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| name = Askia Muhammad
| title = Ruler of the [[Songhai Empire]]
| image =
| full name = Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi
| reign = April 1493 – 1528
| birth_date = {{Circa|1443}}
| birth_place = [[Gao]]
| death_date = {{Circa|1538}} (aged 94–95)
| death_place = Gao [[Songhai Empire]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial = [[Tomb of Askia]] [[Gao]] <br> [[Mali]]
| predecessor = [[Sonni Baru|Sunni Baru]]
| successor = [[Askia Musa|Askia Monzo Mūsā]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Askia Musa]], [[Askia Isma'il]], [[Askia Ishaq I]], [[Askia Dawud]], hawah, Fatimatu and 465 other children
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Askia dynasty]]
| father = Abi Bakr
| mother = Kassey
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
[[File:SONGHAI empire map.PNG|thumb|right|Extent of the [[Songhai Empire]],<br/>circa 1500.]]
'''Askia Muhammad I''' (b. 1443 – d. 1538), born '''Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi'''{{efn|Or, it is said, al-Sillanki}} or '''Muhammad Ture''', was the first ruler of the [[Askia dynasty]] of the [[Songhai Empire]], reigning from 1493 to 1528. He is also known as '''Askia the Great''', and his name in modern [[Songhay languages|Songhai]] is '''Mamar Kassey'''. Askia Muhammad strengthened his empire and made it the largest empire in [[West Africa]]'s history. At its peak under his reign, the Songhai Empire encompassed the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] states as far as [[Kano (city)|Kano]] (in present-day Northern [[Nigeria]]) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the east. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], the creation of many schools, and the establishment of [[Islam]] as an integral part of the empire.
Muhammad was a prominent general under the Songhai ruler [[Sunni Ali]]. When [[Sunni Ali]] was succeeded by his son, [[Sunni Baru]], in 1492, Muhammad challenged the succession on the grounds that the new ruler was not a faithful Muslim.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GX1fNzyNO5AC&pg=PA78&dq=%22Sunni+Baru%22 Towards an Understanding of the African Experience from Historical] By Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam</ref> He defeated Baru and ascended to the throne in 1493.<ref name="globaled">[http://www.globaled.org/nyworld/materials/african3.html Biographical information on historical African figures] from globaled.org</ref>
Ture subsequently orchestrated a program of expansion and consolidation which extended the empire from Taghaza in the North to the borders of [[Yatenga Province|Yatenga]] in the South; and from Air in the Northeast to [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Djallon]] in Guinea. Instead of organizing the empire along Islamic lines, he tempered and improved on the traditional model by instituting a system of bureaucratic government unparalleled in [[Western Africa]]. In addition, Askia established standardized trade measures and regulations, initiated the policing of trade routes and also established an organized tax system. He was overthrown by his son, [[Askia Musa]], in 1528.<ref>[http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396293/Muhammad-I-Askia#md-media-strip-tab-lists-content ''Muḥammad I Askia Songhai ruler''] from britannica.com</ref>
==Name and title==
The ''Tarikh al-Sudan'' gives Askia Muhammad's name as Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi or al-Sillanki.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=102}} The ''Tarikh al-Fattash'' gives his name as Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005|p=85}} Al-Turi and al-Sillanki have been interpreted as the Soninke clan names Ture and Sila by most historians. However, Stephan Bühnen has argued that they should be interpreted as ''[[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]''s referring to ancestry from Futa Toro or Silla in the [[Senegal River|Senegal]] valley, and favors the possibility that his ancestors originally came from Futa Toro. {{sfn|Bühnen|2005}}
The title Askia{{efn|Or Askiya}} ({{lang-ar|اسكيا}}) is of unknown origin,{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=335}} and had been in use since the early 13th century, if not earlier.{{sfn|de Moraes Farias|2008|p=102}} The original pronunciation of the title is not known; in modern Songhai, it is pronounced ''siciya''.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=335}} Moroccan sources spelled the title Sukyā or Sikyā, [[Leo Africanus]] spelled it Ischia, and a contemporary Portuguese source spelled it Azquya. The ''Tarikh al-Sudan'' provides a folk etymology for the title, claiming that Askia Muhammad invented the title based on the lament of Sonni Ali's daughters when they had learned he had seized power: "''a si Kiya''", meaning "it is not his"{{sfn|Gomez|2018|p=226}} or "he shall not be it".{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=103}}
After going on the ''[[hajj]]'' in 1497–1498, he also became known as Askia al-Hajj Muhammad.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005|p=83}}
In modern Songhai, he is known as Mamar Kassey.{{sfn|Johnson|Hale|Belcher|1997|p=126}} Mamar is a form of the name Muhammad, and Kassey is a [[matronymic]].
==Early life==
Askia Muhammad was born in [[Gao]]. His father, Baru Lum,{{efn|Baru is a Songhai form of the name Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=102}} Lum is a clan name, probably of Fula origin.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005|p=89}}}} was of [[Toucouleur people|Toucouleur]] or [[Soninke people|Soninke]] ancestry, with ancestors hailing from the [[Senegal River]] valley.{{efn|The ''Tarikh al-Fattash'' says that Askia Muhammad was a descendent of the Torodo. Torodo is Fula for "people of Toro" and refers to the Toucouleur. The clan name Lum is more likely to be of Toucouleur than Soninke origin. The names al-Turi and al-Sillanki have been interpreted as the Soninke clan names Ture and Sila, but they may be references to his father or father's ancestors coming from either [[Futa Toro]] or Silla in the Senegal valley. Futa Toro was predominantly Toucouleur and Silla was predominantly Soninke.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005}}}} His mother was named Kassey{{efn|Spelling variants: Kasay,{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=181}} Kassaye,{{sfn|Johnson|Hale|Belcher|1997|p=126}} Kassaï,{{sfn|Houdas|Delafosse|1913|p=114}} Kassey, Kassai, and Kasse{{sfn|Bellama|1970}}}} and is said in oral tradition to have been the sister of Sonni Ali.{{sfn|Johnson|Hale|Belcher|1997|p=126–127}}
== Origins controversy==
[[File:Askia.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of Askia]] in Mali, claimed to be Askia Muhammad's tomb.]]
The theory shared on his origins nevertheless remains very controversial and has been rejected by the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] and especially by the modern descendants of [[Askiya|Askia Muhammad I]], who see in it a challenge to their ethnicity and also by several researchers despite a silla [[Toucouleur]] origin where Touré [[Soninke people|Soninke]] of Askia, his exact surname is still not determined and no oral source of the toucouleur and soninké mention any affiliation of Askia with them. One of the leaves of the tarikh evokes the title maiga of the emperor which is only used for the patrilineal kinship of the [[Sunni dynasty]] fuse you it of a non-ruling branch.<ref>{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}</ref> The term sonhinkey which suggests a soninke ethnic origin from askia, is also the name of the clan of songhai magicians responsible for the pre-Islamic cult and forming a younger branch of the royal clan of the sunni not having the right to the throne, the oral traditions of the songhai bring the father of askia Mohammed from this clan. Omar komajago who is the brother of the askia is in no way mentioned as a Touré or a sylla. the Askia Mohammed himself during his reign led a fierce war against the [[Fouta Toro]], especially against the leaders of the Toucouleur koli tenguela and the region was devastated by the songhai troops led by his brother Omar.
The term at-turi which is in Arabic designates more the [[Geographical]] origin of a person than his clan name and turi could be the name of the village of the father of the askia, a songhai village call Tureh in [[Niger]] in the region of [[Tillabéri Region|Tillabéri]] in the [[Tera Department]] could be the turi of the tarikh. The askia Mohamed being the son of princess kassey sister of [[Sunni Ali Ber]] it is impossible that he himself came from Fouta toro and his post of general is only given to a member of the royal family in the Songhai army and an ethnic Songhai patrilineally. The theory that the askia Mohamed is an ethnic songhai of father and mother is the most plausible and is being studied by the ahmed Baba center of [[Timbuktu]], a soninke origin where Toucouleur of the askia advanced as a theory by delafosse is not formalized nowhere and is seen as advanced in not knowing the Songhai country, its language, its toponymy and these traditions, none of these aspects were taken into account and the theory was advanced at a time when [[Africa]] was seen on a [[Colony|Colonial]] and racialist angle and its history itself seen as false.<ref>{{cite book|author=Boubou Hama|title=L'Histoire traditionnelle d'un peuple, les Zarma-Songhay|publisher=Présence africaine| year=1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bac5AQAAIAAJ|language=fr}}</ref>
== Descent from Askia ==
The ''Tarikh al fattash'' report the many descendants of Askia Muhammad who is said to amount to 471 children he had from many wives and [[Concubines]] of various origins. Just like [[Genghis Khan]] in [[Asia]] and [[Charlemagne]] in [[Europe]], Emperor Askia Muhammad and the emperors descended from his brother Omar Komdjago constitute patrilineal or matrilineal ancestors of a significant part of the native Sahelian populations and descendants of Sahelians who extend over 6 country where the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] are present, their descendants are mainly linked to powerful old royal house where always according to the sahel.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=180 n40}}
=== Mamar Haamey ===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
'''Mamar''' is the nickname of Askia Muhammad and these many descendants are called mamar hamey, they are the descendants of [[Askia Ishaq II]], Askia Nuh, [[:fr:Askia Mohammed V Gao|Askia Muhammad V Gao]] who were dethroned by Moroccans after the [[Battle of Tondibi]] and the successive wars, to those add the descendants of the many ministers, governors, generals who constitute the children and grandchildren of the askia, in Mali they are scattered among their subjects and occupy the positions of village chief, and were under for some under the authority of the Moroccan arma chiefs (Gao Alkaydo of Gao, the Pasha of [[Pashalik of Timbuktu|Timbuktu]]) before [[France|French]] colonization, only [[Djenne]] royal house, [[Hombori]] royal house and Kikara royal house have Askyanid ruler in Mali. In western [[Niger]] where the great princes migrated with all the strong lineage they founded powerful [[Emirate]]s such as [[Dargol]], [[Téra|Tera]], [[Gothèye]], [[karma, Niger|Karma]], [[Namaro]], [[Sikié]], [[Kokorou]], larba Birno, Gounday next to the sunni emirs of [[Gorouol]], Anzourou, they are constantly at war with each other and against the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] ouelleminden and oudalan and the Fulani of [[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]], those who mi gre further south reigns in [[Gaya, Niger|Gaya]], [[Bana, Niger|Bana]], [[Tanda, Niger|Tanda]], [[Yelou]], [[Bengou]], loulami, [[Karimama, Benin|karimama]], [[Banikoara]] up to [[Djougou]] where they are in the majority and have formed the dendi where they are mixed and reign over the [[Bariba people|Bariba]], [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], [[Gur languages|Gur]], [[Mandé people|Mandé]], Yom, their arrival at the [[Dendi (province)]] triggers the assimilation of non-Songhai populations to the Songhai culture and language and an Islamization of the bargou, they are in Niger integrated with the [[Za Dynasty|Za]] and [[Sunni Dynasty|Sunni]] with the ethnic name '''Zarma''', the most notable are the [[Emir]] '''Oumarou karma''' who fought against French colonization, '''Gabelinga Hama Kassa''' the military leader of goundey allied with '''wangugnya issa korombeyze moodi''' the mother of the war of '''zarmatarey''' during the wars against the caliphate of sokoto, they joined [[Babatu (warlord)|Babatu]] in [[Gurunsi people|Gurunsi]] and [[Kingdom of Dagbon|Dagbon]] to conquer the [[French Upper Volta|Upper Volta]] and the [[Northern Territories of the Gold Coast]]. The three members of the three dynasties on arrival Colonial was associated with the non-royal clans, their attached religious clans and their freedmen to form '''1/4''' of the Songhai population, '''3/4''' being made up of the servile mass that they had at their service. The Mamar haamey considering themselves uncles of the '''Djermas''' never enter into conflict with them and join forces with them to beat the sokoto, the [[Toucouleur people|Toucouleur]], the Fulani of Dori and boboye and the Tuaregs.
In Burkina they are overwhelmed by the Fulani and Tuareg masses and many were ethnically assimilated by the Fulani, they are in Darkoye, [[Markoye]] and [[Gorom Gorom]] with the [[Sunni Dynasty|Sunni]].
The descendants of the askia like that of sunni carry the title of '''Maiga''' associated with imperial power.
=== Songhai Djermas ===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
The descendants of the '''Askia''' are also to be found mainly among the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] subgroup of the [[Zarma people|Djermas]] descending from the previous [[Za Dynasty]] of the [[Sunni Dynasty]] and [[Askia Dynasty]] and who ruled over the [[Gao Empire]], the marriages between the members descending from the three powerful songhai dynasty was frequent and the princesses of blood and noble milk were only exchanged between these three dynasty, thus '''khaman Duksa''', [[Zarmakoy]] sambo ([[Mali Bero]]) and '''Tagour Gana''' of the 17th and 18th century descendants of the za all took wives from the descendants of the askia living with them in the dendi, the askia reigning in the dendi on the right bank of the river and the royal Za lineage of the '''waazi''', '''sega''', '''fahmey''', '''kogori''', '''kandi''', '''Manay''', '''Zem''' on the left bank, they bear the royal title of [[Zarmakoy|Djermakoy]] which does not It is to bear that to the descendant of the za, he reigns in the zarmaganda ([[Tondikiwindi]], [[Ouallam]], [[Simiri]] ) over the '''kalley''' and in the zarmatarey ([[Dosso, Niger|Dosso]], [[kiota]], yeni, [[Fakara]], [[kouré]], [[kollo, Niger|Kollo]], [[libore]], [[N'Dounga]], [[kirtachi]], babousaye, [[Tondikandia]], bogole, [[Hamdallaye, Niger|Hamdallaye]], [[Garankedey]], [[Fabidji]] ) over the '''Gooley'''. The [[Maouri people|Maouri]] ( Royale house of Mawrikoy of sokorbe and Mawrikoy of Moussadey), '''Gubey''' (Royale house of goubekoy of [[Loga, Niger|Loga]]) assimilated and having constituted royal houses married to the za.
Matrimonial relations between the askia and the za are the basis of cousinhood between the Songhai djermas and the [[Songhai proper|Songhai Mamar Hamey]]. The Mamar Haamey consider themselves the maternal uncles of the Zarma, the same relationship is observed with the descendants of the [[Sunni Ali Ber]] .
The descendants of the [[Za Dynasty]] have always occupied high positions in the empire in the [[Army]] and the administration, especially in the military province of dendi, where they held the position of '''Dendi Fari''' and their role was decisive in stopping the advance Moroccan in the dendi with generals of values like '''Hawa ize maali''' and '''yefarma ishak''' of the house of Manay.
the Mamar Hamay occupy two djerma kingdoms by imposition during the French colonization in Niger, the French massacre to the last the royal house of the Zarmakoy of [[Ouallam]] and bring in a Mamar Haama from [[Hombori]] to occupy the vacant throne, same case in the '''Fakara''' where a mamar haama is imported from '''Yonkoto''' to occupy the throne, all within the framework of the armed revolt of mamar haama oumarou emir of karma against the [[Colony|Colonial]] administration, the saying between songhai '' we are only one family that will chew each other but never swallow each other'' is used so that the populations of these two principalities accept the taxes. the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] do not have a problem when an ethnic Songhai comes to usurp a throne from them but this revolts in the case of a non-Songhai and leaves the country when they cannot prevent the unknown .
The Djerma, the mamar hamey and the si hamey all qualify as '''zaberbenda''' (the descendants of za the great, za el ayaman) and must support each other in the event of an enemy attack, when the mamar haama are attacked on the right bank, the '''Tubal''' [[War drum]] are struck to warn the left bank where the '''Djerma princes''' are beating theirs to gather their armies and cross the river to support their brother in the west and vice versa.
=== Hausa land ===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
'''Askia Mohamed I''' is the maternal ancestor of the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] [[Sultans]] of the [[Bagauda Dynasty]] of through his daughter '''Awah''' married to [[Muhammad Rumfa]] Sultan of [[Sultanate of Kano|Kano]] during the conquest of the [[Hausa Kingdoms]] by the [[Songhai Empire]], the are replaced by the [[Fulani people|Fulani]] [[Sullubawa|Sullubawa clan]] [[Ibrahim Dabo|Dabo Dynasty]] during the conquest of [[Sultanate of Kano|kano]] by the [[Caliphate of Sokoto|Sokoto caliphate]], having many daughters the askia contracted diplomatic marriages with the kings subject to his power to ensure their loyalty, kano is certainly not the only Hausa state where this kind relationships were established.
All Hausa descendants of Muhammad rumfa sultan of kano are in matrilineal line descendant of askia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epdf.tips/concubines-and-power-five-hundred-years-in-a-northern-nigerian-palace.html|title=Concubines and Power: Five Hundred Years in a Northern Nigerian Palace|website=epdf.tips|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>
=== Others ===
The [[Arma people|Arma]] who come from the marriage between the [[Spanish people|Spanish]] soldiers of [[Morocco]] and the [[Songhai people|Songhai]]women are also in matrilineal line descending from the [[Askiya]] for the most part.
Throughout the '''Central Sahel''', the descendants in patrilineal or matrilineal line of the askia can be around Million drawn from the ethnic Songhai which amounts to nearly 11 million people and possible descendants among the [[Hausa people|Hausa]], The [[Fulani people|Fula]] and there are generally only than associated with royal houses.
The pyramidal [[Tomb of Askia]] located in [[Gao]] has not been the subject of any excavation to examine his remains in order to carry out genetic examinations and these known descendants have no longer been the subject of study, only a genetic study can confirm the historical connection.
Are sons the [[Askia Dawud]] also had Total '''333 children''' according to the [[Tarikh al-Sudan]] {{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=184 n68}} while the [[Tarikh al-Fattash]] has 61 children, 30 of whom died at a young age.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=184 n68}}
the many princes died for the most part young because of the assassinations that occurred during the successions to the imperial throne, especially with the emperors [[Askia Musa]] the eldest of the sons of the askia born of his [[Dahomean]] concubine who carried out a coup and murdered a good number of these brothers and 25 to 35 of these cousins.
The successions on the imperial [[Songhai Empire|Songhai]] throne are generally preceded by a battle between the princes, the strongest generally takes power, it is this instability which favored the Moroccan invasion and the defeat of [[Battle of Tondibi|Tondibi]] due to a weak contribution of troops resulting from the cold between the emperor '''Ishaq II''' and the balama of the '''kurmina'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Invasion of Morocco in1591 and the Saadian Dynasty |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/morco_1591.html |publisher=University of Pennsylvania – African Studies Center}}</ref>
==Legacy==
Askia encouraged learning and literacy, ensuring that Songhai's universities produced the most distinguished scholars, many of whom published significant books and one of which was his nephew and friend Mahmud Kati. To secure the legitimacy of his usurpation of the [[Sonni dynasty]], Askia Muhammad allied himself with the scholars of [[Timbuktu]], ushering in a golden age in the city for [[scientific]] and [[Muslim]] [[scholarship]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Vogel |first=Joseph O. |title=Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa: Archaeology, History, Languages, Cultures, and Environments |page=493 |year=1997 |isbn=0-7619-8902-1 }}</ref> The eminent scholar [[Ahmad Baba al Massufi|Ahmed Baba]], for example, produced books on [[Sharia|Islamic law]] which are still in use today. Muhammad Kati published ''[[Tarikh al-fattash]]'' and Abdul-Rahman as-Sadi published ''[[Tarikh al-Sudan]]'' (''Chronicle of The Black Land''), two history books which are indispensable to present-day scholars reconstructing African history in the [[Middle Ages]].
The king's supposed tomb, the [[Tomb of Askia]], is now a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
===In popular culture===
* The [[Nigerien]] musical group [[Mamar Kassey]] is named after Askia Muhammad.
* In the turn-based strategy game ''[[Sid Meier's Civilization V]]'', Askia Muhammad is depicted as the leader of the [[Songhai Empire|Songhai]] civilization, one of the playable factions.{{sfn|Johnston|2010}}
== See also ==
* [[Legends of Africa]]
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
===Primary sources===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{citation | author = al-Sadi | title = Taʾrīkh al-Sūdān }}, translated in {{harvnb|Hunwick|1999}}
{{refend}}
===Other sources===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book|title = Si Ali and Askia Mohammed: two interpretations: the Muslim chronicles vs. Songhay oral tradition | first1 = David | last1 = Bellama | date = 1970 }}
*{{Cite journal| volume = 1| pages = 83–90| last = Bühnen| first = Stephan| title = Askiya Muḥammad I and his qabīla: name and provenance| journal = Sudanic Africa| date = 2005| jstor = 25653427}}
*{{Cite book| publisher = Princeton University Press| isbn = 978-0-691-17742-7| last = Gomez| first = Michael A.| title = African dominion: a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa| location = Princeton| date = 2018}}
*{{cite book | title = Tarikh el-Fettach ou Chronique du Chercheur, par Mahmoûd Kâti ben El-Hâdj el-Motaouakkel Kâti et l'un de ses petits-fils | first1 = O. | last1 = Houdas | first2 = M. | last2 = Delafosse | place = Paris | year = 1913 }}
*{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 978-90-04-11207-0| last1 = Hunwick| first1 = John O.| title = Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, and other contemporary documents| location = Leiden; Boston| series = Islamic history and civilization : studies and texts| date = 1999}}
*{{cite book | editor-first1 = John William | editor-last1 = Johnson | editor-first2 = Thomas A. | editor-last2 = Hale | editor-first3 = Stephen | editor-last3 = Belcher | title = Oral epics from Africa: vibrant voices from a vast continent | year = 1997 | publisher = Indiana University Press | isbn = 0-253-21110-7 }}
*{{cite web | first1 = Casey | last1 = Johnston | title = Statecraft as entertainment: Ars reviews Civilization V | work = Ars Technica | url = https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2010/09/statecraft-as-entertainment-ars-reviews-civilization-v/ | access-date = 2022-02-07 | date = 2010-09-20 }}
*{{Cite book| publisher = HSRC Press| isbn = 978-0-7969-2204-5| editor-first1 = Shamil | editor-last1 = Jeppie | editor-first2 = Souleymane Bachir | editor-last2 = Diagne | last = de Moraes Farias| first = Paulo F.| title = The meanings of Timbuktu| chapter = Intellectual innovation and reinvention of the Sahel: the seventeenth-century Timbuktu chronicles| location = Cape Town| date = 2008}}
*{{cite book|author1=Josef W. Meri|author2=Jere L. Bacharach|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&pg=PA764|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-96692-4|page=764}}
*{{Citation |last=Stoller |first=Paul |year=1992|title=The Cinematic Griot: The Ethnography of Jean Rouch |publisher= |publication-place= |page=105|isbn=9780226775487 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evrPTDsBoOYC&q=the+cinematic+griot |access-date=2021-06-04}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*[http://webusers.xula.edu/jrotondo/Kingdoms/Songhay/SunniAli01.html ''Kingdoms of the Medieval Sudan'' – Xavier University]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140357/http://www.africanlegends.info/ Ancient African Legends]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Askia Muhammad I}}
[[Category:1440s births]]
[[Category:1538 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:People of the Songhai Empire]]
[[Category:History of Mali]]
[[Category:History of Niger]]
[[Category:16th-century Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ
==Name and title==
The ''Tarikh al-Sudan'' gives Askia Muhammad's name as Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi or al-Sillanki.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=102}} The ''Tarikh al-Fattash'' gives his name as Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005|p=85}} Al-Turi and al-Sillanki have been interpreted as the Soninke clan names Ture and Sila by most historians. However, Stephan Bühnen has argued that they should be interpreted as ''[[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]''s referring to ancestry from Futa Toro or Silla in the [[Senegal River|Senegal]] valley, and favors the possibility that his ancestors originally came from Futa Toro. {{sfn|Bühnen|2005}}
The title Askia{{efn|Or Askiya}} ({{lang-ar|اسكيا}}) is of unknown origin,{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=335}} and had been in use since the early 13th century, if not earlier.{{sfn|de Moraes Farias|2008|p=102}} The original pronunciation of the title is not known; in modern Songhai, it is pronounced ''siciya''.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=335}} Moroccan sources spelled the title Sukyā or Sikyā, [[Leo Africanus]] spelled it Ischia, and a contemporary Portuguese source spelled it Azquya. The ''Tarikh al-Sudan'' provides a folk etymology for the title, claiming that Askia Muhammad invented the title based on the lament of Sonni Ali's daughters when they had learned he had seized power: "''a si Kiya''", meaning "it is not his"{{sfn|Gomez|2018|p=226}} or "he shall not be it".{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=103}}
After going on the ''[[hajj]]'' in 1497–1498, he also became known as Askia al-Hajj Muhammad.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005|p=83}}
In modern Songhai, he is known as Mamar Kassey.{{sfn|Johnson|Hale|Belcher|1997|p=126}} Mamar is a form of the name Muhammad, and Kassey is a [[matronymic]].
==Early life==
Askia Muhammad was born in [[Gao]]. His father, Baru Lum,{{efn|Baru is a Songhai form of the name Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=102}} Lum is a clan name, probably of Fula origin.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005|p=89}}}} was of [[Toucouleur people|Toucouleur]] or [[Soninke people|Soninke]] ancestry, with ancestors hailing from the [[Senegal River]] valley.{{efn|The ''Tarikh al-Fattash'' says that Askia Muhammad was a descendent of the Torodo. Torodo is Fula for "people of Toro" and refers to the Toucouleur. The clan name Lum is more likely to be of Toucouleur than Soninke origin. The names al-Turi and al-Sillanki have been interpreted as the Soninke clan names Ture and Sila, but they may be references to his father or father's ancestors coming from either [[Futa Toro]] or Silla in the Senegal valley. Futa Toro was predominantly Toucouleur and Silla was predominantly Soninke.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005}}}} His mother was named Kassey{{efn|Spelling variants: Kasay,{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=181}} Kassaye,{{sfn|Johnson|Hale|Belcher|1997|p=126}} Kassaï,{{sfn|Houdas|Delafosse|1913|p=114}} Kassey, Kassai, and Kasse{{sfn|Bellama|1970}}}} and is said in oral tradition to have been the sister of Sonni Ali.{{sfn|Johnson|Hale|Belcher|1997|p=126–127}}
== Origins controversy==
[[File:Askia.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of Askia]] in Mali, claimed to be Askia Muhammad's tomb.]]
The theory shared on his origins nevertheless remains very controversial and has been rejected by the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] and especially by the modern descendants of [[Askiya|Askia Muhammad I]], who see in it a challenge to their ethnicity and also by several researchers despite a silla [[Toucouleur]] origin where Touré [[Soninke people|Soninke]] of Askia, his exact surname is still not determined and no oral source of the toucouleur and soninké mention any affiliation of Askia with them. One of the leaves of the tarikh evokes the title maiga of the emperor which is only used for the patrilineal kinship of the [[Sunni dynasty]] fuse you it of a non-ruling branch.<ref>{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}</ref> The term sonhinkey which suggests a soninke ethnic origin from askia, is also the name of the clan of songhai magicians responsible for the pre-Islamic cult and forming a younger branch of the royal clan of the sunni not having the right to the throne, the oral traditions of the songhai bring the father of askia Mohammed from this clan. Omar komajago who is the brother of the askia is in no way mentioned as a Touré or a sylla. the Askia Mohammed himself during his reign led a fierce war against the [[Fouta Toro]], especially against the leaders of the Toucouleur koli tenguela and the region was devastated by the songhai troops led by his brother Omar.
The term at-turi which is in Arabic designates more the [[Geographical]] origin of a person than his clan name and turi could be the name of the village of the father of the askia, a songhai village call Tureh in [[Niger]] in the region of [[Tillabéri Region|Tillabéri]] in the [[Tera Department]] could be the turi of the tarikh. The askia Mohamed being the son of princess kassey sister of [[Sunni Ali Ber]] it is impossible that he himself came from Fouta toro and his post of general is only given to a member of the royal family in the Songhai army and an ethnic Songhai patrilineally. The theory that the askia Mohamed is an ethnic songhai of father and mother is the most plausible and is being studied by the ahmed Baba center of [[Timbuktu]], a soninke origin where Toucouleur of the askia advanced as a theory by delafosse is not formalized nowhere and is seen as advanced in not knowing the Songhai country, its language, its toponymy and these traditions, none of these aspects were taken into account and the theory was advanced at a time when [[Africa]] was seen on a [[Colony|Colonial]] and racialist angle and its history itself seen as false.<ref>{{cite book|author=Boubou Hama|title=L'Histoire traditionnelle d'un peuple, les Zarma-Songhay|publisher=Présence africaine| year=1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bac5AQAAIAAJ|language=fr}}</ref>
== Descent from Askia ==
The ''Tarikh al fattash'' report the many descendants of Askia Muhammad who is said to amount to 471 children he had from many wives and [[Concubines]] of various origins. Just like [[Genghis Khan]] in [[Asia]] and [[Charlemagne]] in [[Europe]], Emperor Askia Muhammad and the emperors descended from his brother Omar Komdjago constitute patrilineal or matrilineal ancestors of a significant part of the native Sahelian populations and descendants of Sahelians who extend over 6 country where the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] are present, their descendants are mainly linked to powerful old royal house where always according to the sahel.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=180 n40}}
=== Mamar Haamey ===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
'''Mamar''' is the nickname of Askia Muhammad and these many descendants are called mamar hamey, they are the descendants of [[Askia Ishaq II]], Askia Nuh, [[:fr:Askia Mohammed V Gao|Askia Muhammad V Gao]] who were dethroned by Moroccans after the [[Battle of Tondibi]] and the successive wars, to those add the descendants of the many ministers, governors, generals who constitute the children and grandchildren of the askia, in Mali they are scattered among their subjects and occupy the positions of village chief, and were under for some under the authority of the Moroccan arma chiefs (Gao Alkaydo of Gao, the Pasha of [[Pashalik of Timbuktu|Timbuktu]]) before [[France|French]] colonization, only [[Djenne]] royal house, [[Hombori]] royal house and Kikara royal house have Askyanid ruler in Mali. In western [[Niger]] where the great princes migrated with all the strong lineage they founded powerful [[Emirate]]s such as [[Dargol]], [[Téra|Tera]], [[Gothèye]], [[karma, Niger|Karma]], [[Namaro]], [[Sikié]], [[Kokorou]], larba Birno, Gounday next to the sunni emirs of [[Gorouol]], Anzourou, they are constantly at war with each other and against the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] ouelleminden and oudalan and the Fulani of [[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]], those who mi gre further south reigns in [[Gaya, Niger|Gaya]], [[Bana, Niger|Bana]], [[Tanda, Niger|Tanda]], [[Yelou]], [[Bengou]], loulami, [[Karimama, Benin|karimama]], [[Banikoara]] up to [[Djougou]] where they are in the majority and have formed the dendi where they are mixed and reign over the [[Bariba people|Bariba]], [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], [[Gur languages|Gur]], [[Mandé people|Mandé]], Yom, their arrival at the [[Dendi (province)]] triggers the assimilation of non-Songhai populations to the Songhai culture and language and an Islamization of the bargou, they are in Niger integrated with the [[Za Dynasty|Za]] and [[Sunni Dynasty|Sunni]] with the ethnic name '''Zarma''', the most notable are the [[Emir]] '''Oumarou karma''' who fought against French colonization, '''Gabelinga Hama Kassa''' the military leader of goundey allied with '''wangugnya issa korombeyze moodi''' the mother of the war of '''zarmatarey''' during the wars against the caliphate of sokoto, they joined [[Babatu (warlord)|Babatu]] in [[Gurunsi people|Gurunsi]] and [[Kingdom of Dagbon|Dagbon]] to conquer the [[French Upper Volta|Upper Volta]] and the [[Northern Territories of the Gold Coast]]. The three members of the three dynasties on arrival Colonial was associated with the non-royal clans, their attached religious clans and their freedmen to form '''1/4''' of the Songhai population, '''3/4''' being made up of the servile mass that they had at their service. The Mamar haamey considering themselves uncles of the '''Djermas''' never enter into conflict with them and join forces with them to beat the sokoto, the [[Toucouleur people|Toucouleur]], the Fulani of Dori and boboye and the Tuaregs.
In Burkina they are overwhelmed by the Fulani and Tuareg masses and many were ethnically assimilated by the Fulani, they are in Darkoye, [[Markoye]] and [[Gorom Gorom]] with the [[Sunni Dynasty|Sunni]].
The descendants of the askia like that of sunni carry the title of '''Maiga''' associated with imperial power.
=== Songhai Djermas ===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
The descendants of the '''Askia''' are also to be found mainly among the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] subgroup of the [[Zarma people|Djermas]] descending from the previous [[Za Dynasty]] of the [[Sunni Dynasty]] and [[Askia Dynasty]] and who ruled over the [[Gao Empire]], the marriages between the members descending from the three powerful songhai dynasty was frequent and the princesses of blood and noble milk were only exchanged between these three dynasty, thus '''khaman Duksa''', [[Zarmakoy]] sambo ([[Mali Bero]]) and '''Tagour Gana''' of the 17th and 18th century descendants of the za all took wives from the descendants of the askia living with them in the dendi, the askia reigning in the dendi on the right bank of the river and the royal Za lineage of the '''waazi''', '''sega''', '''fahmey''', '''kogori''', '''kandi''', '''Manay''', '''Zem''' on the left bank, they bear the royal title of [[Zarmakoy|Djermakoy]] which does not It is to bear that to the descendant of the za, he reigns in the zarmaganda ([[Tondikiwindi]], [[Ouallam]], [[Simiri]] ) over the '''kalley''' and in the zarmatarey ([[Dosso, Niger|Dosso]], [[kiota]], yeni, [[Fakara]], [[kouré]], [[kollo, Niger|Kollo]], [[libore]], [[N'Dounga]], [[kirtachi]], babousaye, [[Tondikandia]], bogole, [[Hamdallaye, Niger|Hamdallaye]], [[Garankedey]], [[Fabidji]] ) over the '''Gooley'''. The [[Maouri people|Maouri]] ( Royale house of Mawrikoy of sokorbe and Mawrikoy of Moussadey), '''Gubey''' (Royale house of goubekoy of [[Loga, Niger|Loga]]) assimilated and having constituted royal houses married to the za.
Matrimonial relations between the askia and the za are the basis of cousinhood between the Songhai djermas and the [[Songhai proper|Songhai Mamar Hamey]]. The Mamar Haamey consider themselves the maternal uncles of the Zarma, the same relationship is observed with the descendants of the [[Sunni Ali Ber]] .
The descendants of the [[Za Dynasty]] have always occupied high positions in the empire in the [[Army]] and the administration, especially in the military province of dendi, where they held the position of '''Dendi Fari''' and their role was decisive in stopping the advance Moroccan in the dendi with generals of values like '''Hawa ize maali''' and '''yefarma ishak''' of the house of Manay.
the Mamar Hamay occupy two djerma kingdoms by imposition during the French colonization in Niger, the French massacre to the last the royal house of the Zarmakoy of [[Ouallam]] and bring in a Mamar Haama from [[Hombori]] to occupy the vacant throne, same case in the '''Fakara''' where a mamar haama is imported from '''Yonkoto''' to occupy the throne, all within the framework of the armed revolt of mamar haama oumarou emir of karma against the [[Colony|Colonial]] administration, the saying between songhai '' we are only one family that will chew each other but never swallow each other'' is used so that the populations of these two principalities accept the taxes. the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] do not have a problem when an ethnic Songhai comes to usurp a throne from them but this revolts in the case of a non-Songhai and leaves the country when they cannot prevent the unknown .
The Djerma, the mamar hamey and the si hamey all qualify as '''zaberbenda''' (the descendants of za the great, za el ayaman) and must support each other in the event of an enemy attack, when the mamar haama are attacked on the right bank, the '''Tubal''' [[War drum]] are struck to warn the left bank where the '''Djerma princes''' are beating theirs to gather their armies and cross the river to support their brother in the west and vice versa.
=== Hausa land ===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
'''Askia Mohamed I''' is the maternal ancestor of the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] [[Sultans]] of the [[Bagauda Dynasty]] of through his daughter '''Awah''' married to [[Muhammad Rumfa]] Sultan of [[Sultanate of Kano|Kano]] during the conquest of the [[Hausa Kingdoms]] by the [[Songhai Empire]], the are replaced by the [[Fulani people|Fulani]] [[Sullubawa|Sullubawa clan]] [[Ibrahim Dabo|Dabo Dynasty]] during the conquest of [[Sultanate of Kano|kano]] by the [[Caliphate of Sokoto|Sokoto caliphate]], having many daughters the askia contracted diplomatic marriages with the kings subject to his power to ensure their loyalty, kano is certainly not the only Hausa state where this kind relationships were established.
All Hausa descendants of Muhammad rumfa sultan of kano are in matrilineal line descendant of askia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epdf.tips/concubines-and-power-five-hundred-years-in-a-northern-nigerian-palace.html|title=Concubines and Power: Five Hundred Years in a Northern Nigerian Palace|website=epdf.tips|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>
=== Others ===
The [[Arma people|Arma]] who come from the marriage between the [[Spanish people|Spanish]] soldiers of [[Morocco]] and the [[Songhai people|Songhai]]women are also in matrilineal line descending from the [[Askiya]] for the most part.
Throughout the '''Central Sahel''', the descendants in patrilineal or matrilineal line of the askia can be around Million drawn from the ethnic Songhai which amounts to nearly 11 million people and possible descendants among the [[Hausa people|Hausa]], The [[Fulani people|Fula]] and there are generally only than associated with royal houses.
The pyramidal [[Tomb of Askia]] located in [[Gao]] has not been the subject of any excavation to examine his remains in order to carry out genetic examinations and these known descendants have no longer been the subject of study, only a genetic study can confirm the historical connection.
Are sons the [[Askia Dawud]] also had Total '''333 children''' according to the [[Tarikh al-Sudan]] {{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=184 n68}} while the [[Tarikh al-Fattash]] has 61 children, 30 of whom died at a young age.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=184 n68}}
the many princes died for the most part young because of the assassinations that occurred during the successions to the imperial throne, especially with the emperors [[Askia Musa]] the eldest of the sons of the askia born of his [[Dahomean]] concubine who carried out a coup and murdered a good number of these brothers and 25 to 35 of these cousins.
The successions on the imperial [[Songhai Empire|Songhai]] throne are generally preceded by a battle between the princes, the strongest generally takes power, it is this instability which favored the Moroccan invasion and the defeat of [[Battle of Tondibi|Tondibi]] due to a weak contribution of troops resulting from the cold between the emperor '''Ishaq II''' and the balama of the '''kurmina'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Invasion of Morocco in1591 and the Saadian Dynasty |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/morco_1591.html |publisher=University of Pennsylvania – African Studies Center}}</ref>
==Legacy==
Askia encouraged learning and literacy, ensuring that Songhai's universities produced the most distinguished scholars, many of whom published significant books and one of which was his nephew and friend Mahmud Kati. To secure the legitimacy of his usurpation of the [[Sonni dynasty]], Askia Muhammad allied himself with the scholars of [[Timbuktu]], ushering in a golden age in the city for [[scientific]] and [[Muslim]] [[scholarship]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Vogel |first=Joseph O. |title=Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa: Archaeology, History, Languages, Cultures, and Environments |page=493 |year=1997 |isbn=0-7619-8902-1 }}</ref> The eminent scholar [[Ahmad Baba al Massufi|Ahmed Baba]], for example, produced books on [[Sharia|Islamic law]] which are still in use today. Muhammad Kati published ''[[Tarikh al-fattash]]'' and Abdul-Rahman as-Sadi published ''[[Tarikh al-Sudan]]'' (''Chronicle of The Black Land''), two history books which are indispensable to present-day scholars reconstructing African history in the [[Middle Ages]].
The king's supposed tomb, the [[Tomb of Askia]], is now a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
===In popular culture===
* The [[Nigerien]] musical group [[Mamar Kassey]] is named after Askia Muhammad.
* In the turn-based strategy game ''[[Sid Meier's Civilization V]]'', Askia Muhammad is depicted as the leader of the [[Songhai Empire|Songhai]] civilization, one of the playable factions.{{sfn|Johnston|2010}}
== See also ==
* [[Legends of Africa]]
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
===Primary sources===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{citation | author = al-Sadi | title = Taʾrīkh al-Sūdān }}, translated in {{harvnb|Hunwick|1999}}
{{refend}}
===Other sources===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book|title = Si Ali and Askia Mohammed: two interpretations: the Muslim chronicles vs. Songhay oral tradition | first1 = David | last1 = Bellama | date = 1970 }}
*{{Cite journal| volume = 1| pages = 83–90| last = Bühnen| first = Stephan| title = Askiya Muḥammad I and his qabīla: name and provenance| journal = Sudanic Africa| date = 2005| jstor = 25653427}}
*{{Cite book| publisher = Princeton University Press| isbn = 978-0-691-17742-7| last = Gomez| first = Michael A.| title = African dominion: a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa| location = Princeton| date = 2018}}
*{{cite book | title = Tarikh el-Fettach ou Chronique du Chercheur, par Mahmoûd Kâti ben El-Hâdj el-Motaouakkel Kâti et l'un de ses petits-fils | first1 = O. | last1 = Houdas | first2 = M. | last2 = Delafosse | place = Paris | year = 1913 }}
*{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 978-90-04-11207-0| last1 = Hunwick| first1 = John O.| title = Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, and other contemporary documents| location = Leiden; Boston| series = Islamic history and civilization : studies and texts| date = 1999}}
*{{cite book | editor-first1 = John William | editor-last1 = Johnson | editor-first2 = Thomas A. | editor-last2 = Hale | editor-first3 = Stephen | editor-last3 = Belcher | title = Oral epics from Africa: vibrant voices from a vast continent | year = 1997 | publisher = Indiana University Press | isbn = 0-253-21110-7 }}
*{{cite web | first1 = Casey | last1 = Johnston | title = Statecraft as entertainment: Ars reviews Civilization V | work = Ars Technica | url = https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2010/09/statecraft-as-entertainment-ars-reviews-civilization-v/ | access-date = 2022-02-07 | date = 2010-09-20 }}
*{{Cite book| publisher = HSRC Press| isbn = 978-0-7969-2204-5| editor-first1 = Shamil | editor-last1 = Jeppie | editor-first2 = Souleymane Bachir | editor-last2 = Diagne | last = de Moraes Farias| first = Paulo F.| title = The meanings of Timbuktu| chapter = Intellectual innovation and reinvention of the Sahel: the seventeenth-century Timbuktu chronicles| location = Cape Town| date = 2008}}
*{{cite book|author1=Josef W. Meri|author2=Jere L. Bacharach|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&pg=PA764|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-96692-4|page=764}}
*{{Citation |last=Stoller |first=Paul |year=1992|title=The Cinematic Griot: The Ethnography of Jean Rouch |publisher= |publication-place= |page=105|isbn=9780226775487 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evrPTDsBoOYC&q=the+cinematic+griot |access-date=2021-06-04}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*[http://webusers.xula.edu/jrotondo/Kingdoms/Songhay/SunniAli01.html ''Kingdoms of the Medieval Sudan'' – Xavier University]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140357/http://www.africanlegends.info/ Ancient African Legends]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Askia Muhammad I}}
[[Category:1440s births]]
[[Category:1538 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:People of the Songhai Empire]]
[[Category:History of Mali]]
[[Category:History of Niger]]
[[Category:16th-century Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,31 +1,3 @@
-{{Infobox royalty
-| name = Askia Muhammad
-| title = Ruler of the [[Songhai Empire]]
-| image =
-| full name = Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi
-| reign = April 1493 – 1528
-| birth_date = {{Circa|1443}}
-| birth_place = [[Gao]]
-| death_date = {{Circa|1538}} (aged 94–95)
-| death_place = Gao [[Songhai Empire]]
-| date of burial =
-| place of burial = [[Tomb of Askia]] [[Gao]] <br> [[Mali]]
-| predecessor = [[Sonni Baru|Sunni Baru]]
-| successor = [[Askia Musa|Askia Monzo Mūsā]]
-| spouse =
-| issue = [[Askia Musa]], [[Askia Isma'il]], [[Askia Ishaq I]], [[Askia Dawud]], hawah, Fatimatu and 465 other children
-| royal house =
-| dynasty = [[Askia dynasty]]
-| father = Abi Bakr
-| mother = Kassey
-| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
-}}
-[[File:SONGHAI empire map.PNG|thumb|right|Extent of the [[Songhai Empire]],<br/>circa 1500.]]
-
-'''Askia Muhammad I''' (b. 1443 – d. 1538), born '''Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi'''{{efn|Or, it is said, al-Sillanki}} or '''Muhammad Ture''', was the first ruler of the [[Askia dynasty]] of the [[Songhai Empire]], reigning from 1493 to 1528. He is also known as '''Askia the Great''', and his name in modern [[Songhay languages|Songhai]] is '''Mamar Kassey'''. Askia Muhammad strengthened his empire and made it the largest empire in [[West Africa]]'s history. At its peak under his reign, the Songhai Empire encompassed the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] states as far as [[Kano (city)|Kano]] (in present-day Northern [[Nigeria]]) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the east. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], the creation of many schools, and the establishment of [[Islam]] as an integral part of the empire.
-
-Muhammad was a prominent general under the Songhai ruler [[Sunni Ali]]. When [[Sunni Ali]] was succeeded by his son, [[Sunni Baru]], in 1492, Muhammad challenged the succession on the grounds that the new ruler was not a faithful Muslim.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GX1fNzyNO5AC&pg=PA78&dq=%22Sunni+Baru%22 Towards an Understanding of the African Experience from Historical] By Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam</ref> He defeated Baru and ascended to the throne in 1493.<ref name="globaled">[http://www.globaled.org/nyworld/materials/african3.html Biographical information on historical African figures] from globaled.org</ref>
-
-Ture subsequently orchestrated a program of expansion and consolidation which extended the empire from Taghaza in the North to the borders of [[Yatenga Province|Yatenga]] in the South; and from Air in the Northeast to [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Djallon]] in Guinea. Instead of organizing the empire along Islamic lines, he tempered and improved on the traditional model by instituting a system of bureaucratic government unparalleled in [[Western Africa]]. In addition, Askia established standardized trade measures and regulations, initiated the policing of trade routes and also established an organized tax system. He was overthrown by his son, [[Askia Musa]], in 1528.<ref>[http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396293/Muhammad-I-Askia#md-media-strip-tab-lists-content ''Muḥammad I Askia Songhai ruler''] from britannica.com</ref>
+ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ
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0 => '{{Infobox royalty',
1 => '| name = Askia Muhammad',
2 => '| title = Ruler of the [[Songhai Empire]]',
3 => '| image = ',
4 => '| full name = Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi',
5 => '| reign = April 1493 – 1528',
6 => '| birth_date = {{Circa|1443}}',
7 => '| birth_place = [[Gao]]',
8 => '| death_date = {{Circa|1538}} (aged 94–95)',
9 => '| death_place = Gao [[Songhai Empire]]',
10 => '| date of burial = ',
11 => '| place of burial = [[Tomb of Askia]] [[Gao]] <br> [[Mali]]',
12 => '| predecessor = [[Sonni Baru|Sunni Baru]]',
13 => '| successor = [[Askia Musa|Askia Monzo Mūsā]]',
14 => '| spouse = ',
15 => '| issue = [[Askia Musa]], [[Askia Isma'il]], [[Askia Ishaq I]], [[Askia Dawud]], hawah, Fatimatu and 465 other children',
16 => '| royal house = ',
17 => '| dynasty = [[Askia dynasty]]',
18 => '| father = Abi Bakr',
19 => '| mother = Kassey',
20 => '| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]',
21 => '}}',
22 => '[[File:SONGHAI empire map.PNG|thumb|right|Extent of the [[Songhai Empire]],<br/>circa 1500.]]',
23 => '',
24 => ''''Askia Muhammad I''' (b. 1443 – d. 1538), born '''Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi'''{{efn|Or, it is said, al-Sillanki}} or '''Muhammad Ture''', was the first ruler of the [[Askia dynasty]] of the [[Songhai Empire]], reigning from 1493 to 1528. He is also known as '''Askia the Great''', and his name in modern [[Songhay languages|Songhai]] is '''Mamar Kassey'''. Askia Muhammad strengthened his empire and made it the largest empire in [[West Africa]]'s history. At its peak under his reign, the Songhai Empire encompassed the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] states as far as [[Kano (city)|Kano]] (in present-day Northern [[Nigeria]]) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the east. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], the creation of many schools, and the establishment of [[Islam]] as an integral part of the empire.',
25 => '',
26 => 'Muhammad was a prominent general under the Songhai ruler [[Sunni Ali]]. When [[Sunni Ali]] was succeeded by his son, [[Sunni Baru]], in 1492, Muhammad challenged the succession on the grounds that the new ruler was not a faithful Muslim.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GX1fNzyNO5AC&pg=PA78&dq=%22Sunni+Baru%22 Towards an Understanding of the African Experience from Historical] By Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam</ref> He defeated Baru and ascended to the throne in 1493.<ref name="globaled">[http://www.globaled.org/nyworld/materials/african3.html Biographical information on historical African figures] from globaled.org</ref>',
27 => '',
28 => 'Ture subsequently orchestrated a program of expansion and consolidation which extended the empire from Taghaza in the North to the borders of [[Yatenga Province|Yatenga]] in the South; and from Air in the Northeast to [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Djallon]] in Guinea. Instead of organizing the empire along Islamic lines, he tempered and improved on the traditional model by instituting a system of bureaucratic government unparalleled in [[Western Africa]]. In addition, Askia established standardized trade measures and regulations, initiated the policing of trade routes and also established an organized tax system. He was overthrown by his son, [[Askia Musa]], in 1528.<ref>[http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396293/Muhammad-I-Askia#md-media-strip-tab-lists-content ''Muḥammad I Askia Songhai ruler''] from britannica.com</ref>'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ ඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞඞ
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name_and_title"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Name and title</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Origins_controversy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Origins controversy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Descent_from_Askia"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Descent from Askia</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Mamar_Haamey"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mamar Haamey</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Songhai_Djermas"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Songhai Djermas</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Hausa_land"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hausa land</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Others"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Others</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Primary_sources"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Primary sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Other_sources"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Name_and_title">Name and title</span></h2>
<p>The <i>Tarikh al-Sudan</i> gives Askia Muhammad's name as Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi or al-Sillanki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999102_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999102-1">[1]</a></sup> The <i>Tarikh al-Fattash</i> gives his name as Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBühnen200585_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBühnen200585-2">[2]</a></sup> Al-Turi and al-Sillanki have been interpreted as the Soninke clan names Ture and Sila by most historians. However, Stephan Bühnen has argued that they should be interpreted as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">nisba</a></i>s referring to ancestry from Futa Toro or Silla in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal</a> valley, and favors the possibility that his ancestors originally came from Futa Toro. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBühnen2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBühnen2005-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>The title Askia<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></sup> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اسكيا</span>) is of unknown origin,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999335_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999335-5">[4]</a></sup> and had been in use since the early 13th century, if not earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Moraes_Farias2008102_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Moraes_Farias2008102-6">[5]</a></sup> The original pronunciation of the title is not known; in modern Songhai, it is pronounced <i>siciya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999335_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999335-5">[4]</a></sup> Moroccan sources spelled the title Sukyā or Sikyā, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a> spelled it Ischia, and a contemporary Portuguese source spelled it Azquya. The <i>Tarikh al-Sudan</i> provides a folk etymology for the title, claiming that Askia Muhammad invented the title based on the lament of Sonni Ali's daughters when they had learned he had seized power: "<i>a si Kiya</i>", meaning "it is not his"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomez2018226_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomez2018226-7">[6]</a></sup> or "he shall not be it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999103_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999103-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>After going on the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a></i> in 1497–1498, he also became known as Askia al-Hajj Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBühnen200583_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBühnen200583-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>In modern Songhai, he is known as Mamar Kassey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHaleBelcher1997126_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHaleBelcher1997126-10">[9]</a></sup> Mamar is a form of the name Muhammad, and Kassey is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">matronymic</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h2>
<p>Askia Muhammad was born in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a>. His father, Baru Lum,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a></sup> was of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a> ancestry, with ancestors hailing from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a> valley.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a></sup> His mother was named Kassey<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[d]</a></sup> and is said in oral tradition to have been the sister of Sonni Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHaleBelcher1997126–127_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHaleBelcher1997126–127-18">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins_controversy">Origins controversy</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Askia.jpg" class="image"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Askia.jpg/220px-Askia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Askia.jpg/330px-Askia.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Askia.jpg/440px-Askia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="398" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Askia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomb_of_Askia" title="Tomb of Askia">Tomb of Askia</a> in Mali, claimed to be Askia Muhammad's tomb.</div></div></div>
<p>The theory shared on his origins nevertheless remains very controversial and has been rejected by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a> and especially by the modern descendants of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Askiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Askiya">Askia Muhammad I</a>, who see in it a challenge to their ethnicity and also by several researchers despite a silla <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toucouleur" class="mw-disambig" title="Toucouleur">Toucouleur</a> origin where Touré <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a> of Askia, his exact surname is still not determined and no oral source of the toucouleur and soninké mention any affiliation of Askia with them. One of the leaves of the tarikh evokes the title maiga of the emperor which is only used for the patrilineal kinship of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunni_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni dynasty">Sunni dynasty</a> fuse you it of a non-ruling branch.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a></sup> The term sonhinkey which suggests a soninke ethnic origin from askia, is also the name of the clan of songhai magicians responsible for the pre-Islamic cult and forming a younger branch of the royal clan of the sunni not having the right to the throne, the oral traditions of the songhai bring the father of askia Mohammed from this clan. Omar komajago who is the brother of the askia is in no way mentioned as a Touré or a sylla. the Askia Mohammed himself during his reign led a fierce war against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fouta_Toro" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouta Toro">Fouta Toro</a>, especially against the leaders of the Toucouleur koli tenguela and the region was devastated by the songhai troops led by his brother Omar.
The term at-turi which is in Arabic designates more the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical">Geographical</a> origin of a person than his clan name and turi could be the name of the village of the father of the askia, a songhai village call Tureh in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> in the region of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tillab%C3%A9ri_Region" title="Tillabéri Region">Tillabéri</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tera_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Tera Department">Tera Department</a> could be the turi of the tarikh. The askia Mohamed being the son of princess kassey sister of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunni_Ali_Ber" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Ali Ber">Sunni Ali Ber</a> it is impossible that he himself came from Fouta toro and his post of general is only given to a member of the royal family in the Songhai army and an ethnic Songhai patrilineally. The theory that the askia Mohamed is an ethnic songhai of father and mother is the most plausible and is being studied by the ahmed Baba center of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, a soninke origin where Toucouleur of the askia advanced as a theory by delafosse is not formalized nowhere and is seen as advanced in not knowing the Songhai country, its language, its toponymy and these traditions, none of these aspects were taken into account and the theory was advanced at a time when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> was seen on a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colonial</a> and racialist angle and its history itself seen as false.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Descent_from_Askia">Descent from Askia</span></h2>
<p>The <i>Tarikh al fattash</i> report the many descendants of Askia Muhammad who is said to amount to 471 children he had from many wives and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concubines" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubines">Concubines</a> of various origins. Just like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, Emperor Askia Muhammad and the emperors descended from his brother Omar Komdjago constitute patrilineal or matrilineal ancestors of a significant part of the native Sahelian populations and descendants of Sahelians who extend over 6 country where the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a> are present, their descendants are mainly linked to powerful old royal house where always according to the sahel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999180_n40_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999180_n40-21">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mamar_Haamey">Mamar Haamey</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Askia_Muhammad_I&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Mamar</b> is the nickname of Askia Muhammad and these many descendants are called mamar hamey, they are the descendants of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Askia_Ishaq_II" title="Askia Ishaq II">Askia Ishaq II</a>, Askia Nuh, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askia_Mohammed_V_Gao" class="extiw" title="fr:Askia Mohammed V Gao">Askia Muhammad V Gao</a> who were dethroned by Moroccans after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi" title="Battle of Tondibi">Battle of Tondibi</a> and the successive wars, to those add the descendants of the many ministers, governors, generals who constitute the children and grandchildren of the askia, in Mali they are scattered among their subjects and occupy the positions of village chief, and were under for some under the authority of the Moroccan arma chiefs (Gao Alkaydo of Gao, the Pasha of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pashalik_of_Timbuktu" title="Pashalik of Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>) before <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> colonization, only <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Djenne">Djenne</a> royal house, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hombori" title="Hombori">Hombori</a> royal house and Kikara royal house have Askyanid ruler in Mali. In western <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> where the great princes migrated with all the strong lineage they founded powerful <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirates</a> such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dargol" title="Dargol">Dargol</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C3%A9ra" title="Téra">Tera</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goth%C3%A8ye" title="Gothèye">Gothèye</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karma,_Niger" title="Karma, Niger">Karma</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namaro" title="Namaro">Namaro</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siki%C3%A9" title="Sikié">Sikié</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kokorou" title="Kokorou">Kokorou</a>, larba Birno, Gounday next to the sunni emirs of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorouol" title="Gorouol">Gorouol</a>, Anzourou, they are constantly at war with each other and against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> ouelleminden and oudalan and the Fulani of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dori,_Burkina_Faso" title="Dori, Burkina Faso">Dori</a>, those who mi gre further south reigns in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaya,_Niger" title="Gaya, Niger">Gaya</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bana,_Niger" title="Bana, Niger">Bana</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanda,_Niger" title="Tanda, Niger">Tanda</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yelou" title="Yelou">Yelou</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengou" title="Bengou">Bengou</a>, loulami, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karimama,_Benin" title="Karimama, Benin">karimama</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banikoara" title="Banikoara">Banikoara</a> up to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djougou" title="Djougou">Djougou</a> where they are in the majority and have formed the dendi where they are mixed and reign over the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandé people">Mandé</a>, Yom, their arrival at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dendi_(province)" title="Dendi (province)">Dendi (province)</a> triggers the assimilation of non-Songhai populations to the Songhai culture and language and an Islamization of the bargou, they are in Niger integrated with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Za_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Za Dynasty">Za</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunni_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Dynasty">Sunni</a> with the ethnic name <b>Zarma</b>, the most notable are the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> <b>Oumarou karma</b> who fought against French colonization, <b>Gabelinga Hama Kassa</b> the military leader of goundey allied with <b>wangugnya issa korombeyze moodi</b> the mother of the war of <b>zarmatarey</b> during the wars against the caliphate of sokoto, they joined <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babatu_(warlord)" title="Babatu (warlord)">Babatu</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurunsi_people" title="Gurunsi people">Gurunsi</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Dagbon</a> to conquer the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Territories_of_the_Gold_Coast" title="Northern Territories of the Gold Coast">Northern Territories of the Gold Coast</a>. The three members of the three dynasties on arrival Colonial was associated with the non-royal clans, their attached religious clans and their freedmen to form <b>1/4</b> of the Songhai population, <b>3/4</b> being made up of the servile mass that they had at their service. The Mamar haamey considering themselves uncles of the <b>Djermas</b> never enter into conflict with them and join forces with them to beat the sokoto, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur</a>, the Fulani of Dori and boboye and the Tuaregs.
In Burkina they are overwhelmed by the Fulani and Tuareg masses and many were ethnically assimilated by the Fulani, they are in Darkoye, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Markoye" title="Markoye">Markoye</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorom_Gorom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorom Gorom">Gorom Gorom</a> with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunni_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Dynasty">Sunni</a>.
</p><p>The descendants of the askia like that of sunni carry the title of <b>Maiga</b> associated with imperial power.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Songhai_Djermas">Songhai Djermas</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"/><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Askia_Muhammad_I&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The descendants of the <b>Askia</b> are also to be found mainly among the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a> subgroup of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Djermas</a> descending from the previous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Za_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Za Dynasty">Za Dynasty</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunni_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Dynasty">Sunni Dynasty</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Askia_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Askia Dynasty">Askia Dynasty</a> and who ruled over the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gao_Empire" title="Gao Empire">Gao Empire</a>, the marriages between the members descending from the three powerful songhai dynasty was frequent and the princesses of blood and noble milk were only exchanged between these three dynasty, thus <b>khaman Duksa</b>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zarmakoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarmakoy">Zarmakoy</a> sambo (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mali_Bero" title="Mali Bero">Mali Bero</a>) and <b>Tagour Gana</b> of the 17th and 18th century descendants of the za all took wives from the descendants of the askia living with them in the dendi, the askia reigning in the dendi on the right bank of the river and the royal Za lineage of the <b>waazi</b>, <b>sega</b>, <b>fahmey</b>, <b>kogori</b>, <b>kandi</b>, <b>Manay</b>, <b>Zem</b> on the left bank, they bear the royal title of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zarmakoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarmakoy">Djermakoy</a> which does not It is to bear that to the descendant of the za, he reigns in the zarmaganda (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tondikiwindi" title="Tondikiwindi">Tondikiwindi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ouallam" title="Ouallam">Ouallam</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simiri" title="Simiri">Simiri</a> ) over the <b>kalley</b> and in the zarmatarey (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dosso,_Niger" title="Dosso, Niger">Dosso</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiota" title="Kiota">kiota</a>, yeni, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fakara" title="Fakara">Fakara</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kour%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Kouré">kouré</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kollo,_Niger" title="Kollo, Niger">Kollo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libore" title="Libore">libore</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/N%27Dounga" title="N'Dounga">N'Dounga</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirtachi" title="Kirtachi">kirtachi</a>, babousaye, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tondikandia" title="Tondikandia">Tondikandia</a>, bogole, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamdallaye,_Niger" title="Hamdallaye, Niger">Hamdallaye</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garankedey" title="Garankedey">Garankedey</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabidji" title="Fabidji">Fabidji</a> ) over the <b>Gooley</b>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maouri_people" title="Maouri people">Maouri</a> ( Royale house of Mawrikoy of sokorbe and Mawrikoy of Moussadey), <b>Gubey</b> (Royale house of goubekoy of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loga,_Niger" title="Loga, Niger">Loga</a>) assimilated and having constituted royal houses married to the za.
</p><p>Matrimonial relations between the askia and the za are the basis of cousinhood between the Songhai djermas and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songhai_proper" title="Songhai proper">Songhai Mamar Hamey</a>. The Mamar Haamey consider themselves the maternal uncles of the Zarma, the same relationship is observed with the descendants of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunni_Ali_Ber" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Ali Ber">Sunni Ali Ber</a> .
</p><p>The descendants of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Za_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Za Dynasty">Za Dynasty</a> have always occupied high positions in the empire in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a> and the administration, especially in the military province of dendi, where they held the position of <b>Dendi Fari</b> and their role was decisive in stopping the advance Moroccan in the dendi with generals of values like <b>Hawa ize maali</b> and <b>yefarma ishak</b> of the house of Manay.
the Mamar Hamay occupy two djerma kingdoms by imposition during the French colonization in Niger, the French massacre to the last the royal house of the Zarmakoy of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ouallam" title="Ouallam">Ouallam</a> and bring in a Mamar Haama from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hombori" title="Hombori">Hombori</a> to occupy the vacant throne, same case in the <b>Fakara</b> where a mamar haama is imported from <b>Yonkoto</b> to occupy the throne, all within the framework of the armed revolt of mamar haama oumarou emir of karma against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colonial</a> administration, the saying between songhai <i> we are only one family that will chew each other but never swallow each other</i> is used so that the populations of these two principalities accept the taxes. the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a> do not have a problem when an ethnic Songhai comes to usurp a throne from them but this revolts in the case of a non-Songhai and leaves the country when they cannot prevent the unknown .
</p><p>The Djerma, the mamar hamey and the si hamey all qualify as <b>zaberbenda</b> (the descendants of za the great, za el ayaman) and must support each other in the event of an enemy attack, when the mamar haama are attacked on the right bank, the <b>Tubal</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="War drum">War drum</a> are struck to warn the left bank where the <b>Djerma princes</b> are beating theirs to gather their armies and cross the river to support their brother in the west and vice versa.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hausa_land">Hausa land</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"/><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Askia_Muhammad_I&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Askia Mohamed I</b> is the maternal ancestor of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultans">Sultans</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bagauda_Dynasty" title="Bagauda Dynasty">Bagauda Dynasty</a> of through his daughter <b>Awah</b> married to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Rumfa" title="Muhammad Rumfa">Muhammad Rumfa</a> Sultan of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano" title="Sultanate of Kano">Kano</a> during the conquest of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa Kingdoms</a> by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a>, the are replaced by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fulani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani people">Fulani</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sullubawa" title="Sullubawa">Sullubawa clan</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibrahim_Dabo" title="Ibrahim Dabo">Dabo Dynasty</a> during the conquest of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano" title="Sultanate of Kano">kano</a> by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caliphate_of_Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Sokoto">Sokoto caliphate</a>, having many daughters the askia contracted diplomatic marriages with the kings subject to his power to ensure their loyalty, kano is certainly not the only Hausa state where this kind relationships were established.
</p><p>All Hausa descendants of Muhammad rumfa sultan of kano are in matrilineal line descendant of askia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Others">Others</span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arma_people" title="Arma people">Arma</a> who come from the marriage between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> soldiers of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhaiwomen</a> are also in matrilineal line descending from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Askiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Askiya">Askiya</a> for the most part.
</p><p>Throughout the <b>Central Sahel</b>, the descendants in patrilineal or matrilineal line of the askia can be around Million drawn from the ethnic Songhai which amounts to nearly 11 million people and possible descendants among the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fulani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani people">Fula</a> and there are generally only than associated with royal houses.
The pyramidal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomb_of_Askia" title="Tomb of Askia">Tomb of Askia</a> located in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> has not been the subject of any excavation to examine his remains in order to carry out genetic examinations and these known descendants have no longer been the subject of study, only a genetic study can confirm the historical connection.
</p><p>Are sons the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Askia_Dawud" class="mw-redirect" title="Askia Dawud">Askia Dawud</a> also had Total <b>333 children</b> according to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarikh_al-Sudan" title="Tarikh al-Sudan">Tarikh al-Sudan</a> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999184_n68_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999184_n68-23">[19]</a></sup> while the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarikh_al-Fattash" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarikh al-Fattash">Tarikh al-Fattash</a> has 61 children, 30 of whom died at a young age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999184_n68_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999184_n68-23">[19]</a></sup>
the many princes died for the most part young because of the assassinations that occurred during the successions to the imperial throne, especially with the emperors <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Askia_Musa" title="Askia Musa">Askia Musa</a> the eldest of the sons of the askia born of his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dahomean" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahomean">Dahomean</a> concubine who carried out a coup and murdered a good number of these brothers and 25 to 35 of these cousins.
</p><p>The successions on the imperial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a> throne are generally preceded by a battle between the princes, the strongest generally takes power, it is this instability which favored the Moroccan invasion and the defeat of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi" title="Battle of Tondibi">Tondibi</a> due to a weak contribution of troops resulting from the cold between the emperor <b>Ishaq II</b> and the balama of the <b>kurmina</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span></h2>
<p>Askia encouraged learning and literacy, ensuring that Songhai's universities produced the most distinguished scholars, many of whom published significant books and one of which was his nephew and friend Mahmud Kati. To secure the legitimacy of his usurpation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sonni_dynasty" title="Sonni dynasty">Sonni dynasty</a>, Askia Muhammad allied himself with the scholars of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, ushering in a golden age in the city for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scholarship" title="Scholarship">scholarship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a></sup> The eminent scholar <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al_Massufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Baba al Massufi">Ahmed Baba</a>, for example, produced books on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> which are still in use today. Muhammad Kati published <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarikh_al-fattash" title="Tarikh al-fattash">Tarikh al-fattash</a></i> and Abdul-Rahman as-Sadi published <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarikh_al-Sudan" title="Tarikh al-Sudan">Tarikh al-Sudan</a></i> (<i>Chronicle of The Black Land</i>), two history books which are indispensable to present-day scholars reconstructing African history in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.
The king's supposed tomb, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomb_of_Askia" title="Tomb of Askia">Tomb of Askia</a>, is now a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span></h3>
<ul><li>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigerien" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien">Nigerien</a> musical group <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamar_Kassey" title="Mamar Kassey">Mamar Kassey</a> is named after Askia Muhammad.</li>
<li>In the turn-based strategy game <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sid_Meier%27s_Civilization_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Sid Meier's Civilization V">Sid Meier's Civilization V</a></i>, Askia Muhammad is depicted as the leader of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a> civilization, one of the playable factions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2010-26">[22]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legends_of_Africa" title="Legends of Africa">Legends of Africa</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Or Askiya</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baru is a Songhai form of the name Abu Bakr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999102_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999102-1">[1]</a></sup> Lum is a clan name, probably of Fula origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBühnen200589_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBühnen200589-11">[10]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Tarikh al-Fattash</i> says that Askia Muhammad was a descendent of the Torodo. Torodo is Fula for "people of Toro" and refers to the Toucouleur. The clan name Lum is more likely to be of Toucouleur than Soninke origin. The names al-Turi and al-Sillanki have been interpreted as the Soninke clan names Ture and Sila, but they may be references to his father or father's ancestors coming from either <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futa_Toro" class="mw-redirect" title="Futa Toro">Futa Toro</a> or Silla in the Senegal valley. Futa Toro was predominantly Toucouleur and Silla was predominantly Soninke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBühnen2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBühnen2005-3">[3]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spelling variants: Kasay,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999181_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999181-14">[11]</a></sup> Kassaye,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHaleBelcher1997126_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHaleBelcher1997126-10">[9]</a></sup> Kassaï,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoudasDelafosse1913114_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoudasDelafosse1913114-15">[12]</a></sup> Kassey, Kassai, and Kasse<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellama1970_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellama1970-16">[13]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999102-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999102_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999102_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunwick1999">Hunwick 1999</a>, p. 102.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBühnen200585-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBühnen200585_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBühnen2005">Bühnen 2005</a>, p. 85.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBühnen2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBühnen2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBühnen2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBühnen2005">Bühnen 2005</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999335-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999335_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999335_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunwick1999">Hunwick 1999</a>, p. 335.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Moraes_Farias2008102-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Moraes_Farias2008102_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Moraes_Farias2008">de Moraes Farias 2008</a>, p. 102.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomez2018226-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGomez2018226_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGomez2018">Gomez 2018</a>, p. 226.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999103-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999103_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunwick1999">Hunwick 1999</a>, p. 103.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBühnen200583-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBühnen200583_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBühnen2005">Bühnen 2005</a>, p. 83.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHaleBelcher1997126-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHaleBelcher1997126_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHaleBelcher1997126_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonHaleBelcher1997">Johnson, Hale & Belcher 1997</a>, p. 126.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBühnen200589-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBühnen200589_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBühnen2005">Bühnen 2005</a>, p. 89.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999181-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999181_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunwick1999">Hunwick 1999</a>, p. 181.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoudasDelafosse1913114-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoudasDelafosse1913114_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoudasDelafosse1913">Houdas & Delafosse 1913</a>, p. 114.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellama1970-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellama1970_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellama1970">Bellama 1970</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHaleBelcher1997126–127-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonHaleBelcher1997126–127_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonHaleBelcher1997">Johnson, Hale & Belcher 1997</a>, p. 126–127.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoubou_Hama1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boubou Hama (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bac5AQAAIAAJ"><i>L'Histoire traditionnelle d'un peuple, les Zarma-Songhay</i></a> (in French). Présence africaine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Histoire+traditionnelle+d%27un+peuple%2C+les+Zarma-Songhay&rft.pub=Pr%C3%A9sence+africaine&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Boubou+Hama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbac5AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999180_n40-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999180_n40_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunwick1999">Hunwick 1999</a>, p. 180 n40.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epdf.tips/concubines-and-power-five-hundred-years-in-a-northern-nigerian-palace.html">"Concubines and Power: Five Hundred Years in a Northern Nigerian Palace"</a>. <i>epdf.tips</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epdf.tips&rft.atitle=Concubines+and+Power%3A+Five+Hundred+Years+in+a+Northern+Nigerian+Palace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepdf.tips%2Fconcubines-and-power-five-hundred-years-in-a-northern-nigerian-palace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999184_n68-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999184_n68_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1999184_n68_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunwick1999">Hunwick 1999</a>, p. 184 n68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/morco_1591.html">"The Invasion of Morocco in1591 and the Saadian Dynasty"</a>. University of Pennsylvania – African Studies Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Invasion+of+Morocco+in1591+and+the+Saadian+Dynasty&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+%E2%80%93+African+Studies+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa.upenn.edu%2FArticles_Gen%2Fmorco_1591.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFVogel1997" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Joseph O. (1997). <i>Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa: Archaeology, History, Languages, Cultures, and Environments</i>. p. 493. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-8902-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-8902-1"><bdi>0-7619-8902-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Precolonial+Africa%3A+Archaeology%2C+History%2C+Languages%2C+Cultures%2C+and+Environments&rft.pages=493&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7619-8902-1&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Joseph+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2010_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnston2010">Johnston 2010</a>.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFal-Sadi" class="citation cs2">al-Sadi, <i>Taʾrīkh al-Sūdān</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ta%CA%BEr%C4%ABkh+al-S%C5%ABd%C4%81n&rft.au=al-Sadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span>, translated in <a href="#CITEREFHunwick1999">Hunwick 1999</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_sources">Other sources</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"/><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBellama1970" class="citation book cs1">Bellama, David (1970). <i>Si Ali and Askia Mohammed: two interpretations: the Muslim chronicles vs. Songhay oral tradition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Si+Ali+and+Askia+Mohammed%3A+two+interpretations%3A+the+Muslim+chronicles+vs.+Songhay+oral+tradition&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bellama&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBühnen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bühnen, Stephan (2005). "Askiya Muḥammad I and his qabīla: name and provenance". <i>Sudanic Africa</i>. <b>1</b>: 83–90. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653427">25653427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudanic+Africa&rft.atitle=Askiya+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+I+and+his+qab%C4%ABla%3A+name+and+provenance&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=83-90&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25653427%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChnen&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGomez2018" class="citation book cs1">Gomez, Michael A. (2018). <i>African dominion: a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17742-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17742-7"><bdi>978-0-691-17742-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+dominion%3A+a+new+history+of+empire+in+early+and+medieval+West+Africa&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17742-7&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHoudasDelafosse1913" class="citation book cs1">Houdas, O.; Delafosse, M. (1913). <i>Tarikh el-Fettach ou Chronique du Chercheur, par Mahmoûd Kâti ben El-Hâdj el-Motaouakkel Kâti et l'un de ses petits-fils</i>. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tarikh+el-Fettach+ou+Chronique+du+Chercheur%2C+par+Mahmo%C3%BBd+K%C3%A2ti+ben+El-H%C3%A2dj+el-Motaouakkel+K%C3%A2ti+et+l%27un+de+ses+petits-fils&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Houdas&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Delafosse%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHunwick1999" class="citation book cs1">Hunwick, John O. (1999). <i>Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, and other contemporary documents</i>. Islamic history and civilization : studies and texts. Leiden; Boston: Brill. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11207-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11207-0"><bdi>978-90-04-11207-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timbuktu+and+the+Songhay+Empire%3A+Al-Sa%CA%BBdi%27s+Ta%CA%BCr%C4%ABkh+al-S%C5%ABd%C4%81n+down+to+1613%2C+and+other+contemporary+documents&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=Islamic+history+and+civilization+%3A+studies+and+texts&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11207-0&rft.aulast=Hunwick&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonHaleBelcher1997" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, John William; Hale, Thomas A.; Belcher, Stephen, eds. (1997). <i>Oral epics from Africa: vibrant voices from a vast continent</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21110-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21110-7"><bdi>0-253-21110-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+epics+from+Africa%3A+vibrant+voices+from+a+vast+continent&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-253-21110-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2010" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Casey (2010-09-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2010/09/statecraft-as-entertainment-ars-reviews-civilization-v/">"Statecraft as entertainment: Ars reviews Civilization V"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Statecraft+as+entertainment%3A+Ars+reviews+Civilization+V&rft.date=2010-09-20&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgaming%2F2010%2F09%2Fstatecraft-as-entertainment-ars-reviews-civilization-v%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFde_Moraes_Farias2008" class="citation book cs1">de Moraes Farias, Paulo F. (2008). "Intellectual innovation and reinvention of the Sahel: the seventeenth-century Timbuktu chronicles". In Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (eds.). <i>The meanings of Timbuktu</i>. Cape Town: HSRC Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7969-2204-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7969-2204-5"><bdi>978-0-7969-2204-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intellectual+innovation+and+reinvention+of+the+Sahel%3A+the+seventeenth-century+Timbuktu+chronicles&rft.btitle=The+meanings+of+Timbuktu&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=HSRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7969-2204-5&rft.aulast=de+Moraes+Farias&rft.aufirst=Paulo+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFJosef_W._MeriJere_L._Bacharach2006" class="citation book cs1">Josef W. Meri; Jere L. Bacharach (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&pg=PA764"><i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 764. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96692-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96692-4"><bdi>978-0-415-96692-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+L-Z%2C+index&rft.pages=764&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96692-4&rft.au=Josef+W.+Meri&rft.au=Jere+L.+Bacharach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLaV-IGZ8VKIC%26pg%3DPA764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFStoller1992" class="citation cs2">Stoller, Paul (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evrPTDsBoOYC&q=the+cinematic+griot"><i>The Cinematic Griot: The Ethnography of Jean Rouch</i></a>, p. 105, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226775487" title="Special:BookSources/9780226775487"><bdi>9780226775487</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cinematic+Griot%3A+The+Ethnography+of+Jean+Rouch&rft.pages=105&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780226775487&rft.aulast=Stoller&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevrPTDsBoOYC%26q%3Dthe%2Bcinematic%2Bgriot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAskia+Muhammad+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webusers.xula.edu/jrotondo/Kingdoms/Songhay/SunniAli01.html"><i>Kingdoms of the Medieval Sudan</i> – Xavier University</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140357/http://www.africanlegends.info/">Ancient African Legends</a></li></ul>
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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/103204/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000071487996">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69740661">VIAF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n82163259/">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12069397w">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12069397w">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119503484">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007301952705171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82163259">United States</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/118277197">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1680658486' |