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'{{short description|1859 novel by Wilkie Collins}} {{Other uses|The Woman in White (disambiguation){{!}}The Woman in White}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}} {{Infobox book | <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] --> | name = The Woman in White | author = Wilkie Collins | image = The Woman In White - Cover.jpg | caption = Cover of first US edition | country = United Kingdom | language = English | series = | genre = [[Mystery novel]], [[Sensation novel]] | publisher = ''[[All the Year Round]]'' | release_date = 26 November 1859 – 25 August 1860 | pages = | isbn = <!--n/a--> | oclc= 41545143 | preceded_by = [[The Dead Secret]] | followed_by = [[No Name (novel)|No Name]] }} '''''The Woman in White''''' is [[Wilkie Collins]]'s fifth published novel, written in 1859 and set from 1849 to 1850. It is a [[Mystery fiction|mystery novel]] and falls under the genre of "[[sensation novel]]s". The story can be seen as an early example of [[detective fiction]] with protagonist Walter Hartright employing many of the sleuthing techniques of later private detectives. The use of [[multiperspectivity|multiple narrators]] (including nearly all the principal characters) draws on Collins's legal training,<ref>{{cite news |title = How I Write my Books |author = Wilkie Collins |work = [[The Globe (London newspaper)|The Globe]] |date= 26 November 1887 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Mr Wilkie Collins in Gloucester Place |work= Number 81 in 'Celebrities at Home', [[The World (1753 newspaper)|The World]] |date= 26 December 1877 }}</ref> and as he points out in his preamble: "the story here presented will be told by more than one pen, as the story of an offence against the laws is told in Court by more than one witness". Collins also drew on memories of his father, the artist William Collins, in the creation of drawing master Walter Hartright, and populates his story with a number of Italian characters, likely inspired by two years spent in Italy during childhood. In 2003, [[Robert McCrum]] writing for ''[[The Observer]]'' listed ''The Woman in White'' number 23 in "the top 100 greatest novels of all time",<ref>{{cite news| title = 100 greatest novels of all time | newspaper = Guardian | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/oct/12/features.fiction | access-date = 27 October 2012 | location=London | first=Robert | last=McCrum | date=12 October 2003}}</ref> and the novel was listed at number 77 on the [[BBC]]'s survey [[The Big Read]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100_2.shtml "BBC – The Big Read"]. BBC. April 2003, Retrieved 18 October 2012</ref> {{TOC limit|2}} ==Characters== * Walter Hartright – A young teacher of drawing, something of an [[everyman]] character, and distinguished by a strong sense of justice. * Frederick Fairlie – A wealthy [[hypochondriac]] land-owner: the uncle of Laura Fairlie, distinguished principally by his mock-politeness toward all other characters. * Laura Fairlie – Mr. Fairlie's gentle, guileless, pretty niece: an heiress and orphan. * Marian Halcombe – Laura's elder half-sister and companion; not attractive but intelligent and resourceful. She is described as one "of the finest creations in all Victorian fiction" by [[John Sutherland (author)|John Sutherland]].<ref>The Woman in White, notes by John Sutherland, {{ISBN|0-19-283429-0}}</ref> * Anne Catherick ("The Woman in White") – An eccentric young woman distinguished by her insistence on white clothes; an illegitimate daughter of Laura's father. * Jane Catherick – Anne's unsympathetic mother; in league with Sir Percival Glyde in committing her daughter to the asylum. Depicted as an unpleasant character. * Vincent Gilmore – Lawyer to the Fairlies and close friend. * Sir Percival Glyde, Baronet – Laura's fiancé and then husband; able to appear charming and gracious when he wishes but often abrasive. * Count Fosco – Sir Percival's closest friend; his full name is Isidor Ottavio Baldassare Fosco. A grossly fat [[Italians|Italian]] with a mysterious past: eccentric, bombastic, urbane but intelligent and menacing. He keeps canaries and mice as pets. The Count greatly admires Marian for her intellect, so much so that he is willing to compromise several weak points in his plan (such as allowing Marian to retrieve Laura from the asylum) for her sake. * Countess Fosco – Laura's aunt: once a giddy girl but now humourless and in near-unbroken obedience to her husband. * Professor Pesca – A teacher of [[Italian language|Italian]] and good friend of Walter. The professor finds Walter the Limmeridge job, introducing him to Laura and Marian and proves to be Fosco's unexpected [[Archenemy|nemesis]]. ==Plot== Walter Hartright, a young art teacher, encounters and gives directions to a mysterious and distressed woman dressed entirely in white, lost in London; he is later informed by policemen that she has escaped from an asylum. Soon afterwards, he travels to Limmeridge House in [[Cumberland]], having been hired as a drawing teacher on the recommendation of his friend, Pesca, an Italian language teacher. The Limmeridge household comprises the invalid Frederick Fairlie and Walter's students: Laura Fairlie, Mr. Fairlie's niece, and Marian Halcombe, her devoted half-sister. Walter realises that Laura bears an astonishing resemblance to the woman in white, who is known to the household by the name of Anne Catherick, a mentally disabled child who formerly lived near Limmeridge and was devoted to Laura's mother, who first dressed her in white. Over the next few months, Walter and Laura fall in love, despite Laura's betrothal to Sir Percival Glyde, [[Baronet]]. Upon realising this, Marian advises Walter to leave Limmeridge. Laura receives an anonymous letter warning her against marrying Glyde. Walter deduces that Anne has sent the letter and encounters her again in Cumberland; he becomes convinced that Glyde originally placed Anne in the asylum. Despite the misgivings of the family lawyer over the financial terms of the marriage settlement, which will give the entirety of Laura's fortune to Glyde if she dies without leaving an heir, and Laura's confession that she loves another man, Laura and Glyde marry in December 1849 and travel to Italy for six months. Concurrently, Walter joins an expedition to [[Honduras]]. After six months, Sir Percival and Lady Glyde return to his house, [[Blackwater, Hampshire|Blackwater]] Park in [[Hampshire]]; accompanied by Glyde's friend, Count Fosco (married to Laura's aunt). Marian, at Laura's request, resides at Blackwater and learns that Glyde is in financial difficulties. Glyde attempts to bully Laura into signing a document that would allow him to use her marriage settlement of £20,000, which Laura refuses to do. Anne, who is now terminally ill, travels to Blackwater Park and contacts Laura, saying that she holds a secret that will ruin Glyde's life. Before she can disclose the secret, Glyde discovers their communication, and believing Laura knows his secret, becomes extremely paranoid and attempts to keep her held at Blackwater. With the problem of Laura's refusal to give away her fortune and Anne's knowledge of his secret, Fosco conspires to use the resemblance between Laura and Anne to exchange their two identities. Sir Percival and Fosco will trick both individuals into travelling with them to London; Laura will be placed in an asylum under the identity of Anne, and Anne will be buried under the identity of Laura upon her imminent death. Marian overhears enough of the plan to understand they are conspiring against someone's life but not any of the details, but becomes soaked by rain in her hiding place and falls ill. While Marian is ill, Laura is tricked into travelling to London, and the identity switch is accomplished. Anne Catherick succumbs to her illness and is buried as Laura, while Laura is drugged and conveyed to the asylum as Anne. When Marian visits the asylum, hoping to learn something from Anne, she finds Laura, who has been treated by her attendants as a deluded Anne when she protests her true identity as Laura. Marian bribes the nurse, and Laura escapes. Meanwhile, Walter has returned from Honduras, and the three live incognito in London, making plans to restore Laura's identity. During his research, Walter discovers Glyde's secret: he was illegitimate, and therefore not entitled to inherit his title or property. In the belief that Walter has discovered or will discover his secret, Glyde attempts to incinerate the incriminating documents but perishes in the flames. From Anne's mother (Jane Catherick), Walter discovers that Anne never knew what Glyde's secret was. She had only known that there was a secret around Glyde and had repeated words her mother had said in anger to threaten Glyde. The truth was that Glyde's mother was already married to an Irish man, who had left her, and was not free to remarry. While he had no problem claiming the estate, Glyde needed his parents' marriage certificate to borrow money. He therefore went to a church in the village where his parents had lived together and where the vicar, who had served there, had died long ago, and added a fake marriage to the church register. Mrs. Catherick helped him obtain access to the register and was rewarded with a gold watch and an annual payment. With the death of Glyde in a fire while attempting to destroy a duplicate of the register, the trio is safe from persecution, but they still have no way of proving Laura's true identity. Walter suspects that Anne died before Laura's trip to London, and proof of this would prove their story, but only Fosco knows the dates. Walter works out from a letter he received from Mrs. Catherick's former employer that Anne was the illegitimate child of Laura's father, making her Laura's half-sister. On a visit to the opera with Pesca, he learns that Fosco has betrayed an Italian nationalist society, of which Pesca is a high-ranking member. When Fosco prepares to flee the country, Walter forces a written confession from him in exchange for safe passage from England. Laura's identity is legally restored, and the inscription on her gravestone replaced by that of Anne Catherick. Fosco escapes, only to be killed by another agent of the society. To ensure the legitimacy of his efforts on her part, Walter and Laura have married earlier; on the death of Frederick Fairlie, their son inherits Limmeridge. ==Themes and influences== A theme of the story is the unequal position of married women in law at the time. Laura Glyde's interests have been neglected by her uncle and her fortune of £20,000 (then an enormous sum of money) by default falls to her husband on her death. Collins dedicated this novel to [[Bryan Procter]], poet and Commissioner for Lunacy, and was inspired by the case of [[Louisa Nottidge]]{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}, who was abducted and imprisoned for the monetary convenience of her family. [[Lunatic asylum#Women in psychiatric institutions|Women could be imprisoned in "lunatic asylums"]] if they became embarrassing or inconvenient to their husbands or fathers. In addition, before the passage of the [[Married Women's Property Act 1882]], all of a wife's assets passed automatically to her husband. ==Publication== The novel was first published in [[Serial (literature)|serial]] form in 1859–60, appearing in [[Charles Dickens]]' magazine ''[[All the Year Round]]'' (UK) and ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'' (US). It was published in book form in 1860.<ref name="symons" /> ==Critical reception== The novel was extremely successful commercially, but contemporary critics were generally hostile.<ref name=symons>{{cite book|last=Symons|first=Julian|title=Introduction to "The Woman in White"|year=1974|publisher=Penguin}}</ref> Modern critics and readers regard it as Collins's best novel:<ref name="symons" /> a view with which Collins concurred, as it is the only one of his novels named in his chosen [[epitaph]]: "Author of ''The Woman in White'' and other works of fiction".<ref name=peters>{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Catherine|title=The King of Inventors|url=https://archive.org/details/kingofinventorsl0000pete|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691033921}}</ref> ==Adaptations== ===Theatre=== *1860 [[Surrey Theatre]] stage [[melodrama]] ''The Woman in White'' *1871 Wilkie Collins stage melodrama ''The Woman in White'' *1975 [[Tim Kelly (playwright)|Tim Kelly]] stage melodrama ''Egad, the Woman in White'' *1988 [[Melissa Murray (playwright)|Melissa Murray]] stage play ''The Woman in White''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bdcmuseum.org.uk/explore/item/67474/|title=The Woman In White|website=[[Bill Douglas Cinema Museum]]|access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> *2004 [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] stage [[musical theatre|musical]] ''[[The Woman in White (musical)|The Woman in White]]'' *2005 [[Constance Cox]] stage play ''The Woman in White''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samuelfrench-london.co.uk/books/woman-white|title=The Woman in White|publisher=Samuel French Ltd|access-date=2 October 2012|archive-date=23 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20121223134311/https://samuelfrench-london.co.uk/books/woman-white|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Film and television=== * two 1912 American silent films ** ''[[The Woman in White (1912 film)|The Woman in White]]'' * two 1917 American silent films **[[The Woman in White (1917 film)|The Woman in White]] with [[Florence La Badie]] ** ''[[Tangled Lives (1917 film)|Tangled Lives]]'' * 1921 Austrian silent film ''[[The Woman in White (1921 film)|The Woman in White]]'' * 1929 British silent film adapted by Robert Cullen starring [[Haddon Mason]] as Walter Hartright and [[Louise Prussing]] as Marian Halcombe ** ''[[The Woman in White (1929 film)|The Woman in White]]'' *The 1940 film ''[[Crimes at the Dark House]]'' (1940) directed by [[George King (film director)|George King]] is loosely based on ''The Woman in White'' with [[Tod Slaughter]] playing the part of the false Sir Percival Glyde and [[Hay Petrie]] as Count Fosco renamed "Dr. Isidore Fosco.". * [[The Woman in White (1948 film)|1948 Hollywood film]] adapted by [[Stephen Morehouse Avery]] starring [[Gig Young]] as Walter Hartright, [[Alexis Smith]] as Marian Halcombe, [[Eleanor Parker]] as Laura Fairlie/Anne Catherick and [[Sydney Greenstreet]] as Count Fosco. * [[The Woman in White (1966 TV series)|1966 BBC serial]] in six parts starring [[Alethea Charlton]] as Marian Halcombe, [[Jennifer Hilary]] as Laura Fairlie and [[Nicholas Pennell]] as Walter Hartright. All six episodes are believed to be [[Lost television broadcast|lost]]. * 1971 German TV miniseries ''{{ill|The Woman in White (1971 miniseries)|de|3=Die Frau in Weiß (1971)|lt=The Woman in White}}'', adapted by {{Ill|Herbert Asmodi|de}}, directed by Wilhelm Semmelroth, starring [[Christoph Bantzer]] as Walter Hartright, [[Heidelinde Weis]] as Laura Fairlie/Anne Catherick and [[Eric Pohlmann]] as Count Fosco. * 1980 RAI Television (Italian National Public Broadcasting Company), Four episodes. Directed by Mario Morini; Screenplay by: Idalberto Fei and Giovannella Gaipa, starring Anna Maria Gherardi (Marian Halcombe), Micaela Esdra (Laura Glyde, née Fairlie), Paolo Bonacelli (Percival Glyde), Lino Troisi (Count Fosco) * 1982 [[BBC]] [[The Woman in White (1982 TV series)|mini-series]] adapted by [[Ray Jenkins (writer)|Ray Jenkins]] starring [[Daniel Gerroll]] as Walter Hartright and [[Diana Quick]] as Marian Halcombe * 1982 [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] film under the Russian title ''Zhenshchina v belom'', directed by Vadim Derbenyov and starring [[Aleksandr Abdulov]] as Walter Hartright and [[Lithuania]]n actress Gražina Baikštytė as both Laura Fairlie and Anne Catherick * 1997 [[BBC]] [[The Woman in White (1997 TV series)|TV series]] adapted by [[David Pirie]] starring [[Andrew Lincoln]] as Walter Hartright and [[Tara Fitzgerald]] as Marian Halcombe; also broadcast on [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] television in 1998 * 2018 [[BBC]] [[The Woman in White (2018 TV series)|TV series]] was adapted by [[Fiona Seres]]. This series starred [[Ben Hardy (actor)|Ben Hardy]] as Walter Hartright and [[Jessie Buckley]] as Marian Halcombe. It aired in the UK in spring of 2018 in five episodes. ===Radio=== * A 12-part adaptation by Howard Agg, broadcast on [[BBC Radio 4]] October–December 1969, with [[Peter Baldwin (actor)|Peter Baldwin]] as Walter Hartright, Margaret Wolfit as Marian Halcombe, Patricia Gallimore as Laura Fairlie, [[Denys Hawthorne]] as Sir Percival Glyde and [[Francis de Wolff]] as Count Fosco.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/e9ad9e5685a74986b689b093c3f2049d|title=BBC Programme Index}}</ref> * A four-part adaptation by Martyn Wade, broadcast on BBC Radio 4's ''[[Classic Serial]]'' November–December 2001, with [[Toby Stephens]] as Walter Hartright, [[Juliet Aubrey]] as Marian Halcombe, [[Emily Bruni]] as Laura Fairlie, [[Jeremy Clyde]] as Sir Percival Glyde and [[Philip Voss]] as Count Fosco.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00fsxp4|title = BBC Radio 4 Extra - Wilkie Collins - the Woman in White}}</ref> ===Literature=== * [[Douglas Preston]] and [[Lincoln Child]] published the novel ''[[Brimstone (Preston and Child novel)|Brimstone]]'' (2004), featuring a modern re-imagining of the villain Count Fosco. * James Wilson, ''The Dark Clue'' (2001): a "sequel" to ''The Woman in White'' * [[Sarah Waters]], ''[[Fingersmith (novel)|Fingersmith]]'' (2002) is a reimagining of ''The Woman in White'' ===Computer games=== * "Victorian Mysteries: Woman in White" created by FreezeTag Games (2010) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Wikisource|The Woman in White}} {{Commons category}} * {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/wilkie-collins/the-woman-in-white}} * {{gutenberg|no=583|name=The Woman in White}} * {{librivox book | title=The Woman in White | author=Wilkie COLLINS}} {{Wilkie Collins}} {{The Woman in White}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Woman in White, The}} [[Category:1860 British novels]] [[Category:British Gothic novels]] [[Category:British mystery novels]] [[Category:British novels adapted into films]] [[Category:British novels adapted into plays]] [[Category:British novels adapted into television shows]] [[Category:Epistolary novels]] [[Category:Fiction set in 1849]] [[Category:Fiction set in 1850]] [[Category:Harper & Brothers books]] [[Category:Novels about sleep disorders]] [[Category:Novels adapted into video games]] [[Category:Novels by Wilkie Collins]] [[Category:Novels first published in serial form]] [[Category:Novels set in Cumbria]] [[Category:Novels set in Hampshire]] [[Category:Novels set in the 1840s]] [[Category:Novels set in the 1850s]] [[Category:Sensation novels]] [[Category:Victorian novels]] [[Category:Works originally published in All the Year Round]]'