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'{{Infobox NRHP | name = Massacre Canyon Battlefield | nrhp_type = | image = View SW from Massacre Canyon monument.JPG | caption = View looking southwest from the Massacre Canyon monument | nearest_city = [[Trenton, Nebraska]] | locmapin = Nebraska#USA | coordinates = {{coord|40.206443|-100.964598|display=inline,title}} | added = July 25, 1974 | area = {{convert|3680|acre}} | refnum = 74001118<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref> }} The '''Massacre Canyon''' battle took place in Nebraska on August 5, 1873 near the [[Republican River]]. It was one of the last hostilities between the [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] and the [[Sioux]] (or [[Lakota people|Lakota]]) and the last battle/massacre between Great Plains Indians in North America.<ref>The Nebraska Indian Wars reader, 1865&ndash;1877 By R. Eli Paul p.88 Publisher: University of Nebraska Press (April 1, 1998) Language: English {{ISBN|0-8032-8749-6}}</ref> The massacre occurred when a large [[Oglala Lakota|Oglala]]/[[Brulé]] Sioux war party of over 1,500 warriors led by [[Two Strike (Lakota leader)|Two Strike]], [[Little Wound]], and [[Spotted Tail]] attacked a band of [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] during their summer [[Bison|buffalo]] hunt. In the ensuing [[rout]], more than 150 Pawnees were killed. The victims, who were mostly women and children, suffered mutilation and some were set on fire. The Quaker agent John W. Williamson stated that 156 [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] were killed. This massacre ranked among "the bloodiest attacks by the Sioux" in Pawnee history.<ref>Dunlay, Thomas W.: Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-90. Lincoln and London, 1982, p. 154.</ref> Cruel and violent warfare like this had been practiced against the [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] by the [[Lakota Sioux]] for centuries since the mid-1700s and through the 1840s. Attacks increased further in the 1850s until 1875. Historically the [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] were forced to give up what remained of their [[Nebraska]] homeland to the US Government after the Pawnee realized US Government were never going to honor any of the previous treaties. The [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] villages and Quaker agency near Genoa were attacked by the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] months and years prior without US Government protection as promised. According to Indian agent John W. Williamson of the [[Genoa, Nebraska|Genoa]] Agency, who accompanied the hunting party, "On the 2d [in fact the 3d<ref name="NHM">Indian Office Documents on Sioux-Pawnee Battle. ''Nebraska History Magazine'', vol. 16, No.3 (1935), pp. 147-155.</ref>{{rp|147}}] day of July, 1873, the Indians, to the number of 700, left Genoa for the hunting grounds. Of this number 350 were men, the balance women and children." The Pawnee were traveling along the west bank of the canyon, which runs south to the [[Republican River]], when they were attacked. "A census taken at the Pawnee Agency in September, according [to] Agent Burgess. . ." (see "Massacre Canyon Monument" article in External Links section) found that "71 Pawnee warriors were killed, and 102 women and children killed", the victims brutally mutilated and scalped and others even set on fire"<ref>''The Chicago Tribune'', Saturday, August 30, 1873; ''New York Times'', August 21, 1873 (reported by William Burgess, Pawnee Indian agent)</ref> although Trail Agent John Williamson's account states 156 Pawnee died (page 388). It is likely the death toll would have been higher, for Williamson noted ". . . a company of United States cavalry emerge[d] from the timber. When the Sioux saw the soldiers approaching they beat a hasty retreat." (page 387), although "Recently discovered military documents disproved the old theory" per the "Massacre Canyon Monument" article. This [[massacre]] is by some considered one of the factors that led to the Pawnees' decision to move to a reservation in [[Indian Territory]] in what is today [[Oklahoma]].<ref>Massacre Along the Medicine Road: A Social History of the Indian War of 1864, p. 389, By Ronald Becher. Publisher: Caxton Press (March 1, 1999) Language: English {{ISBN|0-87004-387-0}}</ref> The Pawnee disagree.<ref name="Blaine">Blaine, Garland James & Martha Royce Blaine, “Pa-Re-Su A-Ri-Ra-Ke: The Hunters that were massacred”. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 58, No. 3 (1977), pp. 342-358.</ref>{{rp|356-357}} Principal chiefs at the battle were: *Pawnee: Sky Chief, Sun Chief, Fighting Bear, Ruling His Son. *Sioux: [[Spotted Tail]] (Brulé chief) (unclear<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|158}}), [[Little Wound]] (Oglala chief), [[Two Strike (Chief)|Two Strike]] (Brulé chief). Chief Charging Bear ([[John Grass]], [[Sihasapa]]) {{Source?|date=May 2018}}. Among the Pawnee dead were Sky Chief (Tirawahut Lesharo) who was surrounded and killed by the [[Sioux]] while skinning a buffalo, and the wife and four children of [[Co-Rux-Te-Chod-Ish|Traveling Bear]], a former [[sergeant]] in the [[Pawnee Scouts]] who served under [[Maj.]] [[Frank North]] and a Medal of Honor recipient.<ref>Medal of honor: historical facts & figures By Ron Owens p.52</ref> {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Massacre Canyon Battle | width = | partof = | image = | caption = | date = August 5, 1873 | place = Massacre Canyon, Hitchcock County, Nebraska | coordinates = | map_type = | map_relief = | latitude = | longitude = | map_size = | map_marksize = | map_caption = | map_label = | territory = | result = Lakota victory | status = | combatants_header = | combatant1 = Brule Lakota Indians Oglala Lakota Indians | combatant2 = Pawnee Indians | commander1 = Little Wound, Two Strike | commander2 = Sky Chief, Fighting Bear, Ruling His Son | units1 = | units2 = | strength1 = Around 1,000 Lakotas | strength2 = Around 400 all in all, children, women and men | casualties1 = Unknown, but few | casualties2 = Unknown, but likely between 156 and 171, mostly women and children | notes = | campaignbox = }} ==History== The Pawnee Indians had a long tradition of living in present-day Nebraska.<ref>Ludwickson, John: Historic Indian Tribes. Ethnohistory and Archaeology. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 75, No. 1 (1994), pp. 132-157, p. 140.</ref> Their first land cession to the United States took place in 1833 when they sold land south of the [[Platte River]].<ref name="Kappler">Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2.</ref>{{rp|416-418}} The Massacre Canyon battlefield near Republican River is located within this area. Forty years and two land cessions later, the tribe lived in a small reservation on old Pawnee land, present-day [[Nance County, Nebraska|Nance County]]. The Pawnees had kept a right to hunt buffalo on their vast, ancient range between the [[Loup River|Loup]], Platte and [[Republican River|Republican]] rivers in [[Nebraska]] and south into northern [[Kansas]], now territory of the United States. They had suffered continual attacks by the [[Sioux]] that increased violently in the early 1840s.<ref name="Kappler" />{{rp|416}} The Sioux lived north of the Pawnee. In 1868 they had entered into a [[Sioux Treaty of 1868|treaty]] with the United States and agreed to live in the [[Great Sioux Reservation]] in present-day [[South Dakota]]. By Article 11 they (also) received a right to hunt along the Republican, almost 200 miles south of the reservation.<ref name="Kappler" />{{rp|1002}} Both the Pawnee and the Sioux complained regularly over attacks by the other tribe.<ref>See e.g. Blaine, Royce Martha: Pawnee Passage, 1870-1875. Norman and London, 1990, pp. 82-142. Poole, D.C.: Among the Sioux of Dakota. Eighteen Months' Experience as an Indian Agent, 1868-1870. St. Paul, 1988, pp. 58,62 and 131.</ref> An attempt to make peace in 1871 with the United States as intermediary came to nothing.<ref name="Riley">Riley, Paul D., “The Battle of Massacre Canyon”. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 54, No. 2 (1973), pp. 221-249.</ref>{{rp|223}} [[File:Massacre Canyon battlefield (1873), Nebraska. Pawnee reservation and relevant Indian territories.png|thumb|Map with Massacre Canyon battlefield (1873), Nebraska. Pawnee reservation and relevant Lakota territories.]] ==Lead-up to the battle== A Pawnee hunting group—roughly 400 men, women and children<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|147}}—were located in camp near present-day Trenton on August 4, 1873. Trail Agent John W. Williamson stayed in the camp, and with him the younger Lester Beach Platt, a visitor from the east. All were homeward-bound for the reservation after a fine hunt. Sioux chiefs Little Wound and Pawnee Killer and their followers of Cut-off Oglalas had hunted along tributaries to the Republican further west. In July the sub-agent in camp, Antoine Janis, banned an expedition against the [[Ute people|Utes]] to avenge the loss of a man and some horses. The camp moved closer to the Republican.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|232}} About 700 Brule-Sioux Indians sought out buffalo on these Nebraska hunting grounds in early August, in addition. Chief Two Strikes was in the camp and Sub-agent Stephen F. Eastes.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|232-233}} Some Oglalas brought news of the big Pawnee camp on August 3. Chief Little Wound told Antoine Janis that he had stopped them from going against the Utes. Now, "the young men had determined to fight" the Pawnees, not to lose men and horses again.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|234}} Janis said he had no order to keep them from fighting the Pawnee here. His suggestion to meet and talk with their enemy was turned down.<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|155}} Later he told his sister, Susan Bordeaux Bettelyoun, that to restrain the warriors "... you might as well stop an avalanche".<ref>Bettelyoun, Susan Bordeaux and Josephine Waggoner: With My Own Eyes. A Lakota Woman Tells her People's History. Lincoln and London, 1998, p. 80.</ref> All Sioux [[tipi]]s in the area got the news. A boy eyewitness recalled many years later that "instantly all the warriors began to get ready to go on the warpath ...". In his understanding, the braves defended their hunting grounds.<ref name="StandingBear">Standing Bear, Luther, ''My People, the Sioux''. Lincoln, 1975.</ref>{{rp|53}} During the day around 1000 warriors set off for the Pawnee to make a joint, quick attack and prevent the enemy from striking first.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|234}} ==Trail Agent Williamson's account== John Williamson, 23, was assigned as the Pawnee trail-agent at the [[Genoa, Nebraska|Genoa]] Agency, the Pawnee reservation, and accompanied the Pawnee on their hunt. He wrote his recollections of the battle decades after the incident.<ref name="Platt">Paul, R. Eli (ed.), “Lester Beach Platt's Account of the Battle of Massacre Canyon”. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 67, No. 4 (1986), pp. 381-407.</ref>{{rp|405}} "On the fourth day of August we reached the north bank of the Republican River and went into camp. At 9 o'clock that evening, three white men came into camp and reported to me that a large band of Sioux warriors [was] camped 25 miles [40&nbsp;km] northwest, waiting for an opportunity to attack the Pawnees for several days, anticipating that we would move up the river where buffaloes were feeding. Previous to this, white men visited us and warned us to be on our guard against Sioux attacks, and I was a trifle skeptical as to the truth of the story told by our white visitors. But one of the men, a young man about my age at the time, appeared to be so sincere in his efforts to impress upon me that the warning should be heeded, that I took him to Sky Chief who was in command that day, for a conference. Sky Chief said the men were liars; that they wanted to scare the Pawnees away from the hunting grounds so that white men could kill buffaloes for hides. He told me I was squaw and a coward. I took exception to his remarks, and retorted: 'I will go as far as you dare go. Don't forget that.' "The following morning August 5, we broke camp and started north, up the divide between the Republican and the Frenchman Rivers. Soon after leaving camp, Sky Chief rode up to me and extending his hand said, 'Shake, brother.' He recalled our little unpleasantness the night previous and said he did not believe there was cause for alarm, and was so impressed with the belief that he had not taken the precaution to throw out scouts in the direction the Sioux were reported to be. A few minutes later a buffalo scout signaled that buffaloes had been sighted in the distance, and Sky Chief rode off to engage in the hunt. I never saw him again. He had killed a buffalo and was skinning it when the advance guard of the Sioux shot and wounded him. The Chief attempted to reach his horse, but before he was able to mount, several of the enemy surrounded him. He died fighting. A Pawnee, who was skinning a buffalo a short distance away but managed to escape, told me how Sky Chief died." ==The battle== The morning of August 5 the Pawnees went up a canyon. Men looking for game took the lead and the families followed with loaded down packhorses. Soon after the battle was on. A number of the Pawnee huntsmen in front seem to have been the first fatalities, lured into a Sioux trap by a decoy.<ref name="StandingBear" />{{rp|56}} The Pawnee prepared for defense. Williamson with either Platt or the schooled Pawnee Ralph Weeks rode out to arrange a peace council, but bullets forced them back.<ref name="Platt" />{{rp|388}}<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|348}} [[File:La-Roo-Chuck-A-La-Shar-(Sun-Chief)-Pawnee.jpg|left|thumb|La-Roo-Chuck-A-La-Shar (Sun Chief) was a Pawnee chief who died fighting the Lakota at Massacre Canyon.]] The Pawnees say that Sky Chief lived during the first part of the battle. He fought for his tribe, shouting words of encouragement to it. "Today I may see the tribe you protect here. This is the end. It is supposed to be better old men not to become. Now, men, a man be."<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|353}} He killed his own little son with his knife, telling the Sioux that they would not get his child.<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|353}} Sky Chief covered the retreat of his people, and the Sioux encircled him. He was alone and on foot. Dog Chief, a younger brother of Sky Chief, rode through the Sioux line and told him to withdraw. Sky Chief refused to stop fighting, while the enemies were killing Pawnee women and children. Knowing he himself would be killed, he took off his bear claw necklace, which was the symbol of his chieftainship. "Take the necklace and try to escape... I want you to have it and do not want the Sioux to gain possession of it."<ref name=Murie1981>Murie, James R. (1981): Ceremonies of the Pawnee. Part II. The South Bands. ''Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. 27.'' Washington, D.C.</ref>{{rp|385}} Dog Chief managed to bring the necklace in safety.<Ref name=Murie1981/>{{rp|385}} The Pawnee version of the Massacre Canyon battle tells of a few individuals' fate and relates some peculiar incidents.<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|353}} The Sioux proved too strong. Women threw hides, [[pemmican|dried meat]] and saddles from the packhorses and the Pawnee started a disorganized retreat. "The withdrawal was a rout as the Sioux shot from both banks of the canyon into the fleeing Pawnee".<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|237}} In [[Culbertson, Nebraska|Culbertson]], ten miles east of the battlefield, the residents heard the sound of gunfire.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|238}} East of Culbertson camped Capt. Charles Meinhold with his small command from [[Fort McPherson, Nebraska|Fort McPherson]], by twist of fate. All through the morning Pawnee survivors found the camp as well as Williamson and Platt, who had made his escape early during the fight. The Pawnees got instructions to proceed further east.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|238}} ==The next hours and days== The US cavalry soldiers rode up the canyon in the afternoon. "The first body we came upon was that of a woman", remembered Platt.<ref name="Platt" />{{rp|393}} Army Dr. David Franklin Powell described the march up the battleground: "We advanced from the mouth of the ravine to its head and found fifty-nine dead Pawnees ...".<ref>Riley, Paul D. (Ed.): Dr. David Franklin Powell and Fort McPherson. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 51, No. 2 (1970), pp. 153-170, p. 163.</ref> For one reason or another, a number of the dead women lay naked.<ref name="passage">Blaine, Royce Martha: Pawnee Passage, 1870-1875. Norman and London, 1990.</ref>{{rp|91}} [[File:Chief Luther Standing Bear.png|thumb|left|Chief Luther Standing Bear. As a boy he saw the victorious Lakota warriors return to the camp after the Massacre Canyon battle.]] Sometime after the battle the Sioux warriors rode into camps. "One of the men in advance was waving a scalp. This caused great excitement. The men paraded around the village ... Everybody appeared to be happy and rejoicing".<ref name="StandingBear" />{{rp|55}} Later well-known Sioux Indian [[Luther Standing Bear]] got the impression that "about three hundred Pawnees were killed".<ref>Standing Bear, Luther: Land of the Spotted Eagle. Lincoln and London, 1978. p. 41.</ref> Eastes reported one Sioux killed and some badly wounded.<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|151}} The Cut-off Oglalas had suffered no casualties at all, according to their sub-agent.<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|155}} This is at odds with narratives of what happened in the canyon that day.<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|348}} People from the nearest communities visited the scene of the battle over the following days. Royal Buck wrote to the readers of Nebraska City News that "It was a ''massacre'' and nothing more, and near 100 victims are lying on the ground and full two thirds are squaws and pappooses [small Indian children]".<ref>Riley, Paul D. (Ed.): Red Willow County Letters of Royal Buck, 1872-1873. Nebraska History, Vol. 47, No. 4 (1966), pp. 371-397, p. 391.</ref> News of the defeat reached the remaining Pawnees in the reservation on August 8 through a runner. "This produced intense excitement in the village, sorrowful wailings were heard all day".<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|148}} The Pawnee survivors made the 80 miles or so to [[Plum Creek Township, Butler County, Nebraska|Plum Creek]] near the Platte. Here Dr. William M. Bancroft gave professional assistance to the wounded. By train they arrived at Silver Creek, around ten miles south of the Pawnee Agency. The last tribal buffalo hunt of the Pawnee in Nebraska ended soon after.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|242}} ==Afterwards== The last week of August, Williamson was back in Massacre Canyon. He covered the dead with dirt broken down from the banks.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|245}} The number of Pawnee victims on the battlefield range from at least 50 to "156".<ref>Shellenberger, A. C.: The last Pawnee-Sioux Indian Battle and Buffalo Hunt. ''Nebraska History Magazine'', Vol. 16, No. 3 (1935), pp. 132-145, p. 142.</ref> A source often quoted is Agent William Burgess, who stated that "20 men, 39 women and 10 children" were killed.<ref>Massacre Canyon Fight August 5, 1873. ''Nebraska History Magazine'', Vol. 16, No. 3 (1935), p. 141.</ref> Pawnees taken captive were let loose after a request from the whites. Before long they joined their tribe.<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|351}}<ref name="StandingBear" />{{rp|56-57}} [[File:Cloud-Shield's winter count (Lakota). 1873-74. Massacre Canyon battle, Nebraska.png|thumb|Cloud-Shield's Lakota Winter Count for the years 1873–74. Massacre Canyon battle, Nebraska. "They killed many Pawnees on the Republican River."<ref>Mallory, Gerrick: The Corbusier Winter Counts. Smithsonian Institution. Fourth Annual Report to the Bureau of Ethnology. G.P.O.1886. Page facing p. 145.</ref>]] The Pawnee received $9,000 for the loss of more than 100 horses, 20 tons of dried meat and all sorts of equipment.<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|154}}<ref name="passage" />{{rp|139}} The money came from the [[annuities under American law|annuities]] of the Sioux, as stipulated in the 1868 Sioux Treaty, Article 1.<ref name="Kappler" />{{rp|998}} This incident, in particular, caused the government nationwide to intensify "its efforts to keep the Indians confined to their reservation" in an endeavor to curtail intertribal warfare.<ref>McGinnis, Anthony: Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889. Evergreen, 1990, p. 129.</ref> On a local level, Maj. Gen. [[George Crook]] "dispatched a small force" to protect the Pawnee Agency. The presence of troops did not stop the Sioux raids.<ref name="passage" />{{rp|277}} In the Lakota winter count of Cloud-Shield, the victory is remembered as the winter "they killed many Pawnees on the Republican river."<ref>Mallory, Gerrick: Picture-writing of the American Indians. Tribal Designations. ''Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution'', 1888-'89. Washington, 1893, pp. 377-388, p. 386, fig. 509.</ref> The Pawnee Indians talk about "The hunters that were massacred".<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|342-358}} Dog Chief, being young, gave the bear claw necklace of his dead brother to the son of the Indian Agent Burgess for safekeeping. When some Pawnees tried to get it back, they failed. In 1920, Chawi Pawnee chief Lone Chief visited Burgess in Chicago and brought the necklace back.<ref name=Murie1981/>{{rp|385}} It was half a century after the battle before the Pawnee and the Sioux smoked the pipe of peace during the Massacre Canyon Pow Wow in 1925.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|246}} ==Monument== [[File:Massacre Canyon monument from SW 1.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Massacre Canyon Monument.]] The Massacre Canyon Monument was dedicated on Sept. 26, 1930. It was the first historical monument erected in Nebraska by federal grant. It stands on a three-acre (1.2 ha) plot, three miles (4.8&nbsp;km) east of [[Trenton, Nebraska|Trenton]] off [[U.S. Route 34]], after having been moved from its original location overlooking the Republican River valley. The monument, a large stone obelisk,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehnert |first=Walt |date=2006-02-20 |title=Trenton's Massacre Canyon Pow-Wow |url=https://www.mccookgazette.com/story/1140686.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=McCook Gazette |language=en}}</ref> was constructed from Minnesota pink granite from a quarry in St. Cloud by R.P. Colling, Indianola, Nebraska.<ref>Tayler, A. L.: Building the Massacre Canyon Monument, ''Nebraska History Magazine'', Vol. 16, No, 3 (1935), pp. 171-177, p. 176.</ref> The shaft of the [[obelisk]] is {{convert|35|ft}} high. The base measures {{convert|9|ft}} by {{convert|9.5|ft}} across; the bottom of the shaft is five feet (1.5 m) across, tapering to {{convert|32|in|cm}} near the top. The entire monument weighs 91 tons (83,000&nbsp;kg). The monument is located in a small park area with picnic tables and a visitor center and museum that features exhibits about early pioneers, the tribal customs of the [[Sioux]] and the [[Pawnee people]] and a gift shop. {{clear}} ==See also== * [[List of battles fought in Nebraska]] * [[Pawnee Reservation]] ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== * Boughter, Judith A. ''The Pawnee Nation: An Annotated Research Bibliography'' (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press), 2004. {{ISBN|0-8108-4990-9}} ==External links== {{commonscat|Massacre Canyon, Hitchcock County, Nebraska}} *[http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ne/county/hitchcock/history/canyon.html Massacre Canyon Monument] * [http://www.e-nebraskahistory.org/index.php?title=Nebraska_Historical_Marker:_Massacre_Canyon Nebraska Historical Marker: Massacre Canyon] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132005/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nebuffal/bassett/p383.htm LAST BUFFALO HUNT OF THE PAWNEES By John W. Williamson] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111223102145/http://www.nebraskaruralliving.com/essays/massacre_canyon.asp "Massacre Canyon saga is just one story in a rich Native American history in Nebraska" - Nebraska Rural Living article] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110824120604/http://www.visitnebraska.gov/component/myplanner/detail/43/2000180 Massacre Canyon Monument and Visitor Center] - Visit Nebraska {{Native Americans in Nebraska}} {{National Register of Historic Places}} [[Category:1873 in Nebraska]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1873]] [[Category:August 1873 events]] [[Category:Massacres in 1873]] [[Category:Native American history of Nebraska|-]] [[Category:Lakota]] [[Category:Pawnee]] [[Category:Geography of Hitchcock County, Nebraska]] [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Nebraska]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Hitchcock County, Nebraska]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Hitchcock County, Nebraska]] [[Category:Conflict sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska]] [[Category:Massacres by Native Americans]] [[Category:Massacres of Native Americans]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Hitchcock County, Nebraska]] [[Category:Battles in Nebraska]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'wwwereghtynugthfn gyhjuy4ctyg ui67yh{{Infobox NRHP | name = Massacre Canyon Battlefield | nrhp_type = | image = View SW from Massacre Canyon monument.JPG | caption = View looking southwest from the Massacre Canyon monument | nearest_city = [[Trenton, Nebraska]] | locmapin = Nebraska#USA | coordinates = {{coord|40.206443|-100.964598|display=inline,title}} | added = July 25, 1974 | area = {{convert|3680|acre}} | refnum = 74001118<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref> }} a[https://web.archive.org/web/20110824120604/http://www.visitnebraska.gov/component/myplanner/detail/43/2000180 Massacre Canyon Monument and Visitor Center] - Visit Nebraska {{Native Americans in Nebraska}} {{National Register of Historic Places}} [[Category:1873 in Nebraska]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1873]] [[Category:August 1873 events]] [[Category:Massacres in 1873]] [[Category:Native American history of Nebraska|-]] [[Category:Lakota]] [[Category:Pawnee]] [[Category:Geography of Hitchcock County, Nebraska]] [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Nebraska]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Hitchcock County, Nebraska]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Hitchcock County, Nebraska]] [[Category:Conflict sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska]] [[Category:Massacres by Native Americans]] [[Category:Massacres of Native Americans]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Hitchcock County, Nebraska]] [[Category:Battles in Nebraska]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ -{{Infobox NRHP +wwwereghtynugthfn gyhjuy4ctyg + +ui67yh{{Infobox NRHP | name = Massacre Canyon Battlefield | nrhp_type = @@ -12,156 +14,5 @@ }} -The '''Massacre Canyon''' battle took place in Nebraska on August 5, 1873 near the [[Republican River]]. It was one of the last hostilities between the [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] and the [[Sioux]] (or [[Lakota people|Lakota]]) and the last battle/massacre between Great Plains Indians in North America.<ref>The Nebraska Indian Wars reader, 1865&ndash;1877 By R. Eli Paul p.88 Publisher: University of Nebraska Press (April 1, 1998) Language: English {{ISBN|0-8032-8749-6}}</ref> The massacre occurred when a large [[Oglala Lakota|Oglala]]/[[Brulé]] Sioux war party of over 1,500 warriors led by [[Two Strike (Lakota leader)|Two Strike]], [[Little Wound]], and [[Spotted Tail]] attacked a band of [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] during their summer [[Bison|buffalo]] hunt. In the ensuing [[rout]], more than 150 Pawnees were killed. The victims, who were mostly women and children, suffered mutilation and some were set on fire. - -The Quaker agent John W. Williamson stated that 156 [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] were killed. This massacre ranked among "the bloodiest attacks by the Sioux" in Pawnee history.<ref>Dunlay, Thomas W.: Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-90. Lincoln and London, 1982, p. 154.</ref> Cruel and violent warfare like this had been practiced against the [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] by the [[Lakota Sioux]] for centuries since the mid-1700s and through the 1840s. Attacks increased further in the 1850s until 1875. Historically the [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] were forced to give up what remained of their [[Nebraska]] homeland to the US Government after the Pawnee realized US Government were never going to honor any of the previous treaties. The [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] villages and Quaker agency near Genoa were attacked by the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] months and years prior without US Government protection as promised. - -According to Indian agent John W. Williamson of the [[Genoa, Nebraska|Genoa]] Agency, who accompanied the hunting party, "On the 2d [in fact the 3d<ref name="NHM">Indian Office Documents on Sioux-Pawnee Battle. ''Nebraska History Magazine'', vol. 16, No.3 (1935), pp. 147-155.</ref>{{rp|147}}] day of July, 1873, the Indians, to the number of 700, left Genoa for the hunting grounds. Of this number 350 were men, the balance women and children." - -The Pawnee were traveling along the west bank of the canyon, which runs south to the [[Republican River]], when they were attacked. "A census taken at the Pawnee Agency in September, according [to] Agent Burgess. . ." (see "Massacre Canyon Monument" article in External Links section) found that "71 Pawnee warriors were killed, and 102 women and children killed", the victims brutally mutilated and scalped and others even set on fire"<ref>''The Chicago Tribune'', Saturday, August 30, 1873; ''New York Times'', August 21, 1873 (reported by William Burgess, Pawnee Indian agent)</ref> although Trail Agent John Williamson's account states 156 Pawnee died (page 388). It is likely the death toll would have been higher, for Williamson noted ". . . a company of United States cavalry emerge[d] from the timber. When the Sioux saw the soldiers approaching they beat a hasty retreat." (page 387), although "Recently discovered military documents disproved the old theory" per the "Massacre Canyon Monument" article. This [[massacre]] is by some considered one of the factors that led to the Pawnees' decision to move to a reservation in [[Indian Territory]] in what is today [[Oklahoma]].<ref>Massacre Along the Medicine Road: A Social History of the Indian War of 1864, p. 389, By Ronald Becher. Publisher: Caxton Press (March 1, 1999) Language: English {{ISBN|0-87004-387-0}}</ref> The Pawnee disagree.<ref name="Blaine">Blaine, Garland James & Martha Royce Blaine, “Pa-Re-Su A-Ri-Ra-Ke: The Hunters that were massacred”. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 58, No. 3 (1977), pp. 342-358.</ref>{{rp|356-357}} - -Principal chiefs at the battle were: -*Pawnee: Sky Chief, Sun Chief, Fighting Bear, Ruling His Son. -*Sioux: [[Spotted Tail]] (Brulé chief) (unclear<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|158}}), [[Little Wound]] (Oglala chief), [[Two Strike (Chief)|Two Strike]] (Brulé chief). Chief Charging Bear ([[John Grass]], [[Sihasapa]]) {{Source?|date=May 2018}}. - -Among the Pawnee dead were Sky Chief (Tirawahut Lesharo) who was surrounded and killed by the [[Sioux]] while skinning a buffalo, and the wife and four children of [[Co-Rux-Te-Chod-Ish|Traveling Bear]], a former [[sergeant]] in the [[Pawnee Scouts]] who served under [[Maj.]] [[Frank North]] and a Medal of Honor recipient.<ref>Medal of honor: historical facts & figures By Ron Owens p.52</ref> - -{{Infobox military conflict -| conflict = Massacre Canyon Battle -| width = -| partof = -| image = -| caption = -| date = August 5, 1873 -| place = Massacre Canyon, Hitchcock County, Nebraska -| coordinates = -| map_type = -| map_relief = -| latitude = -| longitude = -| map_size = -| map_marksize = -| map_caption = -| map_label = -| territory = -| result = Lakota victory -| status = -| combatants_header = -| combatant1 = Brule Lakota Indians Oglala Lakota Indians -| combatant2 = Pawnee Indians -| commander1 = Little Wound, Two Strike -| commander2 = Sky Chief, Fighting Bear, Ruling His Son -| units1 = -| units2 = -| strength1 = Around 1,000 Lakotas -| strength2 = Around 400 all in all, children, women and men -| casualties1 = Unknown, but few -| casualties2 = Unknown, but likely between 156 and 171, mostly women and children -| notes = -| campaignbox = -}} - -==History== - -The Pawnee Indians had a long tradition of living in present-day Nebraska.<ref>Ludwickson, John: Historic Indian Tribes. Ethnohistory and Archaeology. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 75, No. 1 (1994), pp. 132-157, p. 140.</ref> Their first land cession to the United States took place in 1833 when they sold land south of the [[Platte River]].<ref name="Kappler">Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2.</ref>{{rp|416-418}} The Massacre Canyon battlefield near Republican River is located within this area. Forty years and two land cessions later, the tribe lived in a small reservation on old Pawnee land, present-day [[Nance County, Nebraska|Nance County]]. The Pawnees had kept a right to hunt buffalo on their vast, ancient range between the [[Loup River|Loup]], Platte and [[Republican River|Republican]] rivers in [[Nebraska]] and south into northern [[Kansas]], now territory of the United States. They had suffered continual attacks by the [[Sioux]] that increased violently in the early 1840s.<ref name="Kappler" />{{rp|416}} - -The Sioux lived north of the Pawnee. In 1868 they had entered into a [[Sioux Treaty of 1868|treaty]] with the United States and agreed to live in the [[Great Sioux Reservation]] in present-day [[South Dakota]]. By Article 11 they (also) received a right to hunt along the Republican, almost 200 miles south of the reservation.<ref name="Kappler" />{{rp|1002}} - -Both the Pawnee and the Sioux complained regularly over attacks by the other tribe.<ref>See e.g. Blaine, Royce Martha: Pawnee Passage, 1870-1875. Norman and London, 1990, pp. 82-142. Poole, D.C.: Among the Sioux of Dakota. Eighteen Months' Experience as an Indian Agent, 1868-1870. St. Paul, 1988, pp. 58,62 and 131.</ref> An attempt to make peace in 1871 with the United States as intermediary came to nothing.<ref name="Riley">Riley, Paul D., “The Battle of Massacre Canyon”. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 54, No. 2 (1973), pp. 221-249.</ref>{{rp|223}} - -[[File:Massacre Canyon battlefield (1873), Nebraska. Pawnee reservation and relevant Indian territories.png|thumb|Map with Massacre Canyon battlefield (1873), Nebraska. Pawnee reservation and relevant Lakota territories.]] - -==Lead-up to the battle== - -A Pawnee hunting group—roughly 400 men, women and children<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|147}}—were located in camp near present-day Trenton on August 4, 1873. Trail Agent John W. Williamson stayed in the camp, and with him the younger Lester Beach Platt, a visitor from the east. All were homeward-bound for the reservation after a fine hunt. - -Sioux chiefs Little Wound and Pawnee Killer and their followers of Cut-off Oglalas had hunted along tributaries to the Republican further west. In July the sub-agent in camp, Antoine Janis, banned an expedition against the [[Ute people|Utes]] to avenge the loss of a man and some horses. The camp moved closer to the Republican.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|232}} - -About 700 Brule-Sioux Indians sought out buffalo on these Nebraska hunting grounds in early August, in addition. Chief Two Strikes was in the camp and Sub-agent Stephen F. Eastes.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|232-233}} - -Some Oglalas brought news of the big Pawnee camp on August 3. Chief Little Wound told Antoine Janis that he had stopped them from going against the Utes. Now, "the young men had determined to fight" the Pawnees, not to lose men and horses again.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|234}} Janis said he had no order to keep them from fighting the Pawnee here. His suggestion to meet and talk with their enemy was turned down.<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|155}} Later he told his sister, Susan Bordeaux Bettelyoun, that to restrain the warriors "... you might as well stop an avalanche".<ref>Bettelyoun, Susan Bordeaux and Josephine Waggoner: With My Own Eyes. A Lakota Woman Tells her People's History. Lincoln and London, 1998, p. 80.</ref> - -All Sioux [[tipi]]s in the area got the news. A boy eyewitness recalled many years later that "instantly all the warriors began to get ready to go on the warpath ...". In his understanding, the braves defended their hunting grounds.<ref name="StandingBear">Standing Bear, Luther, ''My People, the Sioux''. Lincoln, 1975.</ref>{{rp|53}} During the day around 1000 warriors set off for the Pawnee to make a joint, quick attack and prevent the enemy from striking first.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|234}} - -==Trail Agent Williamson's account== -John Williamson, 23, was assigned as the Pawnee trail-agent at the [[Genoa, Nebraska|Genoa]] Agency, the Pawnee reservation, and accompanied the Pawnee on their hunt. He wrote his recollections of the battle decades after the incident.<ref name="Platt">Paul, R. Eli (ed.), “Lester Beach Platt's Account of the Battle of Massacre Canyon”. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 67, No. 4 (1986), pp. 381-407.</ref>{{rp|405}} - -"On the fourth day of August we reached the north bank of the Republican River and went into camp. At 9 o'clock that evening, three white men came into camp and reported to me that a large band of Sioux warriors [was] camped 25 miles [40&nbsp;km] northwest, waiting for an opportunity to attack the Pawnees for several days, anticipating that we would move up the river where buffaloes were feeding. Previous to this, white men visited us and warned us to be on our guard against Sioux attacks, and I was a trifle skeptical as to the truth of the story told by our white visitors. But one of the men, a young man about my age at the time, appeared to be so sincere in his efforts to impress upon me that the warning should be heeded, that I took him to Sky Chief who was in command that day, for a conference. Sky Chief said the men were liars; that they wanted to scare the Pawnees away from the hunting grounds so that white men could kill buffaloes for hides. He told me I was squaw and a coward. I took exception to his remarks, and retorted: 'I will go as far as you dare go. Don't forget that.' - -"The following morning August 5, we broke camp and started north, up the divide between the Republican and the Frenchman Rivers. Soon after leaving camp, Sky Chief rode up to me and extending his hand said, 'Shake, brother.' He recalled our little unpleasantness the night previous and said he did not believe there was cause for alarm, and was so impressed with the belief that he had not taken the precaution to throw out scouts in the direction the Sioux were reported to be. A few minutes later a buffalo scout signaled that buffaloes had been sighted in the distance, and Sky Chief rode off to engage in the hunt. I never saw him again. He had killed a buffalo and was skinning it when the advance guard of the Sioux shot and wounded him. The Chief attempted to reach his horse, but before he was able to mount, several of the enemy surrounded him. He died fighting. A Pawnee, who was skinning a buffalo a short distance away but managed to escape, told me how Sky Chief died." - -==The battle== -The morning of August 5 the Pawnees went up a canyon. Men looking for game took the lead and the families followed with loaded down packhorses. Soon after the battle was on. - -A number of the Pawnee huntsmen in front seem to have been the first fatalities, lured into a Sioux trap by a decoy.<ref name="StandingBear" />{{rp|56}} - -The Pawnee prepared for defense. Williamson with either Platt or the schooled Pawnee Ralph Weeks rode out to arrange a peace council, but bullets forced them back.<ref name="Platt" />{{rp|388}}<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|348}} -[[File:La-Roo-Chuck-A-La-Shar-(Sun-Chief)-Pawnee.jpg|left|thumb|La-Roo-Chuck-A-La-Shar (Sun Chief) was a Pawnee chief who died fighting the Lakota at Massacre Canyon.]] - -The Pawnees say that Sky Chief lived during the first part of the battle. He fought for his tribe, shouting words of encouragement to it. "Today I may see the tribe you protect here. This is the end. It is supposed to be better old men not to become. Now, men, a man be."<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|353}} He killed his own little son with his knife, telling the Sioux that they would not get his child.<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|353}} - -Sky Chief covered the retreat of his people, and the Sioux encircled him. He was alone and on foot. Dog Chief, a younger brother of Sky Chief, rode through the Sioux line and told him to withdraw. Sky Chief refused to stop fighting, while the enemies were killing Pawnee women and children. Knowing he himself would be killed, he took off his bear claw necklace, which was the symbol of his chieftainship. "Take the necklace and try to escape... I want you to have it and do not want the Sioux to gain possession of it."<ref name=Murie1981>Murie, James R. (1981): Ceremonies of the Pawnee. Part II. The South Bands. ''Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. 27.'' Washington, D.C.</ref>{{rp|385}} Dog Chief managed to bring the necklace in safety.<Ref name=Murie1981/>{{rp|385}} - -The Pawnee version of the Massacre Canyon battle tells of a few individuals' fate and relates some peculiar incidents.<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|353}} - -The Sioux proved too strong. Women threw hides, [[pemmican|dried meat]] and saddles from the packhorses and the Pawnee started a disorganized retreat. "The withdrawal was a rout as the Sioux shot from both banks of the canyon into the fleeing Pawnee".<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|237}} In [[Culbertson, Nebraska|Culbertson]], ten miles east of the battlefield, the residents heard the sound of gunfire.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|238}} - -East of Culbertson camped Capt. Charles Meinhold with his small command from [[Fort McPherson, Nebraska|Fort McPherson]], by twist of fate. All through the morning Pawnee survivors found the camp as well as Williamson and Platt, who had made his escape early during the fight. The Pawnees got instructions to proceed further east.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|238}} - -==The next hours and days== -The US cavalry soldiers rode up the canyon in the afternoon. "The first body we came upon was that of a woman", remembered Platt.<ref name="Platt" />{{rp|393}} Army Dr. David Franklin Powell described the march up the battleground: "We advanced from the mouth of the ravine to its head and found fifty-nine dead Pawnees ...".<ref>Riley, Paul D. (Ed.): Dr. David Franklin Powell and Fort McPherson. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 51, No. 2 (1970), pp. 153-170, p. 163.</ref> For one reason or another, a number of the dead women lay naked.<ref name="passage">Blaine, Royce Martha: Pawnee Passage, 1870-1875. Norman and London, 1990.</ref>{{rp|91}} - -[[File:Chief Luther Standing Bear.png|thumb|left|Chief Luther Standing Bear. As a boy he saw the victorious Lakota warriors return to the camp after the Massacre Canyon battle.]] - -Sometime after the battle the Sioux warriors rode into camps. "One of the men in advance was waving a scalp. This caused great excitement. The men paraded around the village ... Everybody appeared to be happy and rejoicing".<ref name="StandingBear" />{{rp|55}} Later well-known Sioux Indian [[Luther Standing Bear]] got the impression that "about three hundred Pawnees were killed".<ref>Standing Bear, Luther: Land of the Spotted Eagle. Lincoln and London, 1978. p. 41.</ref> Eastes reported one Sioux killed and some badly wounded.<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|151}} The Cut-off Oglalas had suffered no casualties at all, according to their sub-agent.<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|155}} This is at odds with narratives of what happened in the canyon that day.<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|348}} - -People from the nearest communities visited the scene of the battle over the following days. Royal Buck wrote to the readers of Nebraska City News that "It was a ''massacre'' and nothing more, and near 100 victims are lying on the ground and full two thirds are squaws and pappooses [small Indian children]".<ref>Riley, Paul D. (Ed.): Red Willow County Letters of Royal Buck, 1872-1873. Nebraska History, Vol. 47, No. 4 (1966), pp. 371-397, p. 391.</ref> - -News of the defeat reached the remaining Pawnees in the reservation on August 8 through a runner. "This produced intense excitement in the village, sorrowful wailings were heard all day".<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|148}} - -The Pawnee survivors made the 80 miles or so to [[Plum Creek Township, Butler County, Nebraska|Plum Creek]] near the Platte. Here Dr. William M. Bancroft gave professional assistance to the wounded. By train they arrived at Silver Creek, around ten miles south of the Pawnee Agency. The last tribal buffalo hunt of the Pawnee in Nebraska ended soon after.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|242}} - -==Afterwards== -The last week of August, Williamson was back in Massacre Canyon. He covered the dead with dirt broken down from the banks.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|245}} - -The number of Pawnee victims on the battlefield range from at least 50 to "156".<ref>Shellenberger, A. C.: The last Pawnee-Sioux Indian Battle and Buffalo Hunt. ''Nebraska History Magazine'', Vol. 16, No. 3 (1935), pp. 132-145, p. 142.</ref> A source often quoted is Agent William Burgess, who stated that "20 men, 39 women and 10 children" were killed.<ref>Massacre Canyon Fight August 5, 1873. ''Nebraska History Magazine'', Vol. 16, No. 3 (1935), p. 141.</ref> - -Pawnees taken captive were let loose after a request from the whites. Before long they joined their tribe.<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|351}}<ref name="StandingBear" />{{rp|56-57}} -[[File:Cloud-Shield's winter count (Lakota). 1873-74. Massacre Canyon battle, Nebraska.png|thumb|Cloud-Shield's Lakota Winter Count for the years 1873–74. Massacre Canyon battle, Nebraska. "They killed many Pawnees on the Republican River."<ref>Mallory, Gerrick: The Corbusier Winter Counts. Smithsonian Institution. Fourth Annual Report to the Bureau of Ethnology. G.P.O.1886. Page facing p. 145.</ref>]] - -The Pawnee received $9,000 for the loss of more than 100 horses, 20 tons of dried meat and all sorts of equipment.<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|154}}<ref name="passage" />{{rp|139}} The money came from the [[annuities under American law|annuities]] of the Sioux, as stipulated in the 1868 Sioux Treaty, Article 1.<ref name="Kappler" />{{rp|998}} - -This incident, in particular, caused the government nationwide to intensify "its efforts to keep the Indians confined to their reservation" in an endeavor to curtail intertribal warfare.<ref>McGinnis, Anthony: Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889. Evergreen, 1990, p. 129.</ref> On a local level, Maj. Gen. [[George Crook]] "dispatched a small force" to protect the Pawnee Agency. The presence of troops did not stop the Sioux raids.<ref name="passage" />{{rp|277}} - -In the Lakota winter count of Cloud-Shield, the victory is remembered as the winter "they killed many Pawnees on the Republican river."<ref>Mallory, Gerrick: Picture-writing of the American Indians. Tribal Designations. ''Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution'', 1888-'89. Washington, 1893, pp. 377-388, p. 386, fig. 509.</ref> The Pawnee Indians talk about "The hunters that were massacred".<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|342-358}} - -Dog Chief, being young, gave the bear claw necklace of his dead brother to the son of the Indian Agent Burgess for safekeeping. When some Pawnees tried to get it back, they failed. In 1920, Chawi Pawnee chief Lone Chief visited Burgess in Chicago and brought the necklace back.<ref name=Murie1981/>{{rp|385}} - -It was half a century after the battle before the Pawnee and the Sioux smoked the pipe of peace during the Massacre Canyon Pow Wow in 1925.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|246}} - -==Monument== -[[File:Massacre Canyon monument from SW 1.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Massacre Canyon Monument.]] -The Massacre Canyon Monument was dedicated on Sept. 26, 1930. It was the first historical monument erected in Nebraska by federal grant. It stands on a three-acre (1.2 ha) plot, three miles (4.8&nbsp;km) east of [[Trenton, Nebraska|Trenton]] off [[U.S. Route 34]], after having been moved from its original location overlooking the Republican River valley. The monument, a large stone obelisk,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehnert |first=Walt |date=2006-02-20 |title=Trenton's Massacre Canyon Pow-Wow |url=https://www.mccookgazette.com/story/1140686.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=McCook Gazette |language=en}}</ref> was constructed from Minnesota pink granite from a quarry in St. Cloud by R.P. Colling, Indianola, Nebraska.<ref>Tayler, A. L.: Building the Massacre Canyon Monument, ''Nebraska History Magazine'', Vol. 16, No, 3 (1935), pp. 171-177, p. 176.</ref> The shaft of the [[obelisk]] is {{convert|35|ft}} high. The base measures {{convert|9|ft}} by {{convert|9.5|ft}} across; the bottom of the shaft is five feet (1.5 m) across, tapering to {{convert|32|in|cm}} near the top. The entire monument weighs 91 tons (83,000&nbsp;kg). - -The monument is located in a small park area with picnic tables and a visitor center and museum that features exhibits about early pioneers, the tribal customs of the [[Sioux]] and the [[Pawnee people]] and a gift shop. - -{{clear}} - -==See also== -* [[List of battles fought in Nebraska]] -* [[Pawnee Reservation]] - -==References== -{{reflist|30em}} - -==Bibliography== -* Boughter, Judith A. ''The Pawnee Nation: An Annotated Research Bibliography'' (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press), 2004. {{ISBN|0-8108-4990-9}} - -==External links== -{{commonscat|Massacre Canyon, Hitchcock County, Nebraska}} -*[http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ne/county/hitchcock/history/canyon.html Massacre Canyon Monument] -* [http://www.e-nebraskahistory.org/index.php?title=Nebraska_Historical_Marker:_Massacre_Canyon Nebraska Historical Marker: Massacre Canyon] -*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132005/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nebuffal/bassett/p383.htm LAST BUFFALO HUNT OF THE PAWNEES By John W. Williamson] -*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111223102145/http://www.nebraskaruralliving.com/essays/massacre_canyon.asp "Massacre Canyon saga is just one story in a rich Native American history in Nebraska" - Nebraska Rural Living article] -*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110824120604/http://www.visitnebraska.gov/component/myplanner/detail/43/2000180 Massacre Canyon Monument and Visitor Center] - Visit Nebraska +a[https://web.archive.org/web/20110824120604/http://www.visitnebraska.gov/component/myplanner/detail/43/2000180 Massacre Canyon Monument and Visitor Center] - Visit Nebraska {{Native Americans in Nebraska}} '
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[ 0 => '{{Infobox NRHP', 1 => 'The '''Massacre Canyon''' battle took place in Nebraska on August 5, 1873 near the [[Republican River]]. It was one of the last hostilities between the [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] and the [[Sioux]] (or [[Lakota people|Lakota]]) and the last battle/massacre between Great Plains Indians in North America.<ref>The Nebraska Indian Wars reader, 1865&ndash;1877 By R. Eli Paul p.88 Publisher: University of Nebraska Press (April 1, 1998) Language: English {{ISBN|0-8032-8749-6}}</ref> The massacre occurred when a large [[Oglala Lakota|Oglala]]/[[Brulé]] Sioux war party of over 1,500 warriors led by [[Two Strike (Lakota leader)|Two Strike]], [[Little Wound]], and [[Spotted Tail]] attacked a band of [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] during their summer [[Bison|buffalo]] hunt. In the ensuing [[rout]], more than 150 Pawnees were killed. The victims, who were mostly women and children, suffered mutilation and some were set on fire. ', 2 => '', 3 => 'The Quaker agent John W. Williamson stated that 156 [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] were killed. This massacre ranked among "the bloodiest attacks by the Sioux" in Pawnee history.<ref>Dunlay, Thomas W.: Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-90. Lincoln and London, 1982, p. 154.</ref> Cruel and violent warfare like this had been practiced against the [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] by the [[Lakota Sioux]] for centuries since the mid-1700s and through the 1840s. Attacks increased further in the 1850s until 1875. Historically the [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] were forced to give up what remained of their [[Nebraska]] homeland to the US Government after the Pawnee realized US Government were never going to honor any of the previous treaties. The [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] villages and Quaker agency near Genoa were attacked by the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] months and years prior without US Government protection as promised.', 4 => '', 5 => 'According to Indian agent John W. Williamson of the [[Genoa, Nebraska|Genoa]] Agency, who accompanied the hunting party, "On the 2d [in fact the 3d<ref name="NHM">Indian Office Documents on Sioux-Pawnee Battle. ''Nebraska History Magazine'', vol. 16, No.3 (1935), pp. 147-155.</ref>{{rp|147}}] day of July, 1873, the Indians, to the number of 700, left Genoa for the hunting grounds. Of this number 350 were men, the balance women and children."', 6 => '', 7 => 'The Pawnee were traveling along the west bank of the canyon, which runs south to the [[Republican River]], when they were attacked. "A census taken at the Pawnee Agency in September, according [to] Agent Burgess. . ." (see "Massacre Canyon Monument" article in External Links section) found that "71 Pawnee warriors were killed, and 102 women and children killed", the victims brutally mutilated and scalped and others even set on fire"<ref>''The Chicago Tribune'', Saturday, August 30, 1873; ''New York Times'', August 21, 1873 (reported by William Burgess, Pawnee Indian agent)</ref> although Trail Agent John Williamson's account states 156 Pawnee died (page 388). It is likely the death toll would have been higher, for Williamson noted ". . . a company of United States cavalry emerge[d] from the timber. When the Sioux saw the soldiers approaching they beat a hasty retreat." (page 387), although "Recently discovered military documents disproved the old theory" per the "Massacre Canyon Monument" article. This [[massacre]] is by some considered one of the factors that led to the Pawnees' decision to move to a reservation in [[Indian Territory]] in what is today [[Oklahoma]].<ref>Massacre Along the Medicine Road: A Social History of the Indian War of 1864, p. 389, By Ronald Becher. Publisher: Caxton Press (March 1, 1999) Language: English {{ISBN|0-87004-387-0}}</ref> The Pawnee disagree.<ref name="Blaine">Blaine, Garland James & Martha Royce Blaine, “Pa-Re-Su A-Ri-Ra-Ke: The Hunters that were massacred”. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 58, No. 3 (1977), pp. 342-358.</ref>{{rp|356-357}}', 8 => '', 9 => 'Principal chiefs at the battle were:', 10 => '*Pawnee: Sky Chief, Sun Chief, Fighting Bear, Ruling His Son.', 11 => '*Sioux: [[Spotted Tail]] (Brulé chief) (unclear<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|158}}), [[Little Wound]] (Oglala chief), [[Two Strike (Chief)|Two Strike]] (Brulé chief). Chief Charging Bear ([[John Grass]], [[Sihasapa]]) {{Source?|date=May 2018}}.', 12 => '', 13 => 'Among the Pawnee dead were Sky Chief (Tirawahut Lesharo) who was surrounded and killed by the [[Sioux]] while skinning a buffalo, and the wife and four children of [[Co-Rux-Te-Chod-Ish|Traveling Bear]], a former [[sergeant]] in the [[Pawnee Scouts]] who served under [[Maj.]] [[Frank North]] and a Medal of Honor recipient.<ref>Medal of honor: historical facts & figures By Ron Owens p.52</ref>', 14 => '', 15 => '{{Infobox military conflict', 16 => '| conflict = Massacre Canyon Battle', 17 => '| width = ', 18 => '| partof = ', 19 => '| image = ', 20 => '| caption = ', 21 => '| date = August 5, 1873', 22 => '| place = Massacre Canyon, Hitchcock County, Nebraska', 23 => '| coordinates = ', 24 => '| map_type =', 25 => '| map_relief = ', 26 => '| latitude = ', 27 => '| longitude = ', 28 => '| map_size = ', 29 => '| map_marksize = ', 30 => '| map_caption = ', 31 => '| map_label = ', 32 => '| territory = ', 33 => '| result = Lakota victory', 34 => '| status = ', 35 => '| combatants_header = ', 36 => '| combatant1 = Brule Lakota Indians Oglala Lakota Indians', 37 => '| combatant2 = Pawnee Indians', 38 => '| commander1 = Little Wound, Two Strike', 39 => '| commander2 = Sky Chief, Fighting Bear, Ruling His Son', 40 => '| units1 = ', 41 => '| units2 = ', 42 => '| strength1 = Around 1,000 Lakotas', 43 => '| strength2 = Around 400 all in all, children, women and men', 44 => '| casualties1 = Unknown, but few', 45 => '| casualties2 = Unknown, but likely between 156 and 171, mostly women and children ', 46 => '| notes = ', 47 => '| campaignbox = ', 48 => '}}', 49 => '', 50 => '==History==', 51 => '', 52 => 'The Pawnee Indians had a long tradition of living in present-day Nebraska.<ref>Ludwickson, John: Historic Indian Tribes. Ethnohistory and Archaeology. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 75, No. 1 (1994), pp. 132-157, p. 140.</ref> Their first land cession to the United States took place in 1833 when they sold land south of the [[Platte River]].<ref name="Kappler">Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2.</ref>{{rp|416-418}} The Massacre Canyon battlefield near Republican River is located within this area. Forty years and two land cessions later, the tribe lived in a small reservation on old Pawnee land, present-day [[Nance County, Nebraska|Nance County]]. The Pawnees had kept a right to hunt buffalo on their vast, ancient range between the [[Loup River|Loup]], Platte and [[Republican River|Republican]] rivers in [[Nebraska]] and south into northern [[Kansas]], now territory of the United States. They had suffered continual attacks by the [[Sioux]] that increased violently in the early 1840s.<ref name="Kappler" />{{rp|416}}', 53 => '', 54 => 'The Sioux lived north of the Pawnee. In 1868 they had entered into a [[Sioux Treaty of 1868|treaty]] with the United States and agreed to live in the [[Great Sioux Reservation]] in present-day [[South Dakota]]. By Article 11 they (also) received a right to hunt along the Republican, almost 200 miles south of the reservation.<ref name="Kappler" />{{rp|1002}}', 55 => '', 56 => 'Both the Pawnee and the Sioux complained regularly over attacks by the other tribe.<ref>See e.g. Blaine, Royce Martha: Pawnee Passage, 1870-1875. Norman and London, 1990, pp. 82-142. Poole, D.C.: Among the Sioux of Dakota. Eighteen Months' Experience as an Indian Agent, 1868-1870. St. Paul, 1988, pp. 58,62 and 131.</ref> An attempt to make peace in 1871 with the United States as intermediary came to nothing.<ref name="Riley">Riley, Paul D., “The Battle of Massacre Canyon”. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 54, No. 2 (1973), pp. 221-249.</ref>{{rp|223}}', 57 => '', 58 => '[[File:Massacre Canyon battlefield (1873), Nebraska. Pawnee reservation and relevant Indian territories.png|thumb|Map with Massacre Canyon battlefield (1873), Nebraska. Pawnee reservation and relevant Lakota territories.]]', 59 => '', 60 => '==Lead-up to the battle==', 61 => '', 62 => 'A Pawnee hunting group—roughly 400 men, women and children<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|147}}—were located in camp near present-day Trenton on August 4, 1873. Trail Agent John W. Williamson stayed in the camp, and with him the younger Lester Beach Platt, a visitor from the east. All were homeward-bound for the reservation after a fine hunt.', 63 => '', 64 => 'Sioux chiefs Little Wound and Pawnee Killer and their followers of Cut-off Oglalas had hunted along tributaries to the Republican further west. In July the sub-agent in camp, Antoine Janis, banned an expedition against the [[Ute people|Utes]] to avenge the loss of a man and some horses. The camp moved closer to the Republican.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|232}}', 65 => '', 66 => 'About 700 Brule-Sioux Indians sought out buffalo on these Nebraska hunting grounds in early August, in addition. Chief Two Strikes was in the camp and Sub-agent Stephen F. Eastes.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|232-233}}', 67 => '', 68 => 'Some Oglalas brought news of the big Pawnee camp on August 3. Chief Little Wound told Antoine Janis that he had stopped them from going against the Utes. Now, "the young men had determined to fight" the Pawnees, not to lose men and horses again.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|234}} Janis said he had no order to keep them from fighting the Pawnee here. His suggestion to meet and talk with their enemy was turned down.<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|155}} Later he told his sister, Susan Bordeaux Bettelyoun, that to restrain the warriors "... you might as well stop an avalanche".<ref>Bettelyoun, Susan Bordeaux and Josephine Waggoner: With My Own Eyes. A Lakota Woman Tells her People's History. Lincoln and London, 1998, p. 80.</ref>', 69 => '', 70 => 'All Sioux [[tipi]]s in the area got the news. A boy eyewitness recalled many years later that "instantly all the warriors began to get ready to go on the warpath ...". In his understanding, the braves defended their hunting grounds.<ref name="StandingBear">Standing Bear, Luther, ''My People, the Sioux''. Lincoln, 1975.</ref>{{rp|53}} During the day around 1000 warriors set off for the Pawnee to make a joint, quick attack and prevent the enemy from striking first.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|234}}', 71 => '', 72 => '==Trail Agent Williamson's account==', 73 => 'John Williamson, 23, was assigned as the Pawnee trail-agent at the [[Genoa, Nebraska|Genoa]] Agency, the Pawnee reservation, and accompanied the Pawnee on their hunt. He wrote his recollections of the battle decades after the incident.<ref name="Platt">Paul, R. Eli (ed.), “Lester Beach Platt's Account of the Battle of Massacre Canyon”. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 67, No. 4 (1986), pp. 381-407.</ref>{{rp|405}}', 74 => '', 75 => '"On the fourth day of August we reached the north bank of the Republican River and went into camp. At 9 o'clock that evening, three white men came into camp and reported to me that a large band of Sioux warriors [was] camped 25 miles [40&nbsp;km] northwest, waiting for an opportunity to attack the Pawnees for several days, anticipating that we would move up the river where buffaloes were feeding. Previous to this, white men visited us and warned us to be on our guard against Sioux attacks, and I was a trifle skeptical as to the truth of the story told by our white visitors. But one of the men, a young man about my age at the time, appeared to be so sincere in his efforts to impress upon me that the warning should be heeded, that I took him to Sky Chief who was in command that day, for a conference. Sky Chief said the men were liars; that they wanted to scare the Pawnees away from the hunting grounds so that white men could kill buffaloes for hides. He told me I was squaw and a coward. I took exception to his remarks, and retorted: 'I will go as far as you dare go. Don't forget that.'', 76 => '', 77 => '"The following morning August 5, we broke camp and started north, up the divide between the Republican and the Frenchman Rivers. Soon after leaving camp, Sky Chief rode up to me and extending his hand said, 'Shake, brother.' He recalled our little unpleasantness the night previous and said he did not believe there was cause for alarm, and was so impressed with the belief that he had not taken the precaution to throw out scouts in the direction the Sioux were reported to be. A few minutes later a buffalo scout signaled that buffaloes had been sighted in the distance, and Sky Chief rode off to engage in the hunt. I never saw him again. He had killed a buffalo and was skinning it when the advance guard of the Sioux shot and wounded him. The Chief attempted to reach his horse, but before he was able to mount, several of the enemy surrounded him. He died fighting. A Pawnee, who was skinning a buffalo a short distance away but managed to escape, told me how Sky Chief died."', 78 => '', 79 => '==The battle==', 80 => 'The morning of August 5 the Pawnees went up a canyon. Men looking for game took the lead and the families followed with loaded down packhorses. Soon after the battle was on.', 81 => '', 82 => 'A number of the Pawnee huntsmen in front seem to have been the first fatalities, lured into a Sioux trap by a decoy.<ref name="StandingBear" />{{rp|56}}', 83 => '', 84 => 'The Pawnee prepared for defense. Williamson with either Platt or the schooled Pawnee Ralph Weeks rode out to arrange a peace council, but bullets forced them back.<ref name="Platt" />{{rp|388}}<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|348}}', 85 => '[[File:La-Roo-Chuck-A-La-Shar-(Sun-Chief)-Pawnee.jpg|left|thumb|La-Roo-Chuck-A-La-Shar (Sun Chief) was a Pawnee chief who died fighting the Lakota at Massacre Canyon.]]', 86 => '', 87 => 'The Pawnees say that Sky Chief lived during the first part of the battle. He fought for his tribe, shouting words of encouragement to it. "Today I may see the tribe you protect here. This is the end. It is supposed to be better old men not to become. Now, men, a man be."<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|353}} He killed his own little son with his knife, telling the Sioux that they would not get his child.<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|353}}', 88 => '', 89 => 'Sky Chief covered the retreat of his people, and the Sioux encircled him. He was alone and on foot. Dog Chief, a younger brother of Sky Chief, rode through the Sioux line and told him to withdraw. Sky Chief refused to stop fighting, while the enemies were killing Pawnee women and children. Knowing he himself would be killed, he took off his bear claw necklace, which was the symbol of his chieftainship. "Take the necklace and try to escape... I want you to have it and do not want the Sioux to gain possession of it."<ref name=Murie1981>Murie, James R. (1981): Ceremonies of the Pawnee. Part II. The South Bands. ''Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. 27.'' Washington, D.C.</ref>{{rp|385}} Dog Chief managed to bring the necklace in safety.<Ref name=Murie1981/>{{rp|385}}', 90 => '', 91 => 'The Pawnee version of the Massacre Canyon battle tells of a few individuals' fate and relates some peculiar incidents.<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|353}}', 92 => '', 93 => 'The Sioux proved too strong. Women threw hides, [[pemmican|dried meat]] and saddles from the packhorses and the Pawnee started a disorganized retreat. "The withdrawal was a rout as the Sioux shot from both banks of the canyon into the fleeing Pawnee".<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|237}} In [[Culbertson, Nebraska|Culbertson]], ten miles east of the battlefield, the residents heard the sound of gunfire.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|238}}', 94 => '', 95 => 'East of Culbertson camped Capt. Charles Meinhold with his small command from [[Fort McPherson, Nebraska|Fort McPherson]], by twist of fate. All through the morning Pawnee survivors found the camp as well as Williamson and Platt, who had made his escape early during the fight. The Pawnees got instructions to proceed further east.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|238}}', 96 => '', 97 => '==The next hours and days==', 98 => 'The US cavalry soldiers rode up the canyon in the afternoon. "The first body we came upon was that of a woman", remembered Platt.<ref name="Platt" />{{rp|393}} Army Dr. David Franklin Powell described the march up the battleground: "We advanced from the mouth of the ravine to its head and found fifty-nine dead Pawnees ...".<ref>Riley, Paul D. (Ed.): Dr. David Franklin Powell and Fort McPherson. ''Nebraska History'', Vol. 51, No. 2 (1970), pp. 153-170, p. 163.</ref> For one reason or another, a number of the dead women lay naked.<ref name="passage">Blaine, Royce Martha: Pawnee Passage, 1870-1875. Norman and London, 1990.</ref>{{rp|91}}', 99 => '', 100 => '[[File:Chief Luther Standing Bear.png|thumb|left|Chief Luther Standing Bear. As a boy he saw the victorious Lakota warriors return to the camp after the Massacre Canyon battle.]]', 101 => '', 102 => 'Sometime after the battle the Sioux warriors rode into camps. "One of the men in advance was waving a scalp. This caused great excitement. The men paraded around the village ... Everybody appeared to be happy and rejoicing".<ref name="StandingBear" />{{rp|55}} Later well-known Sioux Indian [[Luther Standing Bear]] got the impression that "about three hundred Pawnees were killed".<ref>Standing Bear, Luther: Land of the Spotted Eagle. Lincoln and London, 1978. p. 41.</ref> Eastes reported one Sioux killed and some badly wounded.<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|151}} The Cut-off Oglalas had suffered no casualties at all, according to their sub-agent.<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|155}} This is at odds with narratives of what happened in the canyon that day.<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|348}}', 103 => '', 104 => 'People from the nearest communities visited the scene of the battle over the following days. Royal Buck wrote to the readers of Nebraska City News that "It was a ''massacre'' and nothing more, and near 100 victims are lying on the ground and full two thirds are squaws and pappooses [small Indian children]".<ref>Riley, Paul D. (Ed.): Red Willow County Letters of Royal Buck, 1872-1873. Nebraska History, Vol. 47, No. 4 (1966), pp. 371-397, p. 391.</ref>', 105 => '', 106 => 'News of the defeat reached the remaining Pawnees in the reservation on August 8 through a runner. "This produced intense excitement in the village, sorrowful wailings were heard all day".<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|148}}', 107 => '', 108 => 'The Pawnee survivors made the 80 miles or so to [[Plum Creek Township, Butler County, Nebraska|Plum Creek]] near the Platte. Here Dr. William M. Bancroft gave professional assistance to the wounded. By train they arrived at Silver Creek, around ten miles south of the Pawnee Agency. The last tribal buffalo hunt of the Pawnee in Nebraska ended soon after.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|242}}', 109 => '', 110 => '==Afterwards==', 111 => 'The last week of August, Williamson was back in Massacre Canyon. He covered the dead with dirt broken down from the banks.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|245}}', 112 => '', 113 => 'The number of Pawnee victims on the battlefield range from at least 50 to "156".<ref>Shellenberger, A. C.: The last Pawnee-Sioux Indian Battle and Buffalo Hunt. ''Nebraska History Magazine'', Vol. 16, No. 3 (1935), pp. 132-145, p. 142.</ref> A source often quoted is Agent William Burgess, who stated that "20 men, 39 women and 10 children" were killed.<ref>Massacre Canyon Fight August 5, 1873. ''Nebraska History Magazine'', Vol. 16, No. 3 (1935), p. 141.</ref>', 114 => '', 115 => 'Pawnees taken captive were let loose after a request from the whites. Before long they joined their tribe.<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|351}}<ref name="StandingBear" />{{rp|56-57}}', 116 => '[[File:Cloud-Shield's winter count (Lakota). 1873-74. Massacre Canyon battle, Nebraska.png|thumb|Cloud-Shield's Lakota Winter Count for the years 1873–74. Massacre Canyon battle, Nebraska. "They killed many Pawnees on the Republican River."<ref>Mallory, Gerrick: The Corbusier Winter Counts. Smithsonian Institution. Fourth Annual Report to the Bureau of Ethnology. G.P.O.1886. Page facing p. 145.</ref>]]', 117 => '', 118 => 'The Pawnee received $9,000 for the loss of more than 100 horses, 20 tons of dried meat and all sorts of equipment.<ref name="NHM" />{{rp|154}}<ref name="passage" />{{rp|139}} The money came from the [[annuities under American law|annuities]] of the Sioux, as stipulated in the 1868 Sioux Treaty, Article 1.<ref name="Kappler" />{{rp|998}}', 119 => '', 120 => 'This incident, in particular, caused the government nationwide to intensify "its efforts to keep the Indians confined to their reservation" in an endeavor to curtail intertribal warfare.<ref>McGinnis, Anthony: Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738-1889. Evergreen, 1990, p. 129.</ref> On a local level, Maj. Gen. [[George Crook]] "dispatched a small force" to protect the Pawnee Agency. The presence of troops did not stop the Sioux raids.<ref name="passage" />{{rp|277}}', 121 => '', 122 => 'In the Lakota winter count of Cloud-Shield, the victory is remembered as the winter "they killed many Pawnees on the Republican river."<ref>Mallory, Gerrick: Picture-writing of the American Indians. Tribal Designations. ''Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution'', 1888-'89. Washington, 1893, pp. 377-388, p. 386, fig. 509.</ref> The Pawnee Indians talk about "The hunters that were massacred".<ref name="Blaine" />{{rp|342-358}}', 123 => '', 124 => 'Dog Chief, being young, gave the bear claw necklace of his dead brother to the son of the Indian Agent Burgess for safekeeping. When some Pawnees tried to get it back, they failed. In 1920, Chawi Pawnee chief Lone Chief visited Burgess in Chicago and brought the necklace back.<ref name=Murie1981/>{{rp|385}}', 125 => '', 126 => 'It was half a century after the battle before the Pawnee and the Sioux smoked the pipe of peace during the Massacre Canyon Pow Wow in 1925.<ref name="Riley" />{{rp|246}}', 127 => '', 128 => '==Monument==', 129 => '[[File:Massacre Canyon monument from SW 1.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Massacre Canyon Monument.]]', 130 => 'The Massacre Canyon Monument was dedicated on Sept. 26, 1930. It was the first historical monument erected in Nebraska by federal grant. It stands on a three-acre (1.2 ha) plot, three miles (4.8&nbsp;km) east of [[Trenton, Nebraska|Trenton]] off [[U.S. Route 34]], after having been moved from its original location overlooking the Republican River valley. The monument, a large stone obelisk,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehnert |first=Walt |date=2006-02-20 |title=Trenton's Massacre Canyon Pow-Wow |url=https://www.mccookgazette.com/story/1140686.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=McCook Gazette |language=en}}</ref> was constructed from Minnesota pink granite from a quarry in St. Cloud by R.P. Colling, Indianola, Nebraska.<ref>Tayler, A. L.: Building the Massacre Canyon Monument, ''Nebraska History Magazine'', Vol. 16, No, 3 (1935), pp. 171-177, p. 176.</ref> The shaft of the [[obelisk]] is {{convert|35|ft}} high. The base measures {{convert|9|ft}} by {{convert|9.5|ft}} across; the bottom of the shaft is five feet (1.5 m) across, tapering to {{convert|32|in|cm}} near the top. The entire monument weighs 91 tons (83,000&nbsp;kg).', 131 => '', 132 => 'The monument is located in a small park area with picnic tables and a visitor center and museum that features exhibits about early pioneers, the tribal customs of the [[Sioux]] and the [[Pawnee people]] and a gift shop.', 133 => '', 134 => '{{clear}}', 135 => '', 136 => '==See also==', 137 => '* [[List of battles fought in Nebraska]]', 138 => '* [[Pawnee Reservation]]', 139 => '', 140 => '==References==', 141 => '{{reflist|30em}}', 142 => '', 143 => '==Bibliography==', 144 => '* Boughter, Judith A. ''The Pawnee Nation: An Annotated Research Bibliography'' (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press), 2004. {{ISBN|0-8108-4990-9}}', 145 => '', 146 => '==External links==', 147 => '{{commonscat|Massacre Canyon, Hitchcock County, Nebraska}}', 148 => '*[http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ne/county/hitchcock/history/canyon.html Massacre Canyon Monument]', 149 => '* [http://www.e-nebraskahistory.org/index.php?title=Nebraska_Historical_Marker:_Massacre_Canyon Nebraska Historical Marker: Massacre Canyon]', 150 => '*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132005/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nebuffal/bassett/p383.htm LAST BUFFALO HUNT OF THE PAWNEES By John W. Williamson]', 151 => '*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111223102145/http://www.nebraskaruralliving.com/essays/massacre_canyon.asp "Massacre Canyon saga is just one story in a rich Native American history in Nebraska" - Nebraska Rural Living article]', 152 => '*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110824120604/http://www.visitnebraska.gov/component/myplanner/detail/43/2000180 Massacre Canyon Monument and Visitor Center] - Visit Nebraska' ]
All external links added in the edit (added_links)
[]
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links)
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All external links in the new text (all_links)
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Links in the page, before the edit (old_links)
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html)
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class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Massacre Canyon Battlefield</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:View_SW_from_Massacre_Canyon_monument.JPG" class="image"><img alt="View SW from Massacre Canyon monument.JPG" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/View_SW_from_Massacre_Canyon_monument.JPG/250px-View_SW_from_Massacre_Canyon_monument.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/View_SW_from_Massacre_Canyon_monument.JPG/375px-View_SW_from_Massacre_Canyon_monument.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/View_SW_from_Massacre_Canyon_monument.JPG/500px-View_SW_from_Massacre_Canyon_monument.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">View looking southwest from the Massacre Canyon monument</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r997900035">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:USA_Nebraska_location_map.svg" class="image" title="Massacre Canyon is located in Nebraska"><img alt="Massacre Canyon is located in Nebraska" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/USA_Nebraska_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Nebraska_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="notpageimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/USA_Nebraska_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Nebraska_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/USA_Nebraska_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Nebraska_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="779" /></a><div class="od" style="top:78.121%;left:36.254%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Massacre Canyon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Massacre Canyon" width="7" height="7" class="notpageimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Nebraska</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r997900035"/><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="image" title="Massacre Canyon is located in the United States"><img alt="Massacre Canyon is located in the United States" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="notpageimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od" style="top:43.678%;left:41.815%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Massacre Canyon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Massacre Canyon" width="7" height="7" class="notpageimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trenton,_Nebraska" title="Trenton, Nebraska">Trenton, Nebraska</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1073938472">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Massacre_Canyon&amp;params=40.206443_N_100.964598_W_type:landmark_region:US-NE"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°12′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">100°57′53″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.206443°N 100.964598°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">40.206443; -100.964598</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1073938472"/><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Massacre_Canyon&amp;params=40.206443_N_100.964598_W_type:landmark_region:US-NE"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°12′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">100°57′53″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.206443°N 100.964598°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">40.206443; -100.964598</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">3,680 acres (1,490&#160;ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP&#160;reference&#160;<abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74001118">74001118</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">July 25, 1974</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>a<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824120604/http://www.visitnebraska.gov/component/myplanner/detail/43/2000180">Massacre Canyon Monument and Visitor Center</a> - Visit Nebraska </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Native Americans</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian tribe">Historic and present tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arikara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arikara people">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne">Northern Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Sioux_Nation" title="Great Sioux Nation">Great Sioux Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska" title="Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska">Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missouria" title="Missouria">Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omaha_people" title="Omaha people">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otoe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoe people">Otoe</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Nebraska" title="Ponca Tribe of Nebraska">Ponca Tribe of Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sac</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winnebago_Tribe_of_Nebraska" title="Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska">Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation_of_Missouri_in_Kansas_and_Nebraska" title="Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska">Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skidi" title="Skidi">Skidi Pawnee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Present languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winnebago_language" title="Winnebago language">Hocak</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omaha-Ponca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha-Ponca language">Omaha-Ponca language</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox language</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux language</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sac language">Sac language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Present reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ioway_Reservation" title="Ioway Reservation">Ioway</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omaha_Reservation" title="Omaha Reservation">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponca_Reservation" title="Ponca Reservation">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Reservation" title="Sac and Fox Reservation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santee_Sioux_Reservation" title="Santee Sioux Reservation">Santee Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winnebago_Reservation" title="Winnebago Reservation">Winnebago</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Present tribal<br />colleges and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Priest_Tribal_College" title="Little Priest Tribal College">Little Priest Tribal College</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebraska_Indian_Community_College" title="Nebraska Indian Community College">Nebraska Indian Community College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonine_Barada" title="Antonine Barada">Antonine Barada</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Elk" title="Big Elk">Big Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_Blackbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Blackbird">Chief Blackbird</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joba_Chamberlain" title="Joba Chamberlain">Joba Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larry_EchoHawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry EchoHawk">Larry EchoHawk</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Logan_Fontenelle" title="Logan Fontenelle">Logan Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_La_Flesche" title="Francis La Flesche">Francis La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_LaFlesche" title="Joseph LaFlesche">Joseph La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Lady_Grieves_The_Enemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lady Grieves The Enemy">Old Lady Grieves The Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petalesharo" title="Petalesharo">Petalesharo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susan_La_Flesche_Picotte" title="Susan La Flesche Picotte">Susan La Flesche Picotte</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susette_LaFlesche_Tibbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Susette LaFlesche Tibbles">Susette LaFlesche Tibbles</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Young_Deer" title="James Young Deer">James Young Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_Yellow_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Yellow Horse">Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ash_Hollow" title="Battle of Ash Hollow">Battle of Ash Hollow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Massacre Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mud_Springs" title="Battle of Mud Springs">Battle of Mud Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Rush_Creek" title="Battle of Rush Creek">Battle of Rush Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Warbonnet_Creek" title="Battle of Warbonnet Creek">Battle of Warbonnet Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grattan_massacre" title="Grattan massacre">Grattan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheyenne_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne War">Cheyenne War</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Congress" title="Indian Congress">Indian Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nemaha_Half-Breed_Reservation" title="Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation">Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oto_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oto Reservation">Oto</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pawnee_Reservation" title="Pawnee Reservation">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niobrara_Reservation" title="Niobrara Reservation">Niobrara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ton%27wontongathon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ton&#39;wontongathon (page does not exist)">Ton'wontongathon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pike-Pawnee_Village_Site" title="Pike-Pawnee Village Site">Pike-Pawnee Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palmer_Site" title="Palmer Site">Skidi Pawnee Village</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Horse_Creek_Pawnee_Village&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Horse Creek Pawnee Village (page does not exist)">Horse Creek Pawnee Village</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cottonwood_Creek_Archeological_Site_(Belgrade,_Nebraska)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cottonwood Creek Archeological Site (Belgrade, Nebraska) (page does not exist)">Cottonwood Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Schrader_Archeological_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schrader Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Schrader Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fullerton_Archeological_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fullerton Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Fullerton Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Oto_Indian_Village_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oto Indian Village Site (page does not exist)">Oto Indian Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Leshara_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leshara Site (page does not exist)">Leshara Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=McClean_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="McClean Site (page does not exist)">McClean Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Woodcliff_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodcliff Site (page does not exist)">Woodcliff Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Davis_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Davis Site (page does not exist)">Theodore Davis Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelso_Site" title="Kelso Site">Kelso Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wright_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wright Site (page does not exist)">Wright Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guide_Rock_(hill)" title="Guide Rock (hill)">Pahur</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ahkawitakol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahkawitakol (page does not exist)">Ahkawitakol</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lalawakohtito" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalawakohtito">Lalawakohtito</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahuk" title="Pahuk">Pahuk</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cunningham_Archeological_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cunningham Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Cunningham Archeological Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other historic places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blackbird_Hill" title="Blackbird Hill">Blackbird Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genoa_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Genoa Indian Industrial School">Genoa Indian Industrial School</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dr._Susan_LaFlesche_Picotte_Memorial_Hospital" title="Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital">Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indian_agencies_in_Nebraska" title="List of Indian agencies in Nebraska">Indian agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Susan_LaFlesche_Picotte_House&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan LaFlesche Picotte House (page does not exist)">Susan LaFlesche Picotte House</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanza" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanza">Nanza</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moses_Merrill_Mission" title="Moses Merrill Mission">Moses Merrill Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pawnee_Mission_and_Burnt_Village_Archeological_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlisle_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Carlisle Indian Industrial School">Carlisle Indian Industrial School</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ionia_Volcano" title="Ionia Volcano">Ionia Volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Precontact peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Plains_Village_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plains Village tradition">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Precontact communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leary_Site" title="Leary Site">Leary Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ash_Hollow_State_Historical_Park" title="Ash Hollow State Historical Park">Ash Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coufal_site" title="Coufal site">Coufal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schultz_site" title="Schultz site">Schultz site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Signal_Butte" title="Signal Butte">Signal Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Archeological_Site_25SM20&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Archeological Site 25SM20 (page does not exist)">Site 25SM20</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Champe-Fremont_1_Archeological_Site" title="Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site">Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_Parker_Archeological_Site" title="Frank Parker Archeological Site">Frank Parker Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweetwater_Archeological_Site" title="Sweetwater Archeological Site">Sweetwater Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Burkett_Archeological_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Burkett Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Burkett Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ashland_Archeological_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashland Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Ashland Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yutan_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yutan Site (page does not exist)">Yutan Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Schrader_Archeological_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schrader Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Schrader Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humphrey_Archeological_Site" title="Humphrey Archeological Site">Humphrey Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Table_Rock_Archeological_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Table Rock Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Table Rock Archeological Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other precontact places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Cave_State_Park" title="Indian Cave State Park">Indian Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Indian_Hill_Archeological_District&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Hill Archeological District (page does not exist)">Indian Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walker_Gilmore_site" title="Walker Gilmore site">Walker Gilmore site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Site_No._JF00-072" title="Site No. JF00-072">Site JF00-072</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hudson-Meng_Bison_Kill" title="Hudson-Meng Bison Kill">Hudson-Meng Bison Kill</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woodcliff_Burials" title="Woodcliff Burials">Woodcliff Burials</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nehawka_Flint_Quarries&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nehawka Flint Quarries (page does not exist)">Nehawka Flint Quarries</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Farwell_Archeological_District&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Farwell Archeological District (page does not exist)">Farwell Archeological District</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Nebraska" title="Blue Springs, Nebraska">Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Barneston_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barneston Site (page does not exist)">Barneston Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kurz_Omaha_Village_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurz Omaha Village Site (page does not exist)">Kurz Omaha Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Patterson_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Patterson Site (page does not exist)">Patterson Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fontenelle_Forest" title="Fontenelle Forest">Fontenelle Forest Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wolfe_and_Grey_(Schuyler)_Sites&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites (page does not exist)">Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Schulte_Archeological_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schulte Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Schulte Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wiseman_Archeological_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiseman Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Wiseman Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Durflinger_Site&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Durflinger Site (page does not exist)">Durflinger Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_place_names_in_Nebraska_of_Native_American_origin" title="List of place names in Nebraska of Native American origin">Native American place names in Nebraska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#A8EDEF;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#A8EDEF;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#A8EDEF;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_architectural_style_categories" title="National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories">Architectural style categories</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF">Lists by state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state" title="List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state">List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state</a>:</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arizona" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arkansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Connecticut" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Idaho" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Illinois" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kentucky" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maine" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maryland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnesota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nebraska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nevada" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hampshire" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Jersey" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Mexico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ohio" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oklahoma" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennsylvania" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhode_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tennessee" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Utah" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vermont" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_state" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington state">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wisconsin" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF">Lists by insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_American_Samoa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF">Lists by associated state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palau" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier" title="American Legation, Tangier">American Legation, Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act" title="National Historic Preservation Act">National Historic Preservation Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund" title="Historic Preservation Fund">Historic Preservation Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places">List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places">University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/32px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/48px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/64px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="1969" />&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Portal:National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places&#32;portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Category:National Register of Historic Places">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. March 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&amp;rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&amp;rft.date=2009-03-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacre+Canyon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1678816599'
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseFilter/examine/log/34653338"