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Old page wikitext, before the edit (`old_wikitext`)	'{{Short description\|1992 fringe theory about gun regulations}} {{about\|the claim that Nazi gun control facilitated the Holocaust\|the history of German gun laws\|Gun legislation in Germany}} [[File:Reichsgesetz 1938.jpg\|thumb\|255px\|[[Gun control in Germany#The 1938 German Weapons Act\|German Weapons Act of 18 March 1938]] (RGBl I, 265)]] The '''Nazi gun control argument''' is the claim that gun regulations in [[Nazi Germany]] helped facilitate the rise of the Nazis and the [[The Holocaust\|Holocaust]].<ref name=":22" /><ref name=Kohn2004p187>{{cite book \|last=Kohn \|first=Abigail \|year=2004 \|title=Shooters: Myths and Realities of America's Gun Cultures \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T20AHxh2qZUC&pg=PA187 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|page=187 \|isbn=0-19-515051-1 \|access-date=24 June 2019 \|archive-date=14 May 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514173251/https://books.google.com/books?id=T20AHxh2qZUC&pg=PA187 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery>{{cite encyclopedia \|last=Bryant \|first=Michael S. \|editor-first1=Gregg Lee \|editor1-last=Carter \|encyclopedia=Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law \|title=Holocaust Imagery and Gun Control \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD46JBOhMU0C&pg=PA411 \|edition=2nd \|date=May 4, 2012 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|volume=2 \|location=Santa Barbara, California \|isbn=9780313386701 \|oclc=833189121 \|pages=411–415 \|access-date=2014-03-21 \|archive-date=2014-07-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701074317/http://books.google.com/books?id=oD46JBOhMU0C&pg=PA411 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Historians and [[fact-checker]]s have characterized the argument as dubious or false, and point out that Jews were under 1% of the population and that it would be unrealistic for such a small population to defend themselves even if they were armed.<ref name=Kohn2004p187/><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/><ref name=Nuckols130131/><ref name=Harcourt2004/><ref name= Steinweis2015>{{cite news\|last1=Steinweis\|first1=Alan\|title=Ben Carson Is Wrong on Guns and the Holocaust\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/15/opinion/ben-carson-is-wrong-on-guns-and-the-holocaust.html?_r=0\|access-date=2016-03-15\|work=The New York Times\|date=October 14, 2015\|archive-date=2015-10-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017033835/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/15/opinion/ben-carson-is-wrong-on-guns-and-the-holocaust.html?_r=0\|url-status=live}}</ref> The argument is frequently employed by opponents of [[gun control]] in debates on [[Gun politics in the United States\|U.S. gun politics]], citing [[Gun politics in the United States#Security against tyranny\|security against tyranny]]. Those against the argument most often call it an example of ''[[reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name="TPM130109" /> == Background == {{main\|Disarmament of the German Jews}} In early 1930s Germany, few citizens owned, or were entitled to own firearms,<ref name="Kohn2004p187" /> the [[Weimar Republic]] having strict gun control laws.<ref name="Hitler">{{cite web \|url=http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/ \|title=The Hitler gun control lie \|author=Alex Seitz-Wald \|work=salon.com \|date=January 11, 2013 \|access-date=2013-01-19 \|archive-date=2013-01-19 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119002311/http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> When the [[Nazi party]] gained power, some aspects of gun regulation were loosened for Nazi party members only.<ref name="Harcourt2004" />{{rp\|672}} The laws were tightened in other ways, such as specifically banning ownership of guns by Jews. Nazi laws systematically disarmed so-called "unreliable" persons, especially [[Jews]] while relaxing restrictions for Nazi party members.<ref name="Harcourt2004" />{{rp\|670,676}} The policies were later expanded to include the confiscation of arms in occupied countries.<ref name="Halbrook2000" />{{rp\|533,536}} == Argument == According to [[Gun politics in the United States\|gun rights]] activist [[Neal Knox]], the Nazi gun control hypothesis was first suggested in a 1992 book by Jay Simkin and [[Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership]] (JPFO) founder [[Aaron S. Zelman]]. In it, they compared the German gun laws of 1928 and 1938, and the U.S. Congressional hearings preceding the [[Gun Control Act of 1968]].<ref name=Knox2009p286>{{cite book \|last=Knox \|first=Neal \|year=2009 \|title=The Gun Rights War: Dispatches from the Front Lines 1966 - 2000 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286 \|publisher=MacFarlane \|location=Phoenix, Arizona \|page=286 \|isbn=9780976863304 \|access-date=2016-10-04 \|archive-date=2018-04-18 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418122401/https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286 \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn\|Winkler\|2011\|p=339}} Supporters of the Nazi gun control argument point to a request by U.S. senator [[Thomas J. Dodd]] to the [[Library of Congress]] for a translation of the 1938 Nazi law. Dodd was a prosecutor during the post-war [[Nuremberg trials]] of Nazi war criminals, and as a senator he sponsored gun control bills that led to creation of the 1968 U.S. law. In a 2000 article, NRA attorney [[Stephen Halbrook]] said he was presenting "the first scholarly analysis of the use of gun control laws and policies to establish the Hitler regime and to render political opponents and especially German Jews defenseless."<ref name=Halbrook2000/>{{rp\|485}} In the article, he cites an [[Adolf Hitler]] quote: "the most foolish mistake we could possibly make would be to allow the subject races to possess arms."<ref name=Halbrook2000/>{{rp\|483}}<ref>{{cite book \| title=Hitler's Table Talk 1941-44: His Private Conversations \| author=Trevor-Roper, Hugh R. \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk-aXlliu6cC&pg=PA321 \| year=2008 \| publisher=Enigma Books \| edition=new \| page=321 \| isbn=978-1936274932 \| access-date=2015-04-21 \| archive-date=2016-04-03 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403071339/https://books.google.com/books?id=fk-aXlliu6cC&pg=PA321 \| url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|403}} Other gun advocates such as Halbrook, Zelman, and [[National Rifle Association]] (NRA) leader [[Wayne LaPierre]] have proposed that [[Nazi Party]] policies and laws were an enabling factor in the Holocaust, that prevented its victims from implementing an effective [[German Resistance to Nazism\|resistance]].<ref name="Harcourt2004">{{cite journal \|last=Harcourt \|first=Bernard E. \|year=2004 \|title=On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars (A Call to Historians) \|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4029&context=flr \|journal=Fordham Law Review \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=653–680 \|access-date=2014-04-26 \|archive-date=2014-06-11 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611171631/http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4029&context=flr \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|653–5}}<ref name="Halbrook2000">{{cite journal \|last=Halbrook \|first=Stephen P. \|title=Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews \|journal=[[Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law]] \|year=2000 \|volume=17 \|issue=3 \|pages=483–535 \|url=http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf \|access-date=2014-03-24 \|archive-date=2019-12-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201112317/http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|484}}<ref name="LaPierre1994">{{cite book \|last=LaPierre \|first=Wayne \|year=1994 \|title=Guns, Crime, and Freedom \|url=https://archive.org/details/gunscrimefreedom00lapi_0\|url-access=registration \|location=Washington, D.C. \|publisher=Regnery \|isbn=9780895264770 \|oclc=246629786 }}</ref>{{rp\|87–8,167–8}} Associate professor of criminal justice M Dyan McGuire wrote in her 2011 book: "It is frequently argued that these laws, which resulted in the confiscation of weapons not belonging to supporters of the Nazis, rendered the Jews and other disfavored groups like the Gypsies, homosexuals, Poles, and their potential allies defenseless and set the stage for the slaughter of the Holocaust that followed."<ref name="McGuire2011">{{cite book \|last=McGuire \|first=M. Dyan \|editor-first=William \|editor-last=Chambliss \|title=Courts, Law, and Justice \|publisher=SAGE \|date=2011 \|page=119 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z-nv-sCMBYC&pg=PA119 \|chapter=Gun Control Laws \|isbn=978-1412978576 \|access-date=2016-10-04 \|archive-date=2014-07-05 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705131318/http://books.google.com/books?id=9Z-nv-sCMBYC&pg=PA119 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name= Steinweis2015/> The Nazi gun control argument has been used as a "security against tyranny" argument in [[Gun politics in the United States#Security against tyranny\|U.S. gun politics]].{{sfn\|Winkler\|2011\|p=83}}<ref name=Cottrol991107/> Legal scholar and historian [[Robert J. Cottrol\|Robert Cottrol]] has argued that other authoritarian regimes such as the [[Khmer Rouge]] could have been inhibited by more private gun ownership.<ref name=Cottrol991107>{{cite news \|last=Cottrol \|first=Robert \|date=November 7, 1999 \|title=The Last Line of Defense \|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/07/opinion/op-30850 \|newspaper=Los Angeles Times \|type=opinion \|access-date=April 22, 2014 \|archive-date=January 4, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205505/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/07/opinion/op-30850 \|url-status=live }}</ref> A 2011 open letter from Dovid Bendory, who was the rabbinic director of JPFO, to then New York City mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]], asked: "Are you aware that the Nazis disarmed Jews prior to [[Kristallnacht]] and that those same Nazi gun laws are the foundation of the U.S. Gun Control Act of 1968?"<ref name=Coscarelli2011>{{cite web \|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/03/jewish_firearms.php \|title=Jewish Firearms Group Compares Bloomberg Gun Control to Genocide, Nazis \|author=Coscarelli, Joe \|work=The Village Voice \|date=March 9, 2011 \|access-date=2016-08-22 \|archive-date=2015-04-27 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143532/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/03/jewish_firearms.php \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release \|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> \|title=Rabbi Defends Comparison of Gun Owners to Holocaust Victims \|url=http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/17853676/rabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims \|location=Chicago \|publisher=Fox 32 News \|date=May 3, 2011 \|archive-date=February 27, 2014 \|access-date=2016-08-22 \|url-status=bot: unknown \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140227031314/http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/17853676/rabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims }}</ref> In October 2015, U.S. Republican Presidential Primaries candidate [[Ben Carson]] said that Hitler's mass murder of Jews "would have been greatly diminished" if Germans had not been disarmed by the Nazis.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/carson-suggests-that-gun-rights-might-have-prevented-the-holocaust/2015/10/08/99a82d9e-6df2-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html \|title=Carson suggests that gun rights might have changed history for Jews in WWII \|author=Williams, Vanessa \|newspaper=Washington Post \|date=October 8, 2015 \|access-date=2016-08-21 \|archive-date=2016-05-27 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527051232/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/carson-suggests-that-gun-rights-might-have-prevented-the-holocaust/2015/10/08/99a82d9e-6df2-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2018, U.S. Republican Representative [[Don Young]] posed the question "How many Jews were put in the ovens because they were unarmed?"<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/02/28/rep-don-young-suggests-armed-jews-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust/ \|title=Rep. Don Young suggests armed Jews could have prevented the Holocaust \|author=Savransky, Rebecca \|newspaper=Washington Post \|date=February 28, 2018 \|access-date=2018-03-01 \|archive-date=2018-02-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228212359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/02/28/rep-don-young-suggests-armed-jews-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> === Criticism === Fact-checkers have described this theory as "false" or "debunked".<ref name=":02">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/oct/26/ben-carson/fact-checking-ben-carson-nazi-guns/\|title=Fact-checking Ben Carson's claim that gun control laws allowed the Nazis to carry out Holocaust\|website=@politifact\|language=en\|access-date=2019-01-31\|archive-date=2019-02-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013337/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/oct/26/ben-carson/fact-checking-ben-carson-nazi-guns/\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2018/mar/06/david-simmons/florida-lawmaker-mangles-nazis-gun-control-history/\|title=Florida lawmaker mangles Nazi gun control history\|website=@politifact\|language=en\|access-date=2019-01-31\|archive-date=2019-02-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013229/https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2018/mar/06/david-simmons/florida-lawmaker-mangles-nazis-gun-control-history/\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/facebook-post-claiming-guns-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust-met-with-backlash/2018/04/01/04036e20-35e1-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html\|title=Facebook post claiming guns could have prevented the Holocaust met with backlash\|date=2018\|newspaper=The Washington Post\|access-date=2019-02-26\|archive-date=2019-02-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013116/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/facebook-post-claiming-guns-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust-met-with-backlash/2018/04/01/04036e20-35e1-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/shot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate\|title=Shot down: the myths distorting the US gun debate\|website=Channel 4 News\|date=12 February 2013 \|language=en-GB\|access-date=2019-01-31\|archive-date=2019-02-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065340/https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/shot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate\|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2011 magazine piece, law professor [[Mark Nuckols]] says Nazi gun control hypotheses are part of a "shaky intellectual edifice" underlying "belief in widespread gun ownership as a defense against tyrannical government." He says the idea is "gaining traction with members of Congress as well as fringe conspiracy theorists."<ref name="Nuckols130131">{{cite journal \|last=Nuckols \|first=Mark \|date=January 31, 2013 \|title=Why the 'Citizen Militia' Theory Is the Worst Pro-Gun Argument Ever \|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/01/why-the-citizen-militia-theory-is-the-worst-pro-gun-argument-ever/272734/ \|journal=[[The Atlantic]] \|publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group \|access-date=2015-08-19 \|archive-date=2015-08-22 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822030053/http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/01/why-the-citizen-militia-theory-is-the-worst-pro-gun-argument-ever/272734/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> In his 2011 book, fellow law professor [[Adam Winkler]] says: "This radical wing of the gun rights movement focuses less on the value of guns for self-defense against criminals than on their value for fighting tyranny."{{sfn\|Winkler\|2011\|p=83}} He says the [[American militia movement\|militia groups]] that grew in number across the U.S. after the early 1990s organized "to fight off what they saw as an increasingly tyrannical federal government and what they imagined was the inevitable invasion of the United States by the United Nations."{{sfn\|Winkler\|2011\|p=84}} Winkler wrote that "[to] some on the fringe," the [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act\|Brady Bill]] "was proof that the government was determined to deprive Americans of their constitutional rights."{{sfn\|Winkler\|2011\|p=85}} Because mainstream scholars argue that gun laws in Germany were already strict prior to Hitler,<ref name=Kohn2004p187/><ref name=Harcourt2004/><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/><ref name=Spitzer2004>{{Cite journal \|last=Spitzer \|first=Robert J. \|year=2004 \|title=Don't Know Much About History, Politics, or Theory: A Comment \|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol73/iss2/14/ \|journal=[[Fordham Law Review]] \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=721–730 \|access-date=2014-03-24 \|archive-date=2014-03-22 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322002144/http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol73/iss2/14/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> gun-control advocates may view the hypothesis as a form of ''[[reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name=TPM130109>{{cite news \|last1=McMorris-Santoro \|first1=Evan \|date=January 9, 2013 \|title=Opponents Play The Hitler Card On Gun Control, Supporters Say It's Not Gonna Work This Time \|url=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/opponents-play-the-hitler-card-on-gun-control-supporters-say-it-s-not-gonna-work-this-time \|publisher=[[Talking Points Memo]] \|access-date=2015-04-21 \|archive-date=2015-05-18 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103903/http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/opponents-play-the-hitler-card-on-gun-control-supporters-say-it-s-not-gonna-work-this-time \|url-status=live }}</ref> In a 2004 issue of the ''[[Fordham Law Review]]'', legal scholar [[Bernard Harcourt]] said Halbrook "perhaps rightly" could say that he made the first scholarly analysis of his Nazi-gun-registration subject, but as a gun-rights litigator, not as a historian.<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp\|669–670}} Harcourt called on historians for more research and serious scholarship on Nazi gun laws. "Apparently," Harcourt wrote, "the historians have paid scant attention to the history of firearms regulation in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich."<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp\|679–680}} According to Harcourt, "Nazis were intent on killing Jewish persons and used the gun laws and regulations to further the genocide,"<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp\|676}} but the disarming and killing of Jews was unconnected with Nazi gun control policy, and it is "absurd to even try to characterize this as either pro- or anti-gun control." If he had to choose, Harcourt said, the Nazi regime was pro-gun compared with the [[Weimar Republic]] that preceded it.<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp\|671,677}} He says that gun rights advocates disagree about the relationship between Nazi gun control and the Holocaust, with many distancing themselves from the idea. Political scientist [[Robert Spitzer (political scientist)\|Robert Spitzer]] said (in the same law review as Harcourt, who stated the same thing) the quality of Halbrook's historical research is poor.<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/> In reference to Halbrook's hypothesis that gun control leads to authoritarian regimes, Spitzer says that "actual cases of [[nation-building]] and regime change, including but not limited to Germany, if anything support the opposite position."<ref name=Spitzer2004/>{{rp\|728}} Regarding the "Nazi gun control theory", anthropologist Abigail Kohn wrote in her 2004 book:<ref name=Kohn2004p187/><blockquote>Such counterfactual arguments are problematic because they reinvent the past to imagine a possible future. In fact, Jews were not well-armed and were not able to adequately defend themselves against Nazi aggression. Thus, reimagining a past in which they were and did does not provide a legitimate basis for arguments about what might have followed.</blockquote> In the encyclopedic 2012 book, ''Guns in American Society'', Holocaust scholar Michael Bryant says Halbrook, LaPierre, Zelman, [[Dave Kopel]], and others' "use of history has selected factual inaccuracies, and their methodology can be questioned."<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/> In January 2013, [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) director [[Abraham Foxman]] said in a press release: "The idea that supporters of gun control are doing something akin to what Hitler's Germany did to strip citizens of guns in the run-up to the Second World War is historically inaccurate and offensive, especially to Holocaust survivors and their families."<ref name=ADL130124>{{cite press release \|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> \|date=January 24, 2013 \|title=ADL Says Nazi Analogies Have No Place In Gun Control Debate \|url=http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/holocaust-nazis/adl-says-nazi-analogies-have.html \|location=New York \|publisher=Anti-Defamation League \|access-date=2016-08-22 \|archive-date=2016-04-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406212710/http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/holocaust-nazis/adl-says-nazi-analogies-have.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year, Jewish groups and [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], mayor [[Steven Fulop]] criticized the NRA for comparing gun control supporters to Nazi Germany.<ref name=Giambusso131217>{{cite news \|last=Giambusso \|first=David \|date=December 17, 2013 \|title=Jewish groups, Jersey City Mayor Fulop slam NRA for Holocaust comments \|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/12/jewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html \|newspaper=Star-Ledger \|access-date=2015-04-19 \|archive-date=2015-05-22 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522150843/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/12/jewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> The Jewish Federation of Greater MetroWest NJ released a statement saying: "Access to guns and the systematic murder of six million Jews have no basis for comparison in the United States or in New Jersey. The Holocaust has no place in this discussion and it is offensive to link this tragedy to such a debate."<ref name=Giambusso131217/> == See also == * [[Disarmament of the German Jews]] * [[Gun Control in the Third Reich (book)]] * [[Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe]] * [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] == References == {{reflist\|30em}} == Bibliography == * {{cite book\|last=Winkler \|first= Adam \|title=Gunfight:The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America \|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company \|year=2011 \|location=New York \|isbn=9780393077414 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CR1YBPB5nmkC&pg=PA83 }} == Further reading == '''Works that argue that gun control serves as a necessary, though not sufficient condition, for Genocide''' * {{cite book \|last1=Beck \|first1= Glenn \|last2=Balfe \|first2=Kevin \|last3=Beck \|first3=Hannah \|year=2013 \|title= Control: Exposing the Truth About Guns \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0iNKX98B8OUC&pg=PA108 \|publisher=Simon and Schuster \|pages=108–128 \|isbn= 978-1476739878 }} * {{cite web \| url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/365103/how-nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook \| title=How the Nazis Used Gun Control \| website=National Review \| date=2 December 2013 \| access-date=6 April 2015 \| last=Halbrook \| first = Stephen}} * {{cite journal \|last1=Kopel \|first1=David \|year=1995 \|title=Lethal Laws \|url= http://www.constitution.org/2ll/2ndschol/61lethal.pdf \|journal= New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law \|volume=15 \|issue=1 \|pages=355–398 }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Polsby \|first1=Daniel D. \|last2=Kates \|first2=Don B. \|year=1997 \|title=Of Holocausts and Gun Control \|url=https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol75/iss3/4/ \|journal=Washington University Law Quarterly \|volume=75 \|issue=3 \|pages=1237–1275 \|author-link1=Daniel D. Polsby\|author-link2=Don Kates}} * {{cite book \|last1=Simkin \|first1=Jay \|last2=Zelman \|first2=Aaron \|year=1992 \|title=Gun Control: Gateway to Tyranny \|publisher=Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership \|location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin \|pages=139 \|oclc=29535251 }} '''Works that criticize Nazi gun control arguments''' * {{cite journal \|last=Aronsen \|first=Gavin \|date=January 11, 2013 \|title=Was Hitler Really a Fan of Gun Control? \|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control \|journal=Mother Jones \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112184532/https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control \|archive-date=January 12, 2013 }} * {{cite news \|last=Frank \|first=Monte \|date=July 13, 2013 \|title=The Holocaust taken in vain to promote gun rights \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/13/holocaust-promote-gun-rights \|newspaper=The Guardian \|publisher=Guardian News and Media }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Homsher \|first1=Deborah \|year=2004 \|title=Response to Bernard E. Harcourt's On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars (A Call to Historians)\|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4031&context=flr \|journal= Fordham Law Review \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=715–719 }} {{Firearms}} [[Category:1992 introductions]] [[Category:Fringe theories]] [[Category:Gun politics in the United States]] [[Category:Law of Nazi Germany]] [[Category:Nazi analogies]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (`new_wikitext`)	'== Background == {{main\|Disarmament of the German Jews}} In early 1930s Germany, few citizens owned, or were entitled to own firearms,<ref name="Kohn2004p187" /> the [[Weimar Republic]] having strict gun control laws.<ref name="Hitler">{{cite web \|url=http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/ \|title=The Hitler gun control lie \|author=Alex Seitz-Wald \|work=salon.com \|date=January 11, 2013 \|access-date=2013-01-19 \|archive-date=2013-01-19 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119002311/http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> When the [[Nazi party]] gained power, some aspects of gun regulation were loosened for Nazi party members only.<ref name="Harcourt2004" />{{rp\|672}} The laws were tightened in other ways, such as specifically banning ownership of guns by Jews. Nazi laws systematically disarmed so-called "unreliable" persons, especially [[Jews]] while relaxing restrictions for Nazi party members.<ref name="Harcourt2004" />{{rp\|670,676}} The policies were later expanded to include the confiscation of arms in occupied countries.<ref name="Halbrook2000" />{{rp\|533,536}} == Argument == According to [[Gun politics in the United States\|gun rights]] activist [[Neal Knox]], the Nazi gun control hypothesis was first suggested in a 1992 book by Jay Simkin and [[Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership]] (JPFO) founder [[Aaron S. Zelman]]. In it, they compared the German gun laws of 1928 and 1938, and the U.S. Congressional hearings preceding the [[Gun Control Act of 1968]].<ref name=Knox2009p286>{{cite book \|last=Knox \|first=Neal \|year=2009 \|title=The Gun Rights War: Dispatches from the Front Lines 1966 - 2000 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286 \|publisher=MacFarlane \|location=Phoenix, Arizona \|page=286 \|isbn=9780976863304 \|access-date=2016-10-04 \|archive-date=2018-04-18 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418122401/https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286 \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn\|Winkler\|2011\|p=339}} Supporters of the Nazi gun control argument point to a request by U.S. senator [[Thomas J. Dodd]] to the [[Library of Congress]] for a translation of the 1938 Nazi law. Dodd was a prosecutor during the post-war [[Nuremberg trials]] of Nazi war criminals, and as a senator he sponsored gun control bills that led to creation of the 1968 U.S. law. In a 2000 article, NRA attorney [[Stephen Halbrook]] said he was presenting "the first scholarly analysis of the use of gun control laws and policies to establish the Hitler regime and to render political opponents and especially German Jews defenseless."<ref name=Halbrook2000/>{{rp\|485}} In the article, he cites an [[Adolf Hitler]] quote: "the most foolish mistake we could possibly make would be to allow the subject races to possess arms."<ref name=Halbrook2000/>{{rp\|483}}<ref>{{cite book \| title=Hitler's Table Talk 1941-44: His Private Conversations \| author=Trevor-Roper, Hugh R. \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk-aXlliu6cC&pg=PA321 \| year=2008 \| publisher=Enigma Books \| edition=new \| page=321 \| isbn=978-1936274932 \| access-date=2015-04-21 \| archive-date=2016-04-03 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403071339/https://books.google.com/books?id=fk-aXlliu6cC&pg=PA321 \| url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|403}} Other gun advocates such as Halbrook, Zelman, and [[National Rifle Association]] (NRA) leader [[Wayne LaPierre]] have proposed that [[Nazi Party]] policies and laws were an enabling factor in the Holocaust, that prevented its victims from implementing an effective [[German Resistance to Nazism\|resistance]].<ref name="Harcourt2004">{{cite journal \|last=Harcourt \|first=Bernard E. \|year=2004 \|title=On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars (A Call to Historians) \|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4029&context=flr \|journal=Fordham Law Review \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=653–680 \|access-date=2014-04-26 \|archive-date=2014-06-11 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611171631/http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4029&context=flr \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|653–5}}<ref name="Halbrook2000">{{cite journal \|last=Halbrook \|first=Stephen P. \|title=Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews \|journal=[[Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law]] \|year=2000 \|volume=17 \|issue=3 \|pages=483–535 \|url=http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf \|access-date=2014-03-24 \|archive-date=2019-12-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201112317/http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp\|484}}<ref name="LaPierre1994">{{cite book \|last=LaPierre \|first=Wayne \|year=1994 \|title=Guns, Crime, and Freedom \|url=https://archive.org/details/gunscrimefreedom00lapi_0\|url-access=registration \|location=Washington, D.C. \|publisher=Regnery \|isbn=9780895264770 \|oclc=246629786 }}</ref>{{rp\|87–8,167–8}} Associate professor of criminal justice M Dyan McGuire wrote in her 2011 book: "It is frequently argued that these laws, which resulted in the confiscation of weapons not belonging to supporters of the Nazis, rendered the Jews and other disfavored groups like the Gypsies, homosexuals, Poles, and their potential allies defenseless and set the stage for the slaughter of the Holocaust that followed."<ref name="McGuire2011">{{cite book \|last=McGuire \|first=M. Dyan \|editor-first=William \|editor-last=Chambliss \|title=Courts, Law, and Justice \|publisher=SAGE \|date=2011 \|page=119 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z-nv-sCMBYC&pg=PA119 \|chapter=Gun Control Laws \|isbn=978-1412978576 \|access-date=2016-10-04 \|archive-date=2014-07-05 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705131318/http://books.google.com/books?id=9Z-nv-sCMBYC&pg=PA119 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name= Steinweis2015/> The Nazi gun control argument has been used as a "security against tyranny" argument in [[Gun politics in the United States#Security against tyranny\|U.S. gun politics]].{{sfn\|Winkler\|2011\|p=83}}<ref name=Cottrol991107/> Legal scholar and historian [[Robert J. Cottrol\|Robert Cottrol]] has argued that other authoritarian regimes such as the [[Khmer Rouge]] could have been inhibited by more private gun ownership.<ref name=Cottrol991107>{{cite news \|last=Cottrol \|first=Robert \|date=November 7, 1999 \|title=The Last Line of Defense \|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/07/opinion/op-30850 \|newspaper=Los Angeles Times \|type=opinion \|access-date=April 22, 2014 \|archive-date=January 4, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205505/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/07/opinion/op-30850 \|url-status=live }}</ref> A 2011 open letter from Dovid Bendory, who was the rabbinic director of JPFO, to then New York City mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]], asked: "Are you aware that the Nazis disarmed Jews prior to [[Kristallnacht]] and that those same Nazi gun laws are the foundation of the U.S. Gun Control Act of 1968?"<ref name=Coscarelli2011>{{cite web \|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/03/jewish_firearms.php \|title=Jewish Firearms Group Compares Bloomberg Gun Control to Genocide, Nazis \|author=Coscarelli, Joe \|work=The Village Voice \|date=March 9, 2011 \|access-date=2016-08-22 \|archive-date=2015-04-27 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143532/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/03/jewish_firearms.php \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release \|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> \|title=Rabbi Defends Comparison of Gun Owners to Holocaust Victims \|url=http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/17853676/rabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims \|location=Chicago \|publisher=Fox 32 News \|date=May 3, 2011 \|archive-date=February 27, 2014 \|access-date=2016-08-22 \|url-status=bot: unknown \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140227031314/http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/17853676/rabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims }}</ref> In October 2015, U.S. Republican Presidential Primaries candidate [[Ben Carson]] said that Hitler's mass murder of Jews "would have been greatly diminished" if Germans had not been disarmed by the Nazis.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/carson-suggests-that-gun-rights-might-have-prevented-the-holocaust/2015/10/08/99a82d9e-6df2-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html \|title=Carson suggests that gun rights might have changed history for Jews in WWII \|author=Williams, Vanessa \|newspaper=Washington Post \|date=October 8, 2015 \|access-date=2016-08-21 \|archive-date=2016-05-27 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527051232/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/carson-suggests-that-gun-rights-might-have-prevented-the-holocaust/2015/10/08/99a82d9e-6df2-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2018, U.S. Republican Representative [[Don Young]] posed the question "How many Jews were put in the ovens because they were unarmed?"<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/02/28/rep-don-young-suggests-armed-jews-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust/ \|title=Rep. Don Young suggests armed Jews could have prevented the Holocaust \|author=Savransky, Rebecca \|newspaper=Washington Post \|date=February 28, 2018 \|access-date=2018-03-01 \|archive-date=2018-02-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228212359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/02/28/rep-don-young-suggests-armed-jews-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> === Criticism === Fact-checkers have described this theory as "false" or "debunked".<ref name=":02">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/oct/26/ben-carson/fact-checking-ben-carson-nazi-guns/\|title=Fact-checking Ben Carson's claim that gun control laws allowed the Nazis to carry out Holocaust\|website=@politifact\|language=en\|access-date=2019-01-31\|archive-date=2019-02-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013337/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/oct/26/ben-carson/fact-checking-ben-carson-nazi-guns/\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2018/mar/06/david-simmons/florida-lawmaker-mangles-nazis-gun-control-history/\|title=Florida lawmaker mangles Nazi gun control history\|website=@politifact\|language=en\|access-date=2019-01-31\|archive-date=2019-02-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013229/https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2018/mar/06/david-simmons/florida-lawmaker-mangles-nazis-gun-control-history/\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/facebook-post-claiming-guns-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust-met-with-backlash/2018/04/01/04036e20-35e1-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html\|title=Facebook post claiming guns could have prevented the Holocaust met with backlash\|date=2018\|newspaper=The Washington Post\|access-date=2019-02-26\|archive-date=2019-02-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013116/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/facebook-post-claiming-guns-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust-met-with-backlash/2018/04/01/04036e20-35e1-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/shot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate\|title=Shot down: the myths distorting the US gun debate\|website=Channel 4 News\|date=12 February 2013 \|language=en-GB\|access-date=2019-01-31\|archive-date=2019-02-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065340/https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/shot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate\|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2011 magazine piece, law professor [[Mark Nuckols]] says Nazi gun control hypotheses are part of a "shaky intellectual edifice" underlying "belief in widespread gun ownership as a defense against tyrannical government." He says the idea is "gaining traction with members of Congress as well as fringe conspiracy theorists."<ref name="Nuckols130131">{{cite journal \|last=Nuckols \|first=Mark \|date=January 31, 2013 \|title=Why the 'Citizen Militia' Theory Is the Worst Pro-Gun Argument Ever \|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/01/why-the-citizen-militia-theory-is-the-worst-pro-gun-argument-ever/272734/ \|journal=[[The Atlantic]] \|publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group \|access-date=2015-08-19 \|archive-date=2015-08-22 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822030053/http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/01/why-the-citizen-militia-theory-is-the-worst-pro-gun-argument-ever/272734/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> In his 2011 book, fellow law professor [[Adam Winkler]] says: "This radical wing of the gun rights movement focuses less on the value of guns for self-defense against criminals than on their value for fighting tyranny."{{sfn\|Winkler\|2011\|p=83}} He says the [[American militia movement\|militia groups]] that grew in number across the U.S. after the early 1990s organized "to fight off what they saw as an increasingly tyrannical federal government and what they imagined was the inevitable invasion of the United States by the United Nations."{{sfn\|Winkler\|2011\|p=84}} Winkler wrote that "[to] some on the fringe," the [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act\|Brady Bill]] "was proof that the government was determined to deprive Americans of their constitutional rights."{{sfn\|Winkler\|2011\|p=85}} Because mainstream scholars argue that gun laws in Germany were already strict prior to Hitler,<ref name=Kohn2004p187/><ref name=Harcourt2004/><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/><ref name=Spitzer2004>{{Cite journal \|last=Spitzer \|first=Robert J. \|year=2004 \|title=Don't Know Much About History, Politics, or Theory: A Comment \|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol73/iss2/14/ \|journal=[[Fordham Law Review]] \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=721–730 \|access-date=2014-03-24 \|archive-date=2014-03-22 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322002144/http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol73/iss2/14/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> gun-control advocates may view the hypothesis as a form of ''[[reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name=TPM130109>{{cite news \|last1=McMorris-Santoro \|first1=Evan \|date=January 9, 2013 \|title=Opponents Play The Hitler Card On Gun Control, Supporters Say It's Not Gonna Work This Time \|url=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/opponents-play-the-hitler-card-on-gun-control-supporters-say-it-s-not-gonna-work-this-time \|publisher=[[Talking Points Memo]] \|access-date=2015-04-21 \|archive-date=2015-05-18 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103903/http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/opponents-play-the-hitler-card-on-gun-control-supporters-say-it-s-not-gonna-work-this-time \|url-status=live }}</ref> In a 2004 issue of the ''[[Fordham Law Review]]'', legal scholar [[Bernard Harcourt]] said Halbrook "perhaps rightly" could say that he made the first scholarly analysis of his Nazi-gun-registration subject, but as a gun-rights litigator, not as a historian.<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp\|669–670}} Harcourt called on historians for more research and serious scholarship on Nazi gun laws. "Apparently," Harcourt wrote, "the historians have paid scant attention to the history of firearms regulation in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich."<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp\|679–680}} According to Harcourt, "Nazis were intent on killing Jewish persons and used the gun laws and regulations to further the genocide,"<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp\|676}} but the disarming and killing of Jews was unconnected with Nazi gun control policy, and it is "absurd to even try to characterize this as either pro- or anti-gun control." If he had to choose, Harcourt said, the Nazi regime was pro-gun compared with the [[Weimar Republic]] that preceded it.<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp\|671,677}} He says that gun rights advocates disagree about the relationship between Nazi gun control and the Holocaust, with many distancing themselves from the idea. Political scientist [[Robert Spitzer (political scientist)\|Robert Spitzer]] said (in the same law review as Harcourt, who stated the same thing) the quality of Halbrook's historical research is poor.<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/> In reference to Halbrook's hypothesis that gun control leads to authoritarian regimes, Spitzer says that "actual cases of [[nation-building]] and regime change, including but not limited to Germany, if anything support the opposite position."<ref name=Spitzer2004/>{{rp\|728}} Regarding the "Nazi gun control theory", anthropologist Abigail Kohn wrote in her 2004 book:<ref name=Kohn2004p187/><blockquote>Such counterfactual arguments are problematic because they reinvent the past to imagine a possible future. In fact, Jews were not well-armed and were not able to adequately defend themselves against Nazi aggression. Thus, reimagining a past in which they were and did does not provide a legitimate basis for arguments about what might have followed.</blockquote> In the encyclopedic 2012 book, ''Guns in American Society'', Holocaust scholar Michael Bryant says Halbrook, LaPierre, Zelman, [[Dave Kopel]], and others' "use of history has selected factual inaccuracies, and their methodology can be questioned."<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/> In January 2013, [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) director [[Abraham Foxman]] said in a press release: "The idea that supporters of gun control are doing something akin to what Hitler's Germany did to strip citizens of guns in the run-up to the Second World War is historically inaccurate and offensive, especially to Holocaust survivors and their families."<ref name=ADL130124>{{cite press release \|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> \|date=January 24, 2013 \|title=ADL Says Nazi Analogies Have No Place In Gun Control Debate \|url=http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/holocaust-nazis/adl-says-nazi-analogies-have.html \|location=New York \|publisher=Anti-Defamation League \|access-date=2016-08-22 \|archive-date=2016-04-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406212710/http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/holocaust-nazis/adl-says-nazi-analogies-have.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year, Jewish groups and [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], mayor [[Steven Fulop]] criticized the NRA for comparing gun control supporters to Nazi Germany.<ref name=Giambusso131217>{{cite news \|last=Giambusso \|first=David \|date=December 17, 2013 \|title=Jewish groups, Jersey City Mayor Fulop slam NRA for Holocaust comments \|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/12/jewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html \|newspaper=Star-Ledger \|access-date=2015-04-19 \|archive-date=2015-05-22 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522150843/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/12/jewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> The Jewish Federation of Greater MetroWest NJ released a statement saying: "Access to guns and the systematic murder of six million Jews have no basis for comparison in the United States or in New Jersey. The Holocaust has no place in this discussion and it is offensive to link this tragedy to such a debate."<ref name=Giambusso131217/> == See also == * [[Disarmament of the German Jews]] * [[Gun Control in the Third Reich (book)]] * [[Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe]] * [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] == References == {{reflist\|30em}} == Bibliography == * {{cite book\|last=Winkler \|first= Adam \|title=Gunfight:The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America \|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company \|year=2011 \|location=New York \|isbn=9780393077414 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CR1YBPB5nmkC&pg=PA83 }} == Further reading == '''Works that argue that gun control serves as a necessary, though not sufficient condition, for Genocide''' * {{cite book \|last1=Beck \|first1= Glenn \|last2=Balfe \|first2=Kevin \|last3=Beck \|first3=Hannah \|year=2013 \|title= Control: Exposing the Truth About Guns \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0iNKX98B8OUC&pg=PA108 \|publisher=Simon and Schuster \|pages=108–128 \|isbn= 978-1476739878 }} * {{cite web \| url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/365103/how-nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook \| title=How the Nazis Used Gun Control \| website=National Review \| date=2 December 2013 \| access-date=6 April 2015 \| last=Halbrook \| first = Stephen}} * {{cite journal \|last1=Kopel \|first1=David \|year=1995 \|title=Lethal Laws \|url= http://www.constitution.org/2ll/2ndschol/61lethal.pdf \|journal= New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law \|volume=15 \|issue=1 \|pages=355–398 }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Polsby \|first1=Daniel D. \|last2=Kates \|first2=Don B. \|year=1997 \|title=Of Holocausts and Gun Control \|url=https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol75/iss3/4/ \|journal=Washington University Law Quarterly \|volume=75 \|issue=3 \|pages=1237–1275 \|author-link1=Daniel D. Polsby\|author-link2=Don Kates}} * {{cite book \|last1=Simkin \|first1=Jay \|last2=Zelman \|first2=Aaron \|year=1992 \|title=Gun Control: Gateway to Tyranny \|publisher=Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership \|location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin \|pages=139 \|oclc=29535251 }} '''Works that criticize Nazi gun control arguments''' * {{cite journal \|last=Aronsen \|first=Gavin \|date=January 11, 2013 \|title=Was Hitler Really a Fan of Gun Control? \|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control \|journal=Mother Jones \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112184532/https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control \|archive-date=January 12, 2013 }} * {{cite news \|last=Frank \|first=Monte \|date=July 13, 2013 \|title=The Holocaust taken in vain to promote gun rights \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/13/holocaust-promote-gun-rights \|newspaper=The Guardian \|publisher=Guardian News and Media }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Homsher \|first1=Deborah \|year=2004 \|title=Response to Bernard E. Harcourt's On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars (A Call to Historians)\|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4031&context=flr \|journal= Fordham Law Review \|volume=73 \|issue=2 \|pages=715–719 }} {{Firearms}} [[Category:1992 introductions]] [[Category:Fringe theories]] [[Category:Gun politics in the United States]] [[Category:Law of Nazi Germany]] [[Category:Nazi analogies]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (`edit_diff`)	'@@ -1,9 +1,2 @@ -{{Short description\|1992 fringe theory about gun regulations}} -{{about\|the claim that Nazi gun control facilitated the Holocaust\|the history of German gun laws\|Gun legislation in Germany}} -[[File:Reichsgesetz 1938.jpg\|thumb\|255px\|[[Gun control in Germany#The 1938 German Weapons Act\|German Weapons Act of 18 March 1938]] (RGBl I, 265)]] -The '''Nazi gun control argument''' is the claim that gun regulations in [[Nazi Germany]] helped facilitate the rise of the Nazis and the [[The Holocaust\|Holocaust]].<ref name=":22" /><ref name=Kohn2004p187>{{cite book \|last=Kohn \|first=Abigail \|year=2004 \|title=Shooters: Myths and Realities of America's Gun Cultures \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T20AHxh2qZUC&pg=PA187 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|page=187 \|isbn=0-19-515051-1 \|access-date=24 June 2019 \|archive-date=14 May 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514173251/https://books.google.com/books?id=T20AHxh2qZUC&pg=PA187 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery>{{cite encyclopedia \|last=Bryant \|first=Michael S. \|editor-first1=Gregg Lee \|editor1-last=Carter \|encyclopedia=Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law \|title=Holocaust Imagery and Gun Control \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD46JBOhMU0C&pg=PA411 \|edition=2nd \|date=May 4, 2012 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|volume=2 \|location=Santa Barbara, California \|isbn=9780313386701 \|oclc=833189121 \|pages=411–415 \|access-date=2014-03-21 \|archive-date=2014-07-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701074317/http://books.google.com/books?id=oD46JBOhMU0C&pg=PA411 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Historians and [[fact-checker]]s have characterized the argument as dubious or false, and point out that Jews were under 1% of the population and that it would be unrealistic for such a small population to defend themselves even if they were armed.<ref name=Kohn2004p187/><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/><ref name=Nuckols130131/><ref name=Harcourt2004/><ref name= Steinweis2015>{{cite news\|last1=Steinweis\|first1=Alan\|title=Ben Carson Is Wrong on Guns and the Holocaust\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/15/opinion/ben-carson-is-wrong-on-guns-and-the-holocaust.html?_r=0\|access-date=2016-03-15\|work=The New York Times\|date=October 14, 2015\|archive-date=2015-10-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017033835/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/15/opinion/ben-carson-is-wrong-on-guns-and-the-holocaust.html?_r=0\|url-status=live}}</ref> - -The argument is frequently employed by opponents of [[gun control]] in debates on [[Gun politics in the United States\|U.S. gun politics]], citing [[Gun politics in the United States#Security against tyranny\|security against tyranny]]. Those against the argument most often call it an example of ''[[reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name="TPM130109" /> - == Background == {{main\|Disarmament of the German Jews}} '
New page size (`new_size`)	22585
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Lines removed in edit (`removed_lines`)	[ 0 => '{{Short description\|1992 fringe theory about gun regulations}}', 1 => '{{about\|the claim that Nazi gun control facilitated the Holocaust\|the history of German gun laws\|Gun legislation in Germany}}', 2 => '[[File:Reichsgesetz 1938.jpg\|thumb\|255px\|[[Gun control in Germany#The 1938 German Weapons Act\|German Weapons Act of 18 March 1938]] (RGBl I, 265)]]', 3 => 'The '''Nazi gun control argument''' is the claim that gun regulations in [[Nazi Germany]] helped facilitate the rise of the Nazis and the [[The Holocaust\|Holocaust]].<ref name=":22" /><ref name=Kohn2004p187>{{cite book \|last=Kohn \|first=Abigail \|year=2004 \|title=Shooters: Myths and Realities of America's Gun Cultures \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T20AHxh2qZUC&pg=PA187 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|page=187 \|isbn=0-19-515051-1 \|access-date=24 June 2019 \|archive-date=14 May 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514173251/https://books.google.com/books?id=T20AHxh2qZUC&pg=PA187 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery>{{cite encyclopedia \|last=Bryant \|first=Michael S. \|editor-first1=Gregg Lee \|editor1-last=Carter \|encyclopedia=Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law \|title=Holocaust Imagery and Gun Control \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD46JBOhMU0C&pg=PA411 \|edition=2nd \|date=May 4, 2012 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|volume=2 \|location=Santa Barbara, California \|isbn=9780313386701 \|oclc=833189121 \|pages=411–415 \|access-date=2014-03-21 \|archive-date=2014-07-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701074317/http://books.google.com/books?id=oD46JBOhMU0C&pg=PA411 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Historians and [[fact-checker]]s have characterized the argument as dubious or false, and point out that Jews were under 1% of the population and that it would be unrealistic for such a small population to defend themselves even if they were armed.<ref name=Kohn2004p187/><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/><ref name=Nuckols130131/><ref name=Harcourt2004/><ref name= Steinweis2015>{{cite news\|last1=Steinweis\|first1=Alan\|title=Ben Carson Is Wrong on Guns and the Holocaust\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/15/opinion/ben-carson-is-wrong-on-guns-and-the-holocaust.html?_r=0\|access-date=2016-03-15\|work=The New York Times\|date=October 14, 2015\|archive-date=2015-10-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017033835/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/15/opinion/ben-carson-is-wrong-on-guns-and-the-holocaust.html?_r=0\|url-status=live}}</ref> ', 4 => '', 5 => 'The argument is frequently employed by opponents of [[gun control]] in debates on [[Gun politics in the United States\|U.S. gun politics]], citing [[Gun politics in the United States#Security against tyranny\|security against tyranny]]. Those against the argument most often call it an example of ''[[reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name="TPM130109" />', 6 => '' ]
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'https://web.archive.org/web/20160527051232/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/carson-suggests-that-gun-rights-might-have-prevented-the-holocaust/2015/10/08/99a82d9e-6df2-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html', 46 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180228212359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/02/28/rep-don-young-suggests-armed-jews-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust/', 47 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180418122401/https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286', 48 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013116/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/facebook-post-claiming-guns-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust-met-with-backlash/2018/04/01/04036e20-35e1-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html', 49 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013229/https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2018/mar/06/david-simmons/florida-lawmaker-mangles-nazis-gun-control-history/', 50 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013337/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/oct/26/ben-carson/fact-checking-ben-carson-nazi-guns/', 51 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065340/https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/shot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate', 52 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191201112317/http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf', 53 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200514173251/https://books.google.com/books?id=T20AHxh2qZUC&pg=PA187', 54 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246629786', 55 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29535251', 56 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833189121', 57 => 'https://archive.today/20140227031314/http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/17853676/rabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims' ]
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (`new_html`)	'<div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Argument"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Argument</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disarmament_of_the_German_Jews" title="Disarmament of the German Jews">Disarmament of the German Jews</a></div> <p>In early 1930s Germany, few citizens owned, or were entitled to own firearms,<sup id="cite_ref-Kohn2004p187_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohn2004p187-1">[1]</a></sup> the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> having strict gun control laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitler_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitler-2">[2]</a></sup> When the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazi_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi party">Nazi party</a> gained power, some aspects of gun regulation were loosened for Nazi party members only.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 672">: 672 </span></sup> The laws were tightened in other ways, such as specifically banning ownership of guns by Jews. Nazi laws systematically disarmed so-called "unreliable" persons, especially <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> while relaxing restrictions for Nazi party members.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 670, 676">: 670, 676 </span></sup> The policies were later expanded to include the confiscation of arms in occupied countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halbrook2000-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 533, 536">: 533, 536 </span></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Argument">Argument</span></h2> <p>According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun rights</a> activist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neal_Knox" title="Neal Knox">Neal Knox</a>, the Nazi gun control hypothesis was first suggested in a 1992 book by Jay Simkin and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jews_for_the_Preservation_of_Firearms_Ownership" title="Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership">Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership</a> (JPFO) founder <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aaron_S._Zelman" title="Aaron S. Zelman">Aaron S. Zelman</a>. In it, they compared the German gun laws of 1928 and 1938, and the U.S. Congressional hearings preceding the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knox2009p286_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox2009p286-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler2011339_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2011339-6">[6]</a></sup> Supporters of the Nazi gun control argument point to a request by U.S. senator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_J._Dodd" title="Thomas J. Dodd">Thomas J. Dodd</a> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> for a translation of the 1938 Nazi law. Dodd was a prosecutor during the post-war <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> of Nazi war criminals, and as a senator he sponsored gun control bills that led to creation of the 1968 U.S. law. </p><p>In a 2000 article, NRA attorney <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_Halbrook" title="Stephen Halbrook">Stephen Halbrook</a> said he was presenting "the first scholarly analysis of the use of gun control laws and policies to establish the Hitler regime and to render political opponents and especially German Jews defenseless."<sup id="cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halbrook2000-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 485">: 485 </span></sup> In the article, he cites an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> quote: "the most foolish mistake we could possibly make would be to allow the subject races to possess arms."<sup id="cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halbrook2000-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 483">: 483 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 403">: 403 </span></sup> Other gun advocates such as Halbrook, Zelman, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a> (NRA) leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a> have proposed that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> policies and laws were an enabling factor in the Holocaust, that prevented its victims from implementing an effective <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Resistance_to_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Resistance to Nazism">resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 653–5">: 653–5 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halbrook2000-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 484">: 484 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaPierre1994_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaPierre1994-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87–8, 167–8">: 87–8, 167–8 </span></sup> Associate professor of criminal justice M Dyan McGuire wrote in her 2011 book: "It is frequently argued that these laws, which resulted in the confiscation of weapons not belonging to supporters of the Nazis, rendered the Jews and other disfavored groups like the Gypsies, homosexuals, Poles, and their potential allies defenseless and set the stage for the slaughter of the Holocaust that followed."<sup id="cite_ref-McGuire2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuire2011-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steinweis2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinweis2015-10">[10]</a></sup> </p><p>The Nazi gun control argument has been used as a "security against tyranny" argument in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States#Security_against_tyranny" title="Gun politics in the United States">U.S. gun politics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cottrol991107_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cottrol991107-12">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>Legal scholar and historian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_J._Cottrol" title="Robert J. Cottrol">Robert Cottrol</a> has argued that other authoritarian regimes such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> could have been inhibited by more private gun ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-Cottrol991107_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cottrol991107-12">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>A 2011 open letter from Dovid Bendory, who was the rabbinic director of JPFO, to then New York City mayor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>, asked: "Are you aware that the Nazis disarmed Jews prior to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> and that those same Nazi gun laws are the foundation of the U.S. Gun Control Act of 1968?"<sup id="cite_ref-Coscarelli2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coscarelli2011-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>In October 2015, U.S. Republican Presidential Primaries candidate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> said that Hitler's mass murder of Jews "would have been greatly diminished" if Germans had not been disarmed by the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> </p><p>In February 2018, U.S. Republican Representative <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Don Young</a> posed the question "How many Jews were put in the ovens because they were unarmed?"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span></h3> <p>Fact-checkers have described this theory as "false" or "debunked".<sup id="cite_ref-:02_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-20">[20]</a></sup> </p><p>In a 2011 magazine piece, law professor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Nuckols" title="Mark Nuckols">Mark Nuckols</a> says Nazi gun control hypotheses are part of a "shaky intellectual edifice" underlying "belief in widespread gun ownership as a defense against tyrannical government." He says the idea is "gaining traction with members of Congress as well as fringe conspiracy theorists."<sup id="cite_ref-Nuckols130131_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuckols130131-21">[21]</a></sup> In his 2011 book, fellow law professor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam_Winkler" title="Adam Winkler">Adam Winkler</a> says: "This radical wing of the gun rights movement focuses less on the value of guns for self-defense against criminals than on their value for fighting tyranny."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183-11">[11]</a></sup> He says the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">militia groups</a> that grew in number across the U.S. after the early 1990s organized "to fight off what they saw as an increasingly tyrannical federal government and what they imagined was the inevitable invasion of the United States by the United Nations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201184_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201184-22">[22]</a></sup> Winkler wrote that "[to] some on the fringe," the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brady_Handgun_Violence_Prevention_Act" title="Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act">Brady Bill</a> "was proof that the government was determined to deprive Americans of their constitutional rights."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201185_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201185-23">[23]</a></sup> </p><p>Because mainstream scholars argue that gun laws in Germany were already strict prior to Hitler,<sup id="cite_ref-Kohn2004p187_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohn2004p187-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bryant-HolocaustImagery_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-HolocaustImagery-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spitzer2004_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitzer2004-25">[25]</a></sup> gun-control advocates may view the hypothesis as a form of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reductio_ad_Hitlerum" title="Reductio ad Hitlerum">reductio ad Hitlerum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-TPM130109_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPM130109-26">[26]</a></sup> In a 2004 issue of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fordham_Law_Review" title="Fordham Law Review">Fordham Law Review</a></i>, legal scholar <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bernard_Harcourt" title="Bernard Harcourt">Bernard Harcourt</a> said Halbrook "perhaps rightly" could say that he made the first scholarly analysis of his Nazi-gun-registration subject, but as a gun-rights litigator, not as a historian.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 669–670">: 669–670 </span></sup> Harcourt called on historians for more research and serious scholarship on Nazi gun laws. "Apparently," Harcourt wrote, "the historians have paid scant attention to the history of firearms regulation in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich."<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 679–680">: 679–680 </span></sup> According to Harcourt, "Nazis were intent on killing Jewish persons and used the gun laws and regulations to further the genocide,"<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 676">: 676 </span></sup> but the disarming and killing of Jews was unconnected with Nazi gun control policy, and it is "absurd to even try to characterize this as either pro- or anti-gun control." If he had to choose, Harcourt said, the Nazi regime was pro-gun compared with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> that preceded it.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 671, 677">: 671, 677 </span></sup> He says that gun rights advocates disagree about the relationship between Nazi gun control and the Holocaust, with many distancing themselves from the idea. Political scientist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Spitzer_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Spitzer (political scientist)">Robert Spitzer</a> said (in the same law review as Harcourt, who stated the same thing) the quality of Halbrook's historical research is poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant-HolocaustImagery_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-HolocaustImagery-24">[24]</a></sup> In reference to Halbrook's hypothesis that gun control leads to authoritarian regimes, Spitzer says that "actual cases of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-building</a> and regime change, including but not limited to Germany, if anything support the opposite position."<sup id="cite_ref-Spitzer2004_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitzer2004-25">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 728">: 728 </span></sup> </p><p> Regarding the "Nazi gun control theory", anthropologist Abigail Kohn wrote in her 2004 book:<sup id="cite_ref-Kohn2004p187_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohn2004p187-1">[1]</a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Such counterfactual arguments are problematic because they reinvent the past to imagine a possible future. In fact, Jews were not well-armed and were not able to adequately defend themselves against Nazi aggression. Thus, reimagining a past in which they were and did does not provide a legitimate basis for arguments about what might have followed.</p></blockquote> <p>In the encyclopedic 2012 book, <i>Guns in American Society</i>, Holocaust scholar Michael Bryant says Halbrook, LaPierre, Zelman, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dave_Kopel" title="Dave Kopel">Dave Kopel</a>, and others' "use of history has selected factual inaccuracies, and their methodology can be questioned."<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant-HolocaustImagery_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-HolocaustImagery-24">[24]</a></sup> </p><p>In January 2013, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL) director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_Foxman" title="Abraham Foxman">Abraham Foxman</a> said in a press release: "The idea that supporters of gun control are doing something akin to what Hitler's Germany did to strip citizens of guns in the run-up to the Second World War is historically inaccurate and offensive, especially to Holocaust survivors and their families."<sup id="cite_ref-ADL130124_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADL130124-27">[27]</a></sup> Later that year, Jewish groups and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a>, mayor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steven_Fulop" title="Steven Fulop">Steven Fulop</a> criticized the NRA for comparing gun control supporters to Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Giambusso131217_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giambusso131217-28">[28]</a></sup> The Jewish Federation of Greater MetroWest NJ released a statement saying: "Access to guns and the systematic murder of six million Jews have no basis for comparison in the United States or in New Jersey. The Holocaust has no place in this discussion and it is offensive to link this tragedy to such a debate."<sup id="cite_ref-Giambusso131217_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giambusso131217-28">[28]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disarmament_of_the_German_Jews" title="Disarmament of the German Jews">Disarmament of the German Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_Control_in_the_Third_Reich_(book)" title="Gun Control in the Third Reich (book)">Gun Control in the Third Reich (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kohn2004p187-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kohn2004p187_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohn2004p187_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohn2004p187_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Kohn2004p187</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hitler-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hitler_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Seitz-Wald2013" class="citation web cs1">Alex Seitz-Wald (January 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/">"The Hitler gun control lie"</a>. <i>salon.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119002311/http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=salon.com&rft.atitle=The+Hitler+gun+control+lie&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.au=Alex+Seitz-Wald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2013%2F01%2F11%2Fstop_talking_about_hitler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harcourt2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHarcourt2004" class="citation journal cs1">Harcourt, Bernard E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4029&context=flr">"On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars (A Call to Historians)"</a>. <i>Fordham Law Review</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 653–680. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611171631/http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4029&context=flr">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+Law+Review&rft.atitle=On+Gun+Registration%2C+the+NRA%2C+Adolf+Hitler%2C+and+Nazi+Gun+Laws%3A+Exploding+the+Gun+Culture+Wars+%28A+Call+to+Historians%29&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=653-680&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Harcourt&rft.aufirst=Bernard+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4029%26context%3Dflr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halbrook2000-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHalbrook2000" class="citation journal cs1">Halbrook, Stephen P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf">"Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arizona_Journal_of_International_and_Comparative_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law">Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3): 483–535. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201112317/http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Journal+of+International+and+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Nazi+Firearms+Law+and+the+Disarming+of+the+German+Jews&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=483-535&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Halbrook&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephenhalbrook.com%2Farticle-nazilaw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knox2009p286-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knox2009p286_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKnox2009" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Neal (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286"><i>The Gun Rights War: Dispatches from the Front Lines 1966 - 2000</i></a>. Phoenix, Arizona: MacFarlane. p. 286. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780976863304" title="Special:BookSources/9780976863304"><bdi>9780976863304</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418122401/https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gun+Rights+War%3A+Dispatches+from+the+Front+Lines+1966+-+2000&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+Arizona&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=MacFarlane&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780976863304&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdA3pGSYG2yIC%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2011339-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler2011339_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2011">Winkler 2011</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFTrevor-Roper,_Hugh_R.2008" class="citation book cs1">Trevor-Roper, Hugh R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fk-aXlliu6cC&pg=PA321"><i>Hitler's Table Talk 1941-44: His Private Conversations</i></a> (new ed.). Enigma Books. p. 321. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1936274932" title="Special:BookSources/978-1936274932"><bdi>978-1936274932</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403071339/https://books.google.com/books?id=fk-aXlliu6cC&pg=PA321">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Table+Talk+1941-44%3A+His+Private+Conversations&rft.pages=321&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1936274932&rft.au=Trevor-Roper%2C+Hugh+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfk-aXlliu6cC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaPierre1994-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaPierre1994_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLaPierre1994" class="citation book cs1">LaPierre, Wayne (1994). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunscrimefreedom00lapi_0"><i>Guns, Crime, and Freedom</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C.: Regnery. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895264770" title="Special:BookSources/9780895264770"><bdi>9780895264770</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246629786">246629786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guns%2C+Crime%2C+and+Freedom&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246629786&rft.isbn=9780895264770&rft.aulast=LaPierre&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgunscrimefreedom00lapi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGuire2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGuire2011_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire2011" class="citation book cs1">McGuire, M. Dyan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z-nv-sCMBYC&pg=PA119">"Gun Control Laws"</a>. In Chambliss, William (ed.). <i>Courts, Law, and Justice</i>. SAGE. p. 119. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412978576" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412978576"><bdi>978-1412978576</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705131318/http://books.google.com/books?id=9Z-nv-sCMBYC&pg=PA119">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gun+Control+Laws&rft.btitle=Courts%2C+Law%2C+and+Justice&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1412978576&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=M.+Dyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Z-nv-sCMBYC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinweis2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steinweis2015_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Steinweis2015</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2011">Winkler 2011</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cottrol991107-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cottrol991107_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cottrol991107_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFCottrol1999" class="citation news cs1">Cottrol, Robert (November 7, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/07/opinion/op-30850">"The Last Line of Defense"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i> (opinion). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205505/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/07/opinion/op-30850">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADL+Says+Nazi+Analogies+Have+No+Place+In+Gun+Control+Debate&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Fpress-center%2Fpress-releases%2Fholocaust-nazis%2Fadl-says-nazi-analogies-have.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giambusso131217-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giambusso131217_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giambusso131217_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGiambusso2013" class="citation news cs1">Giambusso, David (December 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/12/jewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html">"Jewish groups, Jersey City Mayor Fulop slam NRA for Holocaust comments"</a>. <i>Star-Ledger</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522150843/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/12/jewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star-Ledger&rft.atitle=Jewish+groups%2C+Jersey+City+Mayor+Fulop+slam+NRA+for+Holocaust+comments&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft.aulast=Giambusso&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F12%2Fjewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2011" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Adam (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CR1YBPB5nmkC&pg=PA83"><i>Gunfight:The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393077414" title="Special:BookSources/9780393077414"><bdi>9780393077414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunfight%3AThe+Battle+Over+the+Right+to+Bear+Arms+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780393077414&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCR1YBPB5nmkC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <p><b>Works that argue that gun control serves as a necessary, though not sufficient condition, for Genocide</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBeckBalfeBeck2013" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Glenn; Balfe, Kevin; Beck, Hannah (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iNKX98B8OUC&pg=PA108"><i>Control: Exposing the Truth About Guns</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 108–128. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476739878" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476739878"><bdi>978-1476739878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control%3A+Exposing+the+Truth+About+Guns&rft.pages=108-128&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1476739878&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Balfe%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Beck%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iNKX98B8OUC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHalbrook2013" class="citation web cs1">Halbrook, Stephen (2 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/365103/how-nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook">"How the Nazis Used Gun Control"</a>. <i>National Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=How+the+Nazis+Used+Gun+Control&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft.aulast=Halbrook&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Farticle%2F365103%2Fhow-nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKopel1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kopel, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/2ll/2ndschol/61lethal.pdf">"Lethal Laws"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 355–398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Law+School+Journal+of+International+and+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Lethal+Laws&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=355-398&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kopel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.org%2F2ll%2F2ndschol%2F61lethal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFPolsbyKates1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_D._Polsby" title="Daniel D. Polsby">Polsby, Daniel D.</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don_Kates" title="Don Kates">Kates, Don B.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol75/iss3/4/">"Of Holocausts and Gun Control"</a>. <i>Washington University Law Quarterly</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 1237–1275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Of+Holocausts+and+Gun+Control&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1237-1275&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Polsby&rft.aufirst=Daniel+D.&rft.au=Kates%2C+Don+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenscholarship.wustl.edu%2Flaw_lawreview%2Fvol75%2Fiss3%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFSimkinZelman1992" class="citation book cs1">Simkin, Jay; Zelman, Aaron (1992). <i>Gun Control: Gateway to Tyranny</i>. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership. p. 139. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29535251">29535251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gun+Control%3A+Gateway+to+Tyranny&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Jews+for+the+Preservation+of+Firearms+Ownership&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29535251&rft.aulast=Simkin&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.au=Zelman%2C+Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Works that criticize Nazi gun control arguments</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFAronsen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Aronsen, Gavin (January 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112184532/https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control">"Was Hitler Really a Fan of Gun Control?"</a>. <i>Mother Jones</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control">the original</a> on January 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Was+Hitler+Really+a+Fan+of+Gun+Control%3F&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.aulast=Aronsen&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fmojo%2F2013%2F01%2Fhitler-stalin-gun-control&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFFrank2013" class="citation news cs1">Frank, Monte (July 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/13/holocaust-promote-gun-rights">"The Holocaust taken in vain to promote gun rights"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Guardian News and Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust+taken+in+vain+to+promote+gun+rights&rft.date=2013-07-13&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Monte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Fjul%2F13%2Fholocaust-promote-gun-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHomsher2004" class="citation journal cs1">Homsher, Deborah (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4031&context=flr">"Response to Bernard E. Harcourt's On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars (A Call to Historians)"</a>. <i>Fordham Law Review</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 715–719.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Response+to+Bernard+E.+Harcourt%27s+On+Gun+Registration%2C+the+NRA%2C+Adolf+Hitler%2C+and+Nazi+Gun+Laws%3A+Exploding+the+Gun+Culture+Wars+%28A+Call+to+Historians%29&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=715-719&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Homsher&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4031%26context%3Dflr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Lists_of_firearms" title="Category:Lists of firearms">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">History</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_firearms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firearm#Types" title="Firearm">Types of firearms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloader</a> versus <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloader</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combination_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination guns">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">Long gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">Carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Musket</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Takedown_gun" title="Takedown gun">Takedown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiple-barrel_firearm" title="Multiple-barrel firearm">Multiple-barrel</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_multiple-barrel_firearms" title="List of multiple-barrel firearms">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Needlegun" title="Needlegun">Needler</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riot_gun" title="Riot gun">Riot gun</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rotary_cannon" title="Rotary cannon">Rotary</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">Smoothbore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">Handguns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cane_gun" title="Cane gun">Cane gun</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Derringer" title="Derringer">Derringer</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duelling_pistol" title="Duelling pistol">Duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_pistols" title="List of pistols">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pepper-box" title="Pepper-box">Pepper-box</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pocket_pistol" title="Pocket pistol">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_revolvers" title="List of revolvers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">Semi-automatic pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_semi-automatic_pistols" title="List of semi-automatic pistols">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pistol_caliber_carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol caliber carbine">Pistol caliber</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Personal_defence_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal defence weapon">Personal defence weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Starting_pistol" title="Starting pistol">Starting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifles</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rifles" title="List of rifles">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-materiel_rifle" title="Anti-materiel rifle">Anti-materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automatic_rifle" title="Automatic rifle">Automatic</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbine_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbine rifle">Carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double_rifle" title="Double rifle">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunting_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting rifle">Hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buffalo_rifle" title="Buffalo rifle">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elephant_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant rifle">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Express_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Express rifle">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varmint_rifle" title="Varmint rifle">Varmint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Designated_marksman_rifle" title="Designated marksman rifle">Marksman</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifling</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polygonal_rifling" title="Polygonal rifling">Polygonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sniper_rifles" title="List of sniper rifles">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_purpose_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="General purpose machine gun">General purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Squad_automatic_weapon" title="Squad automatic weapon">SAW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotguns</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_shotguns" title="List of shotguns">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automatic_shotgun" title="Automatic shotgun">Automatic shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coach_gun" title="Coach gun">Coach gun</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combat_shotgun" title="Combat shotgun">Combat shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double-barreled_shotgun" title="Double-barreled shotgun">Double-barreled</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump action</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riot_shotgun" title="Riot shotgun">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun" title="Sawed-off shotgun">Sawed-off</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Ammunition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/20-gauge_shotgun" title="20-gauge shotgun">20-gauge shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breaching_round" title="Breaching round">Breaching round</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dragon%27s_breath_(ammunition)" title="Dragon's breath (ammunition)">Dragon's breath</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shotgun_shell" title="Shotgun shell">Shotgun shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/.410_bore" title=".410 bore">.410 bore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">Slug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">Historic</a> or Famous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antique_firearms" title="Antique firearms">Antique firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling gun</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Tommy Gun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mechanics_and_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mechanics and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">Barrel</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feed_ramp" title="Feed ramp">Feed ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slug_barrel" title="Slug barrel">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barrel_threads" title="Barrel threads">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">Trunnion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belt_(firearms)" title="Belt (firearms)">Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blank-firing_adapter" title="Blank-firing adapter">Blank-firing adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breechblock" title="Breechblock">Breechblock</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breechface" title="Breechface">Breechface</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)" title="Bolt (firearms)">Bolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rotating_bolt" title="Rotating bolt">Rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telescoping_bolt" title="Telescoping bolt">Telescoping</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flapper_locking" title="Flapper locking">Flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roller_locked" title="Roller locked">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tilting_bolt" title="Tilting bolt">Tilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bump_stock" title="Bump stock">Bump stock</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocking_handle" title="Cocking handle">Cocking handle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)" title="Cylinder (firearms)">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">Extractor</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">Firing pin</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">Flash suppressor</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fluting_(firearms)" title="Fluting (firearms)">Fluting</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forward_assist" title="Forward assist">Forward assist</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freebore" title="Freebore">Freebore</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forearm_(firearm_component)" title="Forearm (firearm component)">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vertical_forward_grip" title="Vertical forward grip">Foregrip</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)" title="Hammer (firearms)">Hammer</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Half-cock" title="Half-cock">Half-cock</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Linear_hammer" title="Hammer (firearms)">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Striker" title="Hammer (firearms)">Striker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lock_(firearm)" title="Lock (firearm)">Lock</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">Flintlock</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">Wheellock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">Magazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bottom_metal" title="Bottom metal">Bottom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clip_(firearms)" title="Clip (firearms)">Clip</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drum_magazine" title="Drum magazine">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High-capacity_magazine" title="High-capacity magazine">High-capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jungle_style_(firearm_magazines)" title="Jungle style (firearm magazines)"><i>Jungle style</i></a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speedloader" title="Speedloader">Speedloader</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stripper_clip" title="Stripper clip">Stripper clip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muzzle_brake" title="Muzzle brake">Muzzle brake</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">Muzzle shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pistol_grip" title="Pistol grip">Pistol grip</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pistol_slide" title="Pistol slide">Pistol slide</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rail_system_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail system (firearms)">Rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)" title="Receiver (firearms)">Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recoil_pad" title="Recoil pad">Recoil pad</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rim_(firearms)" title="Rim (firearms)">Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safety_(firearms)" title="Safety (firearms)">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barrel_shroud" title="Barrel shroud">Shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Squeeze_bore" title="Squeeze bore">Squeeze bore</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Choke_(firearms)" title="Choke (firearms)">Choke</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tapering_(firearms)" title="Tapering (firearms)">Tapering</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">Trigger</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trigger_guard" title="Trigger guard">guard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">Sights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diopter_sight" title="Diopter sight">Diopter</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finderscope" title="Finderscope">Finderscope</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Globe_sight" title="Globe sight">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holographic_weapon_sight" title="Holographic weapon sight">Holographic</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laser_sight_(firearms)" title="Laser sight (firearms)">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">Reticle</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reflex_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex sight">Reflex</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_dot_sight" title="Red dot sight">Red dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sight_magnifier" title="Sight magnifier">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scope_mount" title="Scope mount">Scope mount</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">Telescopic</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Night-vision_device" title="Night-vision device">Night vision</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermal_weapon_sight" title="Thermal weapon sight">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sighting_in" title="Sighting in">Zeroing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blowback_(firearms)" title="Blowback (firearms)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blow-forward" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow-forward">Blow-forward</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolt_action" title="Bolt action">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boxlock_action" title="Boxlock action">Boxlock</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breachloader" class="mw-redirect" title="Breachloader">Breachloading</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Break_action" title="Break action">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_bolt" title="Open bolt">Open bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Closed_bolt" title="Closed bolt">Closed bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electronic_firing" title="Electronic firing">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading" title="Gas-operated reloading">Gas-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lever_action" title="Lever action">Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloading</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Out-of-battery" title="Out-of-battery">Out-of-battery</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Push_feed_and_controlled_feed" title="Push feed and controlled feed">Push/Controlled feed</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recoil_operation" title="Recoil operation">Recoil-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Repeating_firearm" title="Repeating firearm">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slamfire" title="Slamfire">Slamfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">Ballistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">Ballistic coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">External</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terminal_ballistics" title="Terminal ballistics">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transitional_ballistics" title="Transitional ballistics">Transitional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics of firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder">Rangefinding/keeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mathematical_discussion_of_rangekeeping" title="Mathematical discussion of rangekeeping">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinding" title="Stadiametric rangefinding">Stadiametric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Accurizing" title="Accurizing">Accurizing</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bore_axis" title="Bore axis">Bore axis</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">Caliber</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">Circular error probable</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effective_range#Weapons" title="Effective range">Effective range</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gauge_(firearms)" title="Gauge (firearms)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_chronograph" title="Gun chronograph">Gun chronograph</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Length_of_pull" title="Length of pull">Length of pull</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lock_time" title="Lock time">Lock time</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Match_grade" title="Match grade">Match grade</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures" title="Mean time between failures">Mean time between failures</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc#Firearms" title="Minute and second of arc">Minute of Angle (MOA)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearms)">Muzzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">Velocity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penetration_(weaponry)" title="Penetration (weaponry)">Penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_factor_(shooting_sports)" title="Power factor (shooting sports)">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Precision-guided_firearm" title="Precision-guided firearm">Precision-guided</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">Rate of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">Recoil</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shot_grouping" title="Shot grouping">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stock_(firearms)#Stock_measurements" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stopping_power" title="Stopping power">Stopping power</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Handgun_effectiveness" title="Handgun effectiveness">Handgun effectiveness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rifling#Twist_rate" title="Rifling">Twist rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Shooting_and_ammunition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dry_fire" title="Dry fire">Dry fire</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Firing (Shooting)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">Firefight</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firearm_maintenance" title="Firearm maintenance">Maintenance</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Field_strip" title="Field strip">Field strip</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">Fouling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firearm_malfunction" title="Firearm malfunction">Malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooking_off" title="Cooking off">Cooking off</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Squib_load" title="Squib load">Squib load</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">Ricochet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">Ignition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_forming" title="Fire forming">Fire forming</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obturation" title="Obturation">Obturation</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">Primer</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">Percussion cap</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">Rimfire</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tubes_and_primers_for_ammunition" title="Tubes and primers for ammunition">Tubes and Primers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">Propellant</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramrod" title="Ramrod">Ramrod</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">Smokeless powder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">Ammunition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dummy_round" title="Dummy round">Dummy round</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snap_cap" title="Snap cap">Snap cap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flechette" title="Flechette">Flechette</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overpressure_ammunition" title="Overpressure ammunition">Overpressure ammunition</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polymer-cased_ammunition" title="Polymer-cased ammunition">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">Sabot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">Wadding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">Bullets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armor-piercing_bullet" title="Armor-piercing bullet">Armour piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">Expanding</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Full_metal_jacket_(ammunition)" title="Full metal jacket (ammunition)">Full metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frangible_bullet" title="Frangible bullet">Frangible</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition" title="Incendiary ammunition">Incendiary</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary" title="High-explosive incendiary">High explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary/armor-piercing_ammunition" title="High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition">HEIAP</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">Projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raufoss_Mk_211" title="Raufoss Mk 211">Raufoss</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">Round shot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saboted_light_armor_penetrator" title="Saboted light armor penetrator">SLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soft-point_bullet" title="Soft-point bullet">Soft point</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supercavitating_ammunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercavitating ammunition">Supercavitating</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Total_metal_jacket" title="Total metal jacket">Total metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">Tracer</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">Hollow point</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meplat" title="Meplat">Meplat</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plastic-tipped_bullet" title="Plastic-tipped bullet">Plastic tipped</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell" title="Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic capped shell">ABCBC</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snake_shot" title="Snake shot">Snake shot</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spitzer_(bullet)" title="Spitzer (bullet)">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Very-low-drag_bullet" title="Very-low-drag bullet">VLD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">Cartridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caseless_ammunition" title="Caseless ammunition">Caseless</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centerfire_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire cartridge">Centrefire</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">Handloading</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rifle_cartridge" title="Rifle cartridge">Rifle cartridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fully_powered_cartridge" title="Fully powered cartridge">Fully powered</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge" title="Intermediate cartridge">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rifle_cartridges" title="List of rifle cartridges">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinfire_cartridge" title="Pinfire cartridge">Pinfire</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildcat_cartridge" title="Wildcat cartridge">Wildcat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society,_safety,_industry,_and_laws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">industry</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celebratory_gunfire" title="Celebratory gunfire">Celebratory gunfire</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Civilian gun ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Percent_of_households_with_guns_by_country" title="Percent of households with guns by country">Household ownership rates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exhibition_shooting" title="Exhibition shooting">Exhibition shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Gun cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Gun culture in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_shows_in_the_United_States" title="Gun shows in the United States">Gun shows</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_firearms" title="List of U.S. state firearms">State firearms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pistol_duelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol duelling">Pistol duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_gun_politics_articles" title="Index of gun politics articles">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_violence" title="Gun violence">Gun violence</a><br />and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_assassinations_by_firearm" title="List of assassinations by firearm">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_firearm-related_death_rate" title="List of countries by firearm-related death rate">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forensic_firearm_examination" title="Forensic firearm examination">Forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">Gunfighter</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Gun safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">Firearm industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/3D_printed_firearm" title="3D printed firearm">3D printed firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_3D_printed_weapons_and_parts" title="List of 3D printed weapons and parts">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_firearm_brands" title="List of firearm brands">Firearm brands</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Firearms_by_country" title="Category:Firearms by country">Firearms by country</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_shop" title="Gun shop">Gun shops</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Firearm_commerce" title="Category:Firearm commerce">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Improvised_firearm" title="Improvised firearm">Improvised firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_most-produced_firearms" title="List of most-produced firearms">Most-produced</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Privately_made_firearm" title="Privately made firearm">Privately made</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Small_arms_trade" title="Small arms trade">Small arms trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">Gun control</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaign_Against_Arms_Trade" title="Campaign Against Arms Trade">Campaign Against Arms Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Featureless_rifles" title="Featureless rifles">Featureless rifles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Gun laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_travel_with_firearms_and_ammunition" title="Air travel with firearms and ammunition">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">Assault weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concealed_carry" title="Concealed carry">Concealed carry</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concealed_carry_in_the_United_States" title="Concealed carry in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firearms_license" title="Firearms license">License</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High-capacity_magazine_ban" title="High-capacity magazine ban">High-capacity magazine ban</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;">United States Gun:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">Laws</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Gun laws in the United States by state">by U.S. state</a>)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assault_weapons_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Assault weapons legislation in the United States">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (`tor_exit_node`)	false
Unix timestamp of change (`timestamp`)	'1683600169'