Examine individual changes

'{{short description|English dialect of northwestern England}} {{redirect|Cumbrian}} {{Distinguish|Cumbric}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Multiple issues| {{More citations needed|date=May 2017}} {{Original research|date=May 2017}} }} {{Infobox language | name = Cumbrian dialect | altname = | nativename = | acceptance = | states = [[England]] | region = [[Cumbria]] | creator = | created = | setting = | coordinates = {{coord|54|30|N|3|15|W|region:GB_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title, inline}} | ethnicity = [[English people|English]] | extinct = | era = | revived = | revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat --> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] |fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] |fam4=[[Ingvaeonic languages|Ingvaeonic]] |fam5=[[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]] |fam6=[[Anglic languages|Anglic]] |fam7=[[English language|English]] |ancestor=[[Old English]] ([[Northumbrian Old English|Northumbrian]]) |ancestor2=Northern Middle English |ancestor3=Early Modern Northern English | dialects = Cumbrian Dialect | map = File:Cumb.svg | mapsize = | mapalt = | mapcaption = Cumbria within England | module = | notice = IPA |isoexception=dialect | ietf = en-u-sd-gbcma }} '''Cumbrian dialect''' or '''Cumberland dialect''' is a local [[Northern England English|dialect of Northern England]] in decline, spoken in [[Cumberland]], [[Westmorland]] and Lancashire North of the Sands. Sounding similar and not to be confused with the area's extinct [[Celtic language]], [[Cumbric]]. Some parts of Cumbria have a more North-East English sound to them. Whilst clearly spoken with a Northern English accent, the Cumbrian dialect shares much vocabulary with [[Scots language|Scots]]. A ''Cumbrian Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore'' by William Rollinson exists, as well as a more contemporary and lighthearted ''Cumbrian Dictionary and Phrase Book''.<ref>{{Cite book |isbn = 978-1-4810-9530-3|title = The Gonmad Cumbrian Dictionary & Phrase Book|last1 = Gibson|first1 = Dan|date = 2 December 2012}}</ref> == History of Cumbrian language == ===Northumbrian origin=== As with other English dialects north of the [[Humber-Lune Line]] and the closely-related Scots language, Cumbrian is descended from Northern Middle English and in turn [[Northumbrian Old English]]. Old English was introduced to Cumbria from [[Northumbria]] where it was initially spoken alongside the native Cumbric language. ===Celtic influence=== Despite the modern county being created only in 1974 from the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland and north Lancashire and parts of Yorkshire, Cumbria is an ancient division. Before the arrival of the Romans the area was the home of the [[Carvetii]] tribe, which was later assimilated to the larger [[Brigantes]] tribe. These people would have spoken [[British language (Celtic)|Brythonic]], which developed into [[Old Welsh]], but around the 5th century AD, when Cumbria was the centre of the kingdom of [[Rheged]], the language spoken in northern England and southern Scotland from [[Lancashire]] and [[Yorkshire]] to [[Strathclyde]] had developed into a dialect of Brythonic known as [[Cumbric]] (the scarcity of linguistic evidence, however, means that Cumbric's distinctness from Old Welsh is more deduced than proven). Remnants of Brythonic and Cumbric are most often seen in place names, in elements such as ''caer'' 'fort' as in ''Carlisle'', ''pen'' 'hill' as in ''Penrith'' and ''craig'' 'crag, rock' as in ''High Crag''. The most well known Celtic element in Cumbrian dialect is the [[Yan Tan Tethera|sheep counting numerals]] which are still used in various forms by shepherds throughout the area, and apparently for knitting. The word 'Yan' (meaning 'one'), for example, is prevalent throughout Cumbria and is still often used, especially by non-speakers of 'received pronunciation' and children, e.g. "That yan owr there," or "Can I have yan of those?" The [[Northern subject rule]] may be attributable to Celtic Influence. Before the 8th century AD Cumbria was annexed to English Northumbria and [[Old English]] began to be spoken in parts, although evidence suggests Cumbric survived in central regions in some form until the 11th century. ===Norse influence=== A far stronger influence on the modern dialect was [[Old Norse]], spoken by Norwegian settlers who probably arrived in Cumbria in the 10th century via [[Ireland]] and the [[Isle of Man]]. The majority of Cumbrian place names are of Norse origin, including ''Ulverston'' from ''Ulfrs tun'' ('Ulfr's farmstead'), ''Kendal'' from ''Kent dalr'' ('valley of the River Kent') and ''Elterwater'' from ''eltr vatn'' ('swan lake'). Many of the traditional dialect words are also remnants of Norse settlement, including ''beck'' (''bekkr'', 'stream'), ''laik'' (''leik'', 'to play'), ''lowp'' (''hlaupa'', 'to jump') and ''glisky'' (''gliskr'', 'shimmering'). Old Norse seems to have survived in Cumbria until fairly late. A 12th-century inscription found at Loppergarth in [[Furness]] bears a curious mixture of Old English and Norse, showing that the language was still felt in the south of the county at this time, and would probably have hung on in the ''fells'' and ''dales'' (both Norse words) until later. Once Cumbrians had assimilated to speaking English, there were few further influences on the dialect. In the [[Middle Ages]], much of Cumbria frequently swapped hands between England and Scotland but this had little effect on the language used. In the nineteenth century miners from Cornwall and Wales began relocating to Cumbria to take advantage of the work offered by new iron ore, copper and wadd mines but whilst they seem to have affected some local accents (notably Barrow-in-Furness) they don't seem to have contributed much to the vocabulary. The earliest recordings of the dialect were in a book published by [[Agnes Wheeler]] in 1790. ''The Westmoreland dialect in three familiar dialogues, in which an attempt is made to illustrate the provincial idiom.'' There were four editions of the book. Her work was later used in ''Specimens of the Westmorland Dialect'' published by the Revd Thomas Clarke in 1887.<ref>Roy Palmer, 'Wheeler , Agnes (bap. 1734, d. 1804)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/45867, accessed 1 June 2017]</ref> One of the lasting characteristics still found in the local dialect of Cumbria today is an inclination to drop vowels, especially in relation to the word "the" which is frequently abbreviated. Unlike the Lancashire dialect, where 'the' is abbreviated to 'th', in Cumbrian (as in Yorkshire) the sound is harder like the letter '?' or simply a 't' and in sentences sounds as if it is attached to the previous word, for example "''int''" instead of "in the" "''ont''" instead of "on the". == Accent and pronunciation == [[File:WIKITONGUES- Simon speaking Cumbrian.webm|thumb|Non-native speaker describing and using Cumbrian dialect.]] Cumbria is a large area with several relatively isolated districts, so there is quite a large variation in accent, especially between north and south or the coastal towns. There are some uniform features that should be taken into account when pronouncing dialect words. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" ![[Received Pronunciation|RP English]] !Cumbrian |- |{{IPA|/æ/}} as in 'bad' |{{IPA|[a]}} |- |{{IPA|/ɑː/}} as in 'bard' |{{IPA|[aː]}} |- |{{IPA|/aʊ/}} as in 'house' |{{IPA|[uː]}} (North only) |- |{{IPA|/eɪ/}} as in 'bay' |{{IPA|[ɪə]}} in the North-East, and {{IPA|[eː]}} elsewhere |- |{{IPA|/eə/}} as in 'bear' |{{IPA|[ɛː]}} |- |{{IPA|/aɪ/}} as in 'bide' |{{IPA|[ɐː]}} (South), {{IPA|[eɪ]}} (North) |- |{{IPA|/əʊ/}} as in 'boat' |{{IPA|[oː]}} |- |{{IPA|/ʌ/}} as in 'bud' |{{IPA|[ʊ]}} |- |{{IPA|/uː/}} as in 'boo' |{{IPA|[əu]}}, {{IPA|[ɪu]}} or {{IPA|[uː]}} |} When certain vowels are followed by {{IPA|/l/}}, an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] [[schwa]] {{IPA|[ə]}} is often pronounced between them, creating two distinct syllables: *'feel' > {{IPA|[ˈfiəl]}} *'fool' > {{IPA|[ˈfuəl]}} *'fail' > {{IPA|[ˈfɪəl]}} *'file' > {{IPA|[ˈfaɪəl]}} The pronunciation of ''moor'' and ''poor'' is a traditional feature of Received Pronunciation but is now associated with [[English-language vowel changes before historic r#Cure–force merger|some old-fashioned speakers]]. It is generally more common in the north of England than in the south. The words ''cure, pure, sure'' may be pronounced with a triphthong {{IPA|[ɪuə]}}. ===Consonants=== Most consonants are pronounced as they are in other parts of the English speaking world. A few exceptions follow: {{angbr|g}} and {{angbr|k}} have a tendency to be dropped or unreleased in the [[Syllable coda|coda]] (word- or syllable-finally). This can sometimes<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Linguistic Atlas of England|last1=Orton|first1=H.|last2=Sanderson|first2=S.|last3=Widdowson|first3=J.|publisher=Croom Helm ltd|year=1978|location=London}}</ref> occur in the onset as well in words such as ''finger.'' {{angbr|h}} is realised in various ways throughout the county. When William Barrow Kendall wrote his Furness Wordbook in 1867, he wrote that {{angbr|h}} 'should never be dropped',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpb.co.uk/dialect/|title=Wm. Barrow Kendall 'Forness Word Book', 1867; PDF version available at}}</ref> suggesting the practice had already become conspicuous. It seems the elision of both {{angbr|h}} and {{angbr|t}} began in the industrial towns and slowly spread out. In the south, it is now very common. {{angbr|l}} in the word final position may be dropped or realised as {{IPA|[w]}}: ''woo'' ''wool'' {{IPA|[ˈwəw]}}; ''pow'' ''pole'' {{IPA|[ˈpɒw]}}. {{angbr|r}} is realised as {{IPA|[ɾ]}} following consonants and in word-initial position but is often elided in the coda, unless a following word begins with a vowel: ''ross'' {{IPA|[ˈɾɒs]}}; ''gimmer'' {{IPA|[ˈɡɪmə]}}; ''gimmer hogg'' {{IPA|[ˈɡɪməˈɾɒɡ]}}. {{angbr|t}} is traditionally always pronounced as a voiceless alveolar plosive, although in many places it has been replaced by the glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} now common throughout Britain. {{angbr|y}} may be consonantal {{IPA|[j]}} as in ''yam'' ''home'' {{IPA|[ˈjam]}}. As the adjectival or adverbial suffix ''-y'' it may be {{IPA|[ɪ]}} or {{IPA|[iː]}} as in ''clarty'' (muddy) {{IPA|[ˈklaːtɪ]}}. Medially and, in some cases, finally it is {{IPA|[ɐː]}} as in ''Thorfinsty'' (a place) {{IPA|[ˈθɔːfɪnstɐː]}}. Finally, in some parts of the county, there is a tendency to palatalize the consonant cluster {{angbr|cl}} in word-initial and medial position, thereby rendering it as something more closely approaching [tl]. As a result, some speakers pronounce ''clarty'' (muddy) as {{IPA|[ˈtlaːtɪ]}}, "clean" as {{IPA|[ˈtliːn]}}, and "likely" and "lightly" may be indistinguishable. ===Stress=== Stress is usually placed on the initial syllable: {{lang|italic=yes|en-GB|yakeren}} "acorn" {{IPA|[ˈjakɜɾən]}}. Unstressed initial vowels are usually fully realised, whilst those in final syllables are usually reduced to schwa {{IPA|[ə]}}. == Dialect words == {{MOS|article|[[MOS:WORDSASWORDS]]|date=August 2022}} ===General words=== *'''{{lang|en-GB|aye}}''' (pronounced eye) yes *'''{{lang|en-GB|thee's / thou's / thine}}''' yours *'''thee / thou''' you (singular) *'''yous / thous''' you (plural) *'''yat''' gate *'''us''', '''es''' me *'''our''', mine *'''wherst''' where is the *'''djarn''' doing (as in 'whut yer djarn? - what are you doing?) *'''divn't''' don't (as in 'divn't do that, lad') *'''hoo'doo''' How are you doing? (strain of 'How do?') *'''canna''' can't (as in 'ye canna djur that!' - 'You can't do that!') *'''cannae''' can't (more typically Scottish, but used throughout the North) *'''djur''' do *'''frae''' from *'''yon''' that (when referring to a noun which is visible at the time) *'''reet''' Right *'''(h)arreet''' All right? (Greeting) *'''be reet''' It'll be all right or “it’d be right” when referring to something somewhat negative *'''nae''' No *'''yonder''' there (as in 'ower yonder') *'''owt''' aught; anything (got owt? - got anything?) *'''nowt''' naught; nothing (owt for nowt - something for nothing) *'''bevvie''' drink (alcoholic) *'''eh?''' what/ isn't it? (that's good eh?) *'''yan/yaa''' One ===Adjectives=== *'''clarty''' messy, muddy *'''kaylied''' intoxicated *'''kystie''' squeamish or fussy *'''la'al''' small *'''T'ol''' old. "T'ol fella" dad, old man *'''ladgeful''' embarrassing or unfashionable *'''slape''' slippery or smooth as in slape back collie, a border collie with short wiry hair *'''yon''' used when indicating a place or object that is usually in sight but far away. abbreviation of yonder. ===Adverbs=== *'''barrie''' good *'''geet'''/'''gurt''' very *'''gey''' very *'''owwer'''/'''ovver''' over/enough ("a'rs garn owwer yonder fer a kip" - I'm going over there for a sleep) *'''secca'''/'''sicca''' such a *'''vanna'''/'''vanya''' almost, nearly. ===Nouns=== *'''attercop''' spider<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IdKScLLjVE|title=The Development of Cumbrian in One Phrase|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> *'''bab'e/bairn''' baby *'''bait''' packed meal that is carried to work *'''bait bag''' bag in which to carry bait *'''bar''' pound (money) (used in Carlisle and occasionally in West Cumberland) *'''biddies''' fleas or head lice or old people "old biddies" *'''bog''' toilet (as garn't bog / I'm going to the toilet) *'''britches''' trousers (derived from breeches) *'''byat''' boat *'''byuts''' boots (wuk byuts / work boots) *'''cack/kack''' faeces (load a cack) *'''cheble or chable''' table *'''clout/cluwt''' punch or hit "aas gonna clout thou yan" (I'm going to punch you one); also clout means a cloth *'''[[Craic|crack]]/craic''' gossip "ow marra get some better crack" *'''cur dog''' sheepdog - collie *'''cyak''' cake *'''den''' toilet *'''doilem''' idiot *'''dookers''' swimming trunks *'''fratch''' argument or squabble *'''fyass''' face *'''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ginnel] ginnel''' a narrow passage *'''jinnyspinner''' a daddy long legs *'''kecks''' trousers/pants or underpants *'''keppards''' ears *'''ket/kets''' sweets *'''kebbie''' a stick *'''lewer''' money *'''lugs''' ears *'''mebby''' maybe *'''mockin or kack''' faeces / turd "I need to have a mockin" (see also above, cack) *'''mowdy or mowdywarp''' a mole (the animal) *'''peeve''' drink (alcoholic) *'''push iron''' or '''push bike''' bicycle *'''scran''' food *'''scrow''' a mess *'''shillies''' small stones or gravel *'''skemmy or skem''' beer *'''snig''' small eel *'''styan''' stone (styans / stones) *'''watter''' water *'''wuk''' work, as in: as garn twuk (I'm going to work) *'''yam''' home, as in: as garn yam (I'm going home) *'''yat''' gate *'''yhuk''' hook ("yuk es a wurm on't yhuk" / throw me a worm on the hook) ===Verbs=== *'''beal''' cry *'''bowk''' retch (as in before vomiting) *'''bray''' beat (as in beat up someone) *'''chess''' chase *'''chor''' steal (Romany origin, cf. Urdu chorna) *'''chunder''' vomit *'''clarten''' messing about *'''clout/cluwt''' hit "al clout ya yan" *'''deek''' look (Romany origin, cf Urdu dekhna) *'''doss''' Idle or skive. To mess about and avoid work *'''[[wikt:fettle|fettle]]''' to fix or mend. ("as i' bad fettle" - I'm not very well) *'''fistle''' to fidget *'''gander''' look *'''gan''' going to somewhere *'''gar / gaa''' go *'''garn / gaan''' going *'''git''' go ("gar on, git yam" / go on, go home) *'''hoik''' to pick at or gouge out *'''hoy''' throw *'''jarn/jurn''' doing *'''laik''' play *'''lait''' look for *'''liggin''' lying down *'''lob''' throw *'''lowp''' jump *'''nash''' run away *'''radged''' broken {{citation needed|date=July 2018}} (radged in the head/mental) *'''ratch''' to search for something *'''scop''' to throw *'''scower''' look at *'''shag''' sexual intercourse *'''skit''' make fun of *'''smowk''' smoking ("As garrn out for a smowk") *'''sow''' sexual intercourse *'''twat''' hit someone ("I twatted him in the face") *'''twine''' to whine or complain *'''whisht''' one word command to be quiet *'''wukn''' working *'''yit''' yet ("ars nut garn yam yit" / i'm not going home yet) *'''yuk''' to throw ===People=== *'''bairden/bairn/barn''' child *'''boyo''' brother/male friend (Carlisle/ West Cumberland) *'''buwler/bewer''' ugly girl *'''cus or cuz''' friend (from cousin) (East Cumberland) *'''gammerstang''' awkward person *'''mot''' woman/girl/girlfriend *'''offcomer''' a non-native in Cumberland *'''potter''' gypsy *'''gadgey''' man *'''charva''' man/friend (West Cumberland, Carlisle) *'''marra''' friend (West Cumberland) *'''t'ol fella''' father *'''t'ol lass''' mother *'''t'ol bastard''' Grandparent *'''our lass''' wife/girlfriend *'''laddo''' male of unknown name *'''lasso''' female of unknown name *'''jam eater''' used in [[Whitehaven]] to describe someone from [[Workington]], and vice versa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehaven-news.co.uk/news/who_are_the_jam_eaters_1_248985?referrerPath=2.1681|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120917220406/http://www.whitehaven-news.co.uk/news/who_are_the_jam_eaters_1_248985?referrerPath=2.1681|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-17|title=Who are the Jam-eaters|work=Whitehaven News|publisher=[[CN Group]]|date=2008-10-02|access-date=2010-03-20}}</ref> ===Farming terms=== *'''boose''' a division in a '''shuppon''' *'''byre''' cow shed *'''cop''' the bank of earth on which a hedge grows *'''dyke''' raised bank, often topped with a hedge. Many small roads are flanked by dykes *'''fodder gang''' passage for feeding cattle (usually in a '''shuppon''') *'''kack''' crap/feces/excrement *'''ky''' cow *'''liggin' kessin''' when an animal is lying on its back and can't get up *'''lonnin''' country lane *'''stoop''' a gate post *'''yakka''' farmer (There is however in some cases a distinction between '''yakka''' and '''farm-yakker''') *'''yat''' gate *'''yow''' sheep (ewe) ===Weather=== *'''hossing''' raining heavily (it's hossing it doon) *'''glisky''' when the sky is really bright so you can't see properly *'''mizzlin''' misty drizzly rain *'''syling''' pouring rain *'''gey windy 'appen''' very windy *'''hoyin it doown''' teeming it down with rain *'''yukken it down''' (it's throwing it down with rain) *'''whaarm''' warm(it's gey whaarm / it's very warm) ===Places=== *'''Barra''' Barrow *'''Cockamuth''' Cockermouth *'''Jam Land''', Whitehaven or Workington *'''Pereth''' Penrith *'''Kendul''' Kendal *'''Kezik''', '''Kesik''' Keswick (It is a silent 'w') Norse 'cheese' and -vik 'place' *'''Langtoon''' Longtown *'''Merrypoort''' Maryport *'''Mire-Us''' or '''My-Rus''' Mirehouse *'''Sanneth''' Sandwith *'''Sloth''' Silloth *'''Spatry / Speeatry''' Aspatria *'''Trepenah''', '''Trappena''' Torpenhow (Tor, Pen, and How are all words for "hill") *'''Wukington''', '''Wukinton''', '''Wukintun''', '''Wukiton''', '''Wukitn''', '''Wuki'n''', '''Wucki'n''' Workington ===Phrases=== *'''assa marra''' used by Cumbrians to refer to the Cumbrian dialect *'''nevva evva av a sin owt like it''' never ever have I seen anything like it *'''i ope thou's garna put that in ye pocket''' I hope you're going to put that in your pocket *'''ars garn yam''' I'm going home *'''av ye?''' Have you? *'''en wo?''' and what? *'''i urd ye fathas wure in't bad fettle''' I heard your father was in a bad way or not very well *'''werst thew of te''' where are you going *'''wh'ista'''*''who ar ye?'' Who are you? (especially used in Appleby) (H is silent in second version) *'''whure ye from?''' Where are you from? *'''owz't ga'an?''' How is it going? (how are you) *'''gaan then''' provoke fight *'''wha ya de'yan?''' What are you doing? *'''where y'ofta?''' Where are you off to? (Where are you going?) *'''ahreet, mattttte.''' All right, mate? (emphasis the A and T a little) *'''cought a bug''' illness *'''mint/class/necta''' Excellent (Updated-1 February 2016) *'''lal lad's in bovver''' that young man is always in trouble *'''Tha wants f'ot git thasel 'a pint a 'strangba''' You really ought to be drinking strongbow *'''Vaas boddy''' Who is that (female) *'''Hoo'ista''' How are you *'''Sum reet tidy cluwt oot on tuwn like''' There are some nice looking girls out *'''hasta iver deeked a cuddy loup a 5 bar yat''' have you ever seen a donkey jump a 5 bar gate *'''out the road''' not in the way *'''shy bairns/barns get nowt''' shy children get nothing; if you don't ask, you will not receive ==Cumbrian numbers== {{main|Yan tan tethera}} The Cumbrian numbers, often called 'sheep counting numerals' because of their (declining) use by shepherds to this very day, show clear signs that they may well have their origins in ''Cumbric''. The table below shows the variation of the numbers throughout Cumbria, as well as the relevant cognate in Welsh, Cornish and Breton, which are the three geographically closest British languages to Cumbric, for comparison. {| class="wikitable" !&nbsp; ![[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]] ![[Westmorland]] ![[Eskdale, Cumbria|Eskdale]] ![[Millom]] ![[Furness|High Furness]] ![[Welsh Language|Welsh]] ![[Cornish language|Cornish]] ![[Breton language|Breton]] |- !1 | align=center | yan | align=center | yan | align=center | yaena | align=center | aina | align=center | yan | align=center | un | align=center | onen/unn | align=center | unan/ un |- !2 | align=center | tyan | align=center | tyan | align=center | taena | align=center | peina | align=center | taen | align=center | dau/dwy | align=center | dew/diw | align=center | daou/div |- !3 | align=center | tethera | align=center | tetherie | align=center | teddera | align=center | para | align=center | tedderte | align=center | tri/tair | align=center | tri/teyr | align=center | tri/teir |- !4 | align=center | methera | align=center | peddera | align=center | meddera | align=center | pedera | align=center | medderte | align=center | pedwar/pedair | align=center | peswar/peder | align=center | pevar/peder |- !5 | align=center | peen | align=center | pip | align=center | pimp | align=center | pimp | align=center | pimp | align=center | pump | align=center | pymp | align=center | pemp |- !6 | align=center | sethera | align=center | teezie | align=center | hofa | align=center | ithy | align=center | haata | align=center | chwe(ch) | align=center | whegh | align=center | c'hwec'h |- !7 | align=center | lethera | align=center | mithy | align=center | lofa | align=center | mithy | align=center | slaata | align=center | saith | align=center | seyth | align=center | seizh |- !8 | align=center | hovera | align=center | katra | align=center | seckera | align=center | owera | align=center | lowera | align=center | wyth | align=center | eth | align=center | eizh |- !9 | align=center | dovera | align=center | hornie | align=center | leckera | align=center | lowera | align=center | dowera | align=center | naw | align=center | naw | align=center | nav |- !10 | align=center | dick | align=center | dick | align=center | dec | align=center | dig | align=center | dick | align=center | deg | align=center | dek | align=center | dek |- !15 | align=center | bumfit | align=center | bumfit | align=center | bumfit | align=center | bumfit | align=center | mimph | align=center | pymtheg | align=center | pymthek | align=center | pemzek |- !20 | align=center | giggot | align=center | - | align=center | - | align=center | - | align=center | - | align=center | ugain | align=center | ugens | align=center | ugent |- |} NB: when these numerals were used for counting sheep, repeatedly, the shepherd would count to fifteen or twenty and then move a small stone from one of his pockets to the other before beginning again, thus keeping score. Numbers eleven, twelve etc. would have been 'yandick, tyandick', while sixteen and seventeen would have been 'yan-bumfit, tyan-bumfit' etc. Although yan is still widely used, wan is starting to creep into some [[sociolect]]s of the area. ==Survey of English Dialects sites== There were several villages in Cumbria that were used during the [[Survey of English Dialects]] to minutely detail localised dialects. At the time, Cumbria did not exist as a unit of local government; there were 12 sites within modern Cumbria spread across four different counties: *Longtown ({{not a typo|Cu1}}) *Abbey Town ({{not a typo|Cu2}}) *Brigham ({{not a typo|Cu3}}) *Threlkeld ({{not a typo|Cu4}}) *Hunsonby ({{not a typo|Cu5}}) *Great Strickland (We1) *Patterdale (We2) *Soulby (We3) *Staveley-in-Kendal (We4) *Coniston (La1) *Cartmel (La2) *Dent (Y5) ==Cumbrian poetry== There were several among the well-educated in the 18th century who used dialect in their poetry. One of the earliest was the Rev. [[Josiah Relph]], whose imitations of Theocritan [[Pastoral]]s self-consciously introduce the demotic for local colour. Although written about 1735, they were not published until after the author's death in ''A Miscellany of Poems'' (Wigton, 1747),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/amiscellanypoem00relpgoog|title=A Miscellany of Poems: Consisting of Original Poems, Translations, Pastorals ...|date=3 August 1747|publisher=printed by Robert Foulisfor Mr. Thomlinson inWigton|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> followed by two further editions in 1797 and 1805. The Rev. Robert Nelson followed him in the same tradition with ''A choice collection of poems in Cumberland dialect'' (Sunderland, 1780).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?contentSet=ECCOArticles&docType=ECCOArticles&bookId=0273501400&type=getFullCitation&tabID=T001&prodId=ECCO&docLevel=TEXT_GRAPHICS&version=1.0&source=library|title=A choice collection of poems in Cumberland dialect: I The harvest or bashful shepherd, a pastoral by the Rev. Mr. Robert Nelson, late of Greatsalkeld near Penrith in Cumberland. II Hay-Time ; or the constant lovers a pastoral. III St. Agnes fast or the amorous maiden. A pastoral. And other subjects no less entertaining.|date=3 August 1780|publisher=Printed by R. Wetherald|via=Open WorldCat}}</ref> Ewan Clark, a contemporary of Nelson's, also wrote a handful of dialect imitations that were included in his ''Miscellaneous Poems'' (Whitehaven 1779). Female members of the gentry writing in dialect at this time included [[Susanna Blamire]] and her companion Catherine Gilpin. Miss Blamire had written songs in Scots that were set to music by [[Joseph Haydn]]. Her work in Cumbrian dialect was less well known and remained uncollected until the publication of ''The Muse of Cumberland'' in 1842. This was followed by ''Songs and Poems'', edited by Sidney Gilpin in 1866, in which Miss Gilpin's work also appeared. In the 19th century appeared a few poems in dialect in the ''Miscellaneous Poems'' of [[John Stagg (poet)|John Stagg]] (Workington, 1804, second edition the following year). Known as 'the Cumbrian Minstrel', he too wrote in Scots and these poems appeared in the new editions of his poems published from Wigton in 1807 and 1808. What seems to have lifted use of Cumbrian dialect from a passing curiosity to a demonstration of regional pride in the hands of [[labouring class]] poets was the vogue of [[Robert Burns]], among whose disciples the [[calico (textile)|calico]] worker [[Robert Anderson (poet)|Robert Anderson]] counted himself. His ''Ballads in the Cumberland Dialect'' were published from Carlisle in 1805 and were reprinted in several different formats over the following decades. Some of these publications also incorporated the work of his precursors and a few other contemporaries, such as Ewan Clark and Mark Lonsdale. One such collection was ''Ballads in the Cumberland dialect, chiefly by R. Anderson'' (1808, second edition 1815, Wigton),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbQDAAAAQAAJ&q=%22Robert+Anderson%22+Cumberland|title=Ballads in the Cumberland dialect, chiefly by R. Anderson, with notes and a glossary|first=Robert|last=Anderson|date=3 August 1815|via=Google Books}}</ref> and a third from Carlisle in 1823. A more ambitious anthology of dialect verse, ''Dialogues, poems, songs, and ballads, by various writers, in the Westmoreland and Cumberland dialects'', followed from London in 1839.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trQIAAAAQAAJ|title=Westmoreland and Cumberland dialects. Dialogues, poems, songs, and ballads, by various writers, in the Westmoreland and Cumberland dialects, now first collected|date=3 August 1839|publisher=John Russell Smith, 4, Old Compton Street, Soho.|via=Google Books}}</ref> This contained work by all the poets mentioned already, with the addition of some songs by John Rayson that were later to be included in his ''Miscellaneous Poems and Ballads'' (London, 1858). Another anthology of regional writing, Sidney Gilpin's ''The Songs and Ballads of Cumberland'' (London, 1866), collects together work in both standard English and dialect by all the poets mentioned so far, as well as Border Ballads, poems by [[William Wordsworth]] and family, and other verse of regional interest. Some later poets include John Sewart (''Rhymes in the Westmoreland Dialect'', Settle, 1869) and Gwordie Greenup (the pseudonym of Stanley Martin), who published short collections in prose and verse during the 1860s and 1870s. A more recent anthology, ''Oor mak o' toak: an anthology of Lakeland dialect poems, 1747-1946'', was published from Carlisle in 1946 by the Lakeland Dialect Society.<ref>Title page on [https://books.google.com/books/about/Oor_mak_o_toak.html?id=ytk5AAAAIAAJ Google Books]</ref> ==Barrovian Dialect== {{main|Barrovian}} [[Barrow-in-Furness]] is unique within Cumbria and the local dialect tends to be more [[Lancashire]] orientated. Like [[Liverpool]] this is down to the large numbers of settlers from various regions (including predominantly [[Scotland]], elsewhere in [[England]] and [[Ireland]] amongst other locations). In general the ''Barrovian'' dialect tends to drop certain letters (including ''h'' and ''t'') for example holiday would be pronounced as '' 'oliday'', and with the drop of the ''h'' there is more emphasis on the letter ''o''. The indefinite article used would be 'an'. 'A hospital' becomes an 'ospital. Another example is with the letter ''t'' where twenty is often pronounced twen'y (again an emphasis on the ''n'' could occur). == See also == *[[Cumbria]] *[[Cumbric language]] *[[Dialect]] *[[Cumbrian toponymy|Etymology of Cumbrian place names]] *[[Northumbrian dialect]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book |title=Betty Wilson's Cumberland Teals |author1=Thomas Farrall |publisher=J. C. Mason |location=Carlisle |year=1892}} *{{cite book |title=The GonMad Cumbrian Dictionary & Phrasebook |author1=Dan Gibson |year=2012 |isbn=978-1481095303 }} {{Refend}} ==External links== * [http://www.bl.uk/soundsfamiliar Sounds Familiar?] &mdash; Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060906131648/http://www.dokeswick.com/crackaphone Listen to Pronunciation] www.dokeswick.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060405155223/http://lakelanddialectsociety.org/ Lakeland Dialect Society] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030130704/http://www.gonmad.co.uk/cumbria/ The GonMad Cumbrian Dictionary (online since 1997)] * [http://www.CumbrianDictionary.co.uk Cumbrian Dictionary] * [http://www.babelsheep.com The BabelSheep] online English to Cumbrian translator * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/programme1_1.shtml The Routes of English] B.B.C. radio programme on the Cumbrian dialect, sound files, 2000 * [http://www.lownestfarm.co.uk/olden/dialect.htm Low Nest Farm's webpage with many useful references] Books: * ''Ballads in the Cumberland Dialect, by R. Anderson, with Notes and a Glossary; and an Essay on the Manners and Customs of the Cumberland Peasantry, by Thomas Sanderson.'' 1828: [https://books.google.com/books?id=wNgsAAAAYAAJ Google] * ''Westmoreland and Cumberland Dialects. Dialogues, Poems, Songs, and Ballads, by various Writers, in the Westmoreland and Cumberland Dialects, now first collected: with a copious Glossary of Words peculiar to those Counties.'' London, 1839: [https://books.google.com/books?id=trQIAAAAQAAJ Google] ([https://books.google.com/books?id=v48SAAAAIAAJ Google]) * ''The Songs and Ballads of Cumberland, to which are added Dialect and other Poems; with biographical Sketches, Notes, and Glossary. Edited by Sidney Gilpin.'' 1866: [https://archive.org/details/songsandballads00gilpgoog Google] * ''A Bibliography of the Dialect Literature of Cumberland and Westmorland, and Lancashire North-of-the-Sands. By Archibald Sparke.'', Kendal, 1907: [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofdi00spar Internet Archive] {{English dialects by continent}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cumbrian Dialect}} [[Category:Culture in Cumbria]] [[Category:British English]] [[Category:Dialects by location]] [[Category:Dialects of English]]'