Examine individual changes

'{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Short description|Early 3rd century Carthaginian Christian martyrs}} Aiden Barker is a gay bastard {{redirect|Perpetua}} {{Infobox saint |honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]s |name=Perpetua and Felicity |birth_date= c. 182<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salisbury |first1=Joyce Ellen|author-link= Joyce E. Salisbury |title=Perpetua:: Christian Martyr |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Perpetua-Christian-martyr |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. |access-date=7 July 2019 |date=3 March 2019}}</ref> |death_date= c. {{death year and age|203|182}} |feast_day=[[Roman Catholic Church]]: *7 March ([[General Roman Calendar|Ordinary Form]] and before 1908) *6 March ([[General Roman Calendar of 1960|Extraordinary Form]]) [[Anglican Communion]] *7 March (most provinces)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/media/41151/tandscalendar.pdf|title=The Calendar|publisher=[[Church of England]]|language=en|access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]: *[[1 February (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|1 February]]<ref name=SYNAX>Great [[Synaxarium|Synaxaristes]]: {{in lang|el}} ''[http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/1978/sxsaintinfo.aspx Ἡ Ἁγία Περπέτουα ἡ Μάρτυς καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῇ].'' 1 Φεβρουαρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.</ref><ref name=OCA>''[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100398 Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage].'' [[Orthodox Church in America|OCA]] – Feasts and Saints.</ref> [[World Lutheran Federation|Lutheran Church]] *7 March<ref>{{cite book|title=Lutheran Woman Today, Volume 11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swTrAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Publishing House of Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|quote=Perpetua is commemorated by the church on March 7.|language=en }}</ref> |venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], [[Anglican Communion]], [[Lutheran Church]] |image=Perpetua, Felicitas, Revocatus, Saturninus and Secundulus (Menologion of Basil II).jpg |imagesize= |caption=The martyrdom of Perpetua, Felicitas, Revocatus, Saturninus and Secundulus, from the [[Menologion of Basil II]] (c. 1000 AD) |birth_place= |death_place=[[Carthage]], [[Africa (Roman province)|Roman Province of Africa]] |titles=Martyrs |beatified_date= |beatified_place= |beatified_by= |canonized_date=[[Pre-congregation]] |canonized_place= |canonized_by= |attributes= |patronage=[[Mother]]s, [[Pregnancy|Expectant Mothers]], [[rancher]]s, [[butcher]]s, [[Carthage]], [[Catalunya|Catalonia]] |major_shrine= |suppressed_date= |issues= }} '''Oskie''' Woskie'''' ({{lang-la|Perpetua et Felicitas}}) were [[Christian martyrs]] of the 3rd century. Vibia Perpetua was a recently married, well-educated [[Nobility|noblewoman]], said to have been 22 years old at the time of her death, and mother of an infant son she was nursing.<ref name="thesis_PERPETUA_DIARY"/> Felicity, an [[Slavery in ancient Rome|enslaved]] woman imprisoned with her and pregnant at the time, was martyred with her. They were put to death along with others at [[Carthage]] in the area of Africa in the [[Africa (province)|Roman province of Africa]] (now known as [[Tunisia]]). ''[[The Passion of Perpetua and Felicity]]'' narrates their death. According to the passion narrative, five people were arrested and executed at the military games in celebration of the Emperor [[Septimius Severus]]'s birthday. Along with Felicitas and Perpetua, these included two free men, Saturninus and Secundulus, and an enslaved man named Revocatus; all were [[catechumen]]s or Christians being instructed in the faith but not yet baptized. To this group of five was added a further man named Saturus, who voluntarily went before the magistrate and proclaimed himself a Christian. Perpetua's first person narrative was published posthumously as part of the Passion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heffernan |first1=Thomas J. |title=The passion of Perpetua and Felicity |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199777570 |doi=10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199777570.001.0001}}</ref><ref name="Gold">{{cite book|last1=Gold|first1=Barbara K.|title=Perpetua: athlete of god|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195385458|location=Oxford|doi=10.1093/oso/9780195385458.001.0001}}</ref> == Imprisonment == Perpetua's account opens with conflict between her and her father, who wishes her to recant her belief. Perpetua refuses, and is soon baptized before being moved to prison. Perpetua was imprisoned in Carthage in the days leading up to her martyrdom. She described these days and what she endured in her diary.<ref name="thesis_PERPETUA_DIARY" /> Perpetua described the physical and emotional torments that she suffered in the prison leading up to her martyrdom. Perpetua suffered physically due to the heat, rough prison guards, and the cessation of regular breastfeeding. Perpetua also described how the prison conditions improved after she was able to bribe the guards so that she and the other martyrs were moved to another part of the prison, with her infant. Her physical torment was also eased after she was able to breastfeed her child.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dova|first=Stamatia|date=2017|title=Lactation Cessation and the Realities of Martyrdom in the Passion of Saint Perpetua|url=https://www.jstor.org/|journal=Illinois Classical Studies|volume=42|pages=245–265|doi=10.5406/illiclasstud.42.1.0245|s2cid=164888397|via=JSTOR}}</ref> Perpetua described bodily ailments in detail and the most common in her narrative was the cycle of pain and relief she would feel in her breasts. At the encouragement of her brother, Perpetua asks for and receives a vision, in which she climbs a dangerous ladder to which various weapons are attached. At the foot of a ladder is a serpent, which is faced first by Saturus and later by Perpetua. The serpent does not harm her, and she ascends to a garden. At the conclusion of her dream, Perpetua realizes that the martyrs will suffer. The day before her martyrdom, Perpetua envisions herself defeating a savage Egyptian and interprets this to mean that she would have to do battle not merely with wild beasts but with the Devil himself. ==Veneration== [[File:Perpetua.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Mosaic of Saint Perpetua, Croatia]] In Carthage a [[basilica]] was erected over the tomb of the martyrs, the Basilica Maiorum, where an ancient inscription bearing the names of Perpetua and Felicitas has been found. Saints Felicitas and Perpetua are among the martyrs commemorated by name in the Roman [[Canon of the Mass]]. The [[feast day]] of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas, 7 March, was celebrated across the Roman Empire and was entered in the [[Chronography of 354|Philocalian Calendar]], the 4th-century calendar of martyrs venerated publicly in Rome. When Saint [[Thomas Aquinas]]'s feast was inserted into the Roman calendar, for celebration on the same day, the two African saints were thenceforth only commemorated. The [[Tridentine Calendar]], established by [[Pope Pius V]], continued to commemorate the two until the year 1908, when [[Pope Pius X]] brought the date for celebrating them forward to 6 March.{{sfn|"Calendarium", p. 89}} In the [[Mysterii Paschalis|1969 revision]] of the [[General Roman Calendar]], the feast of Saint Thomas Aquinas was moved, and that of Saints Perpetua and Felicity was restored to their traditional 7 March date.{{sfn|"Calendarium", p. 119}} Other Churches, including the [[Lutheran Church]] and the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal Church]], commemorate these two martyrs on 7 March, never having altered the date to 6 March. The [[Anglican Church of Canada]], however, historically commemorated them on 6 March (''[[The Book of Common Prayer]]'', 1962), but have since changed to the traditional 7 March date ([[Book of Alternative Services]], 1985). Perpetua and Felicity are [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered]] in the [[Church of England]] and the [[Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)|Episcopal Church]] on 7 March.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3e7DwAAQBAJ |title=Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 |date=2019-12-01 |publisher=Church Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-64065-234-7 |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] the feast day of Saints Perpetua of Carthage and the [[catechumens]] Saturus, Revocatus, Saturninus, Secundulus, and Felicitas is [[1 February (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|1 February]].<ref name="SYNAX"/><ref name="OCA"/> ==See also== *[[Domnina, Berenice, and Prosdoce]] *[[List of Christian women of the patristic age]] ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="thesis_PERPETUA_DIARY">{{cite thesis | last1= MELISSA | first1= PEREZ | title= VIBIA PERPETUA'S DIARY: A WOMAN'S WRITING IN A ROMAN TEXT OF ITS OWN | url= http://etd.fcla.edu/CF/CFE0002731/Perez_Melissa_C_200908_MA.pdf |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/WEn5f |archive-date= 6 December 2020 |url-status=live | quote= She was “of good family, recently married, and well educated with an infant son at her breast.”}}</ref> }} {{Famous Carthaginians}} {{Catholic saints}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:2nd-century births]] [[Category:203 deaths]] [[Category:Saints duos]] [[Category:Saints from Roman Africa (province)]] [[Category:Ante-Nicene Christian female saints]] [[Category:3rd-century Christian saints]] [[Category:Groups of Christian martyrs of the Roman era]] [[Category:3rd-century Christian martyrs]] [[Category:2nd-century Roman women]] [[Category:Christian slaves and freedmen|Felicity]] [[Category:3rd-century Roman women]] [[Category:Carthaginian women]] [[Category:Executed ancient Roman women]] [[Category:Anglican saints]]'