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'{{Short description|Town in Pskov Oblast, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2012}} {{More footnotes|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox Russian inhabited locality | en_name = Pytalovo | ru_name = Пыталово | loc_name1 = | loc_lang1 = | loc_name2 = | loc_lang2 = | loc_name3 = | loc_lang3 = | loc_name4 = | loc_lang4 = | other_name = | other_lang = | image_skyline = | image_caption = | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{Coord|57|04|N|27|55|E|display=inline,title}} | image_flag = | flag_caption = | image_coa = Coat of Arms of Pytalovo (Pskov oblast).png | coa_caption = | anthem = | anthem_ref = | holiday = | holiday_ref = <!-- administrative status --> | federal_subject = [[Pskov Oblast]] | federal_subject_ref = <ref name="Incorp" /> | adm_district_jur = [[Pytalovsky District]] | adm_district_jur_ref = <ref name="Incorp" /> | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_citydistrict_jur = | adm_citydistrict_type = | adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = | adm_selsoviet_jur = | adm_selsoviet_type = | adm_selsoviet_jur_ref = | capital_of = | capital_of_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = Pytalovsky District | adm_ctr_of1_ref = <ref name="OKATO" /> | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | adm_ctr_of3 = | adm_ctr_of3_ref = | inhabloc_cat = Town | inhabloc_cat_ref = <ref name="Incorp" /> | inhabloc_type = | inhabloc_type_ref = <!-- municipal status --> | mun_district_jur = Pytalovsky Municipal District | mun_district_jur_ref = <ref name="PskovO_mun" /> | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | urban_settlement_jur = Pytalovo Urban Settlement | urban_settlement_jur_ref = <ref name="PskovO_mun"/> | rural_settlement_jur = | rural_settlement_jur_ref = | inter_settlement_territory = | inter_settlement_territory_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = Pytalovsky Municipal District | mun_admctr_of1_ref = <ref name="OKTMO">{{OKTMO reference|58 653}}</ref> | mun_admctr_of2 = Pytalovo Urban Settlement | mun_admctr_of2_ref = <ref name="PskovO_mun" /> | leader_title = | leader_title_ref = | leader_name = | leader_name_ref = | representative_body = | representative_body_ref = <!-- statistics --> | elevation_m = | area_km2 = | area_km2_ref = | pop_2010census = 5826 | pop_2010census_rank = | pop_2010census_ref = <ref name="2010Census" /> | pop_latest = | pop_latest_date = | pop_latest_ref = | population_demonym = | time_zone_ref = <!-- history --> | established_date = the end of the<br />18th century | established_title = Known since | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = 1933 | current_cat_date_ref = <ref name="gr" /> | abolished_date = | abolished_date_ref = <!-- misc --> | postal_codes = 181410 | postal_codes_ref = | dialing_codes = 81147 | dialing_codes_ref = | website = | date=July 2020}} '''Pytalovo''' ({{lang-ru|Пыта́лово}}; {{lang-lv|Pitalova}} or {{lang-lv|Abrene}} is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Pytalovsky District]] in [[Pskov Oblast]], [[Russia]], located on the [[Utroya River]] (a [[tributary]] of the [[Velikaya River|Velikaya]]), {{convert|102|km|sp=us}} southwest of [[Pskov]], the administrative center of the [[oblast]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=5,826|p2002=6,806|p1989=7,166}} It was previously known as ''Pytalovo or Novo-Dmitrovskoye'' (until 1925),<ref name="Pospelov" /> ''Jaunlatgale'' (until 1938),<ref name="gr" /> ''Abrene'' (until 1945).<ref name="gr" /> ==Etymology== Accounts of the origin of Pytalovo's name reflect the region's dichotomy. The unofficial Pytalovo website offers two theories about the origin of the town's name.<ref name="RuEtym">Unofficial website of Pytalovo. [http://www.pytalovo.ellink.ru/name_history.htm О названии города] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> One is that it was named after Lieutenant Pytalov, a guard to [[Catherine the Great]], who received the lands in 1766 for reasons unknown, that estate subsequently being sold off by his descendants.<ref name="RuEtym" /> The other is that the name is derived from the Russian verb "{{lang|ru|пытать}}" (meaning "to torture"), named after a church courtyard with a large iron cross used to torture and execute people.<ref name="RuEtym" /> Another theory is that Pytalovo is Russified form of the Latvian toponym "Pietālava" ([[Latvian language|Latvian]] "pie Tālavas", or [[Latgalian language|Latgalian]] "pī Tuolavas"), meaning "near Tālava", with [[Tālava]] being the name of an ancient Latvian feudal state.<ref>D. Eglitis quoting historian Edgars Andersons in ''Imagining the Nation: History, Modernity, and Revolution in Latvia''. Penn State Press, 2002.</ref> Russophones comprised the majority of the population in a number of parishes during Latvia's initial independence, with further Russification ongoing. Nevertheless, the older generation testified to their Latvian heritage.<ref name="Krasnais">[http://www.klubs415.lv/majaslapa/rakstupielikumi/Latviska_Jaunlatgale.pdf Latviskā Jaunlatgale'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307165038/http://www.klubs415.lv/majaslapa/rakstupielikumi/Latviska_Jaunlatgale.pdf |date=March 7, 2014}}, V. Krasnais, "Latviskā Jaunlatgale, Apgabala Vēsturiskie Likteņi'', retrieved June 22, 2013; also available at [http://latvji.narod.ru/latvjaunlatgale.html]; local community leader A. Briedis recounted during the period: "Nevertheless, the older generation in these parishes completely confirms that in older times they had spoken Latvian and that the Russians had called them Latvians. But now, as the older generation passes on, children are being educated in Russian schools as Russians even under Latvia".</ref> Historian Carl von Stern wrote of a cultural awakening amongst the region's inhabitants in the 1930s despite generations of Russification. Two thousand inhabitants from across Pskov gathered in September 1934 and proclaimed: "We are not Russian, but, indeed, Latvian. We are returning to our Latvian heritage. Latvians, lend us your helping hand, support and hasten our return!"<ref name="Krasnais" /> Audiences wept as they heard old familiar folk songs sung with words and a language lost over time.<ref name="Krasnais" /> A more concrete testament to Pytalovo's Latvian heritage is that the Latvian folk costumes of the region are the only ones which still preserve the most ancient tradition of white dress, once used in both daily life and for festive occasions.<ref name="Dress">"Несколько столетий тому назад одежда белого цвета была широко распространена по всей территории Латвии. Теперь Абренский этнографический район остался единственным, где еще можно встретить такую одежду. Характерно, что здесь белыми были как праздничный наряд, так и рабочая одежда." from ''Abrene Women's Folk Costume'', Latvian State Printing House, Riga. ca. 1960</ref> ==History== {{Quote box |width=18em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0D4DE |title=Historical affiliations |fontsize=85% |quote=<poem>{{flag|Russian Empire}} 18th century–1917 {{flag|Republic of Latvia}} 1920–1940 {{flag|Latvian SSR}} 1940-1944 {{flag|Soviet Union}} 1944–1991 {{flag|Russian Federation}} 1991–present</poem> }} Pytalovo, alternatively known as '''Novo-Dmitrovskoye''' ({{lang|ru|Ново-Дмитровское}}),<ref name="Pospelov">{{cite book|last=Поспелов|first=Е. М.|script-title=ru:Географические названия мира: Топонимический словарь|url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_geo/8528/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE|year=2001|publisher=АСТ|language=ru}}</ref> a rural locality in [[Vyshgorodok]] [[volost]], [[Ostrov, Ostrovsky District, Pskov Oblast|Ostrovsky]] [[Uyezd]], [[Pskov Governorate]], had been known since the end of the 18th century.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} In the last quarter of the 19th century, it had a population of&nbsp;59.<ref name="Pospelov" /> It grew significantly after gaining a railway station by a newly constructed railway branch. In February 1918 [[Operation Faustschlag|the German Army advances]] on Pskov and Petrograd capturing Pytalovo until fall 1918, when the [[Red Army]] retakes it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pskov.ru/region/istoriya/pervaya-mirovaya|title=В годы первой Мировой войны {{!}} Официальный портал государственных органов Псковской области|publisher=www.pskov.ru|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref> In January 1920 Pytalovo was attacked by advancing [[Latvian War of Independence|Latvian republican units]] and the frontline as of noon 1 February 1920 was stipulated as the border demarcation line by the [[Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty]] between the [[Latvia|Latvian Republic]] and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]. By the [[Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty]] of 1920, the western part of [[Ostrovsky Uyezd]], including Pytalovo, was passed to [[Latvia]].<ref>[http://www.lcb.lv/cd/Latgales%20Vestnesis%201937-1939/data/1938/Latgales_Vestnesis_1938_N087.pdf Latgales partizāņus pieminot] "Latgales vēstnesis" nr. 87 (432), 1938. gada 10. augustā (in Latvian)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pytalovo.ellink.ru/letopis.htm|title=History of Pytalovo (in Russian)|website=Pytalovo Unofficial WEB-site|access-date=January 1, 2017}}</ref> In 1925, Latvians renamed it '''Jaunlatgale''', which it was known as until 1938, when the name was changed to '''Abrene'''.<ref name="gr">{{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|page=371}}</ref> In 1933, it was granted town status.<ref name="gr" /> During the interwar period, it was the administrative center of [[Abrene District]].{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} After the annexation of Latvia by the Soviet Union in 1940, the town originally remained a part of the [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvian SSR]]. During [[World War II]], the town was occupied by the German Army from July&nbsp;5, 1941 until July&nbsp;22, 1944<ref name="gr" /> and administered as part of the [[Generalbezirk Lettland]] of [[Reichskommissariat Ostland]]. On January&nbsp;16, 1945,<ref name="gr" /> the town and the surrounding areas were transferred to Pskov Oblast of the [[Russian SFSR]] and Pytalovsky District was established.<ref name="PskovO1988">''Administrative-Territorial Structure of Pskov Oblast'', p.&nbsp;14</ref> At the same time, the town's original name (Pytalovo) was restored.<ref name="gr" /> Whether the region is historically Russian or Latvian became a highly politicized issue after Latvia restored its independence in 1991 and a border dispute erupted with Russia over the region. The [[Abrene District]], constituting roughly 2% of Latvia's territory, was transferred to the Russian SFSR in 1945, but it had originally been a part of Russia and ceded to Latvia only a quarter century earlier, in 1920. [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] infamously proclaimed in 2005 that Latvia "will get the ears of a dead donkey but not Pytalovo [Abrene]".<ref name="DeadDonkey">R. Mole. ''The Baltic States from the Soviet Union to the European Union: Identity, Discourse and Power in the Post-Communist Transition of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania''. Routledge, 2012.</ref> The border dispute was not resolved until 2007, when a treaty between Latvia and Russia recognizing the existing border was signed.<ref name="2007Treaty">{{cite web|url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/treaty-puts-legal-stamp-eu-external-border|title=Treaty puts legal stamp on EU external border|publisher=New Europe Online|access-date=June 27, 2014}}</ref> ==Administrative and municipal status== Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], Pytalovo serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Pytalovsky District]],<ref name="OKATO">{{OKATO reference|58 253}}</ref> to which it is directly subordinated.<ref name="Incorp">Law #833-oz stipulates that the borders of the administrative districts are identical to the borders of the municipal districts. The Law #420-oz, which describes the borders and the composition of the municipal districts, lists the town of Pytalovo as a part of Pytalovsky District.</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] of Pytalovo is incorporated within Pytalovsky Municipal District as '''Pytalovo Urban Settlement'''.<ref name="PskovO_mun">Law #420-oz</ref> ==Economy== ===Industry=== As of 2003, only two industrial enterprises survived in Pytalovo—a textile factory and a printing house. A milk factory and a [[flax]] production factory, previously the biggest enterprises in the district, were defunct.<ref name="rg">{{cite journal|last=Никоноров|first=Николай|date=November 13, 2003|script-title=ru:Не потопаешь - не полопаешь|journal=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|volume=2003|issue=29|url=http://www.rg.ru/2003/11/13/bezrabotitsa.html|language=ru}}</ref> ===Transportation=== [[File:Abrene, dzelzceļa stacija - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Railway station]] Pytalovo is an important railway station on the railway from [[Saint Petersburg|St.&nbsp;Petersburg]] via [[Pskov]] to [[Rēzekne]] in [[Latvia]] and further to [[Vilnius]]. In Pytalovo, another railway to [[Gulbene]] and [[Riga]] branches off west. As of 2012, there was passenger traffic on the railway. Pytalovo has an easy access to the [[European route E262]], from [[Ostrov, Ostrovsky District, Pskov Oblast|Ostrov]] to [[Kaunas]] via Rēzekne and [[Daugavpils]]. ==Culture== Among places of interest in town Pytalovo there is a railway station building built in the [[modernism|modernist]] style in the early 20th century, the wooden building of the functioning St.&nbsp;Nicholas Church built in 1931, the post office building (early 20th century), and the house of merchant Ilyin (built in the 1920s). Pytalovo is home to an ethnographic museum focusing on Russian and Latgalian cultures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.ru/M829|script-title=ru:Пыталовский музей Дружбы Народов|publisher=Российская сеть культурного наследия|language=ru|access-date=July 15, 2012}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== * {{RussiaAdmMunRef|psk|adm|law}} * {{RussiaAdmMunRef|psk|mun|list}} * Архивный отдел Псковского облисполкома. Государственный архив Псковской области. "Административно-территориальное деление Псковской области (1917–1988&nbsp;гг.). Справочник". (''Administrative-Territorial Structure of Pskov Oblast (1917–1988). Reference.'') Книга&nbsp;I. Лениздат, 1988 ==External links== * {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.pytalovo.ellink.ru/ Unofficial website of Pytalovo] * {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.izvestia.ru/data/pdf/06-06-2005/06-izv.pdf Izvestya article about reaction of local inhabitants in 2005] {{Pskov Oblast}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cities and towns in Pskov Oblast]] [[Category:Latvia–Russia relations]] [[Category:Geographic history of Latvia]] [[Category:Ostrovsky Uyezd]]'