Examine individual changes

'<ref></ref>{{Short description|Chinese artist (1051–1107)}} {{Multiple issues| {{Peacock|date=July 2014}} {{More citations needed|date=June 2022}} }} {{Family name hatnote|[[Mi (surname)|Mi]]|lang=Chinese}} {{Infobox Chinese | title = '''Mi Fu''' | pic = 米芾.jpg | piccap = Mi Fu as depicted in a 1107 CE painting by Chao Buzhi | picsize = 300px | c = 米芾 or 米黻 | p = Mǐ Fú | w = Mi Fu | j = Mei⁵ Fat¹ | mc = Miei^B Pjwǝt | hiragana = べいふつ | romaji = Bei Futsu | hangul = 미불 | mr = Mi Bul }} '''Mi Fu''' ({{zh|t=米芾 or 米黻|p=Mǐ Fú}}, also given as '''Mi Fei''', 1051–1107 CE)<ref name="Barnhart">Barnhart: 373. His [[courtesy name]] was Yuanzhang (元章) with several sobriquets: Nangong (南宮), Lumen Jushi (鹿門居士), Xiangyang Manshi (襄陽漫士), and Haiyue Waishi (海岳外史)</ref> was a Chinese painter, [[Chinese poetry|poet]] and [[Chinese calligraphy|calligrapher]] who was born in [[Taiyuan]] during the [[Song dynasty]]. He became known for his style of painting misty landscapes. This style would be deemed the "Mi Fu" style and involved the use of large wet dots of ink applied with a flat brush. His poetry was influenced by [[Li Bai]] and his calligraphy by [[Wang Xizhi]]. Mi Fu is regarded as one of the four greatest calligraphers of the Song dynasty, alongside [[Su Shi]], [[Huang Tingjian|Hung Tingjian]] and [[Cai Xiang|Cai Xian]]. His style is derived from calligraphers in earlier dynasties, although he developed unique traits of his own. As a personality, Mi Fu was noted as an [[eccentricity (behavior)|eccentric]]; including a mania of cleanliness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sturman |first1=Peter Charles |title=Mi Fu: Style and the Art of Calligraphy in Northern Song China |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06569-5 |page=214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_iggzYNsX8C |access-date=5 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> At times, he was deemed "Madman Mi" due to his obsession with collecting stones. He was also known to be a heavy drinker. His son, [[Mi Youren]], also became a well known painter following in his father's artistic style. ==Biography== [[Image:Mi Fei 001.jpg|right|thumb|300px|''Mountains and Pines in Spring'' (detail), [[National Palace Museum]] (Taipei)]] According to Yao Weiyuan, Mi Fu was a fifth-generation descendant of [[Emperor Yi of Chu|Mi Xin]], a [[Later Zhou]] and early [[Song dynasty]] general from the [[Kumo Xi]] tribe that descended from the [[Xianbei]].<ref name="Sturman1997">{{cite book|last=Sturman|first=Peter Charles|title=Mi Fu|url=https://archive.org/details/mifustyleartofca00stur|url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06569-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/mifustyleartofca00stur/page/56 56]}}</ref><ref name="kessler">{{cite book|last=Kessler|first=Adam Theodore|title=Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iABEQXUfmhIC|year=2012|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=9789004218598|page=202}}</ref> However, according to other scholars, his family probably was of distant [[Sogdia]]n heritage.<ref name="kai">{{cite book|author=Kaikodo (Gallery : New York, N.Y.), Sarah Handler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQpJAQAAIAAJ|title=懐古堂|pages=74|publisher=[[LIT Verlag|LIT]]|year=1999|isbn=9789627956204|quote=Mi Fu (1052-1107), a Northerner by birth (and of Sogdian heritage) developed a passionate attachment to}}</ref><ref name="mccausland">{{cite book|editor=McCausland, Shan|author=Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, Percival David Foundation of Modern Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_npAAAAMAAJ|title=Gu Kaizhi and the Admonitions Scroll|pages=143|publisher=[[British Museum Press]]|year=2003|isbn=9780714124148|quote=An eccentric character, Mi Fu reputedly was descended from Sogdian ancestry}}</ref><ref name="franke">{{cite book|last=Franke|first=Herbert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZQKAQAAIAAJ|title=Sung Biographies: N-Y & Painters|pages=116|publisher=[[Franz Steiner Verlag|Steiner]]|year=1976|isbn=9780714124148|quote=Mi Fu was born in Hsiang - yang county (Hupei) in the 12th month of the third year of the huang - yu era, corresponding to the beginning of 1052. The mi family which was probably of Sogdian origin [...]}}</ref><ref name="bushish">{{cite book|author=Susan Bush, Hsio-yen Shih|editor=Hsio-yen Shih, Susan Bush|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnfKcPw4T90C|title=Early Chinese Texts on Painting|pages=116|publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]]|year=2012|isbn=9789888139736|quote=MI FU (1052—1107), T. YUAN-CHANG, H. HAI-YUEH, CHIA-CHU TAO-SHIH. From Hsiang-yang (in Hupei province). A noted calligrapher and connoisseur, he came from a family that was probably of Sogdian origin and was known for military leaders [...]}}</ref> His surname "[[Mi (surname)#Notable people with the surname|Mi]]" is of Sogdian origin,<ref name="lit">{{cite book|editor=Li Tang, Dietmar W. Winkler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC|title=From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia 2013|pages=116|publisher=[[LIT Verlag|LIT]]|year=2013|isbn=9783643903297|quote=}}</ref> and he was born after a long period in which the Sogdians intensively migrated deep into China and established flourishing communities there, and he referred to himself as "descendant of ''huozheng,''" "fire priest" (according to Jiang Boqin), having a seal with this inscribed on it. However, other Chinese scholars reject Jiang's interpretation, saying that ''huozheng'' referred to "Fire virtue" and was related to the Zhao family, and that he had other seals claiming different things.<ref name="deng">{{cite book|author=Xiaonan Deng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMVAEAAAQBAJ|title=The Ancestors' Instructions Must Not Change: Political Discourse and Practice in the Song Period|pages=116|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|year=2021|isbn=9789004473270|quote=}}</ref> He showed early signs of interest in arts and letters, as well as unusual memory skills. His mother worked as a [[midwife]] and later as a [[wet-nurse]], looking after the [[Emperor Shenzong of Song|Emperor Shenzong]]. Mi Fu knew the imperial family and he lived in the privileged location of the royal palaces, where he also started his career as Reviser of Books, Professor of Painting and Calligraphy in the capital, Secretary to the Board of Rites, and Military Governor of Huaiyang. Mi Fu openly criticized conventional regulations of the time, causing him to move between jobs frequently. Mi Fu collected old writings and paintings as his family wealth gradually diminished. Gradually his collection's value grew. He also inherited some of the calligraphies in his collection. He wrote: <blockquote>When a man of today obtains such an old sample it seems to him as important as his life, which is ridiculous. It is in accordance with human nature, that things which satisfy the eye, when seen for a long time become boring; therefore, they should be exchanged for fresh examples, which then appear double satisfying. That is the intelligent way of using pictures.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}<!-- This quotation does not seem super relevant to what was said above. There doesn't seem to be a need for it, but I am hesitant to remove it before obtaining other opinions. --></blockquote> He arranged his collection in two parts, one of which was kept secret (or shown only to a few selected friends) and another which could be shown to visitors. In his later years, Mi Fu became very fond of Holin Temple (located on Yellow Crane Mountain (黃鶴樓)). He later asked to be buried at its gate. Today the temple is gone, but his grave remains.<ref>Red Pine. ''Poems of the Masters'', p. 127. Copper Canyon Press 2003.</ref> ==Historical background== [[File:米公祠.jpg|left|thumb|130px|Mi Fu Memorial Temple in [[Xiangyang]]]] After the rise of [[landscape painting]], creative activities followed which were of a more general kind and included [[Profanity|profane]], [[Religious art|religious figure]], bird, flower and [[bamboo painting]]s besides landscapes. It was all carried out by men of high intellectual standards. To most of these men, painting was not a professional occupation but only one of the means by which they expressed their intellectual reactions to life and nature in visible symbols. [[Poetry]] and illustrative writing were in a sense even more important to them than painting and they made their living as more or less prominent government officials if they did not depend on family wealth. Even if some of them were skilled at [[Ink wash painting|ink painting]] and calligraphy, they avoided the fame and position of professional artists and became known as "gentleman-painters."<!-- Can someone add the original Chinese term for this? --> Artistic occupations such as calligraphy and painting were seen as leisure activities from official duties or practical occupations. Nevertheless, the foundation of their technical mastery was in writing and calligraphy, which allowed them to transmit their thoughts with the same easiness in symbols of nature as in conventional characters. Their art became therefore a very intimate kind of expression, or idea-writing as it was called in later times. The beauty of this art was indeed closely connected to the visible ease with which it was produced, but which after all could not be achieved without intense training and deep thought.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Mi Fu was one of the highly gifted gentleman-painters. With his very keen talent of artistic observation together with sense of humor and literary ability, he established for himself a prominent place among Chinese art historians; his contributions in this field are still highly valued because they are based on what he had seen with his own eyes and not simply on what he had heard or learned from his forerunners.{{Clarify|reason=What does this mean? Maybe an example from secondary/tertiary literature would be useful here|date=June 2022}} Mi Fu had the courage to express his own views, even when these were different from the prevailing ones or official opinions. His notes about painting and calligraphy are of great interest to art historians because they are spontaneous expressions of his own observations and independent ideas that help to characterize himself as well as the artists whose works he discusses.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} ==Art== [[File:Mi Fei Chan Chi Ming Tie1.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Calligraphy by Mi Fu, ink on paper, collection of the [[Tokyo National Museum]]]] He is considered one of the most important representatives of the [[Southern School]] (南宗畫) of landscape painting. However, it is no longer possible clearly to say this from the pictures which passed under his name – many works are attributed to him, and most of them represent a rather definite type or pictorial style which existed also in later centuries, but to what extent they can be considered as Mi Fu's own creations is still a question. Therefore, he is more remembered as a skilled calligrapher and for his influence as a critic and writer on art rather than a skilled landscape painter.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Mi Fu was among those for whom writing or calligraphy was intimately connected with the composing of poetry or sketching. It required an alertness of mind and spirit, which he thought was best achieved through the enjoyment of wine. Through this he reached a state of excitement rather than drunkenness. A friend of Mi Fu, [[Su Shih]] (蘇軾) admired him and wrote that his brush was like a sharp sword handled skillfully in fight or a bow which could shoot the arrow a thousand ''[[Li (unit)|li]]'', piercing anything that might be in its way. "It was the highest perfection of the art of calligraphy", he wrote.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Other critics claimed that only Mi Fu could imitate the style of the great calligraphers of the [[Six Dynasties]]. Mi Fu's son testified that his father always kept some calligraphic masterpiece of the [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] or the [[Qin Dynasty|Qin]] period in his desk as a model. At night he would place it in a box at the side of his pillow.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} According to some writings,{{Which|date=June 2022}} Mi Fu did most of his paintings during the last seven years of his life, and he himself wrote that "he chose as his models the most ancient masters and painted guided by his own genius and not by any teacher and thus represented the loyal men of antiquity."{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The pictures which still pass under Mi Fu's name represent ranges of wooded hills or cone-shaped mountain peaks rising out of layers of woolly mist. At their feet may be water and closer towards the foreground clusters of dark trees. One of the best known examples of this kind of Mi Fu style is the small picture in the Palace Museum known as ''Spring Mountains and Pine-Trees''. It is in the size of a large album-leaf, but at the top of the picture is added a poem said to be by the emperor [[Emperor Gaozong of Song]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Among the pictures which are attributed to Mi Fu, there apparently are imitations, even if they are painted in a similar manner with a broad and soft brush. They may be from Southern Song period, or possibly from the [[Yuan Dynasty|Yuan]] period, when some of the leading painters freely utilized the manner of Mi Fu for expressing their own ideas. The majority are probably from the later part of [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] period, when a [[Cult of personality|cult]] of Mi Fu followers that viewed him as the most important representative of the Southern School started. Mi Fu himself had seen many imitations, perhaps even of his own works and he saw how wealthy amateurs spent their money on great names rather than on original works of art. He wrote that they "place their pictures in brocade bags and provide them with jade rollers as if they were very wonderful treasures, but when they open them one cannot but break out into laughter."{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} [[Image:Mi Fu Wu Jiang Zhou Zhong Shi.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Poems in Wuzi's Boat (Part), ink on paper, private collection in New York]] Mi Fu's own manner of painting has been characterized by writers who knew it through their own observation or through hearsay. It is said{{Who|date=June 2022}} that he always painted on paper which had not been prepared with gum or [[alum]] (alauns), never on silk or on the wall. In addition, he did not necessarily use the brush in painting with ink; sometimes he used paper sticks or sugar cane from which the juice had been extracted, or a [[sepal|calyx]] (kauss) of the [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Even if Mi Fu was principally a landscape painter, he also did portraits and figure paintings of an old-fashioned type. Nevertheless, he must have spent more time studying samples of ancient calligraphy and painting than producing pictures of his own.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} His book, ''Huashi'' ("History of Painting"), contains practical hints as to the proper way of collecting, preserving, cleaning and mounting pictures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Science/huashi.html|title=Huashi 畫史|accessdate=March 31, 2023|date=September 4, 2013|author=Ulrich Theobald|work=www.chinaknowledge.de}}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Poetry}} * [[Chinese art]] * [[Chinese painting]] * [[Culture of the Song Dynasty]] * [[History of Chinese art]] == Citations == {{reflist}} == General references == * Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997). ''Three Thousand years of Chinese Painting''. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-07013-6}}. p.&nbsp;373. * Rhonda and Jeffrey Cooper (1997). ''Masterpieces of Chinese Art''. Todtri Productions. {{ISBN|1-57717-060-1}}. p.&nbsp;76. * Xiao, Yanyi, [http://www.wordpedia.com/search/Content.asp?ID=77317 "Mi Fu"]. ''[[Encyclopedia of China]]'' (Arts Edition), 1st ed. ==External links== {{Commons category|Mi Fu}} * [http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/calligraphy-mi-fu.php Mi Fu and his Calligraphy Gallery] at China Online Museum * {{Cite web | title=米芾的書畫世界 The Calligraphic World of Mi Fu's Art | url=http://tech2.npm.gov.tw/mifu/ | publisher=National Palace Museum | location=Taipei | year=2006 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923044914/http://tech2.npm.gov.tw/mifu/ | archivedate=2013-09-23 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mi, Fu}} [[Category:1051 births]] [[Category:1107 deaths]] [[Category:11th-century Chinese calligraphers]] [[Category:11th-century Chinese painters]] [[Category:11th-century Chinese poets]] [[Category:12th-century Chinese calligraphers]] [[Category:12th-century Chinese painters]] [[Category:12th-century Chinese poets]] [[Category:Painters from Shanxi]] [[Category:People from Taiyuan]] [[Category:Poets from Shanxi]] [[Category:Song dynasty calligraphers]] [[Category:Song dynasty painters]] [[Category:Song dynasty poets]]'