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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Ethnic group living on the Iberian Peninsula}}
{{Italic title}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Romani people in Spain
| image =
| caption =
| native_name = {{lang|es|Gitanos}}, {{lang|rmq|Calé}}
| total = Estimated 720,000-1,500,000
| total_ref = <ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana - CIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.msc.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf |title=Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España |website=Msc.es |access-date=2016-05-21 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010161106/http://www.msc.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/sinti-rom/img/n7a.jpg |format=JPG |title=Estimations |website=Gfbv.it |access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf|title=The Situation of Roma in Spain|publisher=Open Society Institute|year=2002|quote=The Spanish government estimates the number of ''Gitanos'' at a maximum of 650,000.|access-date=15 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201172552/http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2007}}</ref><ref name=immigration>[http://www.osce.org/hcnm/78034?download=true Recent Migration of Roma in Europe, A study by Mr. Claude Cahn and Professor Elspeth Guild], page 87-8 (09.2010 figures)</ref>
| popplace = [[Andalusia]], [[Valencia]], [[Madrid]], [[Catalonia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/gypsies/ | title=Roma/Gypsies | date=19 June 2015 }}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|Andalusia}}
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 = {{flag|Valencia}}
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| region3 = {{flag|Madrid}}
| pop3 =
| ref3 =
| region4 = {{flag|Catalonia}}
| pop4 =
| ref4 =
| langs = {{hlist|[[Caló language|Caló]]|Spanish|[[Catalan language|Catalan]]|[[Basque language|Basque]] ([[Erromintxela]])|[[Galician language|Galician]]|[[Asturian language|Asturian]]|[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]|[[Romani language|Roma]]|[[Occitan language|Occitan]] ([[Aranese]])}}
| rels = [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Evangelicalism]]
| related = Other [[Romani people]]
}}
{{Romani people}}
The '''Romani in Spain''', generally known by the [[exonym]] {{lang|es|'''gitanos'''}} ({{IPA-es|xiˈtanos}}) or the [[endonym]] '''''Calé''''',<ref>{{cite book|last= West|first= Christina|chapter= Memory—Recollection—Culture—Identity—Space: Social Context, Identity Formation, and Self-construction of the Calé (Gitanos) in Spain|title= Cultural Memories. Knowledge and Space (Klaus Tschira Symposia) |series= Knowledge and Space|editor=Meusburger P. |editor2=Heffernan M. |editor3=Wunder E. |volume= 4|year= 2011|pages= 101–118|publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media]]|url= http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/14319/1/104.pdf.pdf#page=104|isbn= 978-90-481-8945-8|doi= 10.1007/978-90-481-8945-8_7}}</ref> belong to the [[Romani people#Population and subgroups|Iberian Cale Romani subgroup]], with smaller populations in Portugal (known as {{lang|pt|[[Romani people in Portugal|ciganos]]}}) and in [[Southern France]]. Their sense of identity and cohesion stems from their shared value system, expressed among the {{lang|es|gitanos}} as the {{lang|es|leyes gitanas}} ('Gypsy laws').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title='We don't know our descent': how the Gitanos of Jarana manage the past |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=20 December 2002 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=631–647 |doi=10.1111/1467-9655.00081}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=Agata's story: singular lives and the reach of the 'Gitano law' |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=September 2011 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=445–461 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01701.x }}</ref>
Traditionally, they maintain their social circles strictly within their [[Endogamy|patrigroups]], as interaction between patrigroups increases the risk of feuding, which may result in fatalities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=The Politics of Evangelism: Hierarchy, Masculinity and Religious Conversion Among Gitanos. |journal=[[Romani Studies (journal)|Romani Studies]] |date=2000 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=4 }}</ref> The emergence of [[Pentecostalism]] has impacted this practice, as the lifestyle of Pentecostal ''gitanos'' involves frequent contact with ''gitanos'' from outside their own patrigroups during church services and meetings. Data on ethnicity are not collected in Spain, although the public pollster [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas|CIS]] estimated in 2007 that the number of ''gitanos'' present in Spain is probably around one million.<ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana - CIS"/>
==Name==
The term ''gitano'' evolved from the word ''egiptano''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dirae.es/palabras/egiptano|title=egiptano - Diccionario Dirae.|website=Dirae.es|access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref> ("Egyptian"), which was the [[Old Spanish]] demonym for someone from ''Egipto'' (Egypt). "Egiptano" was the regular adjective in Old Spanish for someone from Egypt, however, in Middle and Modern Spanish the irregular adjective ''egipcio'' supplanted ''egiptano'' to mean Egyptian, probably to differentiate Egyptians proper from Gypsys. Meanwhile, the term ''egiptano'' evolved through [[elision]] into ''egitano'' and finally into ''gitano'', losing the meaning of Egyptian and carrying with it a specific meaning of Romanis in Spain. The two peoples are now unambiguously differentiated in modern Spanish, "egipcios" for Egyptians and "gitanos" for Roma in Spain, with "egiptano" being obsolete for either.
Though etymologically the term ''gitano'' originally meant "Egyptian",<ref name="buscon1">{{cite web|url=http://buscon.rae.es/drae/?type=3&val=gitano&val_aux=&origen=REDRAE |title=Diccionario de la lengua española - Vigésima segunda edición |publisher=Buscon.rae.es |access-date=2013-08-15}}</ref> the use itself of the Old Spanish word meaning "Egyptian" (egiptano) to refer to Romanis in Spain developed in the same way that the English word "[[Gypsy (term)|Gypsy]]" also evolved from the English adjective "Egyptian" to refer to Romanis in Britain. Some Romanis, a people originating in the northern regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]], upon their first arrivals to Europe, either claimed to be Egyptians for a more favourable treatment by local Europeans, or were mistaken as [[Egyptians]] by local Europeans.
===Origin===
{{Main|Romani people}}
The Romani people originate from northwestern [[Hindustan]],<ref>{{cite book |last = Hancock |first = Ian F. |year = 2005 |orig-date=2002 |title = We are the Romani People |publisher = Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn = 978-1-902806-19-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70 |page=70 | postscript =: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'}}</ref><ref name="IsabelMendizabal">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039|first=Isabel|last=Mendizabal|title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data|journal=Current Biology|date=6 December 2012|volume=22| issue = 24|pages=2342–2349|pmid=23219723|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Comas">{{cite news|first=Sindya N.|last=Bhanoo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0|title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>''Current Biology''.</ref><ref name="books.google.ca">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&q=Roma+Rajasthan+Punjab&pg=PA50 |title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives |author1=K. Meira Goldberg |author2=Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum |author3=Michelle Heffner Hayes |page=50 |access-date=2016-05-21|isbn=9780786494705 |date=2015-09-28 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&q=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&pg=PA147 |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |first1=Simon |last1=Broughton |first2=Mark |last2=Ellingham |first3=Richard |last3=Trillo |page=147 |access-date=2016-05-21|isbn=9781858286358 |year=1999 }}</ref> presumably from the northwestern Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]<ref name="books.google.ca"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> and the [[Punjab]] region shared between India and Pakistan.<ref name="books.google.ca"/>
The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in the [[Indian subcontinent]]: the language has grammatical characteristics of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic languages]] and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts, daily routines<ref name="mluvnice">{{Citation | last1 = Šebková | first1 = Hana | last2 = Žlnayová | first2 = Edita | year = 1998 | url = http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | title = Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) | place = Ústí nad Labem | publisher = Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem | page = 4 | isbn = 978-80-7044-205-0 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | archive-date = 2016-03-04 }}</ref> and numerals.
More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. It shares many phonetic features with [[Marwari (language)|Marwari]], while its grammar is closest to [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="hub1995">{{cite journal|first=Milena|last=Hübschmannová|title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku|journal=Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury|issue=4/1995|year= 1995 |publisher= Muzeum romské kultury|place=Brno|quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.}}</ref> Linguistic evaluation carried out in the nineteenth century by Pott (1845) and Miklosich (1882–1888) showed that the [[Romani language]] is to be classed as a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), not a Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA), establishing that the ancestors of the Romani could not have left the Indian subcontinent significantly earlier than AD 1000, then finally reaching Europe several hundred years later.
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and migrated as a group.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal"/><ref name="Comas"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html|title=5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma|work=Live Science|date=23 October 2013}}</ref>
According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of [[North India|northern India]], traditionally referred to collectively as the "[[Ḍoma]]", are the likely ancestral populations of modern "Roma" in Europe.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rai | first1 = N | last2 = Chaubey | first2 = G | last3 = Tamang | first3 = R | last4 = Pathak | first4 = AK | last5 = Singh | first5 = VK | year = 2012 | title = The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | number = 11 | page = e48477 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 | pmid=23209554 | pmc=3509117| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...748477R | doi-access = free }}</ref>
===Migration to Spain===
How and when the Romani arrived in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] from Northern India is a question whose consensus is far from being reached. A popular theory, although without any documentation, claims they came from North Africa, from where they would have crossed the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] to meet again in France with the northern migratory route.<ref>[http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1110754&orden=33593&info=link DIÁLOGOS. REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA DE HISTORIA]</ref> Thus, ''gitanos'' would be a deformation of [[Latin]] [[Tingitan Peninsula|Tingitani]], that is, from ''Tingis'', today [[Tangier]]. Another, more consistent theory, and well documented, is that they entered the Iberian Peninsula from France. Although there is controversy of the date of the first arrival, since there is evidence of a safe conduct granted in [[Perpignan]] in 1415 by the infante Alfonso of Aragon to one Tomás, son of Bartolomé de Sanno, who is said to be "Indie Majoris".<ref>{{citation | url =http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf | title = Pèlerins d'Espagne a la fin de Moten âge | first = Jeanne | last = Viellieard | access-date = 2018-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031222/http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf | archive-date = 2016-08-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Or instead, could be the so-called Juan de Egipto Menor, who entered through France, who in 1425 [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso V]] granted him a letter of insurance, which is mostly accepted as the first Romani person to reach the peninsula.<ref>[http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm Unión Romaní] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124051/http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm |date=2008-05-09 }}.</ref>
{{Blockquote |... As our beloved and devoted Don Juan de Egipto Menor ... understands that he must pass through some parts of our kingdoms and lands, and we want him to be well treated and welcomed ... under pain of our wrath and indignation ... the mentioned Don Juan de Egipto and those who will go with him and accompany him, with all their horses, clothes, goods, gold, silver, saddlebags and whatever else they bring with them, let them go, stay and go through any city, town, place and other parts of our lordship safe and secure ... and giving those safe passage and being driven when the aforementioned don Juan requires it through this present safe conduct ... Delivered in Zaragoza with our seal on January 12 of the year of birth of our Lord 1425. [[Alfonso V of Aragon|King Alfonso]].}}
In 1435 they were seen in [[Santiago de Compostela]]. ''Gitanos'' were recorded in [[Barcelona]] and [[Zaragoza]] by 1447,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ca9c.html|title=Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Spain : Roma/Gypsies|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees|website=Refworld|accessdate=14 March 2023}}</ref> and in 1462 they were received with honors in [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]]. Years later, to the ''gitanos'', the ''[[Greeks|grecianos]]'', pilgrims who penetrated the Mediterranean shore in the 1480s, were added to them, probably because of the [[fall of Constantinople]]. Both of them continued to wander throughout the peninsula, being well received at least until 1493, year in which a group of ''gitanos'' arrived at [[Madrid]], where the Council agreed to "''... give alms to the ''gitanos'' because at the request of the City passed ahead, ten reales, to avoid the damages that could be done by three hundred people who came ... "''.
In those years safe conducts were granted to supposedly noble Calé pilgrims. The follow-up of these safe-conducts throughout Spain has provided some data to historians according to Teresa San Román:
* The number of Romani that entered or inhabited the Peninsula in the 15th-century is estimated at approximately 3,000 individuals.
* The Roma traveled in variable groups, of 80-150 people, led by a man.
* Each autonomous group maintained relations at a distance with one of the others, there being perhaps relations of kinship among them (something common today among Spanish Romani).
* The separation between each group was variable and sometimes some followed the others at close range and by the same routes.
* The most common survival strategy was to present as Christian pilgrims to seek the protection of a noble.
* The way of life was nomadic and dedicated to divination and performance (spectacle).
In 1492, the Roma auxiliaries helped the army of the [[Kingdom of Castile and León]] in the Reconquista in [[Granada]] ending the reign of Muslims in Spain.<ref name="dhier">{{Citation | page = 53 | url = https://hera.ugr.es/tesisugr/16795015.pdf | title = La condición social y jurídica de los gitanos en la legislación histórica española | place = Universidad de Granada | author = Alejandro Martínez Dhier }}</ref>
''Gitanos'' have a low and little politically committed role, with some particular exceptions, in Andalusian nationalism and identity, which is strongly based on a belief in the oriental basis of Andalusi heritage acted as a bridge between occidental-western and oriental-eastern Andalusian culture at a popular level. The father of such a movement, [[Blas Infante]], in his book ''Orígenes de lo flamenco y secreto del cante jondo'', [[Etymology|etymologically]], went as far as alleging that the word ''flamenco'' derives from [[Andalusian Arabic]] ''fellah mengu'', supposedly meaning "escapee peasant". Infante believed that numerous Muslim Andalusians became [[Moriscos]], who were obliged to convert, dispersed and eventually ordered to leave Spain stayed and mixed with the Romani newcomers instead of abandoning their land. These claims have been rejected by genetic research papers.<ref name="gusmao">{{Citation | pmid = 18205888 | title = A perspective on the history of the Iberian gypsies provided by phylogeographic analysis of Y-chromosome lineages | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 72 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 215–27 | place = Annals of Human Genetics | publisher = Wiley Publishing | year = 2008 | last1 = Gusmão | first1 = A. | last2 = Gusmão | first2 = L. | last3 = Gomes | first3 = V. | last4 = Alves | first4 = C. | last5 = Calafell | first5 = F. | last6 = Amorim | first6 = A. | last7 = Prata | first7 = M. J. | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00421.x | s2cid = 36365458 }}</ref>
[[File:Sorokin-Spanish Romani people.jpg|thumb|240px|Spanish Romani people. [[Yevgraf Sorokin]], 1853.]]
[[File:Alfred Dehodencq A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of the Alcázar.jpg|thumb|240px|A Gypsy dance in the gardens of the [[Alcázar of Seville]].]]
For about 300 years, Romanies were subject to a number of laws and policies designed to eliminate them from Spain as an identifiable group: Romani settlements were broken up and the residents dispersed; sometimes, Romanies were required to marry non-Roma; they were prohibited from using their language and rituals, and were excluded from public office and from guild membership.<ref name=loc>{{cite book |author1=Library of Congress Federal Research Division |title=Spain: A Country Study |date=December 1988 |page=99 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90006127/ |chapter=The Gypsies}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1749, a major effort to get rid of the Calé population in Spain was carried out through a [[Great Gypsy Round-up|raid]] organized by the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rm.coe.int/the-great-gypsy-round-up-in-spain-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b1a7d |title=The Great Gypsy Round-Up in Spain. Factsheets on Romani History|website=rm.coe.int|access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
During the [[Spanish Civil War]], ''gitanos'' were not persecuted for their ethnicity by either side.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40552983|title=Resisting Respectability: Gypsies In Saragossa|author=Kaprow, Miriam Lee|year=1982|journal=Urban Anthropology|volume=11|issue=3/4|pages=399-431|accessdate=14 March 2023|via=JSTOR}}</ref> Under the [[Francoist Spain|regime]] of [[Francisco Franco]], ''gitanos'' were often harassed or simply ignored, although their children were educated, sometimes forcibly, much as all Spaniards are nowadays.<ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=thea_etds|title=Flamenco and Its Gitanos An Investigation of the Paradox of Andalusia: History, Politics and Dance Art|location=University of New Mexico|year=2010|author=Rosamaria Cisneros-Kostic|degree=MA}}</ref>
In the post-Franco era, Spanish government policy has been much more sympathetic, especially in the area of social welfare and social services.<ref name=loc/> In 1977, the last anti-Romani laws were repealed, an action promoted by [[Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia]], the first Romani deputy.<ref name=loc/>
Beginning in 1983, the government operated a special program of [[Compensatory Education]] to promote educational rights for the disadvantaged, including those in Romani communities.<ref name=loc/> During the heroin epidemic that afflicted Spain in the 1980s and 1990s, ''gitano'' shanty towns became central to the drug trade, a problem which afflicts Spain to this day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roma in an Expanding Europe: Breaking the Poverty Cycle|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/600541468771052774/pdf/30992.pdf|publisher=World Bank|year=2005
|author=Dena Ringold|display-authors=et. al.|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Nevertheless, Spain is still considered a model for integration of ''gitano'' communities when compared to other countries with Romani populations in Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 2006
|url=http://www.presenciagitana.org/The_situation_of_Roma_in_Spain_06012016.pdf|title=Fact Sheet on The Situation of Roma in Spain
|publisher=European Roma and Travellers Forum|location=-Strasbourg}}</ref>
==Language==
{{Main|Caló language}}
Historically, ''gitanos'' spoke Caló fluently, often alongside the language spoken in the region they inhabited. Caló is a type of para-Romani, combining the phonology and grammar of the Catalan or Castilian, with a lexicon derived from Romani. The para-Romani resulting from the combination of Basque and Romani is called Erromintxela. Very few ''gitanos'' maintain a comprehensive and functional knowledge of Caló. A study on the actual usage patterns of Caló among a group of mainly Andalusian ''gitanos'' concluded that the language currently consists of between 350 and 400 unique terms, the knowledge of which varies considerably among ''gitanos''. This would exclude a similar number of Calo words which have entered mainstream Spanish slang. According to the authors of the study, the majority of ''gitanos'' acknowledge that the language is in a terminal state, with many asserting that the language is totally lost.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gamella |first1=Juan F |last2=Fernández |first2=Cayetano |last3=Nieto |first3=Magdalena |last4=Adiego |first4=Ignasi-Xavier |title=La agonía de una lengua. Lo que queda del caló en el habla de los ''gitanos''. Parte I. Métodos, fuentes y resultados generales |url=http://www.ugr.es/~pwlac/G27_39Juan_Gamella-y-otros.html |website=Gazeta de Antropologia |publisher=Universidad de Granada |access-date=13 February 2020 |language=es |date=December 2011}}</ref>
==Marriage==
A traditional ''gitano'' wedding requires a ''pedimiento'' (similar to an engagement party) followed by the ''casamiento'' (wedding ceremony), where ''el yeli'' must be sung to the bride to celebrate the virginity and ''honour'' of the bride (proven by the ritual of the ''pañuelo''). In the pañuelo ritual, a group consisting of an ''ajuntaora'' (a professional who is skilled in performing the ritual and is paid by the family), along with the married women of the family, take the bride into a separate room during the wedding and examine her to ascertain that she is a virgin. The ajuntaora is the one who performs the ritual on the bride, as the other women watch to be witnesses that the bride is virgin. The ajuntaora wraps a white, decoratively embroidered cloth (the ''pañuelo'') around her index finger and inserts it shallowly into the vaginal canal of the bride.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mujeres Gitanas Documental |website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmk4Gry6Xfw&t=2968s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/fmk4Gry6Xfw |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> During this process, the [[Bartholin's gland]]s are depressed, causing them to secrete a liquid that stains the cloth. This action is repeated with three different sections of the cloth to produce three stains, known as "rosas". This process is conceived by the women as the retrieval of the bride's "honra", her ''honour'', contained within a "grape" inside her genitals which is popped during the examination, and the spillage collected onto the pañuelo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=A 'Different' Body? Desire and Virginity Among ''gitanos'' |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=September 1997 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=517–535 |doi=10.2307/3034765|jstor=3034765 }}</ref>
When finished with the exam, the women come out of the room and sing ''el yeli'' to the couple. During this, the men at the wedding rip their shirts and lift the wife onto their shoulders and do the same with the husband, as they sing "el yeli" to them. Weddings can last very long; up to three days is usual in ''Gitano'' culture. At weddings, ''gitanos'' invite everyone and anyone that they know of (especially other ''gitanos''). On some occasions, ''payos'' (''[[Gadjo (non-Romani)|gadjos]]'') may attend as well, although this is not common. Through the night, many ''bulerías'' are danced and especially sung. Today, ''rumba gitana'' or ''rumba flamenca'' are a usual party music fixture.
''Gitanos'' may also marry by [[elopement]], an event that garners less approval than a wedding ceremony.<ref>Gay y Blasco 1997, p. 528</ref>
==Crime issues==
According to a website of the ''Fundación Secretariado Gitano'' ("Gitano Secretariat Foundation"), published in 2002,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google search by date|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=inurl:https://www.gitanos.org/sastipen/healt01/sastipen/isirs-es.htm|url-status=live|access-date=|website=Google}}</ref> in the Spanish prison system the Spanish Romani women represented 25% of the incarcerated female population, while Spanish Romani people represented 1.4% of the total Spanish population. In Portugal, 64% of the detentions of gitano people were drug trafficking-related, 93.2% of women inmates for drug trafficking were ''gitanas'', and 13.2% of the total drug trafficking-related inmates were of gitano ethnicity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gitanos.org/sastipen/healt01/sastipen/isirs-es.htm |title=''Informe sobre el Sistema de Información "Red Sastipen"'' |publisher=Gitanos.org |access-date=2013-08-15|language=Spanish}}</ref>
==Marginalisation==
Marginalisation occurs on an institutional level. ''Gitano'' children are regularly segregated from their non-''gitano'' peers and have poorer academic outcomes.<ref name="EU-survey"/> In 1978, 68% of adult ''gitanos'' were illiterate.<ref name=exp>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bDEfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT93 Experiencias y trayectorias de éxito escolar de gitanas y gitanos en España, p. 100].</ref> Literacy has greatly improved over time, and approximately 10% of ''gitanos'' were illiterate as of 2006-2007 (with older ''gitanos'' much more likely than younger ''gitanos'' to be illiterate).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tiUbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 Historias de éxito: Modelos para reducir el abandono escolar de la adolescencia gitana, p. 120].</ref> Ninety-eight percent of ''gitanos'' live below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |last2=Hernández |first2=Liria |title=Writing Friendship: a reciprocal ethnography |date=24 November 2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-26542-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO6_DwAAQBAJ&q=978-3-030-26542-7&pg=PP5}}</ref> Health outcomes and housing - including reduced access to clean water and electricity supplies - is poorer amongst Roma compared to non-Roma in Spain and Portugal, in common with the other surveyed European countries.<ref name="EU-survey"/>
Roma continue to experience discrimination on an interpersonal level, such as by being refused entry to bars and clubs or losing their jobs if their ethnicity is made known to their employer. In 2016, the [[European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights]] reported that its survey showed 71 percent of Portuguese ''cigano'', and 51 percent of Spanish ''gitano'' had suffered an episode of discrimination within the previous five years.<ref name="EU-survey">{{cite book |last1=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |author1-link=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |title=Second European Union minorities and discrimination survey: Roma - selected findings |date=2016 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |location=Luxembourg |isbn=978-92-9491-871-0 |pages=36–37 |edition=2nd |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2016/second-european-union-minorities-and-discrimination-survey-roma-selected-findings |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2016-eu-minorities-survey-roma-selected-findings_en.pdf |archive-date=2018}}</ref> A traditional discriminatory practice in Portugal, where shops and businesses display toad figurines at entrances to dissuade ''ciganos'' from entering, was reported as being still widely seen in Portugal in 2019. (Toads are viewed as symbolic of evil and ill-omen in Roma communities in Portugal.) ''Ciganos'' and anti-discrimination activists complained of hostility to Roma being commonplace and unremarkable. Some shopkeepers were noted as defending their discouragement of Roma as appropriate.<ref name="Vidal-2019">{{cite news |last1=Vidal |first1=Marta |title=Portuguese shopkeepers using ceramic frogs to 'scare away' Roma |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/2/4/portuguese-shopkeepers-using-ceramic-frogs-to-scare-away-roma |access-date=4 May 2021 |work=www.aljazeera.com |date=4 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Silva |first1=Claudia Carvalho |title=Minipreço retira sapo de loiça usado para afastar ciganos e pede desculpa |url=https://www.publico.pt/2019/06/28/sociedade/noticia/minipreco-retira-sapo-loica-usado-afastar-ciganos-pede-desculpa-1878021 |access-date=13 February 2020 |work=PÚBLICO |date=28 June 2019 |language=pt}}</ref>
The 2016 [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]] poll found that 49% of Spaniards held unfavorable views of Roma.<ref>"[http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/ Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations]". Pew Research Center. 11 July 2016.</ref>
==In literature==
The ''gitano'' in Spanish society have inspired several authors:
*[[Federico García Lorca]], a great Spanish poet of the 20th century, wrote ''[[Romancero Gitano]]'' ("Gypsy Ballad Book")
{{Blockquote|The Roma is the most basic, most profound, the most aristocratic of my country, as representative of their way and whoever keeps the flame, blood, and the alphabet of the universal Andalusian truth.|Federico García Lorca}}
*''Candela'', the female protagonist of the story ''[[El Amor Brujo]]'', by [[Manuel de Falla]] is Romani.
*[[Prosper Mérimée]]'s ''[[Carmen (novella)|Carmen]]'' (1845) features the protagonist as a ''[[femme fatale]]'', ready to lie, or attack and degrade men's lives. His work was adapted for [[Georges Bizet's]] [[opera]] of the same name.
*The beauty of a dark-haired ''Gitana'' has inspired artists such as [[Julio Romero de Torres]].
*La Gitanilla ("The little Gypsy girl"), short story by [[Miguel de Cervantes]] and part of his [[Novelas ejemplares|Exemplary Novels]]
*Rocio Eva Granada, the escort in the novel Digital Fortress by Dan Brown
==Notable ''gitanos''==
[[File:Paquita -Carlotta Grisi -1844.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The ballet dancer [[Carlotta Grisi]] as the Romani ''[[Paquita]]'' (1844).]]
Following are notable Spanish people of Calé (''gitano'') ethnicity:
=== Leaders and politicians ===
*[[Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]]
*[[:es:Sara Giménez|Sara Giménez]], Spanish Gypsy Politic in Spanish Politic Party [[Ciudadanos]]
*[[:es:Séfora Vargas|Séfora Vargas]] Spanish Gypsy Political Activist and Lawyer
=== Historians, philologists and writers ===
*[[:es:Joaquín Albacicín|Joaquín Albaicín]], writer, lecturer and columnist for the artistic life
*[[Matéo Maximoff]], French writer born in Barcelona
*[[Paca Torres]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paca_Torres Paca Torres]] Spanish Gypsy Woman Writer, Poet and Rhapsode
*[[Iker Jiménez]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iker_Jim%C3%A9nez]] journalist, writer, historian, television presenter and YouTuber
=== Poets, novelists and playwrights ===
*[[:es:José Heredia Maya|José Heredia Maya]], poet and dramaturge
*[[:es:Luis Heredia Amaya|Luis Heredia Amaya]], sculptor
*[[:es:Antonio Maya Cortés|Antonio Maya Cortés]], artist painter and sculptor
*[[:es:Fabian de Castro|Fabian de Castro]], artist painter
=== Catholic saints and martyrs ===
*[[Ceferino Giménez Malla]], blessed
=== Painters and sculptors ===
*[[Helios Gómez]], artist, writer and poet
*[[:es:Juan Vargas|Juan Vargas]], sculptor
=== Actors, comedians and entertainers ===
*[[:es:Rogelio Durán|Rogelio Durán]], theatre actor and father of Swedish actress [[Noomi Rapace]]
*[[:es:Pastora Vega|Pastora Vega]], actress
*[[Alba Flores]], actress; granddaughter of Antonio González (El Pescaílla) and daughter of singer [[Antonio Flores]]
*[[Jesús Castro (actor)]], actor of film The Niño.
*[[:es:Luis Lara|El Comandante Lara]], comedian and singer
*[[:es:Juan Rosa|Juan Rosa Mateo]], comedian of Duo Sacapuntas
*[[Elena Furiase]] Spanish Actress of Gypsy Origin
*[[Familia Gallo]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Gallo Familia Gallo]] Spanish Gypsy family of flamenco musicians and bullfighters
=== Footballers and football coaches ===
*[[José Antonio Reyes]], ex-footballer, for [[Arsenal F.C.]], [[Sevilla FC]]...
*[[José Rodríguez Martínez]], footballer, currently plays for [[Maccabi Haifa F.C.]]
*[[Jesús Seba]], footballer, ex-[[Real Zaragoza]]
*[[Diego Rodríguez Fernández|Diego]], former footballer, with [[Sevilla Fútbol Club]] (Sevilla FC)
*[[Carlos Muñoz Cobo|Carlos Muñoz]], former footballer, with [[Real Oviedo]]
*[[Carlos Aranda]], former footballer, with [[Sevilla FC]]
*[[Ivan Amaya]], former footballer, with [[Atletico Madrid]]
*[[Antonio Amaya]], footballer, for [[Rayo Vallecano]]
*[[Marcos Márquez]], footballer, ex-[[UD Las Palmas]]
*[[López Ramos]], footballer, ex-[[UD Las Palmas]]
*[[Antonio Cortés Heredia]] footballer for [[Málaga]]
*[[Ezequiel Calvente]] ex-footballer [[Real Betis]]
*[[Téji Savanier]] footballer frech of the origin calo Spanish, footballer Montpellier
*[[Jesús Navas]], footballer, with [[Sevilla FC]]
=== Other athletes ===
*[[Rafael Soto]], equestrian and Olympic medalist
*[[Faustino Reyes]], boxer
*[[:es:José Antonio Jiménez|José Antonio Jiménez]], boxer
*[[:es:Patxi Ruiz|Patxi Ruiz Giménez]], Basque pelota champion
=== Singers and musicians ===
*[[Carmen Amaya]], Flamenco dancer
*[[Isabel Pantoja]], singer, partially Calé
*[[Los Chunguitos]], singers, brother duo
*[[Azúcar Moreno]], singers, sister duo
*[[Manolo Caracol]], Flamenco singer
*[[:es:El Pescaílla|El Pescaílla]], singer and composer, husband of [[Lola Flores]]
*[[Lolita Flores]], singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores and El Pescaílla
*[[Antonio Flores]], singer and actor, son of Lola Flores and El Pescaílla
*[[Rosario Flores]], singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores and El Pescaílla
*[[Vicente Escudero]], dancer and choreographer of Spanish Flamenco; occasionally painter, writer, cinematographic actor and flamenco singer
*[[Gipsy Kings]], French group of ''[[Flamenco Rumba]]''
*[[Nicolas Reyes]], lead vocalist of the Gipsy Kings
*[[Camarón de la Isla]], Flamenco singer
*[[:es:Farruquito|Farruquito]], Flamenco dancer
*[[Los Niños de Sara]], French fusion musicians
*[[Ketama]], fusion musicians
*[[Kendji Girac]], French singer
*[[Diego El Cigala|Diego "El Cigala"]], Flamenco singer
*[[Joaquín Cortés]], star flamenco dancer
*[[Beatriz Luengo]], singer and actress
*[[Natalia Jiménez]], singer and vocalist of [[La quinta estacion]]
*[[Jorge González (singer)|Jorge González]], singer
* [[Manitas de Plata]], guitar musician
* [[Peret]], Catalan singer, guitar player and composer of [[Catalan rumba]]
*[[Camela]], singers of Spanish musical group of techno rumba and flamenco pop.
*[[Los Chichos]] singers
*[[Las Grecas]] singers
*[[Estrella Morente]] singer
*[[Niña Pastori]] singer and composer
*[[Belén Maya]] bailaora Flamenca dancer
*[[Juan Villar]], Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[José Mercé]], Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[El Príncipe Gitano]], Cantaor Flamenco Singer And Bailaor Flamenco Dancer
*[[Dolores Vargas]], "La Terremoto" Cantaora Flamenco Singer And Bailaora Flamenco Dancer
*[[Gerardo Núñez]], Spanish Gypsy guitarist and composer
*[[Mario Maya]], Cantaor Flamenco Singer And Bailaor Flamenco Dancer
*[[Tomatito]], Spanish Flamenco Guitarist and Composer
*[[Remedios Amaya]], Spanish Gypsy Singer Cantaora Flamenco
*[[Alba Flores]], Spanish actress of gypsy origin
*Miguel Vargas Jiménez [[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Vargas_Jim%C3%A9nez Miguel Vargas Jiménez]] "Bambino" Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Falete]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falete Falete]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*Marina Heredia [[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Heredia Marina Heredia]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[La Chunga]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chunga La Chunga]] Bailaora Flamenco Dancer
*[[Manuel Agujetas]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Agujetas Manuel Agujetas]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Antonio Mairena]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mairena Antonio Mairena]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Manuel Torre]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Torre Manuel Torre]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[La Niña de los Peines]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a_de_los_Peines La Niña de los Peines]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Arturo Pavón Cruz]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Pav%C3%B3n_Cruz Arturo Pavón Cruz]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Gabriela Ortega Feria]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Ortega_Feria Gabriela Ortega Feria]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Pastora Imperio]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastora_Imperio Pastora Imperio]] Bailaora Flamenco Dancer
*[[Chiquetete]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquetete Chiquetete]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer and artist
*[[El Lebrijano]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Lebrijano El Lebrijano]] Flamenco Guitarist Musician
*[[Paco Cepero]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Cepero Paco Cepero]] Flamenco Guitarist Musician
*[[Vicente Soto Sordera]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Soto_Sordera Vicente Soto Sordera]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Luisa Ortega Gomez]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Ortega_(cantante) Luisa Ortega (cantante)]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer Daughter Of [[Manolo Caracol]]
*[[Pepa de Utrera]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepa_de_Utrera Pepa de Utrera]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Bernarda de Utrera]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernarda_de_Utrera Bernarda de Utrera]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Pinini]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinini Pinini]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Cancanilla de Marbella]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancanilla_de_Marbella Cancanilla de Marbella]] Cantaor and Bailaor Flamenco Singer and Dancer
*[[Perla de Cádiz]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perla_de_C%C3%A1diz Perla de Cádiz]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Los Chorbos]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Chorbos Los Chorbos]] Flamenco Singer
*[[Manzanita]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanita Manzanita]] Singer and Guitarrist Musician
*[[Juan Antonio Jiménez Muñoz]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Jim%C3%A9nez_Mu%C3%B1oz Juan Antonio Jiménez Muñoz]] Singer, Musician and Composer, member of [[Los Chichos]]
*[[Los Calis]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Calis Los Calis]] Singer Flamenco Rumba
*[[Antonio El Chaqueta]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_%22El_Chaqueta%22 Antonio "El Chaqueta"]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[José Manuel Ruíz Rosa]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Chino El Chino]] Cantaor and Guitarrist Flamenco
*[[La Repompa de Málaga]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repompa_de_M%C3%A1laga La Repompa de Málaga]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[José Losada "Carrete"]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Losada_%27Carrete%27 José Losada 'Carrete']] Bailaor Flamenco Dancer
*[[Manuela Carrasco]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela_Carrasco Manuela Carrasco]] Bailaora Flamenco Dancer
*[[La Paquera de Jerez]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paquera_de_Jerez La Paquera de Jerez]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Tijeritas]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijeritas Tijeritas]] Singer Flamenco
*[[Pitingo]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitingo Pitingo]] Singer Flamenco and Pop
*[[Moraito Chico]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora%C3%ADto_Chico Moraíto Chico]] Musician Guitarrist Flamenco
*[[Diego Carrasco]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Carrasco Diego Carrasco]]Cantaor Flamenco Guitarrist Musician
*[[Manuel Morao]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Morao Manuel Morao]] Guitarrist Flamenco Musician
*[[Ramón Calabuch Batista]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncho Moncho]] Singer"Moncho"
*[[Mala Rodríguez]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Rodr%C3%ADguez Mala Rodríguez]] Singer
*[[Maria Fernández Granados]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Granados María Fernández Granados]]Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Gaspar de Utrera]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Utrera Gaspar de Utrera]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Montse Cortés]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montse_Cort%C3%A9s Montse Cortés]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[La Serneta]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Serneta La Serneta]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Antonia La Negra]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_La_Negra Antonia La Negra]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Lole y Manuel]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lole_y_Manuel Lole y Manuel]] Flamenco Singers
*[[Alba Molina]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Molina Alba Molina]] Singer
*[[Luisa Ramos Antunez]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Ramos_Ant%C3%BAnez Luisa Ramos Antúnez]]Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Niño Gloria]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_Gloria Niño Gloria]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Fernanda de Utrera]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda_de_Utrera Fernanda de Utrera]]Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Rancapino]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancapino Rancapino]]Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Ramón Montoya Salazar]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Montoya_Salazar Ramón Montoya Salazar]] Flamenco Musician
*[[Sabicas]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabicas Sabicas]] Flamenco Musician
*[[Esperanza Fernández Vargas]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanza_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Vargas Esperanza Fernández Vargas]]Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Farruco]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farruco Farruco]]Bailaor Flamenco Dancer
*[[Pilar Montoya]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar_Montoya Pilar Montoya]] Bailaora Flamenco Dancer
*[[Juana la Macarrona]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_la_Macarrona Juana la Macarrona]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[La Susi]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Susi La Susi]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Vicente de Castro Giménez]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_de_Castro_%22Parrita%22 Vicente de Castro "Parrita"]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer and Flamenco Musician "El Parrita"
*[[Antonio Carmona]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Carmona Antonio Carmona]] Singer Flamenco
*[[Manuel Moreno Maya]] "El Pelé"[[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pele El Pele]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[La Macanita]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Macanita La Macanita]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Pansequito]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansequito Pansequito]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Aurora Vargas]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Vargas Aurora Vargas]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer and Bailaora Flamenco Dancer
*[["La Marelu" Magdalena Montañez Salazar]][[https://www.last.fm/es/music/La+Marelu/+wiki]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[La Tobala]][[https://elartedevivirelflamenco.com/cantaores274.html#:~:text=JUANA%20RIBA%20SALAZAR%2C%20cantaora%20gitana,se%20conoce%20como%20Los%20Tobalos.]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[["La Chiqui de Jerez" Milagros de los Reyes Bermúdez]][[https://elartedevivirelflamenco.com/cantaores327.html]]Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Juana la del Revuelo]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_la_del_Revuelo]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Montse Cortés]] [[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montse_Cort%C3%A9s]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Sylvia Pantoja]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pantoja]] Singer and Actress
*[[Agustin Pantoja]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Pantoja]] Singer
*[[Kiko Rivera]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiko_Rivera]] Singer, DJ Musician and Famous Spanish Character of Gypsy Origin by Mother
*[[Moncho Chavea]][[https://www.elmundo.es/loc/famosos/2021/05/06/60926d0afdddff8f248b4622.html]] Singer
*[[Original Elías]][[https://www.elmundo.es/loc/famosos/2021/04/05/60645ddd21efa0bb388b4592.html]] Singer
*[[Nyno Vargas]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyno_Vargas]] Singer
*[[Juan Habichuela]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Habichuela]] Musician Flamenco Father of [[Antonio Carmona]] Singer of [[Ketama]]
*[[Rafael Farina]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Farina]] Folk and Flamenco Singer
*[[Tamara]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_(cantante)]] Singer and granddaughter of [[Rafael Farina]]
*[[Duquende]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquende]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Mayel Jiménez]] "Ismael Jiménez" [[https://mayeljimenez.com/]] Singer, Musician and Composer
*[[Ricardo Gabarre]] "El Junco"[[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Gabarre_(Junco)]] Flamenco Singer
*[[El Luis]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Luis]] Flamenco Singer and Guitarrist
*[[El Zingaro]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%ADngaro]] Flamenco Singer and Guitarrist
*[[Los Chavis]][[https://www.worldmusicfactory.com/producto/de-vuelt-y-medi-los-chavis/]] Flamenco Pop Singers
===Gitano surnames===
Due to [[endogamy]], several [[Spanish surname]]s are more frequent among the Gitanos,<ref name="DEspasa">''Diccionario de apellidos españoles'', Roberto Faure, María Asunción Ribes, Antonio García, Editorial [[Espasa]], Madrid 2001. {{ISBN|84-239-2289-8}}. Section III.3.8 page XXXIX.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gamella |first1=Juan F. |last2=Gómez Alfaro |first2=Antonio |last3=Pérez Pérez |first3=Juan |title=Los apellidos de los gitanos españoles en los censos de 1783-85 - Artículos - Revista de Humanidades |url=http://www.revistadehumanidades.com/articulos/29-los-apellidos-de-losgitanos-espanoles-en-los-censos-de-1783-85 |website=www.revistadehumanidades.com |access-date=3 February 2020 |language=es}}</ref> though they are not exclusive to them:
*[[Altamira (surname)|Altamira]] or Altamirano
*[[Amaya (Spanish-language name)|Amaya]]
*Antunes or [[Antúnez (name)|Antúnez]] (alternatively, Antuñez)
*Calaf (Catalan Gypsy)
*[[Cortés (surname)|Cortés]]
*[[Fernández]]
*[[Flores (surname)|Flores]]
*Gabarri (Catalan Gypsy)
*[[Gutiérrez]] or Guiterez
*[[Heredia (surname)|Heredia]]
*[[Jiménez (surname)|Jiménez]] or [[Giménez]]
*[[Malla (surname)|Malla]] or Maya
*[[Molina (surname)|Molina]]
*[[Montoya]]
*[[Monge (surname)|Monge]] or [[Monje]]
*[[Moreno (surname)|Moreno]]
*[[Morgade]]
*[[Motos]]
* Pereiro or [[Pereira (surname)|Pereira]]
*Pubill (Catalan Gypsy)
*Ravelino or Rabellino
*[[Reyes (name)|Reyes]]
*[[Salazar (surname)|Salazar]]
*[[Santi]]
*[[Santiago (surname)|Santiago]]
*[[Vargas (surname)|Vargas]] LP
*[[Villar (surname)|Villar]] or Vilar
*[[Carretero]]
*[[Pérez]]
*[[González (surname)|González]]
*[[Escudero]]
== See also ==
{{portal|Spain}}
* [[Triana, Seville]], a neighbourhood traditionally linked to Gitano history.
* [[Sacromonte]], the traditional Gitano quarter of [[Granada]].
* [[George Borrow]], an English missionary and traveller who studied the Calé of Spain and other parts of Europe.
* [[Quinqui]], a nomad community of Spain with a similar lifestyle, but of unrelated origin.
* [[Cagot]], similarly historically persecuted people in France and Spain.
* {{lang|fr|[[Cascarots]]}}, an ethnic group in the Spanish Basque country and the French Basque coast sometimes linked to the Cagots.
* [[Limpieza de sangre|Cleanliness of blood]], ethnic discrimination in the Spanish Old Regime.
* {{ill|Maragato|es}}, an ethnic group in Spain who were also discriminated against and have unknown origins.
* {{lang|es|[[Vaqueiros de alzada]]}}, a discriminated group of cowherders in Northern Spain.
* {{lang|ca|[[Xueta]]}} a persecuted ethnic minority in [[Mallorca]], often referenced in works discussing the persecution of Cagots in Spain.
==References==
===Sources===
*Worth, Susannah and Sibley, Lucy R. "Maja [[Dress]] and the Andalusian Image of Spain." ''[[Clothing]] and Textiles Research Journal,'' Summer 1994, Vol. 12, pp. 51–60.
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Gitanos}}
*[http://www.unionromani.org/pueblo_in.htm Romani union] {{in lang|en}}(English exonym present)
*[http://www.patrimonioculturalgitano.org/web/castellano/coo_01.htm Romani presence in European Music] {{in lang|es}}
{{Romani diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups of Spain}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Romani People In Spain}}
[[Category:Romani groups|Spain]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish Romani people| ]]
[[Category:Romani in Spain]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Ethnic group living on the Iberian Peninsula}}
{{Italic title}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Romani people in Spain
| image =
| caption =
| native_name = {{lang|es|Gitanos}}, {{lang|rmq|Calé}}
| total = Estimated 720,000-1,500,000
| total_ref = <ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana - CIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.msc.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf |title=Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España |website=Msc.es |access-date=2016-05-21 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010161106/http://www.msc.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/sinti-rom/img/n7a.jpg |format=JPG |title=Estimations |website=Gfbv.it |access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf|title=The Situation of Roma in Spain|publisher=Open Society Institute|year=2002|quote=The Spanish government estimates the number of ''Gitanos'' at a maximum of 650,000.|access-date=15 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201172552/http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf|archive-date=1 December 2007}}</ref><ref name=immigration>[http://www.osce.org/hcnm/78034?download=true Recent Migration of Roma in Europe, A study by Mr. Claude Cahn and Professor Elspeth Guild], page 87-8 (09.2010 figures)</ref>
| popplace = [[Andalusia]], [[Valencia]], [[Madrid]], [[Catalonia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/gypsies/ | title=Roma/Gypsies | date=19 June 2015 }}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|Andalusia}}
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 = {{flag|Valencia}}
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| region3 = {{flag|Madrid}}
| pop3 =
| ref3 =
| region4 = {{flag|Catalonia}}
| pop4 =
| ref4 =
| langs = {{hlist|[[Caló language|Caló]]|Spanish|[[Catalan language|Catalan]]|[[Basque language|Basque]] ([[Erromintxela]])|[[Galician language|Galician]]|[[Asturian language|Asturian]]|[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]|[[Romani language|Roma]]|[[Occitan language|Occitan]] ([[Aranese]])}}
| rels = [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Evangelicalism]]
| related = Other [[Romani people]]
}}
{{Romani people}}
The '''Romani in Spain''', generally known by the [[exonym]] {{lang|es|'''gitanos'''}} ({{IPA-es|xiˈtanos}}) or the [[endonym]] '''''Calé''''',<ref>{{cite book|last= West|first= Christina|chapter= Memory—Recollection—Culture—Identity—Space: Social Context, Identity Formation, and Self-construction of the Calé (Gitanos) in Spain|title= Cultural Memories. Knowledge and Space (Klaus Tschira Symposia) |series= Knowledge and Space|editor=Meusburger P. |editor2=Heffernan M. |editor3=Wunder E. |volume= 4|year= 2011|pages= 101–118|publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media]]|url= http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/14319/1/104.pdf.pdf#page=104|isbn= 978-90-481-8945-8|doi= 10.1007/978-90-481-8945-8_7}}</ref> belong to the [[Romani people#Population and subgroups|Iberian Cale Romani subgroup]], with smaller populations in Portugal (known as {{lang|pt|[[Romani people in Portugal|ciganos]]}}) and in [[Southern France]]. Their sense of identity and cohesion stems from their shared value system, expressed among the {{lang|es|gitanos}} as the {{lang|es|leyes gitanas}} ('Gypsy laws').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title='We don't know our descent': how the Gitanos of Jarana manage the past |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=20 December 2002 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=631–647 |doi=10.1111/1467-9655.00081}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=Agata's story: singular lives and the reach of the 'Gitano law' |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=September 2011 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=445–461 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01701.x }}</ref>
Traditionally, they maintain their social circles strictly within their [[Endogamy|patrigroups]], as interaction between patrigroups increases the risk of feuding, which may result in fatalities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=The Politics of Evangelism: Hierarchy, Masculinity and Religious Conversion Among Gitanos. |journal=[[Romani Studies (journal)|Romani Studies]] |date=2000 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=4 }}</ref> The emergence of [[Pentecostalism]] has impacted this practice, as the lifestyle of Pentecostal ''gitanos'' involves frequent contact with ''gitanos'' from outside their own patrigroups during church services and meetings. Data on ethnicity are not collected in Spain, although the public pollster [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas|CIS]] estimated in 2007 that the number of ''gitanos'' present in Spain is probably around one million.<ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana - CIS"/>
==Name==
The term ''gitano'' evolved from the word ''egiptano''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dirae.es/palabras/egiptano|title=egiptano - Diccionario Dirae.|website=Dirae.es|access-date=23 December 2017}}</ref> ("Egyptian"), which was the [[Old Spanish]] demonym for someone from ''Egipto'' (Egypt). "Egiptano" was the regular adjective in Old Spanish for someone from Egypt, however, in Middle and Modern Spanish the irregular adjective ''egipcio'' supplanted ''egiptano'' to mean Egyptian, probably to differentiate Egyptians proper from Gypsys. Meanwhile, the term ''egiptano'' evolved through [[elision]] into ''egitano'' and finally into ''gitano'', losing the meaning of Egyptian and carrying with it a specific meaning of Romanis in Spain. The two peoples are now unambiguously differentiated in modern Spanish, "egipcios" for Egyptians and "gitanos" for Roma in Spain, with "egiptano" being obsolete for either.
Though etymologically the term ''gitano'' originally meant "Egyptian",<ref name="buscon1">{{cite web|url=http://buscon.rae.es/drae/?type=3&val=gitano&val_aux=&origen=REDRAE |title=Diccionario de la lengua española - Vigésima segunda edición |publisher=Buscon.rae.es |access-date=2013-08-15}}</ref> the use itself of the Old Spanish word meaning "Egyptian" (egiptano) to refer to Romanis in Spain developed in the same way that the English word "[[Gypsy (term)|Gypsy]]" also evolved from the English adjective "Egyptian" to refer to Romanis in Britain. Some Romanis, a people originating in the northern regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]], upon their first arrivals to Europe, either claimed to be Egyptians for a more favourable treatment by local Europeans, or were mistaken as [[Egyptians]] by local Europeans.
===Origin===
{{Main|Romani people}}
The Romani people originate from northwestern [[Hindustan]],<ref>{{cite book |last = Hancock |first = Ian F. |year = 2005 |orig-date=2002 |title = We are the Romani People |publisher = Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn = 978-1-902806-19-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70 |page=70 | postscript =: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'}}</ref><ref name="IsabelMendizabal">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039|first=Isabel|last=Mendizabal|title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data|journal=Current Biology|date=6 December 2012|volume=22| issue = 24|pages=2342–2349|pmid=23219723|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Comas">{{cite news|first=Sindya N.|last=Bhanoo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0|title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>''Current Biology''.</ref><ref name="books.google.ca">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&q=Roma+Rajasthan+Punjab&pg=PA50 |title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives |author1=K. Meira Goldberg |author2=Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum |author3=Michelle Heffner Hayes |page=50 |access-date=2016-05-21|isbn=9780786494705 |date=2015-09-28 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&q=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&pg=PA147 |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |first1=Simon |last1=Broughton |first2=Mark |last2=Ellingham |first3=Richard |last3=Trillo |page=147 |access-date=2016-05-21|isbn=9781858286358 |year=1999 }}</ref> presumably from the northwestern Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]<ref name="books.google.ca"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> and the [[Punjab]] region shared between India and Pakistan.<ref name="books.google.ca"/>
The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in the [[Indian subcontinent]]: the language has grammatical characteristics of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic languages]] and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts, daily routines<ref name="mluvnice">{{Citation | last1 = Šebková | first1 = Hana | last2 = Žlnayová | first2 = Edita | year = 1998 | url = http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | title = Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) | place = Ústí nad Labem | publisher = Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem | page = 4 | isbn = 978-80-7044-205-0 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | archive-date = 2016-03-04 }}</ref> and numerals.
More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. It shares many phonetic features with [[Marwari (language)|Marwari]], while its grammar is closest to [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="hub1995">{{cite journal|first=Milena|last=Hübschmannová|title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku|journal=Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury|issue=4/1995|year= 1995 |publisher= Muzeum romské kultury|place=Brno|quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.}}</ref> Linguistic evaluation carried out in the nineteenth century by Pott (1845) and Miklosich (1882–1888) showed that the [[Romani language]] is to be classed as a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), not a Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA), establishing that the ancestors of the Romani could not have left the Indian subcontinent significantly earlier than AD 1000, then finally reaching Europe several hundred years later.
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and migrated as a group.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal"/><ref name="Comas"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html|title=5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma|work=Live Science|date=23 October 2013}}</ref>
According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of [[North India|northern India]], traditionally referred to collectively as the "[[Ḍoma]]", are the likely ancestral populations of modern "Roma" in Europe.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rai | first1 = N | last2 = Chaubey | first2 = G | last3 = Tamang | first3 = R | last4 = Pathak | first4 = AK | last5 = Singh | first5 = VK | year = 2012 | title = The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | number = 11 | page = e48477 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 | pmid=23209554 | pmc=3509117| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...748477R | doi-access = free }}</ref>
===Migration to Spain===
How and when the Romani arrived in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] from Northern India is a question whose consensus is far from being reached. A popular theory, although without any documentation, claims they came from North Africa, from where they would have crossed the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] to meet again in France with the northern migratory route.<ref>[http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1110754&orden=33593&info=link DIÁLOGOS. REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA DE HISTORIA]</ref> Thus, ''gitanos'' would be a deformation of [[Latin]] [[Tingitan Peninsula|Tingitani]], that is, from ''Tingis'', today [[Tangier]]. Another, more consistent theory, and well documented, is that they entered the Iberian Peninsula from France. Although there is controversy of the date of the first arrival, since there is evidence of a safe conduct granted in [[Perpignan]] in 1415 by the infante Alfonso of Aragon to one Tomás, son of Bartolomé de Sanno, who is said to be "Indie Majoris".<ref>{{citation | url =http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf | title = Pèlerins d'Espagne a la fin de Moten âge | first = Jeanne | last = Viellieard | access-date = 2018-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031222/http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf | archive-date = 2016-08-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Or instead, could be the so-called Juan de Egipto Menor, who entered through France, who in 1425 [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso V]] granted him a letter of insurance, which is mostly accepted as the first Romani person to reach the peninsula.<ref>[http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm Unión Romaní] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124051/http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm |date=2008-05-09 }}.</ref>
{{Blockquote |... As our beloved and devoted Don Juan de Egipto Menor ... understands that he must pass through some parts of our kingdoms and lands, and we want him to be well treated and welcomed ... under pain of our wrath and indignation ... the mentioned Don Juan de Egipto and those who will go with him and accompany him, with all their horses, clothes, goods, gold, silver, saddlebags and whatever else they bring with them, let them go, stay and go through any city, town, place and other parts of our lordship safe and secure ... and giving those safe passage and being driven when the aforementioned don Juan requires it through this present safe conduct ... Delivered in Zaragoza with our seal on January 12 of the year of birth of our Lord 1425. [[Alfonso V of Aragon|King Alfonso]].}}
In 1435 they were seen in [[Santiago de Compostela]]. ''Gitanos'' were recorded in [[Barcelona]] and [[Zaragoza]] by 1447,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ca9c.html|title=Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Spain : Roma/Gypsies|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees|website=Refworld|accessdate=14 March 2023}}</ref> and in 1462 they were received with honors in [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]]. Years later, to the ''gitanos'', the ''[[Greeks|grecianos]]'', pilgrims who penetrated the Mediterranean shore in the 1480s, were added to them, probably because of the [[fall of Constantinople]]. Both of them continued to wander throughout the peninsula, being well received at least until 1493, year in which a group of ''gitanos'' arrived at [[Madrid]], where the Council agreed to "''... give alms to the ''gitanos'' because at the request of the City passed ahead, ten reales, to avoid the damages that could be done by three hundred people who came ... "''.
In those years safe conducts were granted to supposedly noble Calé pilgrims. The follow-up of these safe-conducts throughout Spain has provided some data to historians according to Teresa San Román:
* The number of Romani that entered or inhabited the Peninsula in the 15th-century is estimated at approximately 3,000 individuals.
* The Roma traveled in variable groups, of 80-150 people, led by a man.
* Each autonomous group maintained relations at a distance with one of the others, there being perhaps relations of kinship among them (something common today among Spanish Romani).
* The separation between each group was variable and sometimes some followed the others at close range and by the same routes.
* The most common survival strategy was to present as Christian pilgrims to seek the protection of a noble.
* The way of life was nomadic and dedicated to divination and performance (spectacle).
In 1492, the Roma auxiliaries helped the army of the [[Kingdom of Castile and León]] in the Reconquista in [[Granada]] ending the reign of Muslims in Spain.<ref name="dhier">{{Citation | page = 53 | url = https://hera.ugr.es/tesisugr/16795015.pdf | title = La condición social y jurídica de los gitanos en la legislación histórica española | place = Universidad de Granada | author = Alejandro Martínez Dhier }}</ref>
''Gitanos'' have a low and little politically committed role, with some particular exceptions, in Andalusian nationalism and identity, which is strongly based on a belief in the oriental basis of Andalusi heritage acted as a bridge between occidental-western and oriental-eastern Andalusian culture at a popular level. The father of such a movement, [[Blas Infante]], in his book ''Orígenes de lo flamenco y secreto del cante jondo'', [[Etymology|etymologically]], went as far as alleging that the word ''flamenco'' derives from [[Andalusian Arabic]] ''fellah mengu'', supposedly meaning "escapee peasant". Infante believed that numerous Muslim Andalusians became [[Moriscos]], who were obliged to convert, dispersed and eventually ordered to leave Spain stayed and mixed with the Romani newcomers instead of abandoning their land. These claims have been rejected by genetic research papers.<ref name="gusmao">{{Citation | pmid = 18205888 | title = A perspective on the history of the Iberian gypsies provided by phylogeographic analysis of Y-chromosome lineages | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 72 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 215–27 | place = Annals of Human Genetics | publisher = Wiley Publishing | year = 2008 | last1 = Gusmão | first1 = A. | last2 = Gusmão | first2 = L. | last3 = Gomes | first3 = V. | last4 = Alves | first4 = C. | last5 = Calafell | first5 = F. | last6 = Amorim | first6 = A. | last7 = Prata | first7 = M. J. | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00421.x | s2cid = 36365458 }}</ref>
[[File:Sorokin-Spanish Romani people.jpg|thumb|240px|Spanish Romani people. [[Yevgraf Sorokin]], 1853.]]
[[File:Alfred Dehodencq A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of the Alcázar.jpg|thumb|240px|A Gypsy dance in the gardens of the [[Alcázar of Seville]].]]
For about 300 years, Romanies were subject to a number of laws and policies designed to eliminate them from Spain as an identifiable group: Romani settlements were broken up and the residents dispersed; sometimes, Romanies were required to marry non-Roma; they were prohibited from using their language and rituals, and were excluded from public office and from guild membership.<ref name=loc>{{cite book |author1=Library of Congress Federal Research Division |title=Spain: A Country Study |date=December 1988 |page=99 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90006127/ |chapter=The Gypsies}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1749, a major effort to get rid of the Calé population in Spain was carried out through a [[Great Gypsy Round-up|raid]] organized by the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rm.coe.int/the-great-gypsy-round-up-in-spain-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b1a7d |title=The Great Gypsy Round-Up in Spain. Factsheets on Romani History|website=rm.coe.int|access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
During the [[Spanish Civil War]], ''gitanos'' were not persecuted for their ethnicity by either side.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40552983|title=Resisting Respectability: Gypsies In Saragossa|author=Kaprow, Miriam Lee|year=1982|journal=Urban Anthropology|volume=11|issue=3/4|pages=399-431|accessdate=14 March 2023|via=JSTOR}}</ref> Under the [[Francoist Spain|regime]] of [[Francisco Franco]], ''gitanos'' were often harassed or simply ignored, although their children were educated, sometimes forcibly, much as all Spaniards are nowadays.<ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=thea_etds|title=Flamenco and Its Gitanos An Investigation of the Paradox of Andalusia: History, Politics and Dance Art|location=University of New Mexico|year=2010|author=Rosamaria Cisneros-Kostic|degree=MA}}</ref>
In the post-Franco era, Spanish government policy has been much more sympathetic, especially in the area of social welfare and social services.<ref name=loc/> In 1977, the last anti-Romani laws were repealed, an action promoted by [[Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia]], the first Romani deputy.<ref name=loc/>
Beginning in 1983, the government operated a special program of [[Compensatory Education]] to promote educational rights for the disadvantaged, including those in Romani communities.<ref name=loc/> During the heroin epidemic that afflicted Spain in the 1980s and 1990s, ''gitano'' shanty towns became central to the drug trade, a problem which afflicts Spain to this day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roma in an Expanding Europe: Breaking the Poverty Cycle|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/600541468771052774/pdf/30992.pdf|publisher=World Bank|year=2005
|author=Dena Ringold|display-authors=et. al.|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Nevertheless, Spain is still considered a model for integration of ''gitano'' communities when compared to other countries with Romani populations in Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 2006
|url=http://www.presenciagitana.org/The_situation_of_Roma_in_Spain_06012016.pdf|title=Fact Sheet on The Situation of Roma in Spain
|publisher=European Roma and Travellers Forum|location=-Strasbourg}}</ref>
==Language==
{{Main|Caló language}}
Historically, ''gitanos'' spoke Caló fluently, often alongside the language spoken in the region they inhabited. Caló is a type of para-Romani, combining the phonology and grammar of the Catalan or Castilian, with a lexicon derived from Romani. The para-Romani resulting from the combination of Basque and Romani is called Erromintxela. Very few ''gitanos'' maintain a comprehensive and functional knowledge of Caló. A study on the actual usage patterns of Caló among a group of mainly Andalusian ''gitanos'' concluded that the language currently consists of between 350 and 400 unique terms, the knowledge of which varies considerably among ''gitanos''. This would exclude a similar number of Calo words which have entered mainstream Spanish slang. According to the authors of the study, the majority of ''gitanos'' acknowledge that the language is in a terminal state, with many asserting that the language is totally lost.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gamella |first1=Juan F |last2=Fernández |first2=Cayetano |last3=Nieto |first3=Magdalena |last4=Adiego |first4=Ignasi-Xavier |title=La agonía de una lengua. Lo que queda del caló en el habla de los ''gitanos''. Parte I. Métodos, fuentes y resultados generales |url=http://www.ugr.es/~pwlac/G27_39Juan_Gamella-y-otros.html |website=Gazeta de Antropologia |publisher=Universidad de Granada |access-date=13 February 2020 |language=es |date=December 2011}}</ref>
==Marriage==
A traditional ''gitano'' wedding requires a ''pedimiento'' (similar to an engagement party) followed by the ''casamiento'' (wedding ceremony), where ''el yeli'' must be sung to the bride to celebrate the virginity and ''honour'' of the bride (proven by the ritual of the ''pañuelo''). In the pañuelo ritual, a group consisting of an ''ajuntaora'' (a professional who is skilled in performing the ritual and is paid by the family), along with the married women of the family, take the bride into a separate room during the wedding and examine her to ascertain that she is a virgin. The ajuntaora is the one who performs the ritual on the bride, as the other women watch to be witnesses that the bride is virgin. The ajuntaora wraps a white, decoratively embroidered cloth (the ''pañuelo'') around her index finger and inserts it shallowly into the vaginal canal of the bride.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mujeres Gitanas Documental |website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmk4Gry6Xfw&t=2968s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/fmk4Gry6Xfw |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> During this process, the [[Bartholin's gland]]s are depressed, causing them to secrete a liquid that stains the cloth. This action is repeated with three different sections of the cloth to produce three stains, known as "rosas". This process is conceived by the women as the retrieval of the bride's "honra", her ''honour'', contained within a "grape" inside her genitals which is popped during the examination, and the spillage collected onto the pañuelo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=A 'Different' Body? Desire and Virginity Among ''gitanos'' |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=September 1997 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=517–535 |doi=10.2307/3034765|jstor=3034765 }}</ref>
When finished with the exam, the women come out of the room and sing ''el yeli'' to the couple. During this, the men at the wedding rip their shirts and lift the wife onto their shoulders and do the same with the husband, as they sing "el yeli" to them. Weddings can last very long; up to three days is usual in ''Gitano'' culture. At weddings, ''gitanos'' invite everyone and anyone that they know of (especially other ''gitanos''). On some occasions, ''payos'' (''[[Gadjo (non-Romani)|gadjos]]'') may attend as well, although this is not common. Through the night, many ''bulerías'' are danced and especially sung. Today, ''rumba gitana'' or ''rumba flamenca'' are a usual party music fixture.
''Gitanos'' may also marry by [[elopement]], an event that garners less approval than a wedding ceremony.<ref>Gay y Blasco 1997, p. 528</ref>
==Crime issues==
According to a website of the ''Fundación Secretariado Gitano'' ("Gitano Secretariat Foundation"), published in 2002,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google search by date|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=inurl:https://www.gitanos.org/sastipen/healt01/sastipen/isirs-es.htm|url-status=live|access-date=|website=Google}}</ref> in the Spanish prison system the Spanish Romani women represented 25% of the incarcerated female population, while Spanish Romani people represented 1.4% of the total Spanish population. In Portugal, 64% of the detentions of gitano people were drug trafficking-related, 93.2% of women inmates for drug trafficking were ''gitanas'', and 13.2% of the total drug trafficking-related inmates were of gitano ethnicity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gitanos.org/sastipen/healt01/sastipen/isirs-es.htm |title=''Informe sobre el Sistema de Información "Red Sastipen"'' |publisher=Gitanos.org |access-date=2013-08-15|language=Spanish}}</ref>
==Marginalisation==
Marginalisation occurs on an institutional level. ''Gitano'' children are regularly segregated from their non-''gitano'' peers and have poorer academic outcomes.<ref name="EU-survey"/> In 1978, 68% of adult ''gitanos'' were illiterate.<ref name=exp>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bDEfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT93 Experiencias y trayectorias de éxito escolar de gitanas y gitanos en España, p. 100].</ref> Literacy has greatly improved over time, and approximately 10% of ''gitanos'' were illiterate as of 2006-2007 (with older ''gitanos'' much more likely than younger ''gitanos'' to be illiterate).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tiUbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 Historias de éxito: Modelos para reducir el abandono escolar de la adolescencia gitana, p. 120].</ref> Ninety-eight percent of ''gitanos'' live below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |last2=Hernández |first2=Liria |title=Writing Friendship: a reciprocal ethnography |date=24 November 2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-26542-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO6_DwAAQBAJ&q=978-3-030-26542-7&pg=PP5}}</ref> Health outcomes and housing - including reduced access to clean water and electricity supplies - is poorer amongst Roma compared to non-Roma in Spain and Portugal, in common with the other surveyed European countries.<ref name="EU-survey"/>
Roma continue to experience discrimination on an interpersonal level, such as by being refused entry to bars and clubs or losing their jobs if their ethnicity is made known to their employer. In 2016, the [[European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights]] reported that its survey showed 71 percent of Portuguese ''cigano'', and 51 percent of Spanish ''gitano'' had suffered an episode of discrimination within the previous five years.<ref name="EU-survey">{{cite book |last1=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |author1-link=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |title=Second European Union minorities and discrimination survey: Roma - selected findings |date=2016 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |location=Luxembourg |isbn=978-92-9491-871-0 |pages=36–37 |edition=2nd |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2016/second-european-union-minorities-and-discrimination-survey-roma-selected-findings |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2016-eu-minorities-survey-roma-selected-findings_en.pdf |archive-date=2018}}</ref> A traditional discriminatory practice in Portugal, where shops and businesses display toad figurines at entrances to dissuade ''ciganos'' from entering, was reported as being still widely seen in Portugal in 2019. (Toads are viewed as symbolic of evil and ill-omen in Roma communities in Portugal.) ''Ciganos'' and anti-discrimination activists complained of hostility to Roma being commonplace and unremarkable. Some shopkeepers were noted as defending their discouragement of Roma as appropriate.<ref name="Vidal-2019">{{cite news |last1=Vidal |first1=Marta |title=Portuguese shopkeepers using ceramic frogs to 'scare away' Roma |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/2/4/portuguese-shopkeepers-using-ceramic-frogs-to-scare-away-roma |access-date=4 May 2021 |work=www.aljazeera.com |date=4 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Silva |first1=Claudia Carvalho |title=Minipreço retira sapo de loiça usado para afastar ciganos e pede desculpa |url=https://www.publico.pt/2019/06/28/sociedade/noticia/minipreco-retira-sapo-loica-usado-afastar-ciganos-pede-desculpa-1878021 |access-date=13 February 2020 |work=PÚBLICO |date=28 June 2019 |language=pt}}</ref>
The 2016 [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]] poll found that 49% of Spaniards held unfavorable views of Roma.<ref>"[http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/ Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations]". Pew Research Center. 11 July 2016.</ref>
==In literature==
The ''gitano'' in Spanish society have inspired several authors:
*[[Federico García Lorca]], a great Spanish poet of the 20th century, wrote ''[[Romancero Gitano]]'' ("Gypsy Ballad Book")
{{Blockquote|The Roma is the most basic, most profound, the most aristocratic of my country, as representative of their way and whoever keeps the flame, blood, and the alphabet of the universal Andalusian truth.|Federico García Lorca}}
*''Candela'', the female protagonist of the story ''[[El Amor Brujo]]'', by [[Manuel de Falla]] is Romani.
*[[Prosper Mérimée]]'s ''[[Carmen (novella)|Carmen]]'' (1845) features the protagonist as a ''[[femme fatale]]'', ready to lie, or attack and degrade men's lives. His work was adapted for [[Georges Bizet's]] [[opera]] of the same name.
*The beauty of a dark-haired ''Gitana'' has inspired artists such as [[Julio Romero de Torres]].
*La Gitanilla ("The little Gypsy girl"), short story by [[Miguel de Cervantes]] and part of his [[Novelas ejemplares|Exemplary Novels]]
*Rocio Eva Granada, the escort in the novel Digital Fortress by Dan Brown
==Notable ''gitanos''==
[[File:Paquita -Carlotta Grisi -1844.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The ballet dancer [[Carlotta Grisi]] as the Romani ''[[Paquita]]'' (1844).]]
Following are notable Spanish people of Calé (''gitano'') ethnicity:
=== Leaders and politicians ===
*[[Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]]
*[[:es:Sara Giménez|Sara Giménez]], Spanish Gypsy Politic in Spanish Politic Party [[Ciudadanos]]
*[[:es:Séfora Vargas|Séfora Vargas]] Spanish Gypsy Political Activist and Lawyer
=== Historians, philologists and writers ===
*[[:es:Joaquín Albacicín|Joaquín Albaicín]], writer, lecturer and columnist for the artistic life
*[[Matéo Maximoff]], French writer born in Barcelona
*[[Paca Torres]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paca_Torres Paca Torres]] Spanish Gypsy Woman Writer, Poet and Rhapsode
*[[Iker Jiménez]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iker_Jim%C3%A9nez]] journalist, writer, historian, television presenter and YouTuber
=== Poets, novelists and playwrights ===
*[[:es:José Heredia Maya|José Heredia Maya]], poet and dramaturge
*[[:es:Luis Heredia Amaya|Luis Heredia Amaya]], sculptor
*[[:es:Antonio Maya Cortés|Antonio Maya Cortés]], artist painter and sculptor
*[[:es:Fabian de Castro|Fabian de Castro]], artist painter
=== Catholic saints and martyrs ===
*[[Ceferino Giménez Malla]], blessed
=== Painters and sculptors ===
*[[Helios Gómez]], artist, writer and poet
*[[:es:Juan Vargas|Juan Vargas]], sculptor
=== Actors, comedians and entertainers ===
*[[:es:Rogelio Durán|Rogelio Durán]], theatre actor and father of Swedish actress [[Noomi Rapace]]
*[[:es:Pastora Vega|Pastora Vega]], actress
*[[Alba Flores]], actress; granddaughter of Antonio González (El Pescaílla) and daughter of singer [[Antonio Flores]]
*[[Jesús Castro (actor)]], actor of film The Niño.
*[[:es:Luis Lara|El Comandante Lara]], comedian and singer
*[[:es:Juan Rosa|Juan Rosa Mateo]], comedian of Duo Sacapuntas
*[[Elena Furiase]] Spanish Actress of Gypsy Origin
*[[Familia Gallo]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Gallo Familia Gallo]] Spanish Gypsy family of flamenco musicians and bullfighters
=== Footballers and football coaches ===
*[[José Antonio Reyes]], ex-footballer, for [[Arsenal F.C.]], [[Sevilla FC]]...
*[[José Rodríguez Martínez]], footballer, currently plays for [[Maccabi Haifa F.C.]]
*[[Jesús Seba]], footballer, ex-[[Real Zaragoza]]
*[[Diego Rodríguez Fernández|Diego]], former footballer, with [[Sevilla Fútbol Club]] (Sevilla FC)
*[[Carlos Muñoz Cobo|Carlos Muñoz]], former footballer, with [[Real Oviedo]]
*[[Carlos Aranda]], former footballer, with [[Sevilla FC]]
*[[Ivan Amaya]], former footballer, with [[Atletico Madrid]]
*[[Antonio Amaya]], footballer, for [[Rayo Vallecano]]
*[[Marcos Márquez]], footballer, ex-[[UD Las Palmas]]
*[[López Ramos]], footballer, ex-[[UD Las Palmas]]
*[[Antonio Cortés Heredia]] footballer for [[Málaga]]
*[[Ezequiel Calvente]] ex-footballer [[Real Betis]]
*[[Téji Savanier]] footballer frech of the origin calo Spanish, footballer Montpellier
*[[Jesús Navas]], footballer, with [[Sevilla FC]]
=== Other athletes ===
*[[Rafael Soto]], equestrian and Olympic medalist
*[[Faustino Reyes]], boxer
*[[:es:José Antonio Jiménez|José Antonio Jiménez]], boxer
*[[:es:Patxi Ruiz|Patxi Ruiz Giménez]], Basque pelota champion
=== Singers and musicians ===
*[[Carmen Amaya]], Flamenco dancer
*[[Isabel Pantoja]], singer, partially Calé
*[[Los Chunguitos]], singers, brother duo
*[[Azúcar Moreno]], singers, sister duo
*[[Manolo Caracol]], Flamenco singer
*[[:es:El Pescaílla|El Pescaílla]], singer and composer, husband of [[Lola Flores]]
*[[Lolita Flores]], singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores and El Pescaílla
*[[Antonio Flores]], singer and actor, son of Lola Flores and El Pescaílla
*[[Rosario Flores]], singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores and El Pescaílla
*[[Vicente Escudero]], dancer and choreographer of Spanish Flamenco; occasionally painter, writer, cinematographic actor and flamenco singer
*[[Gipsy Kings]], French group of ''[[Flamenco Rumba]]''
*[[Nicolas Reyes]], lead vocalist of the Gipsy Kings
*[[Camarón de la Isla]], Flamenco singer
*[[:es:Farruquito|Farruquito]], Flamenco dancer
*[[Los Niños de Sara]], French fusion musicians
*[[Ketama]], fusion musicians
*[[Kendji Girac]], French singer
*[[Diego El Cigala|Diego "El Cigala"]], Flamenco singer
*[[Joaquín Cortés]], star flamenco dancer
*[[Beatriz Luengo]], singer and actress
*[[Natalia Jiménez]], singer and vocalist of [[La quinta estacion]]
*[[Jorge González (singer)|Jorge González]], singer
* [[Manitas de Plata]], guitar musician
* [[Peret]], Catalan singer, guitar player and composer of [[Catalan rumba]]
*[[Camela]], singers of Spanish musical group of techno rumba and flamenco pop.
*[[Los Chichos]] singers
*[[Las Grecas]] singers
*[[Estrella Morente]] singer
*[[Niña Pastori]] singer and composer
*[[Belén Maya]] bailaora Flamenca dancer
*[[Juan Villar]], Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[José Mercé]], Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[El Príncipe Gitano]], Cantaor Flamenco Singer And Bailaor Flamenco Dancer
*[[Dolores Vargas]], "La Terremoto" Cantaora Flamenco Singer And Bailaora Flamenco Dancer
*[[Gerardo Núñez]], Spanish Gypsy guitarist and composer
*[[Mario Maya]], Cantaor Flamenco Singer And Bailaor Flamenco Dancer
*[[Tomatito]], Spanish Flamenco Guitarist and Composer
*[[Remedios Amaya]], Spanish Gypsy Singer Cantaora Flamenco
*[[Alba Flores]], Spanish actress of gypsy origin
*Miguel Vargas Jiménez [[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Vargas_Jim%C3%A9nez Miguel Vargas Jiménez]] "Bambino" Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Falete]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falete Falete]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*Marina Heredia [[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Heredia Marina Heredia]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[La Chunga]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chunga La Chunga]] Bailaora Flamenco Dancer
*[[Manuel Agujetas]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Agujetas Manuel Agujetas]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Antonio Mairena]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mairena Antonio Mairena]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Manuel Torre]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Torre Manuel Torre]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[La Niña de los Peines]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a_de_los_Peines La Niña de los Peines]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Arturo Pavón Cruz]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Pav%C3%B3n_Cruz Arturo Pavón Cruz]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Gabriela Ortega Feria]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Ortega_Feria Gabriela Ortega Feria]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Pastora Imperio]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastora_Imperio Pastora Imperio]] Bailaora Flamenco Dancer
*[[Chiquetete]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquetete Chiquetete]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer and artist
*[[El Lebrijano]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Lebrijano El Lebrijano]] Flamenco Guitarist Musician
*[[Paco Cepero]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Cepero Paco Cepero]] Flamenco Guitarist Musician
*[[Vicente Soto Sordera]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Soto_Sordera Vicente Soto Sordera]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Luisa Ortega Gomez]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Ortega_(cantante) Luisa Ortega (cantante)]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer Daughter Of [[Manolo Caracol]]
*[[Pepa de Utrera]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepa_de_Utrera Pepa de Utrera]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Bernarda de Utrera]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernarda_de_Utrera Bernarda de Utrera]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Pinini]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinini Pinini]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Cancanilla de Marbella]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancanilla_de_Marbella Cancanilla de Marbella]] Cantaor and Bailaor Flamenco Singer and Dancer
*[[Perla de Cádiz]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perla_de_C%C3%A1diz Perla de Cádiz]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Los Chorbos]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Chorbos Los Chorbos]] Flamenco Singer
*[[Manzanita]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanita Manzanita]] Singer and Guitarrist Musician
*[[Juan Antonio Jiménez Muñoz]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Jim%C3%A9nez_Mu%C3%B1oz Juan Antonio Jiménez Muñoz]] Singer, Musician and Composer, member of [[Los Chichos]]
*[[Los Calis]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Calis Los Calis]] Singer Flamenco Rumba
*[[Antonio El Chaqueta]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_%22El_Chaqueta%22 Antonio "El Chaqueta"]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[José Manuel Ruíz Rosa]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Chino El Chino]] Cantaor and Guitarrist Flamenco
*[[La Repompa de Málaga]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repompa_de_M%C3%A1laga La Repompa de Málaga]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[José Losada "Carrete"]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Losada_%27Carrete%27 José Losada 'Carrete']] Bailaor Flamenco Dancer
*[[Manuela Carrasco]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela_Carrasco Manuela Carrasco]] Bailaora Flamenco Dancer
*[[La Paquera de Jerez]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paquera_de_Jerez La Paquera de Jerez]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Tijeritas]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijeritas Tijeritas]] Singer Flamenco
*[[Pitingo]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitingo Pitingo]] Singer Flamenco and Pop
*[[Moraito Chico]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora%C3%ADto_Chico Moraíto Chico]] Musician Guitarrist Flamenco
*[[Diego Carrasco]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Carrasco Diego Carrasco]]Cantaor Flamenco Guitarrist Musician
*[[Manuel Morao]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Morao Manuel Morao]] Guitarrist Flamenco Musician
*[[Ramón Calabuch Batista]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncho Moncho]] Singer"Moncho"
*[[Mala Rodríguez]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Rodr%C3%ADguez Mala Rodríguez]] Singer
*[[Maria Fernández Granados]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Granados María Fernández Granados]]Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Gaspar de Utrera]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Utrera Gaspar de Utrera]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Montse Cortés]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montse_Cort%C3%A9s Montse Cortés]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[La Serneta]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Serneta La Serneta]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Antonia La Negra]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_La_Negra Antonia La Negra]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Lole y Manuel]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lole_y_Manuel Lole y Manuel]] Flamenco Singers
*[[Alba Molina]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Molina Alba Molina]] Singer
*[[Luisa Ramos Antunez]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Ramos_Ant%C3%BAnez Luisa Ramos Antúnez]]Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Niño Gloria]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_Gloria Niño Gloria]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Fernanda de Utrera]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda_de_Utrera Fernanda de Utrera]]Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Rancapino]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancapino Rancapino]]Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Ramón Montoya Salazar]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Montoya_Salazar Ramón Montoya Salazar]] Flamenco Musician
*[[Sabicas]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabicas Sabicas]] Flamenco Musician
*[[Esperanza Fernández Vargas]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanza_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Vargas Esperanza Fernández Vargas]]Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Farruco]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farruco Farruco]]Bailaor Flamenco Dancer
*[[Pilar Montoya]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar_Montoya Pilar Montoya]] Bailaora Flamenco Dancer
*[[Juana la Macarrona]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_la_Macarrona Juana la Macarrona]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[La Susi]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Susi La Susi]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Vicente de Castro Giménez]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_de_Castro_%22Parrita%22 Vicente de Castro "Parrita"]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer and Flamenco Musician "El Parrita"
*[[Antonio Carmona]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Carmona Antonio Carmona]] Singer Flamenco
*[[Manuel Moreno Maya]] "El Pelé"[[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pele El Pele]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[La Macanita]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Macanita La Macanita]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Pansequito]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansequito Pansequito]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Aurora Vargas]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Vargas Aurora Vargas]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer and Bailaora Flamenco Dancer
*[["La Marelu" Magdalena Montañez Salazar]][[https://www.last.fm/es/music/La+Marelu/+wiki]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[La Tobala]][[https://elartedevivirelflamenco.com/cantaores274.html#:~:text=JUANA%20RIBA%20SALAZAR%2C%20cantaora%20gitana,se%20conoce%20como%20Los%20Tobalos.]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[["La Chiqui de Jerez" Milagros de los Reyes Bermúdez]][[https://elartedevivirelflamenco.com/cantaores327.html]]Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Juana la del Revuelo]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_la_del_Revuelo]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Montse Cortés]] [[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montse_Cort%C3%A9s]] Cantaora Flamenco Singer
*[[Sylvia Pantoja]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pantoja]] Singer and Actress
*[[Agustin Pantoja]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Pantoja]] Singer
*[[Kiko Rivera]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiko_Rivera]] Singer, DJ Musician and Famous Spanish Character of Gypsy Origin by Mother
*[[Moncho Chavea]][[https://www.elmundo.es/loc/famosos/2021/05/06/60926d0afdddff8f248b4622.html]] Singer
*[[Original Elías]][[https://www.elmundo.es/loc/famosos/2021/04/05/60645ddd21efa0bb388b4592.html]] Singer
*[[Nyno Vargas]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyno_Vargas]] Singer
*[[Juan Habichuela]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Habichuela]] Musician Flamenco Father of [[Antonio Carmona]] Singer of [[Ketama]]
*[[Rafael Farina]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Farina]] Folk and Flamenco Singer
*[[Tamara]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_(cantante)]] Singer and granddaughter of [[Rafael Farina]]
*[[Duquende]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquende]] Cantaor Flamenco Singer
*[[Mayel Jiménez]] "Ismael Jiménez" [[https://mayeljimenez.com/]] Singer, Musician and Composer
*[[Ricardo Gabarre]] "El Junco"[[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Gabarre_(Junco)]] Flamenco Singer
*[[El Luis]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Luis]] Flamenco Singer and Guitarrist
*[[El Zingaro]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%ADngaro]] Flamenco Singer and Guitarrist
*[[Los Chavis]][[https://www.worldmusicfactory.com/producto/de-vuelt-y-medi-los-chavis/]] Flamenco Pop Singers
*[[Los Yakis]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Los_Yakis_grupo_flamenco.jpg]] Flamenco Singers
===Gitano surnames===
Due to [[endogamy]], several [[Spanish surname]]s are more frequent among the Gitanos,<ref name="DEspasa">''Diccionario de apellidos españoles'', Roberto Faure, María Asunción Ribes, Antonio García, Editorial [[Espasa]], Madrid 2001. {{ISBN|84-239-2289-8}}. Section III.3.8 page XXXIX.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gamella |first1=Juan F. |last2=Gómez Alfaro |first2=Antonio |last3=Pérez Pérez |first3=Juan |title=Los apellidos de los gitanos españoles en los censos de 1783-85 - Artículos - Revista de Humanidades |url=http://www.revistadehumanidades.com/articulos/29-los-apellidos-de-losgitanos-espanoles-en-los-censos-de-1783-85 |website=www.revistadehumanidades.com |access-date=3 February 2020 |language=es}}</ref> though they are not exclusive to them:
*[[Altamira (surname)|Altamira]] or Altamirano
*[[Amaya (Spanish-language name)|Amaya]]
*Antunes or [[Antúnez (name)|Antúnez]] (alternatively, Antuñez)
*Calaf (Catalan Gypsy)
*[[Cortés (surname)|Cortés]]
*[[Fernández]]
*[[Flores (surname)|Flores]]
*Gabarri (Catalan Gypsy)
*[[Gutiérrez]] or Guiterez
*[[Heredia (surname)|Heredia]]
*[[Jiménez (surname)|Jiménez]] or [[Giménez]]
*[[Malla (surname)|Malla]] or Maya
*[[Molina (surname)|Molina]]
*[[Montoya]]
*[[Monge (surname)|Monge]] or [[Monje]]
*[[Moreno (surname)|Moreno]]
*[[Morgade]]
*[[Motos]]
* Pereiro or [[Pereira (surname)|Pereira]]
*Pubill (Catalan Gypsy)
*Ravelino or Rabellino
*[[Reyes (name)|Reyes]]
*[[Salazar (surname)|Salazar]]
*[[Santi]]
*[[Santiago (surname)|Santiago]]
*[[Vargas (surname)|Vargas]] LP
*[[Villar (surname)|Villar]] or Vilar
*[[Carretero]]
*[[Pérez]]
*[[González (surname)|González]]
*[[Escudero]]
== See also ==
{{portal|Spain}}
* [[Triana, Seville]], a neighbourhood traditionally linked to Gitano history.
* [[Sacromonte]], the traditional Gitano quarter of [[Granada]].
* [[George Borrow]], an English missionary and traveller who studied the Calé of Spain and other parts of Europe.
* [[Quinqui]], a nomad community of Spain with a similar lifestyle, but of unrelated origin.
* [[Cagot]], similarly historically persecuted people in France and Spain.
* {{lang|fr|[[Cascarots]]}}, an ethnic group in the Spanish Basque country and the French Basque coast sometimes linked to the Cagots.
* [[Limpieza de sangre|Cleanliness of blood]], ethnic discrimination in the Spanish Old Regime.
* {{ill|Maragato|es}}, an ethnic group in Spain who were also discriminated against and have unknown origins.
* {{lang|es|[[Vaqueiros de alzada]]}}, a discriminated group of cowherders in Northern Spain.
* {{lang|ca|[[Xueta]]}} a persecuted ethnic minority in [[Mallorca]], often referenced in works discussing the persecution of Cagots in Spain.
==References==
===Sources===
*Worth, Susannah and Sibley, Lucy R. "Maja [[Dress]] and the Andalusian Image of Spain." ''[[Clothing]] and Textiles Research Journal,'' Summer 1994, Vol. 12, pp. 51–60.
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Gitanos}}
*[http://www.unionromani.org/pueblo_in.htm Romani union] {{in lang|en}}(English exonym present)
*[http://www.patrimonioculturalgitano.org/web/castellano/coo_01.htm Romani presence in European Music] {{in lang|es}}
{{Romani diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups of Spain}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Romani People In Spain}}
[[Category:Romani groups|Spain]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish Romani people| ]]
[[Category:Romani in Spain]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -296,4 +296,5 @@
*[[El Zingaro]][[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%ADngaro]] Flamenco Singer and Guitarrist
*[[Los Chavis]][[https://www.worldmusicfactory.com/producto/de-vuelt-y-medi-los-chavis/]] Flamenco Pop Singers
+*[[Los Yakis]][[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Los_Yakis_grupo_flamenco.jpg]] Flamenco Singers
===Gitano surnames===
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36 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0',
37 => 'https://www.worldmusicfactory.com/producto/de-vuelt-y-medi-los-chavis/',
38 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmk4Gry6Xfw&t=2968s',
39 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...748477R',
40 => 'https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=thea_etds',
41 => 'https://www.elmundo.es/loc/famosos/2021/04/05/60645ddd21efa0bb388b4592.html',
42 => 'https://www.elmundo.es/loc/famosos/2021/05/06/60926d0afdddff8f248b4622.html',
43 => 'https://hera.ugr.es/tesisugr/16795015.pdf',
44 => 'https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2016/second-european-union-minorities-and-discrimination-survey-roma-selected-findings',
45 => 'https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2016-eu-minorities-survey-roma-selected-findings_en.pdf',
46 => 'https://www.last.fm/es/music/La+Marelu/+wiki',
47 => 'https://www.loc.gov/item/90006127/',
48 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18205888',
49 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23209554',
50 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23219723',
51 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509117',
52 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4732609-8',
53 => 'https://rm.coe.int/the-great-gypsy-round-up-in-spain-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b1a7d',
54 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071201172552/http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf',
55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124051/http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm',
56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf',
57 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031222/http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf',
58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171010161106/http://www.msc.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf',
59 => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-8945-8_7',
60 => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.039',
61 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9655.00081',
62 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2011.01701.x',
63 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.2007.00421.x',
64 => 'https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477',
65 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3034765',
66 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/fmk4Gry6Xfw',
67 => 'https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gitanos%22&acc=on&wc=on',
68 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/3034765',
69 => 'https://minorityrights.org/minorities/gypsies/',
70 => 'https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ca9c.html',
71 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36365458',
72 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365830#identifiers',
73 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Molina',
74 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_La_Negra',
75 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mairena',
76 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancanilla_de_Marbella',
77 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquende',
78 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Lebrijano',
79 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Luis',
80 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_la_Macarrona',
81 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chunga',
82 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a_de_los_Peines',
83 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lole_y_Manuel',
84 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Agujetas',
85 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Torre',
86 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Cepero',
87 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastora_Imperio',
88 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perla_de_C%C3%A1diz',
89 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Soto_Sordera',
90 => 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%ADngaro',
91 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Pantoja',
92 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_%22El_Chaqueta%22',
93 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Carmona',
94 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Pav%C3%B3n_Cruz',
95 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Vargas',
96 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernarda_de_Utrera',
97 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquetete',
98 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Carrasco',
99 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Chino',
100 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pele',
101 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanza_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Vargas',
102 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falete',
103 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Gallo',
104 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farruco',
105 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda_de_Utrera',
106 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Ortega_Feria',
107 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Utrera',
108 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iker_Jim%C3%A9nez',
109 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Losada_'Carrete'',
110 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Jim%C3%A9nez_Mu%C3%B1oz',
111 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Habichuela',
112 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_la_del_Revuelo',
113 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiko_Rivera',
114 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Macanita',
115 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paquera_de_Jerez',
116 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repompa_de_M%C3%A1laga',
117 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Serneta',
118 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Susi',
119 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Calis',
120 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Chorbos',
121 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Ortega_(cantante)',
122 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Ramos_Ant%C3%BAnez',
123 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Rodr%C3%ADguez',
124 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Morao',
125 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela_Carrasco',
126 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanita',
127 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Granados',
128 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Heredia',
129 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Vargas_Jim%C3%A9nez',
130 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncho',
131 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montse_Cort%C3%A9s',
132 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora%C3%ADto_Chico',
133 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_Gloria',
134 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyno_Vargas',
135 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paca_Torres',
136 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansequito',
137 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepa_de_Utrera',
138 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar_Montoya',
139 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinini',
140 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitingo',
141 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Farina',
142 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Montoya_Salazar',
143 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancapino',
144 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Gabarre_(Junco)',
145 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabicas',
146 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pantoja',
147 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_(cantante)',
148 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijeritas',
149 => 'https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_de_Castro_%22Parrita%22',
150 => 'https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/600541468771052774/pdf/30992.pdf',
151 => 'https://www.publico.pt/2019/06/28/sociedade/noticia/minipreco-retira-sapo-loica-usado-afastar-ciganos-pede-desculpa-1878021'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group living on the Iberian Peninsula</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gitanos&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gitanos%22">"Gitanos"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gitanos%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gitanos%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gitanos%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gitanos%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gitanos%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Romani people in Spain</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Gitanos</i></span>, <span title="Caló-language text"><i lang="rmq">Calé</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Estimated 720,000-1,500,000<sup id="cite_ref-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_-_CIS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_-_CIS-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-immigration_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigration-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li><li>Spanish</li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erromintxela" class="mw-redirect" title="Erromintxela">Erromintxela</a>)</li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Roma</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aranese" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranese">Aranese</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Romani" title="Category:Romani">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Romani people"><img alt="Flag of the Romani people" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Romani_people" title="Archaeology of the Romani people">Archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Discrimination against Romani people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_dress" title="Romani dress">Dress</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Romani_people" title="Flag of the Romani people">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_media" title="Romani media">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Names</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Romani_people" title="List of Romani people">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people#Religion" title="Romani people">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">Settlements</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;">
<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Romani people by sub-group</div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garachi" title="Garachi">Garachi</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurbeti" title="Gurbeti">Gurbeti</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Kale (Finnish Roma)</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale (Welsh Roma)</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawliya">Kawliya</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">Lăutari</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Machvaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvaya">Machvaya</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Romanisæl</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides Romani</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Servitka_Roma" title="Servitka Roma">Servitka Roma</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zargari</a>
</li></ul>
</div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;">
<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a> by country</div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Albania</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Australia" title="Romani people in Australia">Australia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Colombia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Romani people in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Ireland</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Mexico">Mexico</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Poland</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spain</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scottish_Gypsy_and_Traveller_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gypsy and Traveller groups">Scotland</a>)
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in the United States">United States</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian-Slovak</a>)
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Uruguay" title="Romani people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a>
</li></ul>
</div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Romani_people" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Romani people">WikiProject</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Romani_people" title="Template:Romani people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_people" title="Template talk:Romani people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Romani_people&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Romani in Spain</b>, generally known by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><b>gitanos</b></i></span> (<small>Spanish pronunciation: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[xiˈtanos]</a></span>) or the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> <i><b>Calé</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> belong to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people#Population_and_subgroups" title="Romani people">Iberian Cale Romani subgroup</a>, with smaller populations in Portugal (known as <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">ciganos</a></i></span>) and in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a>. Their sense of identity and cohesion stems from their shared value system, expressed among the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">gitanos</i></span> as the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">leyes gitanas</i></span> ('Gypsy laws').<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Traditionally, they maintain their social circles strictly within their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">patrigroups</a>, as interaction between patrigroups increases the risk of feuding, which may result in fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The emergence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> has impacted this practice, as the lifestyle of Pentecostal <i>gitanos</i> involves frequent contact with <i>gitanos</i> from outside their own patrigroups during church services and meetings. Data on ethnicity are not collected in Spain, although the public pollster <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaciones_Sociol%C3%B3gicas" title="Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas">CIS</a> estimated in 2007 that the number of <i>gitanos</i> present in Spain is probably around one million.<sup id="cite_ref-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_-_CIS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_-_CIS-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Migration_to_Spain"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Migration to Spain</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Marriage"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Marriage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Crime_issues"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Crime issues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Marginalisation"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Marginalisation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#In_literature"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">In literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notable_gitanos"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notable <i>gitanos</i></span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Leaders_and_politicians"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Leaders and politicians</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Historians,_philologists_and_writers"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Historians, philologists and writers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Poets,_novelists_and_playwrights"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Poets, novelists and playwrights</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Catholic_saints_and_martyrs"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Catholic saints and martyrs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Painters_and_sculptors"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Painters and sculptors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Actors,_comedians_and_entertainers"><span class="tocnumber">7.6</span> <span class="toctext">Actors, comedians and entertainers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Footballers_and_football_coaches"><span class="tocnumber">7.7</span> <span class="toctext">Footballers and football coaches</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Other_athletes"><span class="tocnumber">7.8</span> <span class="toctext">Other athletes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Singers_and_musicians"><span class="tocnumber">7.9</span> <span class="toctext">Singers and musicians</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Gitano_surnames"><span class="tocnumber">7.10</span> <span class="toctext">Gitano surnames</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Name">Name</span></h2>
<p>The term <i>gitano</i> evolved from the word <i>egiptano</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> ("Egyptian"), which was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a> demonym for someone from <i>Egipto</i> (Egypt). "Egiptano" was the regular adjective in Old Spanish for someone from Egypt, however, in Middle and Modern Spanish the irregular adjective <i>egipcio</i> supplanted <i>egiptano</i> to mean Egyptian, probably to differentiate Egyptians proper from Gypsys. Meanwhile, the term <i>egiptano</i> evolved through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> into <i>egitano</i> and finally into <i>gitano</i>, losing the meaning of Egyptian and carrying with it a specific meaning of Romanis in Spain. The two peoples are now unambiguously differentiated in modern Spanish, "egipcios" for Egyptians and "gitanos" for Roma in Spain, with "egiptano" being obsolete for either.
</p><p>Though etymologically the term <i>gitano</i> originally meant "Egyptian",<sup id="cite_ref-buscon1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buscon1-11">[11]</a></sup> the use itself of the Old Spanish word meaning "Egyptian" (egiptano) to refer to Romanis in Spain developed in the same way that the English word "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gypsy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy (term)">Gypsy</a>" also evolved from the English adjective "Egyptian" to refer to Romanis in Britain. Some Romanis, a people originating in the northern regions of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, upon their first arrivals to Europe, either claimed to be Egyptians for a more favourable treatment by local Europeans, or were mistaken as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> by local Europeans.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></div>
<p>The Romani people originate from northwestern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comas_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comas-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ca_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17">[17]</a></sup> presumably from the northwestern Indian state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ca_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17">[17]</a></sup> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> region shared between India and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ca_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>: the language has grammatical characteristics of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indic languages</a> and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts, daily routines<sup id="cite_ref-mluvnice_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mluvnice-18">[18]</a></sup> and numerals.
</p><p>More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>. It shares many phonetic features with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marwari_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwari (language)">Marwari</a>, while its grammar is closest to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hub1995_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hub1995-19">[19]</a></sup> Linguistic evaluation carried out in the nineteenth century by Pott (1845) and Miklosich (1882–1888) showed that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> is to be classed as a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), not a Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA), establishing that the ancestors of the Romani could not have left the Indian subcontinent significantly earlier than AD 1000, then finally reaching Europe several hundred years later.
</p><p>Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and migrated as a group.<sup id="cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comas_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comas-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_India" title="North India">northern India</a>, traditionally referred to collectively as the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/%E1%B8%8Coma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḍoma">Ḍoma</a>", are the likely ancestral populations of modern "Roma" in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Migration_to_Spain">Migration to Spain</span></h3>
<p>How and when the Romani arrived in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> from Northern India is a question whose consensus is far from being reached. A popular theory, although without any documentation, claims they came from North Africa, from where they would have crossed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> to meet again in France with the northern migratory route.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> Thus, <i>gitanos</i> would be a deformation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tingitan_Peninsula" title="Tingitan Peninsula">Tingitani</a>, that is, from <i>Tingis</i>, today <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>. Another, more consistent theory, and well documented, is that they entered the Iberian Peninsula from France. Although there is controversy of the date of the first arrival, since there is evidence of a safe conduct granted in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a> in 1415 by the infante Alfonso of Aragon to one Tomás, son of Bartolomé de Sanno, who is said to be "Indie Majoris".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Or instead, could be the so-called Juan de Egipto Menor, who entered through France, who in 1425 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V</a> granted him a letter of insurance, which is mostly accepted as the first Romani person to reach the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... As our beloved and devoted Don Juan de Egipto Menor ... understands that he must pass through some parts of our kingdoms and lands, and we want him to be well treated and welcomed ... under pain of our wrath and indignation ... the mentioned Don Juan de Egipto and those who will go with him and accompany him, with all their horses, clothes, goods, gold, silver, saddlebags and whatever else they bring with them, let them go, stay and go through any city, town, place and other parts of our lordship safe and secure ... and giving those safe passage and being driven when the aforementioned don Juan requires it through this present safe conduct ... Delivered in Zaragoza with our seal on January 12 of the year of birth of our Lord 1425. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">King Alfonso</a>.</p></blockquote>
<p>In 1435 they were seen in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>. <i>Gitanos</i> were recorded in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> by 1447,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> and in 1462 they were received with honors in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>. Years later, to the <i>gitanos</i>, the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">grecianos</a></i>, pilgrims who penetrated the Mediterranean shore in the 1480s, were added to them, probably because of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a>. Both of them continued to wander throughout the peninsula, being well received at least until 1493, year in which a group of <i>gitanos</i> arrived at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, where the Council agreed to "<i>... give alms to the </i>gitanos<i> because at the request of the City passed ahead, ten reales, to avoid the damages that could be done by three hundred people who came ... "</i>.
</p><p>In those years safe conducts were granted to supposedly noble Calé pilgrims. The follow-up of these safe-conducts throughout Spain has provided some data to historians according to Teresa San Román:
</p>
<ul><li>The number of Romani that entered or inhabited the Peninsula in the 15th-century is estimated at approximately 3,000 individuals.</li>
<li>The Roma traveled in variable groups, of 80-150 people, led by a man.</li>
<li>Each autonomous group maintained relations at a distance with one of the others, there being perhaps relations of kinship among them (something common today among Spanish Romani).</li>
<li>The separation between each group was variable and sometimes some followed the others at close range and by the same routes.</li>
<li>The most common survival strategy was to present as Christian pilgrims to seek the protection of a noble.</li>
<li>The way of life was nomadic and dedicated to divination and performance (spectacle).</li></ul>
<p>In 1492, the Roma auxiliaries helped the army of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Castile and León">Kingdom of Castile and León</a> in the Reconquista in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> ending the reign of Muslims in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-dhier_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhier-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Gitanos</i> have a low and little politically committed role, with some particular exceptions, in Andalusian nationalism and identity, which is strongly based on a belief in the oriental basis of Andalusi heritage acted as a bridge between occidental-western and oriental-eastern Andalusian culture at a popular level. The father of such a movement, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blas_Infante" title="Blas Infante">Blas Infante</a>, in his book <i>Orígenes de lo flamenco y secreto del cante jondo</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologically</a>, went as far as alleging that the word <i>flamenco</i> derives from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andalusian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian Arabic">Andalusian Arabic</a> <i>fellah mengu</i>, supposedly meaning "escapee peasant". Infante believed that numerous Muslim Andalusians became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Moriscos</a>, who were obliged to convert, dispersed and eventually ordered to leave Spain stayed and mixed with the Romani newcomers instead of abandoning their land. These claims have been rejected by genetic research papers.<sup id="cite_ref-gusmao_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gusmao-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg" class="image"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg/240px-Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="190" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg/360px-Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg/480px-Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="1450" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Spanish Romani people. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yevgraf_Sorokin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevgraf Sorokin">Yevgraf Sorokin</a>, 1853.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg" class="image"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg/240px-Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg/360px-Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg/480px-Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2199" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alfred_Dehodencq_A_Gypsy_Dance_in_the_Gardens_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A Gypsy dance in the gardens of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar of Seville</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>For about 300 years, Romanies were subject to a number of laws and policies designed to eliminate them from Spain as an identifiable group: Romani settlements were broken up and the residents dispersed; sometimes, Romanies were required to marry non-Roma; they were prohibited from using their language and rituals, and were excluded from public office and from guild membership.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-28">[28]</a></sup> In 1749, a major effort to get rid of the Calé population in Spain was carried out through a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">raid</a> organized by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, <i>gitanos</i> were not persecuted for their ethnicity by either side.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> Under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">regime</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, <i>gitanos</i> were often harassed or simply ignored, although their children were educated, sometimes forcibly, much as all Spaniards are nowadays.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the post-Franco era, Spanish government policy has been much more sympathetic, especially in the area of social welfare and social services.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-28">[28]</a></sup> In 1977, the last anti-Romani laws were repealed, an action promoted by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_de_Dios_Ram%C3%ADrez_Heredia" title="Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia">Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia</a>, the first Romani deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>Beginning in 1983, the government operated a special program of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compensatory_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Compensatory Education">Compensatory Education</a> to promote educational rights for the disadvantaged, including those in Romani communities.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-28">[28]</a></sup> During the heroin epidemic that afflicted Spain in the 1980s and 1990s, <i>gitano</i> shanty towns became central to the drug trade, a problem which afflicts Spain to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Spain is still considered a model for integration of <i>gitano</i> communities when compared to other countries with Romani populations in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló language</a></div>
<p>Historically, <i>gitanos</i> spoke Caló fluently, often alongside the language spoken in the region they inhabited. Caló is a type of para-Romani, combining the phonology and grammar of the Catalan or Castilian, with a lexicon derived from Romani. The para-Romani resulting from the combination of Basque and Romani is called Erromintxela. Very few <i>gitanos</i> maintain a comprehensive and functional knowledge of Caló. A study on the actual usage patterns of Caló among a group of mainly Andalusian <i>gitanos</i> concluded that the language currently consists of between 350 and 400 unique terms, the knowledge of which varies considerably among <i>gitanos</i>. This would exclude a similar number of Calo words which have entered mainstream Spanish slang. According to the authors of the study, the majority of <i>gitanos</i> acknowledge that the language is in a terminal state, with many asserting that the language is totally lost.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Marriage">Marriage</span></h2>
<p>A traditional <i>gitano</i> wedding requires a <i>pedimiento</i> (similar to an engagement party) followed by the <i>casamiento</i> (wedding ceremony), where <i>el yeli</i> must be sung to the bride to celebrate the virginity and <i>honour</i> of the bride (proven by the ritual of the <i>pañuelo</i>). In the pañuelo ritual, a group consisting of an <i>ajuntaora</i> (a professional who is skilled in performing the ritual and is paid by the family), along with the married women of the family, take the bride into a separate room during the wedding and examine her to ascertain that she is a virgin. The ajuntaora is the one who performs the ritual on the bride, as the other women watch to be witnesses that the bride is virgin. The ajuntaora wraps a white, decoratively embroidered cloth (the <i>pañuelo</i>) around her index finger and inserts it shallowly into the vaginal canal of the bride.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> During this process, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bartholin%27s_gland" title="Bartholin's gland">Bartholin's glands</a> are depressed, causing them to secrete a liquid that stains the cloth. This action is repeated with three different sections of the cloth to produce three stains, known as "rosas". This process is conceived by the women as the retrieval of the bride's "honra", her <i>honour</i>, contained within a "grape" inside her genitals which is popped during the examination, and the spillage collected onto the pañuelo.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>When finished with the exam, the women come out of the room and sing <i>el yeli</i> to the couple. During this, the men at the wedding rip their shirts and lift the wife onto their shoulders and do the same with the husband, as they sing "el yeli" to them. Weddings can last very long; up to three days is usual in <i>Gitano</i> culture. At weddings, <i>gitanos</i> invite everyone and anyone that they know of (especially other <i>gitanos</i>). On some occasions, <i>payos</i> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadjo (non-Romani)">gadjos</a></i>) may attend as well, although this is not common. Through the night, many <i>bulerías</i> are danced and especially sung. Today, <i>rumba gitana</i> or <i>rumba flamenca</i> are a usual party music fixture.
</p><p><i>Gitanos</i> may also marry by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">elopement</a>, an event that garners less approval than a wedding ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Crime_issues">Crime issues</span></h2>
<p>According to a website of the <i>Fundación Secretariado Gitano</i> ("Gitano Secretariat Foundation"), published in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> in the Spanish prison system the Spanish Romani women represented 25% of the incarcerated female population, while Spanish Romani people represented 1.4% of the total Spanish population. In Portugal, 64% of the detentions of gitano people were drug trafficking-related, 93.2% of women inmates for drug trafficking were <i>gitanas</i>, and 13.2% of the total drug trafficking-related inmates were of gitano ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Marginalisation">Marginalisation</span></h2>
<p>Marginalisation occurs on an institutional level. <i>Gitano</i> children are regularly segregated from their non-<i>gitano</i> peers and have poorer academic outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-EU-survey_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-survey-40">[40]</a></sup> In 1978, 68% of adult <i>gitanos</i> were illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-exp_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exp-41">[41]</a></sup> Literacy has greatly improved over time, and approximately 10% of <i>gitanos</i> were illiterate as of 2006-2007 (with older <i>gitanos</i> much more likely than younger <i>gitanos</i> to be illiterate).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> Ninety-eight percent of <i>gitanos</i> live below the poverty line.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> Health outcomes and housing - including reduced access to clean water and electricity supplies - is poorer amongst Roma compared to non-Roma in Spain and Portugal, in common with the other surveyed European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-EU-survey_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-survey-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>Roma continue to experience discrimination on an interpersonal level, such as by being refused entry to bars and clubs or losing their jobs if their ethnicity is made known to their employer. In 2016, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Fundamental_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights">European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights</a> reported that its survey showed 71 percent of Portuguese <i>cigano</i>, and 51 percent of Spanish <i>gitano</i> had suffered an episode of discrimination within the previous five years.<sup id="cite_ref-EU-survey_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-survey-40">[40]</a></sup> A traditional discriminatory practice in Portugal, where shops and businesses display toad figurines at entrances to dissuade <i>ciganos</i> from entering, was reported as being still widely seen in Portugal in 2019. (Toads are viewed as symbolic of evil and ill-omen in Roma communities in Portugal.) <i>Ciganos</i> and anti-discrimination activists complained of hostility to Roma being commonplace and unremarkable. Some shopkeepers were noted as defending their discouragement of Roma as appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidal-2019_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidal-2019-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>The 2016 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> poll found that 49% of Spaniards held unfavorable views of Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_literature">In literature</span></h2>
<p>The <i>gitano</i> in Spanish society have inspired several authors:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a>, a great Spanish poet of the 20th century, wrote <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romancero_Gitano" class="mw-redirect" title="Romancero Gitano">Romancero Gitano</a></i> ("Gypsy Ballad Book")</li></ul>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Roma is the most basic, most profound, the most aristocratic of my country, as representative of their way and whoever keeps the flame, blood, and the alphabet of the universal Andalusian truth.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Federico García Lorca</cite></div></blockquote>
<ul><li><i>Candela</i>, the female protagonist of the story <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Amor_Brujo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Amor Brujo">El Amor Brujo</a></i>, by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a> is Romani.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carmen_(novella)" title="Carmen (novella)">Carmen</a></i> (1845) features the protagonist as a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">femme fatale</a></i>, ready to lie, or attack and degrade men's lives. His work was adapted for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georges_Bizet%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Bizet's">Georges Bizet's</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> of the same name.</li>
<li>The beauty of a dark-haired <i>Gitana</i> has inspired artists such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julio_Romero_de_Torres" title="Julio Romero de Torres">Julio Romero de Torres</a>.</li>
<li>La Gitanilla ("The little Gypsy girl"), short story by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> and part of his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Novelas_ejemplares" title="Novelas ejemplares">Exemplary Novels</a></li>
<li>Rocio Eva Granada, the escort in the novel Digital Fortress by Dan Brown</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_gitanos">Notable <i>gitanos</i></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Paquita_-Carlotta_Grisi_-1844.jpg" class="image"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Paquita_-Carlotta_Grisi_-1844.jpg/200px-Paquita_-Carlotta_Grisi_-1844.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Paquita_-Carlotta_Grisi_-1844.jpg/300px-Paquita_-Carlotta_Grisi_-1844.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Paquita_-Carlotta_Grisi_-1844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="507" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Paquita_-Carlotta_Grisi_-1844.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The ballet dancer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlotta_Grisi" title="Carlotta Grisi">Carlotta Grisi</a> as the Romani <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paquita" title="Paquita">Paquita</a></i> (1844).</div></div></div>
<p>Following are notable Spanish people of Calé (<i>gitano</i>) ethnicity:
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Leaders_and_politicians">Leaders and politicians</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_de_Dios_Ram%C3%ADrez_Heredia" title="Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia">Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEP</a></li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Gim%C3%A9nez" class="extiw" title="es:Sara Giménez">Sara Giménez</a>, Spanish Gypsy Politic in Spanish Politic Party <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ciudadanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudadanos">Ciudadanos</a></li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9fora_Vargas" class="extiw" title="es:Séfora Vargas">Séfora Vargas</a> Spanish Gypsy Political Activist and Lawyer</li></ul>
<h3><span id="Historians.2C_philologists_and_writers"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Historians,_philologists_and_writers">Historians, philologists and writers</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Albacic%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Joaquín Albacicín">Joaquín Albaicín</a>, writer, lecturer and columnist for the artistic life</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mat%C3%A9o_Maximoff" title="Matéo Maximoff">Matéo Maximoff</a>, French writer born in Barcelona</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Paca_Torres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paca Torres (page does not exist)">Paca Torres</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paca_Torres">Paca Torres</a>] Spanish Gypsy Woman Writer, Poet and Rhapsode</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iker_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Iker Jiménez">Iker Jiménez</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iker_Jim%C3%A9nez">[1]</a>] journalist, writer, historian, television presenter and YouTuber</li></ul>
<h3><span id="Poets.2C_novelists_and_playwrights"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Poets,_novelists_and_playwrights">Poets, novelists and playwrights</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Heredia_Maya" class="extiw" title="es:José Heredia Maya">José Heredia Maya</a>, poet and dramaturge</li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Heredia_Amaya" class="extiw" title="es:Luis Heredia Amaya">Luis Heredia Amaya</a>, sculptor</li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maya_Cort%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="es:Antonio Maya Cortés">Antonio Maya Cortés</a>, artist painter and sculptor</li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_de_Castro" class="extiw" title="es:Fabian de Castro">Fabian de Castro</a>, artist painter</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Catholic_saints_and_martyrs">Catholic saints and martyrs</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceferino_Gim%C3%A9nez_Malla" title="Ceferino Giménez Malla">Ceferino Giménez Malla</a>, blessed</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Painters_and_sculptors">Painters and sculptors</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helios_G%C3%B3mez" title="Helios Gómez">Helios Gómez</a>, artist, writer and poet</li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Vargas" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Vargas">Juan Vargas</a>, sculptor</li></ul>
<h3><span id="Actors.2C_comedians_and_entertainers"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Actors,_comedians_and_entertainers">Actors, comedians and entertainers</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogelio_Dur%C3%A1n" class="extiw" title="es:Rogelio Durán">Rogelio Durán</a>, theatre actor and father of Swedish actress <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noomi_Rapace" title="Noomi Rapace">Noomi Rapace</a></li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastora_Vega" class="extiw" title="es:Pastora Vega">Pastora Vega</a>, actress</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alba_Flores" title="Alba Flores">Alba Flores</a>, actress; granddaughter of Antonio González (El Pescaílla) and daughter of singer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Flores" title="Antonio Flores">Antonio Flores</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Castro_(actor)" title="Jesús Castro (actor)">Jesús Castro (actor)</a>, actor of film The Niño.</li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Lara" class="extiw" title="es:Luis Lara">El Comandante Lara</a>, comedian and singer</li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Rosa" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Rosa">Juan Rosa Mateo</a>, comedian of Duo Sacapuntas</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elena_Furiase" title="Elena Furiase">Elena Furiase</a> Spanish Actress of Gypsy Origin</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Familia_Gallo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Familia Gallo (page does not exist)">Familia Gallo</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Gallo">Familia Gallo</a>] Spanish Gypsy family of flamenco musicians and bullfighters</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Footballers_and_football_coaches">Footballers and football coaches</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Reyes" title="José Antonio Reyes">José Antonio Reyes</a>, ex-footballer, for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arsenal_F.C." title="Arsenal F.C.">Arsenal F.C.</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sevilla_FC" title="Sevilla FC">Sevilla FC</a>...</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Mart%C3%ADnez" class="mw-redirect" title="José Rodríguez Martínez">José Rodríguez Martínez</a>, footballer, currently plays for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maccabi_Haifa_F.C." title="Maccabi Haifa F.C.">Maccabi Haifa F.C.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Seba" title="Jesús Seba">Jesús Seba</a>, footballer, ex-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Zaragoza" title="Real Zaragoza">Real Zaragoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Fern%C3%A1ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Rodríguez Fernández">Diego</a>, former footballer, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sevilla_F%C3%BAtbol_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevilla Fútbol Club">Sevilla Fútbol Club</a> (Sevilla FC)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlos_Mu%C3%B1oz_Cobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Muñoz Cobo">Carlos Muñoz</a>, former footballer, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Oviedo" title="Real Oviedo">Real Oviedo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlos_Aranda" title="Carlos Aranda">Carlos Aranda</a>, former footballer, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sevilla_FC" title="Sevilla FC">Sevilla FC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivan_Amaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Amaya">Ivan Amaya</a>, former footballer, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atletico_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Atletico Madrid">Atletico Madrid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Amaya" title="Antonio Amaya">Antonio Amaya</a>, footballer, for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rayo_Vallecano" title="Rayo Vallecano">Rayo Vallecano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marcos_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Marcos Márquez">Marcos Márquez</a>, footballer, ex-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/UD_Las_Palmas" title="UD Las Palmas">UD Las Palmas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%C3%B3pez_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="López Ramos">López Ramos</a>, footballer, ex-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/UD_Las_Palmas" title="UD Las Palmas">UD Las Palmas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Cort%C3%A9s_Heredia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Cortés Heredia">Antonio Cortés Heredia</a> footballer for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ezequiel_Calvente" title="Ezequiel Calvente">Ezequiel Calvente</a> ex-footballer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_Betis" title="Real Betis">Real Betis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C3%A9ji_Savanier" title="Téji Savanier">Téji Savanier</a> footballer frech of the origin calo Spanish, footballer Montpellier</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Navas" title="Jesús Navas">Jesús Navas</a>, footballer, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sevilla_FC" title="Sevilla FC">Sevilla FC</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_athletes">Other athletes</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rafael_Soto" title="Rafael Soto">Rafael Soto</a>, equestrian and Olympic medalist</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faustino_Reyes" title="Faustino Reyes">Faustino Reyes</a>, boxer</li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Jim%C3%A9nez" class="extiw" title="es:José Antonio Jiménez">José Antonio Jiménez</a>, boxer</li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patxi_Ruiz" class="extiw" title="es:Patxi Ruiz">Patxi Ruiz Giménez</a>, Basque pelota champion</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Singers_and_musicians">Singers and musicians</span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carmen_Amaya" title="Carmen Amaya">Carmen Amaya</a>, Flamenco dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isabel_Pantoja" title="Isabel Pantoja">Isabel Pantoja</a>, singer, partially Calé</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Los_Chunguitos" title="Los Chunguitos">Los Chunguitos</a>, singers, brother duo</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Az%C3%BAcar_Moreno" title="Azúcar Moreno">Azúcar Moreno</a>, singers, sister duo</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manolo_Caracol" title="Manolo Caracol">Manolo Caracol</a>, Flamenco singer</li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pesca%C3%ADlla" class="extiw" title="es:El Pescaílla">El Pescaílla</a>, singer and composer, husband of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lola_Flores" title="Lola Flores">Lola Flores</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lolita_Flores" title="Lolita Flores">Lolita Flores</a>, singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores and El Pescaílla</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Flores" title="Antonio Flores">Antonio Flores</a>, singer and actor, son of Lola Flores and El Pescaílla</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosario_Flores" title="Rosario Flores">Rosario Flores</a>, singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores and El Pescaílla</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vicente_Escudero" title="Vicente Escudero">Vicente Escudero</a>, dancer and choreographer of Spanish Flamenco; occasionally painter, writer, cinematographic actor and flamenco singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gipsy_Kings" title="Gipsy Kings">Gipsy Kings</a>, French group of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flamenco_Rumba" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamenco Rumba">Flamenco Rumba</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicolas_Reyes" title="Nicolas Reyes">Nicolas Reyes</a>, lead vocalist of the Gipsy Kings</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camar%C3%B3n_de_la_Isla" title="Camarón de la Isla">Camarón de la Isla</a>, Flamenco singer</li>
<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farruquito" class="extiw" title="es:Farruquito">Farruquito</a>, Flamenco dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Los_Ni%C3%B1os_de_Sara" title="Los Niños de Sara">Los Niños de Sara</a>, French fusion musicians</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ketama" title="Ketama">Ketama</a>, fusion musicians</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendji_Girac" title="Kendji Girac">Kendji Girac</a>, French singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diego_El_Cigala" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego El Cigala">Diego "El Cigala"</a>, Flamenco singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Joaquín Cortés">Joaquín Cortés</a>, star flamenco dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beatriz_Luengo" title="Beatriz Luengo">Beatriz Luengo</a>, singer and actress</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natalia_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Natalia Jiménez">Natalia Jiménez</a>, singer and vocalist of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_quinta_estacion" class="mw-redirect" title="La quinta estacion">La quinta estacion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(singer)" title="Jorge González (singer)">Jorge González</a>, singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manitas_de_Plata" title="Manitas de Plata">Manitas de Plata</a>, guitar musician</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peret" title="Peret">Peret</a>, Catalan singer, guitar player and composer of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catalan_rumba" title="Catalan rumba">Catalan rumba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camela" title="Camela">Camela</a>, singers of Spanish musical group of techno rumba and flamenco pop.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Los_Chichos" title="Los Chichos">Los Chichos</a> singers</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Las_Grecas" title="Las Grecas">Las Grecas</a> singers</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estrella_Morente" title="Estrella Morente">Estrella Morente</a> singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ni%C3%B1a_Pastori" title="Niña Pastori">Niña Pastori</a> singer and composer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_Maya" title="Belén Maya">Belén Maya</a> bailaora Flamenca dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Villar" title="Juan Villar">Juan Villar</a>, Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Merc%C3%A9" title="José Mercé">José Mercé</a>, Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Pr%C3%ADncipe_Gitano" title="El Príncipe Gitano">El Príncipe Gitano</a>, Cantaor Flamenco Singer And Bailaor Flamenco Dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolores_Vargas" title="Dolores Vargas">Dolores Vargas</a>, "La Terremoto" Cantaora Flamenco Singer And Bailaora Flamenco Dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerardo_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez" title="Gerardo Núñez">Gerardo Núñez</a>, Spanish Gypsy guitarist and composer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mario_Maya" title="Mario Maya">Mario Maya</a>, Cantaor Flamenco Singer And Bailaor Flamenco Dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomatito" title="Tomatito">Tomatito</a>, Spanish Flamenco Guitarist and Composer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remedios_Amaya" title="Remedios Amaya">Remedios Amaya</a>, Spanish Gypsy Singer Cantaora Flamenco</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alba_Flores" title="Alba Flores">Alba Flores</a>, Spanish actress of gypsy origin</li>
<li>Miguel Vargas Jiménez [<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Vargas_Jim%C3%A9nez">Miguel Vargas Jiménez</a>] "Bambino" Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falete" title="Falete">Falete</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falete">Falete</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li>Marina Heredia [<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Heredia">Marina Heredia</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Chunga" title="La Chunga">La Chunga</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chunga">La Chunga</a>] Bailaora Flamenco Dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Agujetas" title="Manuel Agujetas">Manuel Agujetas</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Agujetas">Manuel Agujetas</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Mairena" title="Antonio Mairena">Antonio Mairena</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mairena">Antonio Mairena</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuel_Torre" title="Manuel Torre">Manuel Torre</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Torre">Manuel Torre</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a_de_los_Peines" title="La Niña de los Peines">La Niña de los Peines</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a_de_los_Peines">La Niña de los Peines</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Pav%C3%B3n_Cruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arturo Pavón Cruz (page does not exist)">Arturo Pavón Cruz</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Pav%C3%B3n_Cruz">Arturo Pavón Cruz</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gabriela_Ortega_Feria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriela Ortega Feria (page does not exist)">Gabriela Ortega Feria</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Ortega_Feria">Gabriela Ortega Feria</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pastora_Imperio" title="Pastora Imperio">Pastora Imperio</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastora_Imperio">Pastora Imperio</a>] Bailaora Flamenco Dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chiquetete" title="Chiquetete">Chiquetete</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquetete">Chiquetete</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer and artist</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Lebrijano" title="El Lebrijano">El Lebrijano</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Lebrijano">El Lebrijano</a>] Flamenco Guitarist Musician</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paco_Cepero" title="Paco Cepero">Paco Cepero</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Cepero">Paco Cepero</a>] Flamenco Guitarist Musician</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vicente_Soto_Sordera" title="Vicente Soto Sordera">Vicente Soto Sordera</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Soto_Sordera">Vicente Soto Sordera</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luisa_Ortega_Gomez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luisa Ortega Gomez (page does not exist)">Luisa Ortega Gomez</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Ortega_(cantante)">Luisa Ortega (cantante)</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer Daughter Of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manolo_Caracol" title="Manolo Caracol">Manolo Caracol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pepa_de_Utrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pepa de Utrera (page does not exist)">Pepa de Utrera</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepa_de_Utrera">Pepa de Utrera</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bernarda_de_Utrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernarda de Utrera (page does not exist)">Bernarda de Utrera</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernarda_de_Utrera">Bernarda de Utrera</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pinini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinini (page does not exist)">Pinini</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinini">Pinini</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cancanilla_de_Marbella" title="Cancanilla de Marbella">Cancanilla de Marbella</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancanilla_de_Marbella">Cancanilla de Marbella</a>] Cantaor and Bailaor Flamenco Singer and Dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perla_de_C%C3%A1diz" title="Perla de Cádiz">Perla de Cádiz</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perla_de_C%C3%A1diz">Perla de Cádiz</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Los_Chorbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Chorbos (page does not exist)">Los Chorbos</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Chorbos">Los Chorbos</a>] Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manzanita" title="Manzanita">Manzanita</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanita">Manzanita</a>] Singer and Guitarrist Musician</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Juan_Antonio_Jim%C3%A9nez_Mu%C3%B1oz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Antonio Jiménez Muñoz (page does not exist)">Juan Antonio Jiménez Muñoz</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Jim%C3%A9nez_Mu%C3%B1oz">Juan Antonio Jiménez Muñoz</a>] Singer, Musician and Composer, member of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Los_Chichos" title="Los Chichos">Los Chichos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Los_Calis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Calis (page does not exist)">Los Calis</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Calis">Los Calis</a>] Singer Flamenco Rumba</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Antonio_El_Chaqueta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio El Chaqueta (page does not exist)">Antonio El Chaqueta</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_%22El_Chaqueta%22">Antonio "El Chaqueta"</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Ru%C3%ADz_Rosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Manuel Ruíz Rosa (page does not exist)">José Manuel Ruíz Rosa</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Chino">El Chino</a>] Cantaor and Guitarrist Flamenco</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=La_Repompa_de_M%C3%A1laga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Repompa de Málaga (page does not exist)">La Repompa de Málaga</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repompa_de_M%C3%A1laga">La Repompa de Málaga</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Losada_%22Carrete%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Losada "Carrete" (page does not exist)">José Losada "Carrete"</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Losada_%27Carrete%27">José Losada 'Carrete'</a>] Bailaor Flamenco Dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Manuela_Carrasco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuela Carrasco (page does not exist)">Manuela Carrasco</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela_Carrasco">Manuela Carrasco</a>] Bailaora Flamenco Dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=La_Paquera_de_Jerez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Paquera de Jerez (page does not exist)">La Paquera de Jerez</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paquera_de_Jerez">La Paquera de Jerez</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tijeritas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tijeritas (page does not exist)">Tijeritas</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijeritas">Tijeritas</a>] Singer Flamenco</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pitingo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitingo (page does not exist)">Pitingo</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitingo">Pitingo</a>] Singer Flamenco and Pop</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moraito_Chico" class="mw-redirect" title="Moraito Chico">Moraito Chico</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora%C3%ADto_Chico">Moraíto Chico</a>] Musician Guitarrist Flamenco</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diego_Carrasco" title="Diego Carrasco">Diego Carrasco</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Carrasco">Diego Carrasco</a>]Cantaor Flamenco Guitarrist Musician</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Morao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Morao (page does not exist)">Manuel Morao</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Morao">Manuel Morao</a>] Guitarrist Flamenco Musician</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Calabuch_Batista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Calabuch Batista (page does not exist)">Ramón Calabuch Batista</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncho">Moncho</a>] Singer"Moncho"</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mala_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Mala Rodríguez">Mala Rodríguez</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Rodr%C3%ADguez">Mala Rodríguez</a>] Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Maria_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Granados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Fernández Granados (page does not exist)">Maria Fernández Granados</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Granados">María Fernández Granados</a>]Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gaspar_de_Utrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaspar de Utrera (page does not exist)">Gaspar de Utrera</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Utrera">Gaspar de Utrera</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Montse_Cort%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montse Cortés (page does not exist)">Montse Cortés</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montse_Cort%C3%A9s">Montse Cortés</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Serneta" title="La Serneta">La Serneta</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Serneta">La Serneta</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonia_La_Negra" title="Antonia La Negra">Antonia La Negra</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_La_Negra">Antonia La Negra</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lole_y_Manuel" title="Lole y Manuel">Lole y Manuel</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lole_y_Manuel">Lole y Manuel</a>] Flamenco Singers</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alba_Molina" title="Alba Molina">Alba Molina</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Molina">Alba Molina</a>] Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luisa_Ramos_Antunez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luisa Ramos Antunez (page does not exist)">Luisa Ramos Antunez</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Ramos_Ant%C3%BAnez">Luisa Ramos Antúnez</a>]Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ni%C3%B1o_Gloria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niño Gloria (page does not exist)">Niño Gloria</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_Gloria">Niño Gloria</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fernanda_de_Utrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernanda de Utrera (page does not exist)">Fernanda de Utrera</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda_de_Utrera">Fernanda de Utrera</a>]Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rancapino" title="Rancapino">Rancapino</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancapino">Rancapino</a>]Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Montoya_Salazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Montoya Salazar (page does not exist)">Ramón Montoya Salazar</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Montoya_Salazar">Ramón Montoya Salazar</a>] Flamenco Musician</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabicas" title="Sabicas">Sabicas</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabicas">Sabicas</a>] Flamenco Musician</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Esperanza_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Vargas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esperanza Fernández Vargas (page does not exist)">Esperanza Fernández Vargas</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanza_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Vargas">Esperanza Fernández Vargas</a>]Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Farruco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farruco (page does not exist)">Farruco</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farruco">Farruco</a>]Bailaor Flamenco Dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pilar_Montoya" title="Pilar Montoya">Pilar Montoya</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar_Montoya">Pilar Montoya</a>] Bailaora Flamenco Dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juana_la_Macarrona" title="Juana la Macarrona">Juana la Macarrona</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_la_Macarrona">Juana la Macarrona</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=La_Susi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Susi (page does not exist)">La Susi</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Susi">La Susi</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Vicente_de_Castro_Gim%C3%A9nez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicente de Castro Giménez (page does not exist)">Vicente de Castro Giménez</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_de_Castro_%22Parrita%22">Vicente de Castro "Parrita"</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer and Flamenco Musician "El Parrita"</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Carmona" title="Antonio Carmona">Antonio Carmona</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Carmona">Antonio Carmona</a>] Singer Flamenco</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Moreno_Maya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Moreno Maya (page does not exist)">Manuel Moreno Maya</a> "El Pelé"[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pele">El Pele</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Macanita" title="La Macanita">La Macanita</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Macanita">La Macanita</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pansequito" title="Pansequito">Pansequito</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansequito">Pansequito</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aurora_Vargas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurora Vargas (page does not exist)">Aurora Vargas</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Vargas">Aurora Vargas</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer and Bailaora Flamenco Dancer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=%22La_Marelu%22_Magdalena_Monta%C3%B1ez_Salazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""La Marelu" Magdalena Montañez Salazar (page does not exist)">"La Marelu" Magdalena Montañez Salazar</a>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.last.fm/es/music/La+Marelu/+wiki">[2]</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=La_Tobala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Tobala (page does not exist)">La Tobala</a>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://elartedevivirelflamenco.com/cantaores274.html#:~:text=JUANA%20RIBA%20SALAZAR%2C%20cantaora%20gitana,se%20conoce%20como%20Los%20Tobalos.">[3]</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=%22La_Chiqui_de_Jerez%22_Milagros_de_los_Reyes_Berm%C3%BAdez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""La Chiqui de Jerez" Milagros de los Reyes Bermúdez (page does not exist)">"La Chiqui de Jerez" Milagros de los Reyes Bermúdez</a>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://elartedevivirelflamenco.com/cantaores327.html">[4]</a>]Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Juana_la_del_Revuelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juana la del Revuelo (page does not exist)">Juana la del Revuelo</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_la_del_Revuelo">[5]</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Montse_Cort%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montse Cortés (page does not exist)">Montse Cortés</a> [<a class="external autonumber" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montse_Cort%C3%A9s">[6]</a>] Cantaora Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pantoja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvia Pantoja (page does not exist)">Sylvia Pantoja</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pantoja">[7]</a>] Singer and Actress</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Agustin_Pantoja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agustin Pantoja (page does not exist)">Agustin Pantoja</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Pantoja">[8]</a>] Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kiko_Rivera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiko Rivera (page does not exist)">Kiko Rivera</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiko_Rivera">[9]</a>] Singer, DJ Musician and Famous Spanish Character of Gypsy Origin by Mother</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Moncho_Chavea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moncho Chavea (page does not exist)">Moncho Chavea</a>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.elmundo.es/loc/famosos/2021/05/06/60926d0afdddff8f248b4622.html">[10]</a>] Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Original_El%C3%ADas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Original Elías (page does not exist)">Original Elías</a>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.elmundo.es/loc/famosos/2021/04/05/60645ddd21efa0bb388b4592.html">[11]</a>] Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nyno_Vargas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyno Vargas (page does not exist)">Nyno Vargas</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyno_Vargas">[12]</a>] Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Habichuela" title="Juan Habichuela">Juan Habichuela</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Habichuela">[13]</a>] Musician Flamenco Father of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Carmona" title="Antonio Carmona">Antonio Carmona</a> Singer of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ketama" title="Ketama">Ketama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rafael_Farina" title="Rafael Farina">Rafael Farina</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Farina">[14]</a>] Folk and Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamara" class="mw-disambig" title="Tamara">Tamara</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_(cantante)">[15]</a>] Singer and granddaughter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rafael_Farina" title="Rafael Farina">Rafael Farina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duquende" title="Duquende">Duquende</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquende">[16]</a>] Cantaor Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mayel_Jim%C3%A9nez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayel Jiménez (page does not exist)">Mayel Jiménez</a> "Ismael Jiménez" [<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://mayeljimenez.com/">[17]</a>] Singer, Musician and Composer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_Gabarre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricardo Gabarre (page does not exist)">Ricardo Gabarre</a> "El Junco"[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Gabarre_(Junco)">[18]</a>] Flamenco Singer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Luis" title="El Luis">El Luis</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Luis">[19]</a>] Flamenco Singer and Guitarrist</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Zingaro" class="mw-redirect" title="El Zingaro">El Zingaro</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%ADngaro">[20]</a>] Flamenco Singer and Guitarrist</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Los_Chavis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Chavis (page does not exist)">Los Chavis</a>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.worldmusicfactory.com/producto/de-vuelt-y-medi-los-chavis/">[21]</a>] Flamenco Pop Singers</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Los_Yakis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Yakis (page does not exist)">Los Yakis</a>[<a class="external autonumber" href="https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Los_Yakis_grupo_flamenco.jpg">[22]</a>] Flamenco Singers</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gitano_surnames">Gitano surnames</span></h3>
<p>Due to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>, several <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish surname">Spanish surnames</a> are more frequent among the Gitanos,<sup id="cite_ref-DEspasa_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEspasa-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> though they are not exclusive to them:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altamira_(surname)" title="Altamira (surname)">Altamira</a> or Altamirano</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amaya_(Spanish-language_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaya (Spanish-language name)">Amaya</a></li>
<li>Antunes or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ant%C3%BAnez_(name)" title="Antúnez (name)">Antúnez</a> (alternatively, Antuñez)</li>
<li>Calaf (Catalan Gypsy)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cort%C3%A9s_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortés (surname)">Cortés</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Fernández">Fernández</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flores_(surname)" title="Flores (surname)">Flores</a></li>
<li>Gabarri (Catalan Gypsy)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a> or Guiterez</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heredia_(surname)" title="Heredia (surname)">Heredia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_(surname)" title="Jiménez (surname)">Jiménez</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gim%C3%A9nez" title="Giménez">Giménez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malla_(surname)" title="Malla (surname)">Malla</a> or Maya</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molina_(surname)" title="Molina (surname)">Molina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montoya" title="Montoya">Montoya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monge_(surname)" title="Monge (surname)">Monge</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monje" title="Monje">Monje</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moreno_(surname)" title="Moreno (surname)">Moreno</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morgade" title="Morgade">Morgade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motos" title="Motos">Motos</a></li>
<li>Pereiro or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pereira_(surname)" title="Pereira (surname)">Pereira</a></li>
<li>Pubill (Catalan Gypsy)</li>
<li>Ravelino or Rabellino</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reyes_(name)" title="Reyes (name)">Reyes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salazar_(surname)" title="Salazar (surname)">Salazar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santi" class="mw-disambig" title="Santi">Santi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santiago_(surname)" title="Santiago (surname)">Santiago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vargas_(surname)" title="Vargas (surname)">Vargas</a> LP</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Villar_(surname)" title="Villar (surname)">Villar</a> or Vilar</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carretero" title="Carretero">Carretero</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/P%C3%A9rez" title="Pérez">Pérez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gonz%C3%A1lez_(surname)" title="González (surname)">González</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Escudero" title="Escudero">Escudero</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1132942124">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">
<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triana,_Seville" title="Triana, Seville">Triana, Seville</a>, a neighbourhood traditionally linked to Gitano history.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacromonte" title="Sacromonte">Sacromonte</a>, the traditional Gitano quarter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Borrow" title="George Borrow">George Borrow</a>, an English missionary and traveller who studied the Calé of Spain and other parts of Europe.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quinqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinqui">Quinqui</a>, a nomad community of Spain with a similar lifestyle, but of unrelated origin.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cagot" title="Cagot">Cagot</a>, similarly historically persecuted people in France and Spain.</li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a></i></span>, an ethnic group in the Spanish Basque country and the French Basque coast sometimes linked to the Cagots.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Cleanliness of blood</a>, ethnic discrimination in the Spanish Old Regime.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maragato" class="mw-redirect" title="Maragato">Maragato</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragato" class="extiw" title="es:Maragato">es</a>]</span>, an ethnic group in Spain who were also discriminated against and have unknown origins.</li>
<li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaqueiros_de_alzada" title="Vaqueiros de alzada">Vaqueiros de alzada</a></i></span>, a discriminated group of cowherders in Northern Spain.</li>
<li><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></i></span> a persecuted ethnic minority in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>, often referenced in works discussing the persecution of Cagots in Spain.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span></h3>
<ul><li>Worth, Susannah and Sibley, Lucy R. "Maja <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dress</a> and the Andalusian Image of Spain." <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a> and Textiles Research Journal,</i> Summer 1994, Vol. 12, pp. 51–60.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_-_CIS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_-_CIS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diagnostico_Social_de_la_Comunidad_Gitana_en_Espana_-_CIS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010161106/http://www.msc.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf">"Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Msc.es</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Msc.es&rft.atitle=Diagn%C3%B3stico+social+de+la+comunidad+gitana+en+Espa%C3%B1a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.es%2Fssi%2FfamiliasInfancia%2FinclusionSocial%2FpoblacionGitana%2Fdocs%2Fdiagnosticosocial_autores.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/sinti-rom/img/n7a.jpg">"Estimations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(JPG)</span>. <i>Gfbv.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gfbv.it&rft.atitle=Estimations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfbv.it%2F3dossier%2Fsinti-rom%2Fimg%2Fn7a.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201172552/http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf">"The Situation of Roma in Spain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Open Society Institute. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2010</span>. <q>The Spanish government estimates the number of <i>Gitanos</i> at a maximum of 650,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Situation+of+Roma+in+Spain&rft.pub=Open+Society+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eumap.org%2Freports%2F2002%2Feu%2Finternational%2Fsections%2Fspain%2F2002_m_spain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-immigration-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-immigration_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/hcnm/78034?download=true">Recent Migration of Roma in Europe, A study by Mr. Claude Cahn and Professor Elspeth Guild</a>, page 87-8 (09.2010 figures)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/minorities/gypsies/">"Roma/Gypsies"</a>. 19 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma%2FGypsies&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fminorities%2Fgypsies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFWest2011" class="citation book cs1">West, Christina (2011). "Memory—Recollection—Culture—Identity—Space: Social Context, Identity Formation, and Self-construction of the Calé (Gitanos) in Spain". In Meusburger P.; Heffernan M.; Wunder E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/14319/1/104.pdf.pdf#page=104"><i>Cultural Memories. Knowledge and Space (Klaus Tschira Symposia)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Knowledge and Space. Vol. 4. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. pp. 101–118. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-8945-8_7">10.1007/978-90-481-8945-8_7</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8945-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8945-8"><bdi>978-90-481-8945-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Memory%E2%80%94Recollection%E2%80%94Culture%E2%80%94Identity%E2%80%94Space%3A+Social+Context%2C+Identity+Formation%2C+and+Self-construction+of+the+Cal%C3%A9+%28Gitanos%29+in+Spain&rft.btitle=Cultural+Memories.+Knowledge+and+Space+%28Klaus+Tschira+Symposia%29&rft.series=Knowledge+and+Space&rft.pages=101-118&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-481-8945-8_7&rft.isbn=978-90-481-8945-8&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndl.ethernet.edu.et%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F14319%2F1%2F104.pdf.pdf%23page%3D104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGay_y_Blasco2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gay y Blasco, Paloma (20 December 2002). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We don't know our descent': how the Gitanos of Jarana manage the past". <i>Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 631–647. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9655.00081">10.1111/1467-9655.00081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=%27We+don%27t+know+our+descent%27%3A+how+the+Gitanos+of+Jarana+manage+the+past&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=631-647&rft.date=2002-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9655.00081&rft.aulast=Gay+y+Blasco&rft.aufirst=Paloma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGay_y_Blasco2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gay y Blasco, Paloma (September 2011). "Agata's story: singular lives and the reach of the 'Gitano law'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 445–461. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2011.01701.x">10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01701.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=Agata%27s+story%3A+singular+lives+and+the+reach+of+the+%27Gitano+law%27&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445-461&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2011.01701.x&rft.aulast=Gay+y+Blasco&rft.aufirst=Paloma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGay_y_Blasco2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gay y Blasco, Paloma (2000). "The Politics of Evangelism: Hierarchy, Masculinity and Religious Conversion Among Gitanos". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_Studies_(journal)" title="Romani Studies (journal)">Romani Studies</a></i>. <b>10</b> (1): 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romani+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Evangelism%3A+Hierarchy%2C+Masculinity+and+Religious+Conversion+Among+Gitanos.&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Gay+y+Blasco&rft.aufirst=Paloma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dirae.es/palabras/egiptano">"egiptano - Diccionario Dirae"</a>. <i>Dirae.es</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dirae.es&rft.atitle=egiptano+-+Diccionario+Dirae.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdirae.es%2Fpalabras%2Fegiptano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-buscon1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buscon1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/drae/?type=3&val=gitano&val_aux=&origen=REDRAE">"Diccionario de la lengua española - Vigésima segunda edición"</a>. Buscon.rae.es<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola+-+Vig%C3%A9sima+segunda+edici%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Buscon.rae.es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuscon.rae.es%2Fdrae%2F%3Ftype%3D3%26val%3Dgitano%26val_aux%3D%26origen%3DREDRAE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHancock2005" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ian F. (2005) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70"><i>We are the Romani People</i></a>. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"><bdi>978-1-902806-19-8</bdi></a>: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+are+the+Romani+People&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-902806-19-8&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG0ahVw-kdwC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IsabelMendizabal_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFMendizabal2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mendizabal, Isabel (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.039">"Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>22</b> (24): 2342–2349. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.039">10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23219723">23219723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Population+History+of+European+Romani+from+Genome-wide+Data&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=2342-2349&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.039&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23219723&rft.aulast=Mendizabal&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2012.10.039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Comas-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comas_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comas_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBhanoo2012" class="citation news cs1">Bhanoo, Sindya N. (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0">"Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Genomic+Study+Traces+Roma+to+Northern+India&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.aulast=Bhanoo&rft.aufirst=Sindya+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F11%2Fscience%2Fgenomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Current Biology</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-books.google.ca-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ca_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ca_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ca_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFK._Meira_GoldbergNinotchka_Devorah_BennahumMichelle_Heffner_Hayes2015" class="citation book cs1">K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (2015-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&q=Roma+Rajasthan+Punjab&pg=PA50"><i>Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives</i></a>. p. 50. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786494705" title="Special:BookSources/9780786494705"><bdi>9780786494705</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flamenco+on+the+Global+Stage%3A+Historical%2C+Critical+and+Theoretical+Perspectives&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2015-09-28&rft.isbn=9780786494705&rft.au=K.+Meira+Goldberg&rft.au=Ninotchka+Devorah+Bennahum&rft.au=Michelle+Heffner+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAS61CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DRoma%2BRajasthan%2BPunjab%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBroughtonEllinghamTrillo1999" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&q=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&pg=PA147"><i>World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</i></a>. p. 147. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858286358" title="Special:BookSources/9781858286358"><bdi>9781858286358</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Music%3A+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=147&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781858286358&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Ellingham%2C+Mark&rft.au=Trillo%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgyiTOcnb2yYC%26q%3DRoma%2BRajastan%2BPenjab%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-mluvnice-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mluvnice_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFŠebkováŽlnayová1998" class="citation cs2">Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf"><i>Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7044-205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7044-205-0"><bdi>978-80-7044-205-0</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C3%A1stin+mluvnice+slovensk%C3%A9+rom%C5%A1tiny+%28pro+pedagogick%C3%A9+%C3%BA%C4%8Dely%29&rft.place=%C3%9Ast%C3%AD+nad+Labem&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Pedagogick%C3%A1+fakulta+Univerzity+J.+E.+Purkyn%C4%9B+v+%C3%9Ast%C3%AD+nad+Labem&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-80-7044-205-0&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ebkov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Hana&rft.au=%C5%BDlnayov%C3%A1%2C+Edita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frss.archives.ceu.hu%2Farchive%2F00001112%2F01%2F118.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-hub1995-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hub1995_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHübschmannová1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku". <i>Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury</i>. Brno: Muzeum romské kultury (4/1995). <q>Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Muzea+Romsk%C3%A9+Kultury&rft.atitle=Roma%C5%88i+%C4%8Dhib+%E2%80%93+rom%C5%A1tina%3A+N%C4%9Bkolik+z%C3%A1kladn%C3%ADch+informac%C3%AD+o+romsk%C3%A9m+jazyku&rft.issue=4%2F1995&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCbschmannov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Milena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html">"5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>. 23 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=5+Intriguing+Facts+About+the+Roma&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFRaiChaubeyTamangPathak2012" class="citation cs2">Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK (2012), "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations", <i>PLOS ONE</i>, <b>7</b> (11): e48477, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...748477R">2012PLoSO...748477R</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477">10.1371/journal.pone.0048477</a></span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509117">3509117</a></span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23209554">23209554</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Phylogeography+of+Y-Chromosome+Haplogroup+H1a1a-M82+Reveals+the+Likely+Indian+Origin+of+the+European+Romani+Populations&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e48477&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3509117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23209554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...748477R&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Chaubey%2C+G&rft.au=Tamang%2C+R&rft.au=Pathak%2C+AK&rft.au=Singh%2C+VK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1110754&orden=33593&info=link">DIÁLOGOS. REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA DE HISTORIA</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFViellieard" class="citation cs2">Viellieard, Jeanne, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031222/http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf"><i>Pèlerins d'Espagne a la fin de Moten âge</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C3%A8lerins+d%27Espagne+a+la+fin+de+Moten+%C3%A2ge&rft.aulast=Viellieard&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F195.220.134.232%2Fnumerisation%2Ftires-a-part-www-nb%2F0000005430031.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm">Unión Romaní</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124051/http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm">Archived</a> 2008-05-09 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ca9c.html">"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Spain : Roma/Gypsies"</a>. <i>Refworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%26%23124%3B+World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+-+Spain+%3A+Roma%2FGypsies&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F49749ca9c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-dhier-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dhier_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFAlejandro_Martínez_Dhier" class="citation cs2">Alejandro Martínez Dhier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hera.ugr.es/tesisugr/16795015.pdf"><i>La condición social y jurídica de los gitanos en la legislación histórica española</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Universidad de Granada, p. 53</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+condici%C3%B3n+social+y+jur%C3%ADdica+de+los+gitanos+en+la+legislaci%C3%B3n+hist%C3%B3rica+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Universidad+de+Granada&rft.pages=53&rft.au=Alejandro+Mart%C3%ADnez+Dhier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhera.ugr.es%2Ftesisugr%2F16795015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gusmao-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gusmao_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGusmãoGusmãoGomesAlves2008" class="citation cs2">Gusmão, A.; Gusmão, L.; Gomes, V.; Alves, C.; Calafell, F.; Amorim, A.; Prata, M. J. (2008), "A perspective on the history of the Iberian gypsies provided by phylogeographic analysis of Y-chromosome lineages", <i>Annals of Human Genetics</i>, Annals of Human Genetics: Wiley Publishing, <b>72</b> (Pt 2): 215–27, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.2007.00421.x">10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00421.x</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18205888">18205888</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36365458">36365458</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+perspective+on+the+history+of+the+Iberian+gypsies+provided+by+phylogeographic+analysis+of+Y-chromosome+lineages&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=Pt+2&rft.pages=215-27&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36365458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18205888&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.2007.00421.x&rft.aulast=Gusm%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Gusm%C3%A3o%2C+L.&rft.au=Gomes%2C+V.&rft.au=Alves%2C+C.&rft.au=Calafell%2C+F.&rft.au=Amorim%2C+A.&rft.au=Prata%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-loc-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress_Federal_Research_Division1988" class="citation book cs1">Library of Congress Federal Research Division (December 1988). "The Gypsies". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/90006127/"><i>Spain: A Country Study</i></a>. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gypsies&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=99&rft.date=1988-12&rft.au=Library+of+Congress+Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F90006127%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span> <img alt="Public Domain" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a><i>.</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/the-great-gypsy-round-up-in-spain-factsheets-on-romani-history/16808b1a7d">"The Great Gypsy Round-Up in Spain. Factsheets on Romani History"</a>. <i>rm.coe.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rm.coe.int&rft.atitle=The+Great+Gypsy+Round-Up+in+Spain.+Factsheets+on+Romani+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2Fthe-great-gypsy-round-up-in-spain-factsheets-on-romani-history%2F16808b1a7d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKaprow,_Miriam_Lee1982" class="citation journal cs1">Kaprow, Miriam Lee (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40552983">"Resisting Respectability: Gypsies In Saragossa"</a>. <i>Urban Anthropology</i>. <b>11</b> (3/4): 399–431<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Resisting+Respectability%3A+Gypsies+In+Saragossa&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=399-431&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Kaprow%2C+Miriam+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40552983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFRosamaria_Cisneros-Kostic2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Rosamaria Cisneros-Kostic (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=thea_etds"><i>Flamenco and Its Gitanos An Investigation of the Paradox of Andalusia: History, Politics and Dance Art</i></a> (MA thesis). University of New Mexico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Flamenco+and+Its+Gitanos+An+Investigation+of+the+Paradox+of+Andalusia%3A+History%2C+Politics+and+Dance+Art&rft.degree=MA&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Rosamaria+Cisneros-Kostic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalrepository.unm.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1002%26context%3Dthea_etds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFDena_Ringold2005" class="citation web cs1">Dena Ringold; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/600541468771052774/pdf/30992.pdf">"Roma in an Expanding Europe: Breaking the Poverty Cycle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma+in+an+Expanding+Europe%3A+Breaking+the+Poverty+Cycle&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Dena+Ringold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F600541468771052774%2Fpdf%2F30992.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presenciagitana.org/The_situation_of_Roma_in_Spain_06012016.pdf">"Fact Sheet on The Situation of Roma in Spain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. -Strasbourg: European Roma and Travellers Forum. January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet+on+The+Situation+of+Roma+in+Spain&rft.place=-Strasbourg&rft.pub=European+Roma+and+Travellers+Forum&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presenciagitana.org%2FThe_situation_of_Roma_in_Spain_06012016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGamellaFernándezNietoAdiego2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gamella, Juan F; Fernández, Cayetano; Nieto, Magdalena; Adiego, Ignasi-Xavier (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugr.es/~pwlac/G27_39Juan_Gamella-y-otros.html">"La agonía de una lengua. Lo que queda del caló en el habla de los <i>gitanos</i>. Parte I. Métodos, fuentes y resultados generales"</a>. <i>Gazeta de Antropologia</i> (in Spanish). Universidad de Granada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+de+Antropologia&rft.atitle=La+agon%C3%ADa+de+una+lengua.+Lo+que+queda+del+cal%C3%B3+en+el+habla+de+los+gitanos.+Parte+I.+M%C3%A9todos%2C+fuentes+y+resultados+generales&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Gamella&rft.aufirst=Juan+F&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Cayetano&rft.au=Nieto%2C+Magdalena&rft.au=Adiego%2C+Ignasi-Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ugr.es%2F~pwlac%2FG27_39Juan_Gamella-y-otros.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmk4Gry6Xfw&t=2968s">"Mujeres Gitanas Documental"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/fmk4Gry6Xfw">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Mujeres+Gitanas+Documental&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dfmk4Gry6Xfw%26t%3D2968s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGay_y_Blasco1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gay y Blasco, Paloma (September 1997). "A 'Different' Body? Desire and Virginity Among <i>gitanos</i>". <i>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 517–535. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3034765">10.2307/3034765</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3034765">3034765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=A+%27Different%27+Body%3F+Desire+and+Virginity+Among+gitanos&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=517-535&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3034765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3034765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gay+y+Blasco&rft.aufirst=Paloma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gay y Blasco 1997, p. 528</span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=inurl:https://www.gitanos.org/sastipen/healt01/sastipen/isirs-es.htm">"Google search by date"</a>. <i>Google</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google&rft.atitle=Google+search+by+date&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dinurl%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.gitanos.org%2Fsastipen%2Fhealt01%2Fsastipen%2Fisirs-es.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gitanos.org/sastipen/healt01/sastipen/isirs-es.htm">"<i>Informe sobre el Sistema de Información "Red Sastipen"</i>"</a> (in Spanish). Gitanos.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Informe+sobre+el+Sistema+de+Informaci%C3%B3n+%22Red+Sastipen%22&rft.pub=Gitanos.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gitanos.org%2Fsastipen%2Fhealt01%2Fsastipen%2Fisirs-es.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-EU-survey-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU-survey_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU-survey_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU-survey_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Union_Agency_for_Fundamental_Rights2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Fundamental_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights">European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2016-eu-minorities-survey-roma-selected-findings_en.pdf"><i>Second European Union minorities and discrimination survey: Roma - selected findings</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd ed.). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. pp. 36–37. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9491-871-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9491-871-0"><bdi>978-92-9491-871-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2016/second-european-union-minorities-and-discrimination-survey-roma-selected-findings">the original</a> on 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+European+Union+minorities+and+discrimination+survey%3A+Roma+-+selected+findings&rft.place=Luxembourg&rft.pages=36-37&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Publications+Office+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-92-9491-871-0&rft.au=European+Union+Agency+for+Fundamental+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffra.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fpublication%2F2016%2Fsecond-european-union-minorities-and-discrimination-survey-roma-selected-findings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-exp-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-exp_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDEfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT93">Experiencias y trayectorias de éxito escolar de gitanas y gitanos en España, p. 100</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tiUbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120">Historias de éxito: Modelos para reducir el abandono escolar de la adolescencia gitana, p. 120</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGay_y_BlascoHernández2019" class="citation book cs1">Gay y Blasco, Paloma; Hernández, Liria (24 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SO6_DwAAQBAJ&q=978-3-030-26542-7&pg=PP5"><i>Writing Friendship: a reciprocal ethnography</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-26542-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-26542-7"><bdi>978-3-030-26542-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Friendship%3A+a+reciprocal+ethnography&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019-11-24&rft.isbn=978-3-030-26542-7&rft.aulast=Gay+y+Blasco&rft.aufirst=Paloma&rft.au=Hern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Liria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSO6_DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D978-3-030-26542-7%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Vidal-2019-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vidal-2019_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFVidal2019" class="citation news cs1">Vidal, Marta (4 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/2/4/portuguese-shopkeepers-using-ceramic-frogs-to-scare-away-roma">"Portuguese shopkeepers using ceramic frogs to 'scare away' Roma"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Portuguese+shopkeepers+using+ceramic+frogs+to+%27scare+away%27+Roma&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft.aulast=Vidal&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2019%2F2%2F4%2Fportuguese-shopkeepers-using-ceramic-frogs-to-scare-away-roma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFSilva2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silva, Claudia Carvalho (28 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publico.pt/2019/06/28/sociedade/noticia/minipreco-retira-sapo-loica-usado-afastar-ciganos-pede-desculpa-1878021">"Minipreço retira sapo de loiça usado para afastar ciganos e pede desculpa"</a>. <i>PÚBLICO</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P%C3%9ABLICO&rft.atitle=Minipre%C3%A7o+retira+sapo+de+loi%C3%A7a+usado+para+afastar+ciganos+e+pede+desculpa&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Claudia+Carvalho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publico.pt%2F2019%2F06%2F28%2Fsociedade%2Fnoticia%2Fminipreco-retira-sapo-loica-usado-afastar-ciganos-pede-desculpa-1878021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/">Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations</a>". Pew Research Center. 11 July 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DEspasa-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DEspasa_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Diccionario de apellidos españoles</i>, Roberto Faure, María Asunción Ribes, Antonio García, Editorial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Espasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Espasa">Espasa</a>, Madrid 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-239-2289-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-239-2289-8">84-239-2289-8</a>. Section III.3.8 page XXXIX.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGamellaGómez_AlfaroPérez_Pérez" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gamella, Juan F.; Gómez Alfaro, Antonio; Pérez Pérez, Juan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistadehumanidades.com/articulos/29-los-apellidos-de-losgitanos-espanoles-en-los-censos-de-1783-85">"Los apellidos de los gitanos españoles en los censos de 1783-85 - Artículos - Revista de Humanidades"</a>. <i>www.revistadehumanidades.com</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.revistadehumanidades.com&rft.atitle=Los+apellidos+de+los+gitanos+espa%C3%B1oles+en+los+censos+de+1783-85+-+Art%C3%ADculos+-+Revista+de+Humanidades&rft.aulast=Gamella&rft.aufirst=Juan+F.&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez+Alfaro%2C+Antonio&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez+P%C3%A9rez%2C+Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistadehumanidades.com%2Farticulos%2F29-los-apellidos-de-losgitanos-espanoles-en-los-censos-de-1783-85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitanos" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1134653256">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"/>
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<div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gitanos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gitanos">Gitanos</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionromani.org/pueblo_in.htm">Romani union</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span>(English exonym present)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patrimonioculturalgitano.org/web/castellano/coo_01.htm">Romani presence in European Music</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romani_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Romani_diaspora" title="Template:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#FFDEAD;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_diaspora" title="Template talk:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#FFDEAD;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Romani_diaspora&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#FFDEAD;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romani_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD;"><div id="Settlements"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">Settlements</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFDEAD;;width:1%">Subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFDEAD;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Uncontested</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Romanichal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erromintxela" class="mw-redirect" title="Erromintxela">Erromintxela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Finnish Kale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawliya">Kawliya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Machvaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvaya">Machvaya</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">Manouche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muslim_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Roma">Muslim Roma</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zargari</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scottish_Romani_and_Itinerant_people_groups" title="Scottish Romani and Itinerant people groups">Scottish Travellers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Servitka_Roma" title="Servitka Roma">Servitka Roma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kale (Welsh Romanies)">Welsh Kale</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFDEAD;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contested</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nawar_people" title="Nawar people">Nawar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Bosha/Lom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lori_people" title="Lori people">Lori</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lyuli" title="Lyuli">Lyuli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garachi" title="Garachi">Garachi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFDEAD;;width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Algeria" title="Romani people in Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Australia" title="Romani people in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada" title="Romani people in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Romani people in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Morocco" title="Romani people in Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_Uruguay" title="Romani people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain_Ethnic_groups_in_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Spain" title="Template:Ethnic groups of Spain"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Spain&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain_Ethnic_groups_in_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Spain">Ethnic groups in Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a> ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andalusians" title="Andalusians">Andalusians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aragonese_people" title="Aragonese people">Aragonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asturians" title="Asturians">Asturians</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(including <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaqueiros_de_alzada" title="Vaqueiros de alzada">Vaqueiros de alzada</a></i>)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canary_Islanders" title="Canary Islanders">Canary Islanders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantabrian_people" title="Cantabrian people">Cantabrians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Castilians" title="Castilians">Castilians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extremadurans" title="Extremadurans">Extremadurans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leonese_people" title="Leonese people">Leonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balearic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic people">Balearics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valencians" title="Valencians">Valencians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galicians</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic and related minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gypsies</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iberian_Kale" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian Kale">Iberian Kale</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardim</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Western Sephardim</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetas</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleños</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula">Genetic history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365830#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4732609-8">Germany</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1679183265' |