Examine individual changes

'{{short description|Meat-only human diet}} [[File:Zwei Rindersteaks auf der Pfanne 0796.JPG|thumb|[[Beefsteak|Steak]] is heavily consumed by many on the carnivore diet]] The '''Carnivore diet''' (also called a '''zero carb diet''') is a [[pseudoscientific]] [[fad diet]] in which only animal products such as meat, eggs, and dairy are consumed.<ref name=sbm/><ref name="Dennett">{{Cite web|url=https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/0519p12.shtml|title=Popular Diet Trends: Today’s Fad Diets By Carrie Dennett, MPH, RDN, CD|website=Today’s Dietitian|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref><ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/carnivore-diet-plan-results-meat-only-fad-nutrition-health-warning-a8489266.html|title=New 'carnivore diet' condemned by health and nutrition experts|author=Rachel Hosie|date=2018-08-13|work=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> It can lead to [[Vitamin deficiency|deficiencies of vitamins]] and [[dietary fiber]], and an increased risk of [[Chronic condition|chronic diseases]].<ref name="Dennett"/><ref name="Independent"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.self.com/story/im-a-registered-dietitian-and-i-really-dont-want-you-to-eat-a-carnivore-diet|title=I'm a Registered Dietitian and I Really Don't Want You to Eat a Carnivore Diet|last=R.D|first=Abby Langer|website=SELF|language=en|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref><ref name="mcgill">{{cite web|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/health-nutrition/carnivore-diet-beefy-leap-faith|title=The Carnivore Diet: A Beefy Leap of Faith|publisher=Office for Science and Society, McGill University|author=Jonathan Jarry|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=29 January 2023}}</ref> == History == The idea of an exclusive meat diet can be traced to the German writer Bernard Moncriff, author of ''The Philosophy of the Stomach: Or, An Exclusively Animal Diet'' in 1856, who spent a year living on only beef and milk.<ref name="McLaughlin 1979">McLaughlin, Terence. (1979). ''If You Like It, Don't Eat It: Dietary Fads and Fancies''. New York: Universe Books. p. 62. {{ISBN|0-87663-332-7}}</ref> In the 1870s, Italian physician [[Arnaldo Cantani]] prescribed his diabetic patients an exclusive animal-based diet.<ref>L'Esperance, Francis A; James, William A. (1981). ''Diabetic Retinopathy: Clinical Evaluation and Management''. Mosby. p. 118. {{ISBN|978-0801629488}}</ref><ref>Gentilcore, David; Smith, Matthew. (2018). ''Proteins, Pathologies and Politics Dietary Innovation and Disease from the Nineteenth Century''. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27. {{ISBN|978-1350056862}}</ref> In the 1880s, [[James H. Salisbury]] advocated a meat diet consisting of 2 to 4 pounds of lean beef and 3 to 5 pints of hot water daily for 4 to 12 weeks. It became known as the meat and hot water diet, or Salisbury diet. === As a modern fad === In 2018, the carnivore diet was promoted by former orthopaedic surgeon Shawn Baker, who has a written a book titled ''The Carnivore Diet,''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-25 |title=What Is The Carnivore Diet? |url=https://www.forbes.com/health/body/what-is-the-carnivore-diet/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Forbes Health |language=en-US}}</ref> on social media and received significant media attention due to its vocal adherents [[Jordan Peterson]] and his daughter Mikhaila Peterson.<ref name="Dennett"/><ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Olivia Solon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/may/11/the-carnivore-diet-all-meat-health-benefits-dangers|title=They mock vegans and eat 4lb of steak a day: meet 'carnivore dieters'|work=The Guardian|date=11 May 2018|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Peterson">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2018/sep/10/my-carnivore-diet-jordan-peterson-beef|title=My carnivore diet: what I learned from eating only beef, salt and water|work= The Guardian|author=Adam Gabbatt|date=11 September 2018|accessdate=29 January 2023}}</ref> Peterson and his daughter follow a strict type of carnivore diet termed the lion diet, in which only [[Beefsteak|beef]], salt, and water are consumed.<ref name="Peterson"/><ref name="sutton">{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-05/carnivore-diet-of-meat-and-water/11757396|title=The beefed-up diet 'changing lives' but health experts not so sure|last=Sutton|first=Malcolm|date=2019-12-05|work=ABC News - Australia|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref><ref name="hamblin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/08/the-peterson-family-meat-cleanse/567613/|date=28 August 2018|title=The Jordan Peterson All-Meat Diet|author=James Hamblin|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2020-02-02|issn=1072-7825}}</ref> Lion diet, which became a viral fad on [[TikTok]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdou |first=Anouare |title=What Is the Lion Diet and Is It Ever a Good Idea? |url=https://www.askmen.com/fitness/nutrition/what-is-the-lion-diet-and-is-it-ever-a-good-idea.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=AskMen |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trepany |first=Charles |title=Carnivore, lion diets called life-changing online. But is eating only meat really good for you? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2023/01/06/carnivore-all-meat-diet-viral-tiktok/10984541002/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> is described by experts as “being potentially very unhealthy, [it] is difficult to follow and unsustainable in the long term”.<ref>https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/diet/experts-slam-controversial-cureall-tiktok-trend-the-lion-diet/news-story/21e09aec08385d5c09e4d2891e16131b</ref> In April 2023, skeptic and neurologist [[Steven Novella]] described the carnivore diet as the latest [[fad diet]] to have achieved popularity.<ref name=sbm>{{cite web |publisher=[[Science-Based Medicine]] |vauthors=Novella S |title=Skeptical of the Carnivore Diet |date=19 April 2023 |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/skeptical-of-the-carnivore-diet/}}</ref> On account of its cost Novells described the diet as one for "select elites", adding what he said was a further unsavory aspect to its harmful and pseudoscientific basis.<ref name=sbm/> == Diet == People following a carnivore diet consume [[Animal product|animal-based products]], such as beef, pork, poultry, and seafood.<ref name="Dennett"/><ref name="bbcgoodfood">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/what-is-the-carnivore-diet|title=What is the carnivore diet?|author=Emer Delaney|publisher=BBC Goodfood, Immediate Media Company Limited|date=20 October 2020|accessdate=29 January 2023}}</ref> Some may eat [[dairy product]]s and eggs.<ref name="bbcgoodfood"/> All fruits, legumes, vegetables, grains, nuts and seeds are strictly excluded.<ref name="bbcgoodfood"/> == People who tried it out == [[Joe Rogan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stieg |first=Cory |title=Joe Rogan ate nothing but meat for 30 days and said his 'energy levels were amazing' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/14/what-joe-rogan-learned-from-eating-a-carnivore-diet-for-30-days.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> went on the carnivore diet and experienced an "explosive uber [[diarrhea]]" as a result.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connell-Domenech |first=Alejandra |date=2022-01-10 |title=Joe Rogan announces he’s going on meat and fruit diet for next month |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/prevention-cures/589090-joe-rogan-announces-hes-going-on-meat-and-fruit/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.menshealth.com/health/a30813388/joe-rogan-carnivore-diet-review-youtube/</nowiki></ref> [[James Blunt]] has developed [[scurvy]] from following the carnivore diet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=James Blunt Got Scurvy After Eating Only Meat and Mayonnaise for 2 Months |url=https://www.health.com/diets/james-blunt-scurvy |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Health |language=en}}</ref> Jack Crosbie of [[Men's Health]] journal did the carnivore diet only to experience "zero energy" levels at the end.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-01 |title=I Tried the Carnivore Diet and It Broke Me After 3 Days |url=https://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/a24488031/carnivore-diet-results/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Men's Health |language=en-US}}</ref> Brandon White experienced fatigue and constipation at the end of first month on the carnivore diet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-24 |title=What Happens to Your Body When You Eat Nothing but Meat for 30 Days |url=https://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/a30324633/buff-dudes-try-carnivore-diet-for-one-month/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Men's Health |language=en-US}}</ref> Fitness coach Jordan Syatt experienced burning diarrhea and impaired workout performance as result on the diet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-02 |title=This Guy Had Painful Diarrhea After Trying the Carnivore Diet for 2 Weeks |url=https://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/a32018053/jordan-syatt-carnivore-diet-diarrhea/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Men's Health |language=en-US}}</ref> == Health concerns == There is no clinical evidence that the carnivore diet provides any health benefits.<ref name="Dennett"/><ref name="sutton"/><ref name="hamblin"/> Dietitians dismiss the carnivore diet as an extreme fad diet,<ref name="Dennett"/><ref name="Independent"/> which has attracted criticism from dietitians and physicians as being potentially dangerous to health (see {{Section link|Meat|Health}}).<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="sutton" /><ref name="hamblin"/> It also raises levels of [[Low-density lipoprotein|LDL]] cholesterol, which increases the risk of [[cardiovascular disease]].<ref name="Independent" /> While carnivore diets exclude fruits and vegetables which supply [[micronutrient]]s, they are also low in dietary fiber, possibly causing constipation.<ref name="Independent" /><ref name="mcgill" /><ref name="bbcgoodfood" /> A carnivore diet high in [[red meat]] increases the risks of [[colon cancer]] and [[gout]].<ref name="mcgill"/><ref name="turner">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turner ND, Lloyd SK |title=Association between red meat consumption and colon cancer: A systematic review of experimental results |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |volume=242 |issue=8 |pages=813–839 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28205448 |pmc=5407540 |doi=10.1177/1535370217693117}}</ref><ref name="li">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li R, Yu K, Li C |title=Dietary factors and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis and systematic review |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1344–1356 |date=2018 |pmid=30485934 |doi=10.6133/apjcn.201811_27(6).0022 |url=https://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/27/6/1344.pdf}}</ref> ==Environmental impact== Criticism also derives from concerns about [[greenhouse gas]] emissions associated with large-scale livestock farming required to produce meats commercially, and the potential for such emissions to worsen [[climate change]] (see [[environmental impact of meat production]]).<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="sutton"/><ref name="hamblin"/> == See also == *[[Carnivore]] *[[Lectin-free diet]] *[[Monotrophic diet]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Fad diets}} {{Low-carbohydrate diets}} [[Category:Fad diets]] [[Category:Meat-based diets]] [[Category:Pseudoscience]]'