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{{Infobox United Nations membership
| nation = [[Russia|Russian Federation]]
| image_flag = Flag of Russia.svg
| since = {{start date|1945|10|24|df=yes}}
| membership = Full member
| represented_by =
* [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]<br />(1945–1991)
* [[Russia|Russian Federation]]<br />(1991–present)
| sc_seat = [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|Permanent]]
| representative_title = [[Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations|Permanent Representative]]
| representative = [[Vasily Nebenzya]]
}}
{{Politics of Russia|expanded=Foreign}}
The [[Russia|Russian Federation]] succeeded to the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Soviet Union and the United Nations|seat]], including its [[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent membership]] on the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] in the [[United Nations]] after the 1991 [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], which originally co-founded the UN in 1945. The succession was supported by the USSR's former members and was not objected to by the UN membership; Russia accounted for 75% of the Soviet Union's economy, the majority of its population and 75% of its land mass; in addition, the [[history of the Soviet Union]] began in Russia with the [[October Revolution]] in 1917 in [[Petrograd]]. If there was to be a successor to the Soviet seat on the Security Council among the former Soviet republics, these factors made Russia seem a logical choice. Nonetheless, due to the rather inflexible wording of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]] and its lack of provision for succession, the succession's technical legality has been questioned by some international lawyers.
==History==
{{See also|Soviet Union and the United Nations}}
Chapter V, Article 23 of the UN Charter, adopted in 1945, provides that "The Security Council should consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]], The [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|French Republic]], the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]], the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]], and the [[United States|United States of America]] shall be permanent members of the Security Council."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-v/index.html |title=CHAPTER V: THE SECURITY COUNCIL |website=UN.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006233059/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-v/index.html |archive-date=2015-10-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin at the Millennium Summit 6-8 September 2000-2.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Putin]] at the Millennium Summit of the UN in September 2000.]]
The USSR collapsed in late 1991. Eleven of the twelve members of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] signed a declaration on December 21, 1991, agreeing that "Member states of the Commonwealth support Russia in taking over the USSR membership in the UN, including permanent membership in the Security Council." One day before the resignation of [[President of the Soviet Union|President]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], Soviet Ambassador Y. Vorontsov transmitted to the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] a letter from [[President of Russia|President of the RSFSR]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] stating that:
{{quote|''the membership of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the United Nations, including the Security Council and all other organs and organizations of the United Nations system, is being continued by the Russian Federation (RSFSR) with the support of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In this connection, I request that the name 'Russian Federation' should be used in the United Nations in place of the name 'the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'. The Russian Federation maintains full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. I request that you consider this letter as confirmation of the credentials to represent the Russian Federation in United Nations organs for all the persons currently holding the credentials of representatives of the USSR to the United Nations.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation]</ref>}}
The Secretary-General circulated the request among the UN membership.<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite web |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/80395/united-nations-response-options-to-russias-aggression-opportunities-and-rabbit-holes/#_ftn1 |title=United Nations Response Options to Russia’s Aggression: Opportunities and Rabbit Holes |date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Just Security |last=Johnson |first=Larry D.}}</ref> With no objections and unanimous support, the Russian Federation took the USSR's place, with Boris Yeltsin personally taking the RF's seat at the January 31, 1992 Security Council meeting.
==Legality==
The legality of the succession has been questioned by international lawyer [[Yehuda Zvi Blum]], who opined that "with the demise of the Soviet Union itself, its membership in the UN should have automatically lapsed and Russia should have been admitted to membership in the same way as the other newly-independent republics (except for [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]])." The elimination of Soviet (and subsequently Russian) membership on the UN Security Council would have created a [[constitutional crisis]] for the UN, which may be why the UN Secretary-General and members did not object. This situation could have been avoided had all the other nations but Russia seceded from the USSR, allowing the USSR to continue existing as a legal entity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol3/No2/art8-02.html |title=Russia Takes Over the Soviet Union's Seat at the United Nations |publisher=[[European Journal of International Law]] |date=1999-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312051908/http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol3/No2/art8-02.html#TopOfPage |archive-date=March 12, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
A mere change of name by itself, from the USSR to the Russian Federation, would not have barred Russia from succeeding the USSR. [[Zaire]] changed its name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and retained its UN seat. A change in the USSR's system of government likewise would not have prevented the succession; [[Egypt]] and many other countries have made a transition from [[monarchy]] to [[republic]] without jeopardizing their positions in international organizations. However, Blum argues that a key difference between these situations is that the Soviet Union was terminated as a legal entity. The 11 former member nations that supported the transfer of the seat to Russia also declared that "with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist." The poorly defined rules on state succession make the legal situation murky.
Professor {{ILL|Rein Mullerson|et}} concluded that the succession was legitimate, identifying three reasons: "Firstly, after the dissolution, Russia is <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[sic]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> still remains one of the largest States in the world geographically and demographically. Secondly, Soviet Russia after 1917 and especially the Soviet Union after 1922 were treated as continuing the same State as existed under the Russian Empire. These are objective factors to show that Russia is the continuation of the Soviet Union. The third reason which forms the subjective factor is the State’s behaviour and the recognition of the continuity by the third States."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm |title=Binding Force of the Montreux Convention on the Third States |website=turkishpilots.org |last=Unlu |first=Nihan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050319080815/http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm |archive-date=March 19, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties]] was not a factor in the succession because it did not enter into force until 1996.
==Effect on the United Nations==
The transition led to increased debate on the relevance of the 1945 system of a Security Council dominated by five permanent members to the present world situation. Russians abroad note that Russia is "only half the size of the former Soviet economy"; the transition thus marked a significant change in the entity exercising this permanent seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russiansabroad.com/russian_history_184.html |title=Russian economy, the Russian economy, Russia economy, Russian economy 2002, Russian economy today, current Russian economy on |publisher=Russiansabroad.com |access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref> Mohamed Sid-Ahmed noted that "one of the five powers enjoying veto prerogatives in the Security Council has undergone a fundamental identity change. When the Soviet Union became Russia, its status changed from that of a [[superpower]] at the head of the communist camp to that of a society aspiring to become part of the capitalist world. Russia's permanent membership in the Security Council is no longer taken for granted. The global ideological struggle that had for so long dominated the international scene is no more, and the new realities have to be translated into a different set of global institutions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/reform/ahmed.htm |title=P-5 Veto Outdated |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref>
The years following the breakup of the Soviet Union have seen a dramatic increase in the number of proposals for Security Council reform. In 2005, [[Kofi Annan]]'s report ''[[In Larger Freedom]]'' proposed finalizing arrangements to add more permanent seats as soon as possible. Campaigns to abolish the veto have also gained support, although their adoption is unlikely in the near future, since it would require the consent of the Permanent Five.
[[Global Policy Forum]] has on file several statements from the Permanent Five, giving arguments for why the current system should be maintained. [[Russia]], for instance, states the veto is necessary for "balanced and sustainable decisions".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/docs/russia99.htm |title=Russia Vetoes the Abolition of the Veto |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=1999-03-24 |access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref> Nonetheless, Russia has utilised its veto on matters pertaining to conflicts it is directly involved in, as other permanent members have done. This directly breaks Articles 27 and 52 of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]] and paralyses the UN System as a whole by undermining its purpose as set out in Article 1, and equally the purpose of The Security Council laid out in Articles 24 and 25. For instance, at the beginning of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine]] draft resolution S/2022/155 both condemning the invasion and rearticulating Ukrainian sovereignty was vetoed by the Russian Federation on the 25th of February 2022, whilst Russia was president of the Security Council no less, undermining the council's capabilities in regards to the situation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O’Meara |first1=Kieran |title=Understanding the Illegality of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/03/13/understanding-the-illegality-of-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |website=E-International Relations |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>
== Precedent for Scottish and Irish independence ==
Professor [[Andrew MacLeod]] of Kings College argues<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://betterdebate.wordpress.com/2016/07/07/is-the-uk-about-to-lose-its-security-council-seat/|title=Is the UK about to lose its Security Council seat?|date=7 July 2016}}</ref> that the Russian example could be a precedent for hypothetical independence developments in the United Kingdom. Should Scotland, Northern Ireland, or both choose to leave the country, he argues, this would dissolve the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] and the [[Act of Settlement 1701|Act of Settlement]], and hence the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland would no longer exist. The question would then be how the reinstated [[Kingdom of England]] could claim to be the continuing state for UN and Security Council membership.
However, this view would probably be inconsistent with specific legislation passed by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], and does not take into account the fact that the [[Treaty of Union]] of 1706 has been, since then, well incorporated into the British legal system,<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Ann/6/11/contents Union with Scotland Act 1706.] ''legislation.uk.gov''. Retrieved May 23, 2020.</ref> and hence a Scottish independence would not bring an abrogation of the treaty and a termination of the United Kingdom, but rather only a reduction in its size—as happened with [[Irish Free State|Irish independence]] in 1922.
==Fallout over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine==
After the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Ukrainian ambassador to the UN [[Sergiy Kyslytsya]] and some members<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tillis.senate.gov/2022/3/tillis-calls-for-russia-to-be-expelled-from-un-security-council |title=Tillis Calls for Russia to Be Expelled from UN Security Council |publisher=[[Thom Tillis]] |date=2022-03-02}}</ref> of the [[United States Congress]] have called for the suspension or expulsion of Russia from the United Nations and its organs and removing its veto power, which violated Article 6 of the Charter. Such a move would require an amendment of Article 23 of the UN Charter to remove Russia's membership as a permanent member of the Security Council (assuming Russia is validly the successor of the USSR).<ref> {{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870 |title=Ukraine invasion: should Russia lose its seat on the UN Security Council? |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=2022-02-24 |last=MacLeod |first=Andrew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210124/https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870 |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html |title=US Congress wants to kick out Russia from UNSC after Ukraine invasion |website=business-standard.com |date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210407/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref> The legality of such a move has been disputed.<ref name="Johnson"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://leidenlawblog.nl/articles/no-russia-cannot-be-removed-from-the-un-security-council |title=No, Russia cannot be removed from the UN Security Council |date=2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Leiden Law Blog |last=van de Riet |first=Joris}}</ref>
{{Wikisource portal|United Nations General Assembly resolution ES-11/1}}
This egregious behaviour prompted the [[UN General Assembly]] to hold on 2 March 2022 the [[eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly]], which adopted a resolution deploring [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]], demanded a full withdrawal of [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian forces]] and a reversal of its decision to [[International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic|recognise]] the [[Self-declared state|self-declared]] [[Donetsk People's Republic|People's Republics of Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]]. The tenth paragraph of the UNGA Resolution of 2 March 2022 confirmed the involvement of [[Belarus]] in unlawful use of force against [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=3 March 2022|title=UN resolution against Ukraine invasion: Full text|language=en|magazine=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/3/unga-resolution-against-ukraine-invasion-full-text}}</ref> The resolution was [[Sponsor (legislative)|sponsored]] by 96 countries, and passed with 141 voting in favour, 5 against, and 35 [[Abstention|abstentions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270 |title=Ukraine: UN General Assembly condemns invasion as Russia reports gains |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302195604/https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Russia|Soviet Union|Politics}}
*[[Succession of states]]
*[[Soviet Union and the United Nations]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*[http://www.russiaun.ru/en Official site of the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN].
*Blum, Yehuda Z.: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233711/http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol3/No2/art8.html#P28_7521 Russia Takes Over the Soviet Union's Seat at the United Nations], European Journal of International Law.
*Mullerson, Rein: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050319080815/http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm The Continuity and Succession of States, by Reference to the Former USSR and Yugoslavia], (1993) 42 AJIL, p 476
*[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/docs/russia99.htm Russia Vetoes the Abolition of the Veto], Statement by a Representative of the Russian Federation in the Open-Ended Working Group on Security Council Reform on Veto Issue, Mar. 24, 1999.
*[http://www.russiansabroad.com/russian_history_184.html Chapter 6. The Economy], Russianabroad.
*Sid-Ahmed, Mohamed: [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/reform/ahmed.htm P-5 Veto Outdated], Cairo Al-Ahram, July 8–14, 1999.
*[https://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/ United Nations Charter].
*[https://www.un.org/law/ilc/texts/tresufra.htm Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties].
==External links==
*[http://www.russiaun.ru/en Official site of the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN].
* {{in lang|en|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100118151245/http://www.un.int/russia/ Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations]
{{Foreign relations of Russia|Diplomacy}}
{{United Nations' relations with its Member States}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Russia And The United Nations}}
[[Category:Russia and the United Nations| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Relations between Russia and the United Nations}}
{{Infobox United Nations membership
| nation = [[Russia|Russian Federation]]
| image_flag = Flag of Russia.svg
| since = {{start date|1945|10|24|df=yes}}
| membership = Full member
| represented_by =
* [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]<br />(1945–1991)
* [[Russia|Russian Federation]]<br />(1991–present)
| sc_seat = [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|Permanent]]
| representative_title = [[Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations|Permanent Representative]]
| representative = [[Vasily Nebenzya]]
}}
{{Politics of Russia|expanded=Foreign}}
The [[Russia|Russian Federation]] succeeded to the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Soviet Union and the United Nations|seat]], including its [[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent membership]] on the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] in the [[United Nations]] after the 1991 [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], which originally co-founded the UN in 1945. The succession was supported by the USSR's former members and was not objected to by the UN membership; Russia accounted for 75% of the Soviet Union's economy, the majority of its population and 75% of its land mass; in addition, the [[history of the Soviet Union]] began in Russia with the [[October Revolution]] in 1917 in [[Petrograd]]. If there was to be a successor to the Soviet seat on the Security Council among the former Soviet republics, these factors made Russia seem a logical choice. Nonetheless, due to the rather inflexible wording of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]] and its lack of provision for succession, the succession's technical legality has been questioned by some international lawyers.
==History==
{{See also|Soviet Union and the United Nations}}
Chapter V, Article 23 of the UN Charter, adopted in 1945, provides that "The Security Council should consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]], The [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|French Republic]], the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]], the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]], and the [[United States|United States of America]] shall be permanent members of the Security Council."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-v/index.html |title=CHAPTER V: THE SECURITY COUNCIL |website=UN.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006233059/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-v/index.html |archive-date=2015-10-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Vladimir Putin at the Millennium Summit 6-8 September 2000-2.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Putin]] at the Millennium Summit of the UN in September 2000.]]
The USSR collapsed in late 1991. Eleven of the twelve members of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] signed a declaration on December 21, 1991, agreeing that "Member states of the Commonwealth support Russia in taking over the USSR membership in the UN, including permanent membership in the Security Council." One day before the resignation of [[President of the Soviet Union|President]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], Soviet Ambassador Y. Vorontsov transmitted to the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] a letter from [[President of Russia|President of the Russian SFSR]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] stating that:
{{quote|''the membership of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the United Nations, including the Security Council and all other organs and organizations of the United Nations system, is being continued by the Russian Federation (Russian SFSR) with the support of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In this connection, I request that the name 'Russian Federation' should be used in the United Nations in place of the name 'the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'. The Russian Federation maintains full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. I request that you consider this letter as confirmation of the credentials to represent the Russian Federation in United Nations organs for all the persons currently holding the credentials of representatives of the USSR to the United Nations.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation]</ref>}}
The Secretary-General circulated the request among the UN membership.<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite web |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/80395/united-nations-response-options-to-russias-aggression-opportunities-and-rabbit-holes/#_ftn1 |title=United Nations Response Options to Russia’s Aggression: Opportunities and Rabbit Holes |date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Just Security |last=Johnson |first=Larry D.}}</ref> With no objections and unanimous support, the Russian Federation took the USSR's place, with Boris Yeltsin personally taking the RF's seat at the January 31, 1992 Security Council meeting.
[[File:Soviet Union - Russian SFSR.svg|thumb|The [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] within the Soviet Union in 1956–1991|left|260px]]
==Legality==
The legality of the succession has been questioned by international lawyer [[Yehuda Zvi Blum]], who opined that "with the demise of the Soviet Union itself, its membership in the UN should have automatically lapsed and Russia should have been admitted to membership in the same way as the other newly-independent republics (except for [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]])." The elimination of Soviet (and subsequently Russian) membership on the UN Security Council would have created a [[constitutional crisis]] for the UN, which may be why the UN Secretary-General and members did not object. This situation could have been avoided had all the other nations but Russia seceded from the USSR, allowing the USSR to continue existing as a legal entity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol3/No2/art8-02.html |title=Russia Takes Over the Soviet Union's Seat at the United Nations |publisher=[[European Journal of International Law]] |date=1999-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312051908/http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol3/No2/art8-02.html#TopOfPage |archive-date=March 12, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
A mere change of name by itself, from the USSR to the Russian Federation, would not have barred Russia from succeeding the USSR. [[Zaire]] changed its name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and retained its UN seat. A change in the USSR's system of government likewise would not have prevented the succession; [[Egypt]] and many other countries have made a transition from [[monarchy]] to [[republic]] without jeopardizing their positions in international organizations. However, Blum argues that a key difference between these situations is that the Soviet Union was terminated as a legal entity. The 11 former member nations that supported the transfer of the seat to Russia also declared that "with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist." The poorly defined rules on state succession make the legal situation murky.
Professor {{ILL|Rein Mullerson|et}} concluded that the succession was legitimate, identifying three reasons: "Firstly, after the dissolution, Russia is <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[sic]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> still remains one of the largest States in the world geographically and demographically. Secondly, Soviet Russia after 1917 and especially the Soviet Union after 1922 were treated as continuing the same State as existed under the [[Russian Empire]]. These are objective factors to show that Russia is the continuation of the Soviet Union. The third reason which forms the subjective factor is the State’s behaviour and the recognition of the continuity by the third States."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm |title=Binding Force of the Montreux Convention on the Third States |website=turkishpilots.org |last=Unlu |first=Nihan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050319080815/http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm |archive-date=March 19, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties]] was not a factor in the succession because it did not enter into force until 1996.
==Effect on the United Nations==
The transition led to increased debate on the relevance of the 1945 system of a Security Council dominated by five permanent members to the present world situation. Russians abroad note that Russia is "only half the size of the former Soviet economy"; the transition thus marked a significant change in the entity exercising this permanent seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russiansabroad.com/russian_history_184.html |title=Russian economy, the Russian economy, Russia economy, Russian economy 2002, Russian economy today, current Russian economy on |publisher=Russiansabroad.com |access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref> Mohamed Sid-Ahmed noted that "one of the five powers enjoying veto prerogatives in the Security Council has undergone a fundamental identity change. When the Soviet Union became Russia, its status changed from that of a [[superpower]] at the head of the communist camp to that of a society aspiring to become part of the capitalist world. Russia's permanent membership in the Security Council is no longer taken for granted. The global ideological struggle that had for so long dominated the international scene is no more, and the new realities have to be translated into a different set of global institutions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/reform/ahmed.htm |title=P-5 Veto Outdated |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref>
The years following the breakup of the Soviet Union have seen a dramatic increase in the number of proposals for Security Council reform. In 2005, [[Kofi Annan]]'s report ''[[In Larger Freedom]]'' proposed finalizing arrangements to add more permanent seats as soon as possible. Campaigns to abolish the veto have also gained support, although their adoption is unlikely in the near future, since it would require the consent of the Permanent Five.
[[Global Policy Forum]] has on file several statements from the Permanent Five, giving arguments for why the current system should be maintained. [[Russia]], for instance, states the veto is necessary for "balanced and sustainable decisions".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/docs/russia99.htm |title=Russia Vetoes the Abolition of the Veto |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=1999-03-24 |access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref> Nonetheless, Russia has utilised its veto on matters pertaining to conflicts it is directly involved in, as other permanent members have done. This directly breaks Articles 27 and 52 of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]] and paralyses the UN System as a whole by undermining its purpose as set out in Article 1, and equally the purpose of The Security Council laid out in Articles 24 and 25. For instance, at the beginning of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], draft resolution S/2022/155 both condemning the invasion and rearticulating Ukrainian sovereignty was vetoed by the Russian Federation on the 25 February 2022, whilst Russia was president of the Security Council, undermining the council's capabilities with regard to the situation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O’Meara |first1=Kieran |title=Understanding the Illegality of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/03/13/understanding-the-illegality-of-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |website=E-International Relations |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>
== Precedent for Scottish and Irish independence ==
Professor [[Andrew MacLeod]] of Kings College argues<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://betterdebate.wordpress.com/2016/07/07/is-the-uk-about-to-lose-its-security-council-seat/|title=Is the UK about to lose its Security Council seat?|date=7 July 2016}}</ref> that the Russian example could be a precedent for hypothetical independence developments in the United Kingdom. Should Scotland, Northern Ireland, or both choose to leave the country, he argues, this would dissolve the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] and the [[Act of Settlement 1701|Act of Settlement]], and hence the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland would no longer exist. The question would then be how the reinstated [[Kingdom of England]] could claim to be the continuing state for UN and Security Council membership.
However, this view would probably be inconsistent with specific legislation passed by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], and does not take into account the fact that the [[Treaty of Union]] of 1706 has been, since then, well incorporated into the British legal system,<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Ann/6/11/contents Union with Scotland Act 1706.] ''legislation.uk.gov''. Retrieved May 23, 2020.</ref> and hence a Scottish independence would not bring an abrogation of the treaty and a termination of the United Kingdom, but rather only a reduction in its size—as happened with [[Irish Free State|Irish independence]] in 1922.
==Fallout over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine==
After the full-scale [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Ukrainian ambassador to the UN [[Sergiy Kyslytsya]] and some members<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tillis.senate.gov/2022/3/tillis-calls-for-russia-to-be-expelled-from-un-security-council |title=Tillis Calls for Russia to Be Expelled from UN Security Council |publisher=[[Thom Tillis]] |date=2022-03-02}}</ref> of the [[United States Congress]] have called for the suspension or expulsion of Russia from the United Nations and its organs and removing its veto power, which violated Article 6 of the Charter. Such a move would require an amendment of Article 23 of the UN Charter to remove Russia's membership as a permanent member of the Security Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870 |title=Ukraine invasion: should Russia lose its seat on the UN Security Council? |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=2022-02-24 |last=MacLeod |first=Andrew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210124/https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870 |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html |title=US Congress wants to kick out Russia from UNSC after Ukraine invasion |website=business-standard.com |date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210407/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref> The legality of such a move has been disputed.<ref name="Johnson"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://leidenlawblog.nl/articles/no-russia-cannot-be-removed-from-the-un-security-council |title=No, Russia cannot be removed from the UN Security Council |date=2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Leiden Law Blog |last=van de Riet |first=Joris}}</ref>
{{Wikisource portal|United Nations General Assembly resolution ES-11/1}}
The invasion prompted the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] to hold the [[eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly]] on 2 March 2022, which adopted a resolution condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine, demanded a full withdrawal of [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian forces]] and a reversal of its decision to [[International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic|recognise]] the [[Self-declared state|self-declared]] [[Donetsk People's Republic|People's Republics of Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]]. The tenth paragraph of the UNGA Resolution of 2 March 2022 confirmed the involvement of [[Belarus]] in unlawful use of force against [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=3 March 2022|title=UN resolution against Ukraine invasion: Full text|language=en|magazine=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/3/unga-resolution-against-ukraine-invasion-full-text}}</ref> The resolution was [[Sponsor (legislative)|sponsored]] by 96 countries, and passed with 141 voting in favour, 5 against, and 35 [[Abstention|abstentions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270 |title=Ukraine: UN General Assembly condemns invasion as Russia reports gains |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302195604/https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Russia|Soviet Union|Politics}}
*[[Succession of states]]
*[[Soviet Union and the United Nations]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*[http://www.russiaun.ru/en Official site of the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN].
*Blum, Yehuda Z.: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233711/http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol3/No2/art8.html#P28_7521 Russia Takes Over the Soviet Union's Seat at the United Nations], European Journal of International Law.
*Mullerson, Rein: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050319080815/http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm The Continuity and Succession of States, by Reference to the Former USSR and Yugoslavia], (1993) 42 AJIL, p 476
*[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/docs/russia99.htm Russia Vetoes the Abolition of the Veto], Statement by a Representative of the Russian Federation in the Open-Ended Working Group on Security Council Reform on Veto Issue, Mar. 24, 1999.
*[http://www.russiansabroad.com/russian_history_184.html Chapter 6. The Economy], Russianabroad.
*Sid-Ahmed, Mohamed: [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/reform/ahmed.htm P-5 Veto Outdated], Cairo Al-Ahram, July 8–14, 1999.
*[https://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/ United Nations Charter].
*[https://www.un.org/law/ilc/texts/tresufra.htm Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties].
==External links==
*[http://www.russiaun.ru/en Official site of the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN].
* {{in lang|en|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100118151245/http://www.un.int/russia/ Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations]
{{Foreign relations of Russia|Diplomacy}}
{{United Nations' relations with its Member States}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Russia And The United Nations}}
[[Category:Russia and the United Nations| ]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Russia|United Nations]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -25,8 +25,10 @@
[[File:Vladimir Putin at the Millennium Summit 6-8 September 2000-2.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Putin]] at the Millennium Summit of the UN in September 2000.]]
-The USSR collapsed in late 1991. Eleven of the twelve members of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] signed a declaration on December 21, 1991, agreeing that "Member states of the Commonwealth support Russia in taking over the USSR membership in the UN, including permanent membership in the Security Council." One day before the resignation of [[President of the Soviet Union|President]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], Soviet Ambassador Y. Vorontsov transmitted to the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] a letter from [[President of Russia|President of the RSFSR]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] stating that:
-{{quote|''the membership of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the United Nations, including the Security Council and all other organs and organizations of the United Nations system, is being continued by the Russian Federation (RSFSR) with the support of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In this connection, I request that the name 'Russian Federation' should be used in the United Nations in place of the name 'the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'. The Russian Federation maintains full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. I request that you consider this letter as confirmation of the credentials to represent the Russian Federation in United Nations organs for all the persons currently holding the credentials of representatives of the USSR to the United Nations.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation]</ref>}}
+The USSR collapsed in late 1991. Eleven of the twelve members of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] signed a declaration on December 21, 1991, agreeing that "Member states of the Commonwealth support Russia in taking over the USSR membership in the UN, including permanent membership in the Security Council." One day before the resignation of [[President of the Soviet Union|President]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], Soviet Ambassador Y. Vorontsov transmitted to the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] a letter from [[President of Russia|President of the Russian SFSR]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] stating that:
+{{quote|''the membership of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the United Nations, including the Security Council and all other organs and organizations of the United Nations system, is being continued by the Russian Federation (Russian SFSR) with the support of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In this connection, I request that the name 'Russian Federation' should be used in the United Nations in place of the name 'the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'. The Russian Federation maintains full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. I request that you consider this letter as confirmation of the credentials to represent the Russian Federation in United Nations organs for all the persons currently holding the credentials of representatives of the USSR to the United Nations.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation]</ref>}}
The Secretary-General circulated the request among the UN membership.<ref name="Johnson">{{Cite web |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/80395/united-nations-response-options-to-russias-aggression-opportunities-and-rabbit-holes/#_ftn1 |title=United Nations Response Options to Russia’s Aggression: Opportunities and Rabbit Holes |date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Just Security |last=Johnson |first=Larry D.}}</ref> With no objections and unanimous support, the Russian Federation took the USSR's place, with Boris Yeltsin personally taking the RF's seat at the January 31, 1992 Security Council meeting.
+
+[[File:Soviet Union - Russian SFSR.svg|thumb|The [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] within the Soviet Union in 1956–1991|left|260px]]
==Legality==
@@ -35,5 +37,5 @@
A mere change of name by itself, from the USSR to the Russian Federation, would not have barred Russia from succeeding the USSR. [[Zaire]] changed its name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and retained its UN seat. A change in the USSR's system of government likewise would not have prevented the succession; [[Egypt]] and many other countries have made a transition from [[monarchy]] to [[republic]] without jeopardizing their positions in international organizations. However, Blum argues that a key difference between these situations is that the Soviet Union was terminated as a legal entity. The 11 former member nations that supported the transfer of the seat to Russia also declared that "with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist." The poorly defined rules on state succession make the legal situation murky.
-Professor {{ILL|Rein Mullerson|et}} concluded that the succession was legitimate, identifying three reasons: "Firstly, after the dissolution, Russia is <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[sic]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> still remains one of the largest States in the world geographically and demographically. Secondly, Soviet Russia after 1917 and especially the Soviet Union after 1922 were treated as continuing the same State as existed under the Russian Empire. These are objective factors to show that Russia is the continuation of the Soviet Union. The third reason which forms the subjective factor is the State’s behaviour and the recognition of the continuity by the third States."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm |title=Binding Force of the Montreux Convention on the Third States |website=turkishpilots.org |last=Unlu |first=Nihan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050319080815/http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm |archive-date=March 19, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Professor {{ILL|Rein Mullerson|et}} concluded that the succession was legitimate, identifying three reasons: "Firstly, after the dissolution, Russia is <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[sic]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> still remains one of the largest States in the world geographically and demographically. Secondly, Soviet Russia after 1917 and especially the Soviet Union after 1922 were treated as continuing the same State as existed under the [[Russian Empire]]. These are objective factors to show that Russia is the continuation of the Soviet Union. The third reason which forms the subjective factor is the State’s behaviour and the recognition of the continuity by the third States."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm |title=Binding Force of the Montreux Convention on the Third States |website=turkishpilots.org |last=Unlu |first=Nihan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050319080815/http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm |archive-date=March 19, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties]] was not a factor in the succession because it did not enter into force until 1996.
@@ -44,8 +46,7 @@
The years following the breakup of the Soviet Union have seen a dramatic increase in the number of proposals for Security Council reform. In 2005, [[Kofi Annan]]'s report ''[[In Larger Freedom]]'' proposed finalizing arrangements to add more permanent seats as soon as possible. Campaigns to abolish the veto have also gained support, although their adoption is unlikely in the near future, since it would require the consent of the Permanent Five.
-[[Global Policy Forum]] has on file several statements from the Permanent Five, giving arguments for why the current system should be maintained. [[Russia]], for instance, states the veto is necessary for "balanced and sustainable decisions".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/docs/russia99.htm |title=Russia Vetoes the Abolition of the Veto |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=1999-03-24 |access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref> Nonetheless, Russia has utilised its veto on matters pertaining to conflicts it is directly involved in, as other permanent members have done. This directly breaks Articles 27 and 52 of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]] and paralyses the UN System as a whole by undermining its purpose as set out in Article 1, and equally the purpose of The Security Council laid out in Articles 24 and 25. For instance, at the beginning of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine]] draft resolution S/2022/155 both condemning the invasion and rearticulating Ukrainian sovereignty was vetoed by the Russian Federation on the 25th of February 2022, whilst Russia was president of the Security Council no less, undermining the council's capabilities in regards to the situation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O’Meara |first1=Kieran |title=Understanding the Illegality of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/03/13/understanding-the-illegality-of-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |website=E-International Relations |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>
+[[Global Policy Forum]] has on file several statements from the Permanent Five, giving arguments for why the current system should be maintained. [[Russia]], for instance, states the veto is necessary for "balanced and sustainable decisions".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/docs/russia99.htm |title=Russia Vetoes the Abolition of the Veto |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=1999-03-24 |access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref> Nonetheless, Russia has utilised its veto on matters pertaining to conflicts it is directly involved in, as other permanent members have done. This directly breaks Articles 27 and 52 of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]] and paralyses the UN System as a whole by undermining its purpose as set out in Article 1, and equally the purpose of The Security Council laid out in Articles 24 and 25. For instance, at the beginning of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], draft resolution S/2022/155 both condemning the invasion and rearticulating Ukrainian sovereignty was vetoed by the Russian Federation on the 25 February 2022, whilst Russia was president of the Security Council, undermining the council's capabilities with regard to the situation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O’Meara |first1=Kieran |title=Understanding the Illegality of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/03/13/understanding-the-illegality-of-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |website=E-International Relations |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>
== Precedent for Scottish and Irish independence ==
-
Professor [[Andrew MacLeod]] of Kings College argues<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://betterdebate.wordpress.com/2016/07/07/is-the-uk-about-to-lose-its-security-council-seat/|title=Is the UK about to lose its Security Council seat?|date=7 July 2016}}</ref> that the Russian example could be a precedent for hypothetical independence developments in the United Kingdom. Should Scotland, Northern Ireland, or both choose to leave the country, he argues, this would dissolve the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] and the [[Act of Settlement 1701|Act of Settlement]], and hence the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland would no longer exist. The question would then be how the reinstated [[Kingdom of England]] could claim to be the continuing state for UN and Security Council membership.
@@ -53,8 +54,8 @@
==Fallout over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine==
-After the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Ukrainian ambassador to the UN [[Sergiy Kyslytsya]] and some members<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tillis.senate.gov/2022/3/tillis-calls-for-russia-to-be-expelled-from-un-security-council |title=Tillis Calls for Russia to Be Expelled from UN Security Council |publisher=[[Thom Tillis]] |date=2022-03-02}}</ref> of the [[United States Congress]] have called for the suspension or expulsion of Russia from the United Nations and its organs and removing its veto power, which violated Article 6 of the Charter. Such a move would require an amendment of Article 23 of the UN Charter to remove Russia's membership as a permanent member of the Security Council (assuming Russia is validly the successor of the USSR).<ref> {{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870 |title=Ukraine invasion: should Russia lose its seat on the UN Security Council? |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=2022-02-24 |last=MacLeod |first=Andrew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210124/https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870 |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html |title=US Congress wants to kick out Russia from UNSC after Ukraine invasion |website=business-standard.com |date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210407/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref> The legality of such a move has been disputed.<ref name="Johnson"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://leidenlawblog.nl/articles/no-russia-cannot-be-removed-from-the-un-security-council |title=No, Russia cannot be removed from the UN Security Council |date=2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Leiden Law Blog |last=van de Riet |first=Joris}}</ref>
+After the full-scale [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Ukrainian ambassador to the UN [[Sergiy Kyslytsya]] and some members<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tillis.senate.gov/2022/3/tillis-calls-for-russia-to-be-expelled-from-un-security-council |title=Tillis Calls for Russia to Be Expelled from UN Security Council |publisher=[[Thom Tillis]] |date=2022-03-02}}</ref> of the [[United States Congress]] have called for the suspension or expulsion of Russia from the United Nations and its organs and removing its veto power, which violated Article 6 of the Charter. Such a move would require an amendment of Article 23 of the UN Charter to remove Russia's membership as a permanent member of the Security Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870 |title=Ukraine invasion: should Russia lose its seat on the UN Security Council? |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=2022-02-24 |last=MacLeod |first=Andrew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210124/https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870 |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html |title=US Congress wants to kick out Russia from UNSC after Ukraine invasion |website=business-standard.com |date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210407/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref> The legality of such a move has been disputed.<ref name="Johnson"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://leidenlawblog.nl/articles/no-russia-cannot-be-removed-from-the-un-security-council |title=No, Russia cannot be removed from the UN Security Council |date=2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Leiden Law Blog |last=van de Riet |first=Joris}}</ref>
{{Wikisource portal|United Nations General Assembly resolution ES-11/1}}
-This egregious behaviour prompted the [[UN General Assembly]] to hold on 2 March 2022 the [[eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly]], which adopted a resolution deploring [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]], demanded a full withdrawal of [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian forces]] and a reversal of its decision to [[International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic|recognise]] the [[Self-declared state|self-declared]] [[Donetsk People's Republic|People's Republics of Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]]. The tenth paragraph of the UNGA Resolution of 2 March 2022 confirmed the involvement of [[Belarus]] in unlawful use of force against [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=3 March 2022|title=UN resolution against Ukraine invasion: Full text|language=en|magazine=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/3/unga-resolution-against-ukraine-invasion-full-text}}</ref> The resolution was [[Sponsor (legislative)|sponsored]] by 96 countries, and passed with 141 voting in favour, 5 against, and 35 [[Abstention|abstentions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270 |title=Ukraine: UN General Assembly condemns invasion as Russia reports gains |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302195604/https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The invasion prompted the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] to hold the [[eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly]] on 2 March 2022, which adopted a resolution condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine, demanded a full withdrawal of [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian forces]] and a reversal of its decision to [[International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic|recognise]] the [[Self-declared state|self-declared]] [[Donetsk People's Republic|People's Republics of Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]]. The tenth paragraph of the UNGA Resolution of 2 March 2022 confirmed the involvement of [[Belarus]] in unlawful use of force against [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=3 March 2022|title=UN resolution against Ukraine invasion: Full text|language=en|magazine=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/3/unga-resolution-against-ukraine-invasion-full-text}}</ref> The resolution was [[Sponsor (legislative)|sponsored]] by 96 countries, and passed with 141 voting in favour, 5 against, and 35 [[Abstention|abstentions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270 |title=Ukraine: UN General Assembly condemns invasion as Russia reports gains |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302195604/https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
@@ -85,2 +86,3 @@
{{DEFAULTSORT:Russia And The United Nations}}
[[Category:Russia and the United Nations| ]]
+[[Category:Foreign relations of Russia|United Nations]]
' |
New page size (new_size) | 19421 |
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0 => 'The USSR collapsed in late 1991. Eleven of the twelve members of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] signed a declaration on December 21, 1991, agreeing that "Member states of the Commonwealth support Russia in taking over the USSR membership in the UN, including permanent membership in the Security Council." One day before the resignation of [[President of the Soviet Union|President]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], Soviet Ambassador Y. Vorontsov transmitted to the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] a letter from [[President of Russia|President of the Russian SFSR]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] stating that:',
1 => '{{quote|''the membership of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the United Nations, including the Security Council and all other organs and organizations of the United Nations system, is being continued by the Russian Federation (Russian SFSR) with the support of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In this connection, I request that the name 'Russian Federation' should be used in the United Nations in place of the name 'the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'. The Russian Federation maintains full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. I request that you consider this letter as confirmation of the credentials to represent the Russian Federation in United Nations organs for all the persons currently holding the credentials of representatives of the USSR to the United Nations.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation]</ref>}}',
2 => '',
3 => '[[File:Soviet Union - Russian SFSR.svg|thumb|The [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] within the Soviet Union in 1956–1991|left|260px]]',
4 => 'Professor {{ILL|Rein Mullerson|et}} concluded that the succession was legitimate, identifying three reasons: "Firstly, after the dissolution, Russia is <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[sic]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> still remains one of the largest States in the world geographically and demographically. Secondly, Soviet Russia after 1917 and especially the Soviet Union after 1922 were treated as continuing the same State as existed under the [[Russian Empire]]. These are objective factors to show that Russia is the continuation of the Soviet Union. The third reason which forms the subjective factor is the State’s behaviour and the recognition of the continuity by the third States."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm |title=Binding Force of the Montreux Convention on the Third States |website=turkishpilots.org |last=Unlu |first=Nihan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050319080815/http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm |archive-date=March 19, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>',
5 => '[[Global Policy Forum]] has on file several statements from the Permanent Five, giving arguments for why the current system should be maintained. [[Russia]], for instance, states the veto is necessary for "balanced and sustainable decisions".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/docs/russia99.htm |title=Russia Vetoes the Abolition of the Veto |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=1999-03-24 |access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref> Nonetheless, Russia has utilised its veto on matters pertaining to conflicts it is directly involved in, as other permanent members have done. This directly breaks Articles 27 and 52 of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]] and paralyses the UN System as a whole by undermining its purpose as set out in Article 1, and equally the purpose of The Security Council laid out in Articles 24 and 25. For instance, at the beginning of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], draft resolution S/2022/155 both condemning the invasion and rearticulating Ukrainian sovereignty was vetoed by the Russian Federation on the 25 February 2022, whilst Russia was president of the Security Council, undermining the council's capabilities with regard to the situation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O’Meara |first1=Kieran |title=Understanding the Illegality of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/03/13/understanding-the-illegality-of-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |website=E-International Relations |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>',
6 => 'After the full-scale [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Ukrainian ambassador to the UN [[Sergiy Kyslytsya]] and some members<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tillis.senate.gov/2022/3/tillis-calls-for-russia-to-be-expelled-from-un-security-council |title=Tillis Calls for Russia to Be Expelled from UN Security Council |publisher=[[Thom Tillis]] |date=2022-03-02}}</ref> of the [[United States Congress]] have called for the suspension or expulsion of Russia from the United Nations and its organs and removing its veto power, which violated Article 6 of the Charter. Such a move would require an amendment of Article 23 of the UN Charter to remove Russia's membership as a permanent member of the Security Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870 |title=Ukraine invasion: should Russia lose its seat on the UN Security Council? |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=2022-02-24 |last=MacLeod |first=Andrew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210124/https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870 |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html |title=US Congress wants to kick out Russia from UNSC after Ukraine invasion |website=business-standard.com |date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210407/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref> The legality of such a move has been disputed.<ref name="Johnson"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://leidenlawblog.nl/articles/no-russia-cannot-be-removed-from-the-un-security-council |title=No, Russia cannot be removed from the UN Security Council |date=2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Leiden Law Blog |last=van de Riet |first=Joris}}</ref>',
7 => 'The invasion prompted the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] to hold the [[eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly]] on 2 March 2022, which adopted a resolution condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine, demanded a full withdrawal of [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian forces]] and a reversal of its decision to [[International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic|recognise]] the [[Self-declared state|self-declared]] [[Donetsk People's Republic|People's Republics of Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]]. The tenth paragraph of the UNGA Resolution of 2 March 2022 confirmed the involvement of [[Belarus]] in unlawful use of force against [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=3 March 2022|title=UN resolution against Ukraine invasion: Full text|language=en|magazine=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/3/unga-resolution-against-ukraine-invasion-full-text}}</ref> The resolution was [[Sponsor (legislative)|sponsored]] by 96 countries, and passed with 141 voting in favour, 5 against, and 35 [[Abstention|abstentions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270 |title=Ukraine: UN General Assembly condemns invasion as Russia reports gains |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302195604/https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270 |url-status=live }}</ref>',
8 => '[[Category:Foreign relations of Russia|United Nations]]'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'The USSR collapsed in late 1991. Eleven of the twelve members of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] signed a declaration on December 21, 1991, agreeing that "Member states of the Commonwealth support Russia in taking over the USSR membership in the UN, including permanent membership in the Security Council." One day before the resignation of [[President of the Soviet Union|President]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], Soviet Ambassador Y. Vorontsov transmitted to the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] [[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]] a letter from [[President of Russia|President of the RSFSR]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] stating that:',
1 => '{{quote|''the membership of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the United Nations, including the Security Council and all other organs and organizations of the United Nations system, is being continued by the Russian Federation (RSFSR) with the support of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In this connection, I request that the name 'Russian Federation' should be used in the United Nations in place of the name 'the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'. The Russian Federation maintains full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. I request that you consider this letter as confirmation of the credentials to represent the Russian Federation in United Nations organs for all the persons currently holding the credentials of representatives of the USSR to the United Nations.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation]</ref>}}',
2 => 'Professor {{ILL|Rein Mullerson|et}} concluded that the succession was legitimate, identifying three reasons: "Firstly, after the dissolution, Russia is <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[sic]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> still remains one of the largest States in the world geographically and demographically. Secondly, Soviet Russia after 1917 and especially the Soviet Union after 1922 were treated as continuing the same State as existed under the Russian Empire. These are objective factors to show that Russia is the continuation of the Soviet Union. The third reason which forms the subjective factor is the State’s behaviour and the recognition of the continuity by the third States."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm |title=Binding Force of the Montreux Convention on the Third States |website=turkishpilots.org |last=Unlu |first=Nihan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050319080815/http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm |archive-date=March 19, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>',
3 => '[[Global Policy Forum]] has on file several statements from the Permanent Five, giving arguments for why the current system should be maintained. [[Russia]], for instance, states the veto is necessary for "balanced and sustainable decisions".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/docs/russia99.htm |title=Russia Vetoes the Abolition of the Veto |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=1999-03-24 |access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref> Nonetheless, Russia has utilised its veto on matters pertaining to conflicts it is directly involved in, as other permanent members have done. This directly breaks Articles 27 and 52 of the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]] and paralyses the UN System as a whole by undermining its purpose as set out in Article 1, and equally the purpose of The Security Council laid out in Articles 24 and 25. For instance, at the beginning of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine]] draft resolution S/2022/155 both condemning the invasion and rearticulating Ukrainian sovereignty was vetoed by the Russian Federation on the 25th of February 2022, whilst Russia was president of the Security Council no less, undermining the council's capabilities in regards to the situation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O’Meara |first1=Kieran |title=Understanding the Illegality of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/03/13/understanding-the-illegality-of-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |website=E-International Relations |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>',
4 => '',
5 => 'After the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Ukrainian ambassador to the UN [[Sergiy Kyslytsya]] and some members<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tillis.senate.gov/2022/3/tillis-calls-for-russia-to-be-expelled-from-un-security-council |title=Tillis Calls for Russia to Be Expelled from UN Security Council |publisher=[[Thom Tillis]] |date=2022-03-02}}</ref> of the [[United States Congress]] have called for the suspension or expulsion of Russia from the United Nations and its organs and removing its veto power, which violated Article 6 of the Charter. Such a move would require an amendment of Article 23 of the UN Charter to remove Russia's membership as a permanent member of the Security Council (assuming Russia is validly the successor of the USSR).<ref> {{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870 |title=Ukraine invasion: should Russia lose its seat on the UN Security Council? |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=2022-02-24 |last=MacLeod |first=Andrew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210124/https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870 |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html |title=US Congress wants to kick out Russia from UNSC after Ukraine invasion |website=business-standard.com |date=2022-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210407/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |url-status=live}}</ref> The legality of such a move has been disputed.<ref name="Johnson"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://leidenlawblog.nl/articles/no-russia-cannot-be-removed-from-the-un-security-council |title=No, Russia cannot be removed from the UN Security Council |date=2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Leiden Law Blog |last=van de Riet |first=Joris}}</ref>',
6 => 'This egregious behaviour prompted the [[UN General Assembly]] to hold on 2 March 2022 the [[eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly]], which adopted a resolution deploring [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]], demanded a full withdrawal of [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian forces]] and a reversal of its decision to [[International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic|recognise]] the [[Self-declared state|self-declared]] [[Donetsk People's Republic|People's Republics of Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]]. The tenth paragraph of the UNGA Resolution of 2 March 2022 confirmed the involvement of [[Belarus]] in unlawful use of force against [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=3 March 2022|title=UN resolution against Ukraine invasion: Full text|language=en|magazine=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/3/unga-resolution-against-ukraine-invasion-full-text}}</ref> The resolution was [[Sponsor (legislative)|sponsored]] by 96 countries, and passed with 141 voting in favour, 5 against, and 35 [[Abstention|abstentions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270 |title=Ukraine: UN General Assembly condemns invasion as Russia reports gains |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302195604/https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270 |url-status=live }}</ref>'
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] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Relations between Russia and the United Nations</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the United Nations.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Russia.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/75px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/113px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lavender"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">membership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Represented by</th><td class="infobox-data">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a><br />(1945–1991)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a><br />(1991–present)</li></ul>
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data">Full member</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Since</th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1945<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1945-10-24</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UNSC</a> seat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Permanent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations">Permanent Representative</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vasily_Nebenzya" title="Vasily Nebenzya">Vasily Nebenzya</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0px;background-color: transparent;color: black;margin: 3px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_2.svg" class="image"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation 2.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_2.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="132" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_2.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_2.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="366" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the Russian Federation">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Criminal Code">Russian Criminal Code</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tax_Code_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Code of Russia">Tax Code</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Mental_Health_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mental Health Law">Mental Health Law</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Russia#President" title="Politics of Russia">Presidency</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a></b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia" title="List of presidents of Russia">list</a>)</div>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Russia" title="Presidential Administration of Russia">Presidential Administration</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia" title="Security Council of Russia">Security Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_Council_(Russia)" title="State Council (Russia)">State Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Russia#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Russia">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister</a></b><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin" title="Mikhail Mishustin">Mikhail Mishustin</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="List of heads of government of Russia">list</a>)</div>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin%27s_Cabinet" title="Mikhail Mishustin's Cabinet">Cabinet (56th)</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Russia#Legislative_branch" title="Politics of Russia">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assembly of Russia">Federal Assembly</a></b>
<hr />
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Federation Council</a></b></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="List of members of the Federation Council (Russia)">Members</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Chairman of the Federation Council (Russia)">Chairwoman</a></b>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valentina_Matviyenko" title="Valentina Matviyenko">Valentina Matviyenko</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a></b></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_8th_Russian_State_Duma" title="List of members of the 8th Russian State Duma">Members</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/8th_State_Duma" title="8th State Duma">8th convocation</a>)</li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Duma" title="Chairman of the State Duma">Chairman</a></b>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Vyacheslav Volodin</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Supreme Court</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecutor General of Russia">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the Russian Federation">Legal system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Election Commission of Russia">Central Election Commission</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_presidential_elections" title="Russian presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_legislative_elections" title="Russian legislative elections">Legislative elections</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_(Russia)" title="Governor (Russia)">Gubernatorial elections</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regional_parliaments_of_Russia" title="Regional parliaments of Russia">Regional elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Russia#Local_(self-government)_elections" title="Elections in Russia">Local elections</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electoral_geography_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral geography of Russia">Electoral geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia#Post-Soviet_Russia_(1991–present)" title="Russia">Federalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_heads_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="List of heads of federal subjects of Russia">Heads of federal subjects</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regional_parliaments_of_Russia" title="Regional parliaments of Russia">Regional parliaments</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_government_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Russia">Local government</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Minister</a></b>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Russia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Russia">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Russia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Russia">in Russia</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Nationality law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_passport" title="Russian passport">Passports</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Russian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Russian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Russia" title="Visa policy of Russia">Visa policy</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visa_history_of_Russia" title="Visa history of Russia">history</a>)</li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia and the United Nations</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><dl><dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">P5</a></dd></dl></li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">EAEU</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">EAS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Finland–Russia relations">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">EU</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NATO%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="NATO–Russia relations">NATO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Russia" title="Arctic policy of Russia">Arctic policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Russia">Administrative divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Armed forces</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civic_Chamber_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation">Civic Chamber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Accounts_Chamber_of_Russia" title="Accounts Chamber of Russia">Accounts Chamber</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul>
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<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> succeeded to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="Soviet Union and the United Nations">seat</a>, including its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent membership</a> on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> after the 1991 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, which originally co-founded the UN in 1945. The succession was supported by the USSR's former members and was not objected to by the UN membership; Russia accounted for 75% of the Soviet Union's economy, the majority of its population and 75% of its land mass; in addition, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">history of the Soviet Union</a> began in Russia with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in 1917 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>. If there was to be a successor to the Soviet seat on the Security Council among the former Soviet republics, these factors made Russia seem a logical choice. Nonetheless, due to the rather inflexible wording of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">UN Charter</a> and its lack of provision for succession, the succession's technical legality has been questioned by some international lawyers.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Legality"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Legality</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Effect_on_the_United_Nations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Effect on the United Nations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Precedent_for_Scottish_and_Irish_independence"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Precedent for Scottish and Irish independence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Fallout_over_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Fallout over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia_and_the_United_Nations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="Soviet Union and the United Nations">Soviet Union and the United Nations</a></div>
<p>Chapter V, Article 23 of the UN Charter, adopted in 1945, provides that "The Security Council should consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a>, The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">French Republic</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> shall be permanent members of the Security Council."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_at_the_Millennium_Summit_6-8_September_2000-2.jpg" class="image"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vladimir_Putin_at_the_Millennium_Summit_6-8_September_2000-2.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_at_the_Millennium_Summit_6-8_September_2000-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vladimir_Putin_at_the_Millennium_Summit_6-8_September_2000-2.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_at_the_Millennium_Summit_6-8_September_2000-2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Vladimir_Putin_at_the_Millennium_Summit_6-8_September_2000-2.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_at_the_Millennium_Summit_6-8_September_2000-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_at_the_Millennium_Summit_6-8_September_2000-2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> at the Millennium Summit of the UN in September 2000.</div></div></div>
<p>The USSR collapsed in late 1991. Eleven of the twelve members of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> signed a declaration on December 21, 1991, agreeing that "Member states of the Commonwealth support Russia in taking over the USSR membership in the UN, including permanent membership in the Security Council." One day before the resignation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, Soviet Ambassador Y. Vorontsov transmitted to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary-General</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a> a letter from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of the Russian SFSR</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> stating that:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>the membership of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the United Nations, including the Security Council and all other organs and organizations of the United Nations system, is being continued by the Russian Federation (Russian SFSR) with the support of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In this connection, I request that the name 'Russian Federation' should be used in the United Nations in place of the name 'the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'. The Russian Federation maintains full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. I request that you consider this letter as confirmation of the credentials to represent the Russian Federation in United Nations organs for all the persons currently holding the credentials of representatives of the USSR to the United Nations.</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>The Secretary-General circulated the request among the UN membership.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-3">[3]</a></sup> With no objections and unanimous support, the Russian Federation took the USSR's place, with Boris Yeltsin personally taking the RF's seat at the January 31, 1992 Security Council meeting.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg" class="image"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg/260px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg/390px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg/520px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="376" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> within the Soviet Union in 1956–1991</div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legality">Legality</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia_and_the_United_Nations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legality">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The legality of the succession has been questioned by international lawyer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yehuda_Zvi_Blum" title="Yehuda Zvi Blum">Yehuda Zvi Blum</a>, who opined that "with the demise of the Soviet Union itself, its membership in the UN should have automatically lapsed and Russia should have been admitted to membership in the same way as the other newly-independent republics (except for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)." The elimination of Soviet (and subsequently Russian) membership on the UN Security Council would have created a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> for the UN, which may be why the UN Secretary-General and members did not object. This situation could have been avoided had all the other nations but Russia seceded from the USSR, allowing the USSR to continue existing as a legal entity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>A mere change of name by itself, from the USSR to the Russian Federation, would not have barred Russia from succeeding the USSR. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> changed its name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and retained its UN seat. A change in the USSR's system of government likewise would not have prevented the succession; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and many other countries have made a transition from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> without jeopardizing their positions in international organizations. However, Blum argues that a key difference between these situations is that the Soviet Union was terminated as a legal entity. The 11 former member nations that supported the transfer of the seat to Russia also declared that "with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist." The poorly defined rules on state succession make the legal situation murky.
</p><p>Professor <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rein_Mullerson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rein Mullerson (page does not exist)">Rein Mullerson</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein_Mullerson" class="extiw" title="et:Rein Mullerson">et</a>]</span> concluded that the succession was legitimate, identifying three reasons: "Firstly, after the dissolution, Russia is [<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] still remains one of the largest States in the world geographically and demographically. Secondly, Soviet Russia after 1917 and especially the Soviet Union after 1922 were treated as continuing the same State as existed under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. These are objective factors to show that Russia is the continuation of the Soviet Union. The third reason which forms the subjective factor is the State’s behaviour and the recognition of the continuity by the third States."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Succession_of_States_in_respect_of_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties">Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties</a> was not a factor in the succession because it did not enter into force until 1996.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Effect_on_the_United_Nations">Effect on the United Nations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia_and_the_United_Nations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effect on the United Nations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The transition led to increased debate on the relevance of the 1945 system of a Security Council dominated by five permanent members to the present world situation. Russians abroad note that Russia is "only half the size of the former Soviet economy"; the transition thus marked a significant change in the entity exercising this permanent seat.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Mohamed Sid-Ahmed noted that "one of the five powers enjoying veto prerogatives in the Security Council has undergone a fundamental identity change. When the Soviet Union became Russia, its status changed from that of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> at the head of the communist camp to that of a society aspiring to become part of the capitalist world. Russia's permanent membership in the Security Council is no longer taken for granted. The global ideological struggle that had for so long dominated the international scene is no more, and the new realities have to be translated into a different set of global institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The years following the breakup of the Soviet Union have seen a dramatic increase in the number of proposals for Security Council reform. In 2005, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>'s report <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/In_Larger_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="In Larger Freedom">In Larger Freedom</a></i> proposed finalizing arrangements to add more permanent seats as soon as possible. Campaigns to abolish the veto have also gained support, although their adoption is unlikely in the near future, since it would require the consent of the Permanent Five.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Policy_Forum" title="Global Policy Forum">Global Policy Forum</a> has on file several statements from the Permanent Five, giving arguments for why the current system should be maintained. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, for instance, states the veto is necessary for "balanced and sustainable decisions".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Nonetheless, Russia has utilised its veto on matters pertaining to conflicts it is directly involved in, as other permanent members have done. This directly breaks Articles 27 and 52 of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">UN Charter</a> and paralyses the UN System as a whole by undermining its purpose as set out in Article 1, and equally the purpose of The Security Council laid out in Articles 24 and 25. For instance, at the beginning of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, draft resolution S/2022/155 both condemning the invasion and rearticulating Ukrainian sovereignty was vetoed by the Russian Federation on the 25 February 2022, whilst Russia was president of the Security Council, undermining the council's capabilities with regard to the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Precedent_for_Scottish_and_Irish_independence">Precedent for Scottish and Irish independence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia_and_the_United_Nations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Precedent for Scottish and Irish independence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Professor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_MacLeod" title="Andrew MacLeod">Andrew MacLeod</a> of Kings College argues<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> that the Russian example could be a precedent for hypothetical independence developments in the United Kingdom. Should Scotland, Northern Ireland, or both choose to leave the country, he argues, this would dissolve the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement</a>, and hence the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland would no longer exist. The question would then be how the reinstated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> could claim to be the continuing state for UN and Security Council membership.
</p><p>However, this view would probably be inconsistent with specific legislation passed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>, and does not take into account the fact that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> of 1706 has been, since then, well incorporated into the British legal system,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> and hence a Scottish independence would not bring an abrogation of the treaty and a termination of the United Kingdom, but rather only a reduction in its size—as happened with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish independence</a> in 1922.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fallout_over_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Fallout over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia_and_the_United_Nations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fallout over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>After the full-scale <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Ukrainian ambassador to the UN <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergiy_Kyslytsya" title="Sergiy Kyslytsya">Sergiy Kyslytsya</a> and some members<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> have called for the suspension or expulsion of Russia from the United Nations and its organs and removing its veto power, which violated Article 6 of the Charter. Such a move would require an amendment of Article 23 of the UN Charter to remove Russia's membership as a permanent member of the Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> The legality of such a move has been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_ES-11/1" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:United Nations General Assembly resolution ES-11/1">United Nations General Assembly resolution ES-11/1</a></b></i></div></div>
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<p>The invasion prompted the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> to hold the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleventh_emergency_special_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="Eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly">eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly</a> on 2 March 2022, which adopted a resolution condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine, demanded a full withdrawal of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian forces</a> and a reversal of its decision to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Donetsk_People%27s_Republic_and_the_Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic">recognise</a> the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-declared_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-declared state">self-declared</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">People's Republics of Donetsk</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a>. The tenth paragraph of the UNGA Resolution of 2 March 2022 confirmed the involvement of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> in unlawful use of force against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> The resolution was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">sponsored</a> by 96 countries, and passed with 141 voting in favour, 5 against, and 35 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">abstentions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia_and_the_United_Nations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia_and_the_United_Nations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2022" class="citation web cs1">MacLeod, Andrew (2022-02-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870">"Ukraine invasion: should Russia lose its seat on the UN Security Council?"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210124/https://theconversation.com/ukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+invasion%3A+should+Russia+lose+its+seat+on+the+UN+Security+Council%3F&rft.pub=The+Conversation&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fukraine-invasion-should-russia-lose-its-seat-on-the-un-security-council-177870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia+and+the+United+Nations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html">"US Congress wants to kick out Russia from UNSC after Ukraine invasion"</a>. <i>business-standard.com</i>. 2022-02-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227210407/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/international/us-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=business-standard.com&rft.atitle=US+Congress+wants+to+kick+out+Russia+from+UNSC+after+Ukraine+invasion&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwap.business-standard.com%2Farticle-amp%2Finternational%2Fus-congress-wants-to-kick-out-russia-from-unsc-after-ukraine-invasion-122022501013_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia+and+the+United+Nations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFvan_de_Riet2022" class="citation web cs1">van de Riet, Joris (2022-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leidenlawblog.nl/articles/no-russia-cannot-be-removed-from-the-un-security-council">"No, Russia cannot be removed from the UN Security Council"</a>. <i>Leiden Law Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leiden+Law+Blog&rft.atitle=No%2C+Russia+cannot+be+removed+from+the+UN+Security+Council&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft.aulast=van+de+Riet&rft.aufirst=Joris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleidenlawblog.nl%2Farticles%2Fno-russia-cannot-be-removed-from-the-un-security-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia+and+the+United+Nations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/3/unga-resolution-against-ukraine-invasion-full-text">"UN resolution against Ukraine invasion: Full text"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Jazeera" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a></i>. 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=UN+resolution+against+Ukraine+invasion%3A+Full+text&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F3%2F3%2Funga-resolution-against-ukraine-invasion-full-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia+and+the+United+Nations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270">"Ukraine: UN General Assembly condemns invasion as Russia reports gains"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 2 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302195604/https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates/a-60977270">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+UN+General+Assembly+condemns+invasion+as+Russia+reports+gains&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fukraine-un-general-assembly-condemns-invasion-as-russia-reports-gains-live-updates%2Fa-60977270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia+and+the+United+Nations" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia_and_the_United_Nations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russiaun.ru/en">Official site of the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN</a>.</li>
<li>Blum, Yehuda Z.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233711/http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol3/No2/art8.html#P28_7521">Russia Takes Over the Soviet Union's Seat at the United Nations</a>, European Journal of International Law.</li>
<li>Mullerson, Rein: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050319080815/http://www.turkishpilots.org/DOCUMENTS/Nihan_UNLU.htm">The Continuity and Succession of States, by Reference to the Former USSR and Yugoslavia</a>, (1993) 42 AJIL, p 476</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/docs/russia99.htm">Russia Vetoes the Abolition of the Veto</a>, Statement by a Representative of the Russian Federation in the Open-Ended Working Group on Security Council Reform on Veto Issue, Mar. 24, 1999.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russiansabroad.com/russian_history_184.html">Chapter 6. The Economy</a>, Russianabroad.</li>
<li>Sid-Ahmed, Mohamed: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/reform/ahmed.htm">P-5 Veto Outdated</a>, Cairo Al-Ahram, July 8–14, 1999.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/">United Nations Charter</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/law/ilc/texts/tresufra.htm">Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties</a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Russia_and_the_United_Nations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russiaun.ru/en">Official site of the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN</a>.</li>
<li><span class="languageicon">(in English and Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100118151245/http://www.un.int/russia/">Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Algeria–Russia relations">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Angola–Russia relations">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Benin–Russia relations">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Botswana–Russia relations">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Russia relations">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cameroon–Russia relations">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–Russia relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Egypt–Russia relations">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Russia relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Eritrea–Russia relations">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Eswatini–Russia relations">Eswatini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ethiopia–Russia relations">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Gambia–Russia relations">Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ghana–Russia relations">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–Russia relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ivory Coast–Russia relations">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kenya–Russia relations">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lesotho–Russia relations">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Libya–Russia relations">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Madagascar–Russia relations">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mali–Russia relations">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mauritania–Russia relations">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mauritius–Russia relations">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Morocco–Russia relations">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mozambique–Russia relations">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Namibia–Russia relations">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nigeria–Russia relations">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Russia–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Russia–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="Russia–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Russia–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Russia–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Russia–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Russia–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Russia–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Russia–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="Russia–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Russia–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Argentina–Russia relations">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bolivia–Russia relations">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Canada–Russia relations">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Chile–Russia relations">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Colombia–Russia relations">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Costa Rica–Russia relations">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cuba–Russia relations">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ecuador–Russia relations">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guatemala–Russia relations">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guyana–Russia relations">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Honduras–Russia relations">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mexico–Russia relations">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nicaragua–Russia relations">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Panama–Russia relations">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Paraguay–Russia relations">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Peru–Russia relations">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Russia–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Russia–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Russia–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Russia relations">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Armenia–Russia relations">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Russia relations">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bahrain–Russia relations">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bangladesh–Russia relations">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bhutan–Russia relations">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brunei–Russia relations">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cambodia–Russia relations">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="East Timor–Russia relations">East Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Georgia–Russia relations">Georgia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abkhazia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Abkhazia–Russia relations">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Ossetia_relations" title="Russia–South Ossetia relations">South Ossetia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Indonesia–Russia relations">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iraq–Russia relations">Iraq</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Russia relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Israel–Russia relations">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Japan–Russia relations">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Jordan–Russia relations">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Russia relations">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kuwait–Russia relations">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Russia relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Laos–Russia relations">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lebanon–Russia relations">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Malaysia–Russia relations">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mongolia–Russia relations">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Myanmar–Russia relations">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nepal–Russia relations">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Korea–Russia relations">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Oman–Russia relations">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Pakistan–Russia relations">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Palestine–Russia relations">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Philippines–Russia relations">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Qatar–Russia relations">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Russia–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Russia–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Russia–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Russia–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Russia–Syria relations">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Russia–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Russia–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Russia–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Russia–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Russia–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Russia–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Russia–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Russia–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Albania–Russia relations">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Austria–Russia relations">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belarus–Russia relations">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belgium–Russia relations">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bulgaria–Russia relations">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Croatia–Russia relations">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cyprus–Russia relations">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Czech Republic–Russia relations">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Denmark–Russia relations">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Estonia–Russia relations">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Finland–Russia relations">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="France–Russia relations">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Greece–Russia relations">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Hungary–Russia relations">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iceland–Russia relations">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ireland–Russia relations">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Italy–Russia relations">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Latvia–Russia relations">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lithuania–Russia relations">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Luxembourg–Russia relations">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Malta–Russia relations">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Moldova–Russia relations">Moldova</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Transnistria_relations" title="Russia–Transnistria relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Monaco–Russia relations">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Montenegro–Russia relations">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Netherlands–Russia relations">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Macedonia–Russia relations">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Norway–Russia relations">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Poland–Russia relations">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Portugal–Russia relations">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Romania–Russia relations">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Russia–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Russia–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Russia–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Russia–Spain relations">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Russia–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Russia–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations">Donetsk PR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations">Luhansk PR</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Russia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Holy See–Russia relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Australia–Russia relations">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Fiji–Russia relations">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nauru–Russia relations">Nauru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="New Zealand–Russia relations">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Russia–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="Russia–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="image"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Arab League–Russia relations">Arab League</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">European Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia–NATO relations">NATO</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Russia" title="Arctic policy of Russia">Arctic policy of Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Russia_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:Russia and the Antarctic">Russia and the Antarctic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Near_Abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Abroad">Near Abroad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign Minister</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Russia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Russia">Diplomatic missions of Russia</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Russia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Russia">in Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector" title="Russia in the European energy sector">European energy sector</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Russia" title="Category:Treaties of Russia">Treaties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia" title="Military doctrine of Russia">Military doctrine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Relations_of_the_United_Nations_with_its_member_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:United_Nations%27_relations_with_its_Member_States" title="Template:United Nations' relations with its Member States"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:United_Nations%27_relations_with_its_Member_States" title="Template talk:United Nations' relations with its Member States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:United_Nations%27_relations_with_its_Member_States&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Relations_of_the_United_Nations_with_its_member_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Relations of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> with its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member states</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazil_and_the_United_Nations" title="Brazil and the United Nations">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada_and_the_United_Nations" title="Canada and the United Nations">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexico_and_the_United_Nations" title="Mexico and the United Nations">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_and_the_United_Nations" title="Trinidad and Tobago and the United Nations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Afghanistan and the United Nations">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh_and_the_United_Nations" title="Bangladesh and the United Nations">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">People's Republic of China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations" title="India and the United Nations">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Indonesia and the United Nations">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq_and_the_United_Nations" title="Iraq and the United Nations">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel_and_the_United_Nations" title="Israel and the United Nations">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Japan and the United Nations">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakhstan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Kazakhstan and the United Nations">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korea_and_the_United_Nations" title="Korea and the United Nations">Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanon_and_the_United_Nations" title="Lebanon and the United Nations">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Malaysia and the United Nations">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Pakistan and the United Nations">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestine_and_the_United_Nations" title="Palestine and the United Nations">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines_and_the_United_Nations" title="Philippines and the United Nations">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore_and_the_United_Nations" title="Singapore and the United Nations">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkey_and_the_United_Nations" title="Turkey and the United Nations">Turkey</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albania_and_the_United_Nations" title="Albania and the United Nations">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Armenia and the United Nations">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Azerbaijan and the United Nations">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Belarus_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of Belarus to the United Nations">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France_and_the_United_Nations" title="France and the United Nations">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany_and_the_United_Nations" title="Germany and the United Nations">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakhstan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Kazakhstan and the United Nations">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luxembourg_and_the_United_Nations" title="Luxembourg and the United Nations">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland_and_the_United_Nations" title="Poland and the United Nations">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romania_and_the_United_Nations" title="Romania and the United Nations">Romania</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Serbia and the United Nations">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spain_and_the_United_Nations" title="Spain and the United Nations">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweden_and_the_United_Nations" title="Sweden and the United Nations">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkey_and_the_United_Nations" title="Turkey and the United Nations">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_and_the_United_Nations" title="Ukraine and the United Nations">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_United_Nations" title="United Kingdom and the United Nations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Australia and the United Nations">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiji_and_the_United_Nations" title="Fiji and the United Nations">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marshall_Islands_and_the_United_Nations" title="Marshall Islands and the United Nations">Marshall Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Federated States of Micronesia and the United Nations">Micronesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_and_the_United_Nations" title="New Zealand and the United Nations">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuvalu_and_the_United_Nations" title="Tuvalu and the United Nations">Tuvalu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vanuatu_and_the_United_Nations" title="Vanuatu and the United Nations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Former_members" title="Member states of the United Nations">Former members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations#Republic_of_China_in_the_United_Nations_(1945–1971)" title="China and the United Nations">Republic of China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany_and_the_United_Nations" title="Germany and the United Nations">German Democratic Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="Soviet Union and the United Nations">Soviet Union</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Belarus_to_the_United_Nations#Permanent_Representatives_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of Belarus to the United Nations">Byelorussian SSR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_and_the_United_Nations#Ukraine_in_the_Soviet_Union_(1945–1991)" title="Ukraine and the United Nations">Ukrainian SSR</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Yugoslavia and the United Nations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1683384472' |