khan.jpg | alt1 = Sultan Mohammad Khan Telai of Afghanistan | name2 = '''[[Dost Mohammad Khan]]'''<br>{{small|(''1st reign'')}} | nickname2 = Amir al-Mu'minin, Amir-i Kabir | native2 = | life2 = 23 December 1792 – 9 June 1863 | reignstart2 = Summer 1826 | reignend2 = 6 August 1839<br>{{small|(''deposed'')}} | notes2 = Son of Sardar Payendah Khan {{hr}} Forged campaigns to re-unite Afghanistan which was divided due to the civil wars between the sons of Timur Shah Durrani. Reign disputed from 1839–1842 by [[Shah Shuja Durrani]] in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] | family2 = Barakzai | image2 = Dost Mohammad Khan, 1793 to 1863. Emir of Afghanistan.jpg | alt2 = Dost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan | name3 = '''[[Wazir Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]]''' | nickname3 = Amīr Akbar Khān, Mohammad Akbar Khān | native3 = | life3 = 1816–1847 | reignstart3 = May 1842 | reignend3 = 1843 | notes3 = Son of Dost Mohammad Khan | family3 = Barakzai | image3 = Lithograph of Akbar Khan in 1842.jpg | alt3 = Akbar Khan of Afghanistan | name4 = '''[[Dost Mohammad Khan]]'''<br>{{small|(''2nd reign'')}} | nickname4 = Amir al-Mu'minin, Amir-i Kabir | native4 = | life4 = 23 December 1792 – 9 June 1863 | reignstart4 = 1843 | reignend4 = 9 June 1863 | notes4 = Son of Sardar Payendah Khan {{hr}} Returned to the throne after the British and Shah Shuja were defeated in the First Anglo-Afghan War. Coined the term "Afghanistan" after an alliance with the British. Went on to defeat the remaining powers inside Afghanistan{{Refn|Most notably [[Herat (1793–1863)|Herat]] (see [[Herat campaign of 1862–63]]) and [[Principality of Qandahar|Qandahar]].}}, reunifying the country after a brutal civil war lasting 70 years from 1793–1863 by the time of his death | family4 = Barakzai | image4 = Dost Mohammad Khan, 1793 to 1863. Emir of Afghanistan.jpg | alt4 = Dost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan | name5 = '''[[Sher Ali Khan]]'''<br>{{small|(''1st reign'')}} | nickname5 = | native5 = | life5 = 1825 – 21 February 1879 | reignstart5 = 9 June 1863 | reignend5 = May 1866<br>{{small|(''deposed'')}} | notes5 = Son of Dost Mohammad Khan | family5 = Barakzai | image5 = Sher Ali Khan of Afghanistan in 1869.jpg | alt5 = Sher Ali Khan of Afghanistan | name6 = '''[[Mohammad Afzal Khan]]''' | nickname6 = | native6 = | life6 = 1815 – 7 October 1867 | reignstart6 = May 1866 | reignend6 = 7 October 1867 | notes6 = Son of Dost Mohammad Khan | family6 = Barakzai | image6 = Amir-Muhammad-Afzal-Khan.jpg | alt6 = Mohammad Afzal Khan of Afghanistan | name7 = '''[[Mohammad Azam Khan]]''' | nickname7 = | native7 = | life7 = 1820–1870 | reignstart7 = 7 October 1867 | reignend7 = 21 August 1868 | notes7 = Son of Dost Mohammad Khan | family7 = Barakzai | image7 = Amir-Muhamad-Azam-Khan.jpg | alt7 = Mohammad Azam Khan of Afghanistan | name8 = '''[[Sher Ali Khan]]'''<br>{{small|(''2nd reign'')}} | nickname8 = | native8 = | life8 = 1825 – 21 February 1879 | reignstart8 = 9 September 1868 | reignend8 = 21 February 1879 | notes8 = Son of Dost Mohammad Khan | family8 = Barakzai | image8 = Sher Ali Khan of Afghanistan in 1869.jpg | alt8 = Sher Ali Khan of Afghanistan | name9 = '''[[Mohammad Yaqub Khan]]''' | nickname9 = | native9 = | life9 = 1849 – 15 November 1923 | reignstart9 = 21 February 1879 | reignend9 = 12 October 1879<br>{{small|(''deposed'')}} | notes9 = Son of Sher Ali Khan {{hr}} Deposed during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] | family9 = Barakzai | image9 = Yaqub Khan.jpg | alt9 = Mohammad Yaqub Khan of Afghanistan | name10 = '''[[Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Ayub Khan]]''' | nickname10 = the Victor of [[Battle of Maiwand|Maiwand]] <br> the Afghan [[Charles Edward Stuart|Prince Charlie]] | native10 = | life10 = 1857 – 7 April 1914 | reignstart10 = 12 October 1879 | reignend10 = 31 May 1880<br>{{small|(''deposed'')}} | notes10 = Son of Sher Ali Khan {{hr}} Defeated in the [[Battle of Kandahar (1880)|Battle of Kandahar]] and exiled at the end of the Second Anglo-Afghan War | family10 = Barakzai | image10 = MohammadAyoubKhan.jpg | alt10 = Mohammad Yaqub Khan of Afghanistan | name11 = '''[[Abdur Rahman Khan]]''' | nickname11 = the Iron Amir | native11 = | life11 = 1840/44 – 1 October 1901 | reignstart11 = 31 May 1880 | reignend11 = 1 October 1901 | notes11 = Son of Mohammad Afzal Khan | family11 = Barakzai | image11 = Abdur rahman.jpg | alt11 = Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan | name12 = '''[[Habibullah Khan]]''' | nickname12 = | native12 = | life12 = 3 June 1872 – 20 February 1919 | reignstart12= 1 October 1901 | reignend12 = 20 February 1919 | notes12 = Son of Abdur Rahman Khan | family12 = Barakzai | image12 = Habibullah.jpg | alt12 = Habibullah Khan of Afghanistan | name13 = '''[[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan]]''' | nickname13 = | native13 = | life13 = 1874–1920 | reignstart13= 20 February 1919 | reignend13 = 28 February 1919<br>{{small|(''deposed'')}} | notes13 = Son of Abdur Rahman Khan | family13 = Barakzai | image13 = Nasrullah Khan.png | alt13 = Nasrullah Khan of Afghanistan | name14 = '''[[Amanullah Khan]]''' | nickname14 = | native14 = | life14 = 1 June 1892 – 25 April 1960 | reignstart14= 28 February 1919 | reignend14 = ''9 June 1926'' | notes14 = Son of Habibullah Khan | family14 = Barakzai | image14 = King Amanullah Khan.jpg | alt14 = Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan }} '''[[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] (1926–1929)''' {{Succession table monarch | name1 = '''[[Amanullah Khan]]''' | nickname1 = | native1 = | life1 = 1 June 1892 – 25 April 1960 | reignstart1 = ''9 June 1926'' | reignend1 = 14 January 1929<br>{{small|(''abdicated'')}} | notes1 = Son of Habibullah Khan | family1 = Barakzai | image1 = King Amanullah Khan.jpg | alt1 = Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan | name2 = '''[[Inayatullah Khan]]''' | nickname2 = | native2 = | life2 = 20 October 1888 – 12 August 1946 | reignstart2 = 14 January 1929 | reignend2 = 17 January 1929<br>{{small|(''deposed'')}} | notes2 = Son of Habibullah Khan | family2 = Barakzai | image2 = King Inayatullah Khan of Afghanistan.jpg | alt2 = Inayatullah Khan of Afghanistan }} '''[[Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)|Saqqawist Emirate]] and the [[Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)|1928–1929 civil war]]''' {{Succession table monarch | name1 = '''[[Ali Ahmad Khan]]''' | nickname1 = | native1 = | life1 = 1883 – 11 July 1929 | reignstart1 = 17 January 1929 | reignend1 = 9 February 1929 | notes1 = Styled as King; rose in [[Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)#Kalakani versus Ali Ahmad Khan|opposition]] to Kalakāni during the 1928–29 civil war; captured and executed | family1 = Barakzai | image1 = Ali Ahmad Khan Luynab.png | alt1 = Ali Ahmad Khan of Afghanistan | name2 = '''[[Amanullah Khan]]''' | nickname2 = | native2 = | life2 = 1 June 1892 – 25 April 1960 | reignstart2 = March 1929 | reignend = 23 May 1929 | notes2 = Son of Habibullah Khan {{hr}} Former King; [[Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)#Kalakani versus the returned Amanullah|returned]] to Afghanistan to contest the throne during the 1928–29 civil war; eventually retreated back into [[British Raj|British India]];<ref name=NYT5>{{cite web |work= The New York Times |title= Amanullah Hungry in Flight to India |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1929/05/26/archives/amanullah-hungry-in-flight-to-india-former-ruler-of-afghanistan-had.html |date=26 May 1929 |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> See also [[Amanullah loyalism]] | family2 = Barakzai | image2 = King Amanullah Khan.jpg | alt2 = Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan }} '''[[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] (restored; 1929–1973)''' {{Succession table monarch | name1 = '''[[Mohammed Nadir Shah]]''' | nickname1 = | native1 = | life1 = 9 April 1883 – 8 November 1933 | reignstart1 = 15 October 1929<ref name=NYT6>{{cite web |work= The New York Times |title= Nadir Khan is Elected Amir of Afghanistan |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1929/10/18/archives/nadir-khan-is-elected-amir-of-afghanistan-habibullah-is-driven-out.html |date=18 October 1929 |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> | reignend1 = 8 November 1933 | notes1 = Great-nephew of Dost Mohammed Khan {{hr}} Assassinated by [[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin)|Abdul Khaliq Hazara]]<ref name=NYT7>{{cite web |work= The New York Times |title= King of Afghanistan Is Slain at Kabul; Stable Boy Won Throne by Military Skill |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/09/archives/king-of-afghanistan-is-slain-at-kabul-stable-boy-won-throne-by.html |date=9 November 1933 |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> | family1 = Barakzai | image1 = Nadir Khan of Afghanistan.jpg | alt1 = Mohammed Nadir Shah of Afghanistan | name2 = '''[[Mohammed Zahir Shah]]''' | nickname2 = the Father of the Nation<br>(from 2004) {{Refn|"The late King was always fondly referred to by all Afghans, cutting across ethnic boundaries, as "Baba-e-Millat" or 'Father of the Nation', a position given to him in the country's [[2004 Constitution of Afghanistan|Constitution promulgated in January 2004]], about two years after the collapse of Taliban rule. The title of the 'Father of the Nation' dissolves with his death." {{cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=384525&archisec=WOR&archisubsec= |title=Last King of Afghanistan dies at 92 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210732/http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=384525&archisec=WOR&archisubsec= |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}|name=fatherofthenation}} | native2 = | life2 = 15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007 | reignstart2 = 8 November 1933 | reignend2 = 17 July 1973<br>{{small|(''deposed'')}} | notes2 = Son of Mohammed Nadir Shah {{hr}} Deposed by first cousin [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]] in the [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|1973 coup d'état]] | family2 = Barakzai | image2 = King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan in 1963.jpg | alt2 = Mohammed Zahir Shah of Afghanistan }} '''Republic of Afghanistan (1973-1978)''' {{Succession table monarch | name1 = '''[[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan]]''' | nickname1 = | native1 = | life1 = 1909–1978 | reignstart1 = 17 July 1973 | reignend1 = 28 April 1978 | notes1 = Prince of the Barakzai Dynasty as great grandson of [[Sultan Mohammad Khan|Sultan Mohammed Khan Telai]] {{hr}} [[De jure]] no monarch, but [[de facto]] continuation of an authoritarian Barakzai Leadership {{hr}} Murdered in the [[Saur Revolution]] | family1 = Barakzai | image1 = Sardar Mohammed Daud.jpg | alt1 = [[His Excellency#Afghanistan|His Royal Highness]] [[Sardar]] Mohammed Daoud Khan of Afghanistan }} ===Heads of the House of Barakzai since 1973=== *[[Mohammed Daoud Khan]] As first president of Afghanistan, renouncing the title [[Shah]] after taking power (1973-1978) *[[Mohammed Zahir Shah]] (17 July 1978 - 23 July 2007) *[[Crown Prince]] [[Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan|Sardar Ahmad Shah Khan]] ([[1964 Constitution of Afghanistan]]) *[[Amanullah Khan|King Amanullah Khan´s]] descendants ([[Amanullah loyalism|Seraj Amanism]]) ==Languages== [[File:PedigreeOfDostMohammed.png|thumb|Predigree of King [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] of Afghanistan. Figure shows the branching of the Abdal dynasty into the Popal (founder of the [[Popalzai]]; in figure spelled 'Fofal'), Barak (founder of the [[Barakzai]]), and Alako (founder of the [[Alakozai]]) line (the fourth branch [[Achakzai]] is missing).]] The principal language of the Barakzai is [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. Formerly, [[Persian language|Persian]] was used as the language for records and correspondence; until the late nineteenth century tombstones were also inscribed in Persian.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The language of the Barakzai tribes in [[Pishin, Pakistan|Pishin]], [[Quetta]], [[Gulistan, Balochistan|Gulistan]] and Dukki (District. Loralai) is just like the language spoken in [[Kandahar]]. Those who have settled away from Pishin speak local languages (Pushto), such as [[Multani language|Multani]] or [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] in [[Multan]], [[Hindko]] in [[Hazara people|Hazara]], [[Urdu]] in [[Bhopal]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] in [[Sindh]]. Barakzai, a dialect of [[Pashto language|Pashto]], is the language spoken by [[Harnai]] Barakzai.<ref>Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan By Rizwan Hussain Page 16</ref><ref>page 64 India and Central Asia By J. N. Roy, J.N. Roy And B.B. Kumar, Astha Bharati (Organization)</ref><ref name="Indian Pathans" /> == Religion == The Barakzai are adherents to the Sunni Sufi branch of Islam, following mostly the [[Hanafi|Hanafi school of Jurispudence]] and [[Maturidi |Maturidi school of theology]]. In the history [[Sardar]] Ata Mohammad Khan Barakzai, another brother of [[Sultan Mohammad Khan|Sultan Mohammed Khan Telai]], acting as Governor of [[Kashmir]] under [[Shah Shujah Durrani|Shah Shuja Durrani]] issued coins in honor of the Sufi Saint [[Nund Rishi]] and renovated his shrine. <ref>Suri, Sohan Lal, `L/mdat-ut-Twankh. Lahore, 1885-89</ref>Some Barakzai including [[Dakik Family|Dakik family]] are acting as Islamic Scholars following the [[Hanbali |Hanbali school of jurispudence]] and [[Athari |Athari school of Theology]].<ref>[http://www.sayyidraphaeldakik.com Official website of Prince Sayyid Raphael Dakik]</ref> [[Dakik Family|Dakik family]] is known for practicing [[Sufism]] and [[Wali|venerating Saints]] as Grandmasters of the [[Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya|Qadiriyya Naqshbandiyya Sufi Order]].<ref>David Damrel in Forgotten Grace</ref> ===Custodianship of the Hazrat Ali Mazar=== As [[Sufism|Sufis]] the Barakzais are devotees of [[Muhammad]]'s cousin and son in law [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], who according to [[Afghans]] is buried in [[Mazar-i-Sharif|Mazar Sharif]]. The [[King of Afghanistan|Emirs]] and [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|Kings]] acted as custodians of the "[[Hazrat Ali Mazar]]". Kings who are buried in the [[Hazrat Ali Mazar|Hazrat Ali Shrine Complex]] are the following:<ref>{{cite web |title=Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan |url=http://archnet.org/sites/3939 |publisher= ArchNet |access-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref> *[[Dost Mohammad Khan|Dost Mohammed Khan]] *[[Wazir Akbar Khan]] *[[Sher Ali Khan]] It is because of this emphasis made by the Barakzai that some claim that the Mosque in the [[Flag of Afghanistan|Afghan Flag]] stands for the [[Hazrat Ali Mazar]]. === Anti-fundamentalism === Although many Barakzai were practicing [[Muslims]], integrating conservative [[Sharia law|Sharia Law]] in their legal system, they were known for their [[Anti-Islamist|Anti-Fundamentalist]] policies, regarding them as politically motivated in the first line. [[Abdur Rahman Khan|Abdur Rahman Khan´s]] Chief Justice and [[Naqib al-ashraf|Naqib al Ashraf]] [[Sayyid Mir Fazlullah Agha]] (father of [[Naqib_al-ashraf#Afghanistan|Sayyid Mir Muhammad Jan]]) contributed essentially to the definition of the conservative [[Jurisprudence|ratio legis]] of the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]], that was later adopted in the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Kingdom]]. [[Sayyid Mir Fazlullah Agha]] was especially supsicious towards [[Shia Islam|Fundamentalist Shiite Movements]], whom he regarded as fundamentalist proxies of [[Qajar dynasty|the Shiite Qajar Dynasty]]. He was also credited for [[Anti-corruption|Anti-Corruption]] enforcement and [[rule of law]] in Afghanistan by forcing [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] to adhere to the Law despite being a King.<ref>Tazkare Khwanadane Hazrat Eshan(genealogy of the family of Hazrat Eshan)(by author and investigator:Muhammad Yasin Qasvari Naqshbandi company:Edara Talimat Naqshbandiyya Lahore)p. 313</ref> Under [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Prince Daoud Khan´s]] regime, [[Islamism|Fundamentalists]] were regarded as political enemies of the regime, being suppressed next to [[Communism|Communists]]. [[Muslim Brotherhood|The Muslim Brotherhood]] in particular to which later leaders of [[Northern Alliance|the Northern Alliance]] like [[Abdul Rasul Sayyaf|Sayyaf]], [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar|Hekmatyar]] and [[Burhanuddin Rabbani|Rabbani]] belonged to attempted to destabilize Afghanistan and tried to assassinate [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Prince Daoud Khan]] and were thus regarded as a [[Terrorist Organizations|terrorist organization]].<ref>Hickman and Kiriakou in The Convenient Terrorist "Two Whistleblowers' Stories of Torture, Terror, Secret Wars, and CIA Lies", California 2017</ref> == Royal standards == === National flags === <gallery> Flag of Afghanistan pre-1901.svg|Flag of Afghanistan before 1901 Flag of Afghanistan (1919-1928).svg|Flag of Afghanistan after 1901 File:Flag of Afghanistan 1930.svg|Flag of Afghanistan during His Majesty King Zahir Shah´s Kingdom Flag of Afghanistan (1974–1978).svg|Flag of Afghanistan under [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|His Royal Highness Prince Daoud Khan´s]] regime </gallery> === Coat of arms === <gallery> File:Emblem of Afghanistan (1919-1926).svg|Emblem of the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] File:Emblem of Afghanistan (1931–1973).svg|Emblem of the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] File:Emblem of Afghanistan (1974-1978).svg|Emblem of [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Prince Daoud Khan´s regime]] </gallery> === Private Standards === <gallery> File:Royal standard of Afghan Kings(1931~1973).svg|Private Standard of [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|His Majesty King Zahir Shah]] and [[Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan|Sardar Ahmad Shah Khan]]</gallery> == Current role == After the fall of the [[Taliban]] in the year 2001, negotiations about the re-establishment of the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] were held, including negotiations about the re-installation of [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|His Majesty Zahir Shah]] as [[Shah]]. However, pressure from the side of [[Tajiks|Ethnic Tajiks]] who threatened to revolt against [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]] and pressure from the government of [[Pakistan]] on the question of [[Durand Line|the Durand Line]], forced [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]] to renounce his claim to the throne, he accepted the title of "Baba-e-millat"(engl. Father of the Nation), which weakened his political role.<ref>Gilles (2005). "The Return to Political Fragmentation". Afghanistan: Revolution Unending, 1979–2002, p.330</ref><ref>Grossmann in Inside the Pentagon: EXILED AFGHAN KING CONTESTS OTHER FACTIONS FOR POWER IN U.N. TALKS, Vol 17 No. 47</ref> == See also == *[[History of Afghanistan]] *[[History of the Jews in Afghanistan]] *[[Israelites|Bani Isra'il]] *[[Barakzai]] *[[Mohammadzai]] *[[Theories of Pashtun origin]] *[[Pashtunistan]] *[[Pashtunization]] *[[Dakik Family]] *[[Pakthas]] *[[European influence in Afghanistan]] *[[Anglo-Afghan War]] *[[Loya jirga]] – "grand jirga", a large congress called to discuss a particularly important event *[[Meshrano Jirga]] – "elders' jirga", the [[upper house]] of the Afghan legislature ==References== {{reflist|refs= <!--ref name="Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Balland |first=D. |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|title= BĀRAKZĪ|url= http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v3f7/v3f7a059.html|edition= Online Edition|publisher= [[Columbia University]]|location= United States}}</ref--> <ref name="Indian Pathans">[http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514122925/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml |date=14 May 2008 }}, ''Khyber.org'' (retrieved 30 January 2008)</ref> }} ==External links== *[http://www.khyber.org/pashtotribes/b/barakzai.shtml Khyber.org: Encyclopaedia Iranica − Barakzai Dynasty] {{Monarchs of Afghanistan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Barakzai Dynasty}} [[Category:Barakzai dynasty| ]] [[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]] [[Category:Modern history of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Pashtun dynasties]] [[Category:Sunni dynasties]] [[Category:Heads of state of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Emirs of Afghanistan|.]] [[Category:Emirate of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Kings of Afghanistan|.]] [[Category:Kingdom of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Afghan culture]] [[Category:Pashtun culture]] [[Category:Durrani Pashtun tribes]] [[Category:Sarbani Pashtun tribes]] [[Category:Groups claiming Israelite descent]] [[Category:Surnames]] [[Category:19th-century Afghan politicians|.]] [[Category:20th-century Afghan politicians|.]] [[Category:1823 establishments in Afghanistan]] [[Category:1973 disestablishments in Afghanistan]]'