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{{Distinguish|Russo-Ukrainian War|List of wars between Russia and Ukraine}}
{{Being merged|Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|Talk:Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia#Requested move 23 March 2023|inactive=yes|dir=from|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Ukrainian–Soviet War
| partof = the [[Ukrainian War of Independence]] and [[Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919]] of the [[Russian Civil War]]
| width = 300px
| image = Pic U N UNR Army (March 1918).jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[Ukrainian People's Army]] soldiers in front of [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]] in [[Kyiv]]
| date = [[Kyiv Bolshevik Uprising|8 November 1917]] – [[Second Winter Campaign|17 November 1921]]<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11|day1=08|year1=1917|month2=11|day2=17|year2=1921}})
| place = [[Ukraine]]
| territory = Partition of Ukraine between the [[Bolsheviks]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] ([[Peace of Riga]])
| result = [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] victory
* Establishment of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (UkSSR) and its absorption into the [[Soviet Union]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg}} [[Ukrainian People's Republic]]<br />
* [[File:ZUNR coa.svg|20px]] [[Ukrainian Galician Army|Galician Army]]
----
{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}<br />{{small|(1918)}}<br />
{{flag|German Empire}}<br />{{small|(1918)}}<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1919–1927).svg}} [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]<br />{{small|(1920–21)}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR_(1919-1929).svg}} [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]]
**{{flagcountry|Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets|1917}} {{small|(1917)}}
**{{flagcountry|Ukrainian Soviet Republic|1918}} {{small|(1918)}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg}} [[Symon Petliura]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg}} [[Mykhailo Pavlenko]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg}} [[Oleksandr Udovychenko]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov|Mikhail Muraviev]]<br />{{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR_(1919-1929).svg}} [[Georgiy Pyatakov]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR_(1919-1929).svg}} [[Volodymyr Zatonsky]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR_(1919-1929).svg}} [[Nikolay Shchors]]
| commander3 = {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Anton Denikin]]<br />{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Pyotr Wrangel]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1919–1927).svg}} [[Józef Piłsudski]]<br />{{flagicon image|Royal Standard of the Hetman of Ukraine (1918).svg}} [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]]
| combatant3 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1919–1927).svg}} [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]<br />{{small|(1918–19)}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[White movement]]<br />{{small|(1919–20)}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ukrainian State.svg}} [[Ukrainian State]]<br />{{small|(1918)}}
----
{{small|''Various independent rebels''}}{{vague|date=November 2020}}
| combatant4 = {{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Makhnovshchina]]
| commander4 = {{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Nestor Makhno]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Semen Karetnyk]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Fedir Shchus]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Viktor Bilash]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
}}
{{Campaignbox Ukrainian-Soviet War}}
{{History of Ukraine}}
The '''Ukrainian–Soviet War'''<ref name=eou /> ({{lang-uk|радянсько-українська війна|translit=radiansko-ukrainska viina}}) is the term commonly used in post-Soviet Ukraine for the events taking place between 1917–21, nowadays regarded essentially as a war between the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] and the [[Bolsheviks]] ([[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] and [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]]). The war ensued soon after the [[October Revolution]] when [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] dispatched [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko|Antonov]]'s [[Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|expeditionary group]] to Ukraine and [[Southern Russia]].
[[Soviet historiography]] viewed the Bolshevik victory as the liberation of Ukraine from occupation by the armies of Western and Central Europe (including that of [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]). Conversely, modern Ukrainian historians consider it a failed [[war of independence]] by the Ukrainian People's Republic against the Bolsheviks. The conflict was complicated by the involvement of the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine]], non-Bolshevik Russians of the [[White Army]], and the armies of the [[Second Polish Republic]], [[Austria-Hungary]], and the [[German Empire]], among others.
==Historiography==
In Soviet historiography and terminology, the armed conflict is depicted as part of the greater [[Russian Civil War]]: in Ukraine, this war was fought between the national government (led by [[Symon Petliura]]) and the Russian Bolshevik government (led by Lenin).
The war may be divided into three phases:
# December 1917 – April 1918: Revolutionary days, attempted Bolshevik coups, invasion of Ukraine by the Red Army formations, signing of protectorate treaty, and liberation from the Bolsheviks.
# December 1918 – December 1919: Civil war in Ukraine, full-scale invasion by the Red Army, [[Akt Zluky|unification of Ukraine]], anti-Soviet peasant uprisings, Denikin's Volunteer Army and the Allied intervention, loss of [[West Ukraine]] to Poland.
# Spring 1920 – Autumn 1921: [[Polish–Soviet War]] (Treaty of Warsaw), [[Russian Civil War]] (between Bolshevik armies and the [[Armed Forces of South Russia]]), Ukrainian guerrilla operations (First and Second Winter Campaigns), government in exile.
===Important documents===
* Declarations of the Central Council of Ukraine (Universals)
* Ultimatum of Sovnarkom to the Central Council of Ukraine
* [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] granting status of neutrality to Ukraine as a bufferzone for the Central Powers, as well as military protection, in negotiating peace with the Bolsheviks of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]].
* [[Unification Act]], unification of the [[western Ukraine]]
* [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|Treaty of Warsaw]], Polish-Ukrainian anti-Bolshevik pact
* [[Peace of Riga]], partition of Ukraine
==Background==
{{See also|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk|Kiev Bolshevik Uprising}}
After the [[February Revolution]] of 1917, the nationalities within the [[Russian Republic]] (formerly the [[Russian Empire]]) demanded national autonomy from [[Petrograd]]. In the summer of 1917, the [[Russian Provisional Government]] approved regional administration over some parts of Ukraine.
In November 1917, the government of Ukraine denounced the Bolsheviks' armed coup against the Provisional Government, known as the [[October Revolution]], and declared it would decisively fight against any attempted similar coup in Ukraine. A special joint committee for preservation of revolution was organized to keep the situation under control. The [[Kiev Military District]] command tried to prevent a Bolshevik coup, leading to [[Kiev Bolshevik Uprising|street fights]] and eventually surrendering of pro-Bolshevik troops in the city. On November 14, 1917, the Ukrainian Central [[Central Council of Ukraine|Rada]] issued its "Appeal of the Central Council to the citizens of Ukraine" in which it sanctioned transfer of the state power in Ukraine to itself. On November 16, a joint session of the Rada and executive committee of the local workers and soldiers soviets recognized the Central Rada as the regional authority in Ukraine. On November 20, 1917, the Rada declared Ukraine the Ukrainian People's Republic as an autonomous part of the Russian Republic and scheduled the January 9, 1918 elections to a [[Ukrainian Constituent Assembly]]. The Secretary of Military Affairs [[Symon Petliura]] expressed his intentions to unite both the [[Southwestern Front (Russian Empire)|Southwestern]] and [[Romanian Front (Russian Empire)|Romanian fronts]] that were stretched across Ukraine into one Ukrainian Front under the command of [[Colonel General]] [[Dmitry Shcherbachev]].
On December 17, 1917, the Russian Bolsheviks planned a rival [[All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets]] and on December 11–12, 1917, they set off a number of coups across Ukraine in Kiev, Odessa and Vinnytsia. They were successfully defeated by the Rada. On December 17, 1917, [[Sovnarkom]], that initiated peace talks with [[Central Powers]] earlier that month, sent a 48-hour ultimatum to the Rada requesting it stop "counterrevolutionary actions" or prepare for war. Also on December 17, 1917, [[:ru:Берзин, Рейнгольд Иосифович|Reingold Berzins]] led his troops from [[Minsk]] towards [[Kharkov]] to Don. They engaged in an armed conflict at a rail station in [[Bakhmach]] with the Ukrainian troops who refused to let the Russian red forces (three regiments and an artillery division) pass. The Central Rada did not accept the accusations and stated its conditions: recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, non-interference in its internal affairs and affairs of the newly organized Ukrainian Front, permission on transferring of Ukrainized troops to Ukraine, division of the former imperial finances, participation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the general peace negotiations. The same day the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kiev, after the Bolshevik delegation left, recognized the authority of the Ukrainian government and denounced the ultimatum of the Soviet Russian government. The Kiev Bolsheviks in their turn denounced that congress and scheduled another one in Kharkov. Next day, Sovnarkom in Moscow decided for going to war. [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko]] was appointed by [[Vladimir Lenin]] the commander-in-chief of expeditionary force against Kaledin and the South Russia, while near the borders with Ukraine ([[Bryansk]] – [[Belgorod]]) Red troops began to gather.
The Kievan Bolsheviks who fled to Kharkov joined the regional Congress of Soviets of the [[Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic]]. They then declared this meeting the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets that announced the creation of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets]]. It called the Central Rada of Ukraine an enemy of the people declaring war against it on January 2. The Rada then broke all ties with [[Petrograd]] on January 22, 1918, and declared independence, thereby commencing the [[Ukrainian War of Independence]].<ref name=ebrit>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30076/Ukraine|title=Ukraine.|author=J. Kim Munholland|access-date=2007-11-08|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Anna|title=Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8133-3792-5|pages=33}}</ref> It was around this point that Bolshevik troops began invading Ukraine from Russia.<ref name=subtelny>Orest Subtelny. ''Ukraine: A History''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988.</ref> Russian military units from Kharkov, [[Moscow]], Minsk and the [[Baltic Fleet]] invaded Ukraine.<ref>Robert Sullivant. ''Soviet Politics and the Ukraine 1917–1957.'' New York: [[Columbia University Press]], 1962.</ref>
==War==
===December 1917–April 1918===
{{See also|First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets (Kharkiv)|Group of forces in fight with counter revolution in the South Russia}}
The Bolsheviks, numbering around 30,000 and composed of Russian army regulars stationed at the front, a number of garrisoned units, and [[Red Guards (Russia)|Red Guard]] detachments composed of laborers from Kharkov gubernia and the Donbass, began by advancing from the northeast led by [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko]] and [[Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov|Mikhail Muravyov]].<ref name=Chirovsky>Nicholas Chirovsky. ''An introduction to Ukrainian History Volume III 19th and 20th Century Ukraine.'' New York, Philosophical Library, 1986</ref> The Ukrainian forces at the time of the invasion consisted of about 15,000 made up from volunteer detachments and several battalions of the [[Free Cossacks]] and the [[Sich Riflemen]].
The invasion of pro-Soviet forces from Russia was accompanied by uprisings initiated in Ukraine by the local Bolsheviks in the developed cities throughout the territory of [[Left-bank Ukraine]] as well as [[Right-bank Ukraine]]. The [[Bolshevik]]s led by [[Yevgenia Bosch]] conducted a successful uprising in [[Vinnytsia]] sometime in December 1917. They took charge of the 2nd Guard Corps and moved towards Kyiv to help the Bolsheviks in the city. [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] with a regiment of the [[Free Cossacks]] managed to stop them near [[Zhmerynka]], disarm them, and deport them to Russia. The other Bolshevik forces captured [[Kharkiv]] (December 26), [[Dnipropetrovsk|Yekaterinoslav]] (January 9), [[Zaporizhia|Aleksandrovsk]] (January 15), and [[Poltava]] (January 20) on their way to [[Kyiv]]. On January 27, the Bolshevik army groups converged in [[Bakhmach]] and then set off under the command of Muravyov to take Kyiv.<ref
name=eou>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\U\K\Ukrainian6SovietWar1917hD721.htm Ukrainian-Soviet War, 1917–21] at the ''[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]''</ref>
[[File:Січові стрільці Київ(1918).jpg|thumb|left|The first detachment of [[Sich Riflemen]] after the capture of [[Kiev|Kyiv]] in January 1918.]]
As the Bolsheviks marched towards Kyiv, a small Ukrainian National Republic unit of less than 500 schoolboys (some sources give a figure of 300<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historyua.narod.ru/ |title=History of Ukraine |access-date=September 12, 2006|language=uk}}</ref>), commanded by Captain Ahapiy Honcharenko, was hastily organized and sent to the front on January 29, 1918 to take part in the [[Battle of Kruty]]. The small unit consisted mainly of the Student Battalion ([[Kurin]]) of [[Sich Riflemen]], a unit of the Khmelnytsky Cadet School, and a [[Haidamaka]] detachment. About half of the 500 men were killed during the battle.
On January 29, 1918, the [[Kiev Arsenal January Uprising]], a Bolshevik-organized armed revolt, began at the [[Kiev Arsenal factory]]. The workers of the plant were joined by the soldiers of the Ponton Battalion, the 3rd Aviation Regiment and the Sahaydachny regiment. Sensing defeat, the "Central Rada" and Petlyurist forces stormed the city on February 3.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Палач Петлюра — предтеча нынешних властей|url=http://rg.kiev.ua/page5/article17172/|work=Rabochaya Gazeta|access-date=27 January 2012|language=ru}}</ref> After six days of battle and running low on food and ammunition, the uprising was suppressed by counter-revolutionary forces,<ref>{{cite book|last=Subtelny|first=Orest|title=Ukraine: A History|year=2000|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|author-link=Orest Subtelny|page=[https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352 352]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352}}</ref> in which 300 Bolshevik workers died. According to Soviet era sources, more than 1500 pro-Soviet workers and soldiers were killed during the struggle.<ref>Дмитрий Аггеевич Чугаев. "Коммунистическая партия: организатор Союза Советских Социалистических Республик". Мысль. 1972. p.176</ref> On February 8 the Ukrainian government evacuated Kyiv in order to avoid destruction by opposing Soviet troops, which then entered Kyiv under Mikhail Muravyov's on February 9.
Once the Bolsheviks took Kyiv, they began an offensive in [[Right-Bank Ukraine]]. However, on February 9 the UNR signed the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] and thus received aid from [[German Empire|German]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] troops in late February, over 450,000 troops.<ref name=subtelny /> In exchange for military aid, the Ukrainians were to deliver foodstuffs to the [[Central Powers]].<ref name=subtelny /> Under the command of [[Symon Petlura]], the combined forces pushed the Bolsheviks out of Right Bank Ukraine and retook Kyiv on March 1. Because of the socialist policies of the Rada, mainly the policy of land nationalization which affected food exports to the Central Powers, on April 28 the German forces disbanded the Central Rada and installed the [[Ukrainian State|Hetman government]] in its place. Ukrainian, German, and Austro-Hungarian armies continued making gains, taking back Left Bank Ukraine, Crimea and the Donets Basin.<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2018/04/18/152320/ 100 years ago Bakhmut and the rest of Donbass liberated], Ukrayinska Pravda (18 April 2018)</ref> These setbacks forced the Bolsheviks to sign a [[1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations|peace treaty]] with the Ukrainian government on June 12.
===Post-Hetmanate intervention===
[[File:Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Soviet Wars early 1919.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Polish–Ukrainian, Polish–Soviet and Ukraine–Soviet Wars in early 1919]]
During November 1918, troops from the [[Directorate of Ukraine]] [[Battle of Motovilivka|overthrew]] the Hetmanate with some help from the [[Bolshevik]]s. German forces led by the ''Soldatenrat'' kept their neutrality during the two-week-long civil war as they were withdrawing from the country, due to the defeat of the [[German Empire]] in [[World War I]]. The Directorate reestablished the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]]. On January 22, 1919 the neighboring Ukrainian Republics united under the [[Act Zluky]].
The Central Military-[[revkom|Revolutionary Committee]] in [[Kursk]] on October 22, 1918 issued the order to form two divisions under the Army Group the ''[[Ukrainian Front (1919)|Ukrainian Front]]'' or the Group of the Kursk Direction. The group was assigned the ''Worker's Division of Moscow'', the 9th Soviet Division, 2nd Orlov Brigade, and two armored trains. According to Antonov-Ovsiyenko the Army accounted for some 6,000 soldiers, 170 artillery guns, 427 machine guns, 15 military planes, and 6 armored trains. On December 15, 1918 the meeting of the Ukrainian chief of staff was called in Kyiv headed by [[General|Otaman]] Osetsky and including the Chief [[General|Otaman]] Petliura, Colonel Bolbachan, Colonel Shapoval, [[Sotnik]] Oskilko. They were discussing the border security and formed a plan in case of threat from all sides.
To stop the coming war with the Bolsheviks, the government of [[Volodymyr Chekhivsky|Chekhivsky]] sent a delegation to Moscow led by the Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Semen Mazurenko]]. The delegation succeeded in signing a preliminary peaceful agreement yet it did not stop the aggression from the Russian side due to poor communication between the delegation in Moscow and the government of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kuprienko.info/relations-ukraine-unr-with-soviet-russia-11-1918-04-1919/3/|title=А. Скромницкий. Связи Украинской Народной Республики (УНР) и Советской России (November 1918 — April 1919 год)|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717071237/http://kuprienko.info/relations-ukraine-unr-with-soviet-russia-11-1918-04-1919/3/|archive-date=17 July 2012|language=ru|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 28, 1918 the Central Committee of the Left [[Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party|UPSR]] officially declared the mobilization of forces in the support of the Soviet government by an armed staging. From the beginning of January 1919 the Bolshevik bands consistently were crossing the eastern and north-eastern borders to raid.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
==== January 1919–June 1919 ====
{{main|1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine}}
On January 7, 1919 the Bolsheviks [[Ukraine Offensive (1919)|invaded Ukraine in full force]]<ref name=magocsi>Paul Robert Magocsi''A History of Ukraine''. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8020-0830-5}}</ref> with an army led by [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko]], [[Joseph Stalin]], and [[Volodymyr Zatonsky]].<ref name=eou /> The Directorate declared war once again against Russia on January 16 after several preliminary ultimatums to the [[Russian SFSR]] [[sovnarkom]] to withdraw their troops. The two main directions of the Bolshevik's forces were onto [[Kiev|Kyiv]] and [[Kharkiv]].
During that time the Soviet forces were advancing across North-eastern Ukraine and occupied [[Rylsk, Russia|Rylsk]] and [[Novhorod-Siversky]]. On December 21 the Ukrainian Front took the important strategic railroad connection in [[Kupiansk]]. After that, a full-scale advance started between the [[Dnieper]] and [[Oskil (river)|Oskil River]]s. On January 3, the Red Army took [[Kharkiv]], almost as by the same scenario when Bolsheviks had occupied Kyiv in February 1918. The Ukrainian forces at that time consisted of two regular troop formations, the Zaporozhian Corps and the [[Sich Riflemen]], as well as [[Partisan (military)|partisan]] detachments. These partisans were led by unreliable [[ataman]]s which occasionally sided with the Bolsheviks, such as Zeleny, Anhel, and [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv|Hryhoriv]]. The army which had over 100,000 men, fell to about 25,000 due to peasants leaving the army and desertions to the Bolsheviks.<ref name=subtelny /> [[Petro Bolbochan|Bolbochan]] with the remnants of the Zaporizhian Corps retreated to [[Poltava]] which was holding off the Red Army for a couple of weeks more. On January 6, 1919 the government of [[Georgy Pyatakov|Pyatakov]] officially declared the creation of the [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic]]. Yet his government continued to stay in Kursk until January 24. On January 4 the Bolsheviks Army Group ''Ukrainian Front'' was reformed into the unified Ukrainian front under the command of Antonov-Ovsiyenko with his deputies [[Yuriy Kotsiubynsky|Kotsiubynsky]] and Schadenko. On the several inquiries about the purpose of the Russian Army in Ukraine that the Directory was sending to Moscow, [[Georgy Chicherin|Chicherin]] finally responded on January 6: <blockquote>''...there is no army of the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic in Ukraine. At this time the military action that takes place on the territory of Ukraine is between the armies of Directory and the Ukrainian Soviet Government which is completely independent.''</blockquote> On January 12, the troops under the command of [[Nikolay Shchors|Mykola Schors]] occupied [[Chernihiv]] while other units under command of [[Pavel Dybenko|Pavlo Dybenko]] took [[Lozova]], [[Pavlohrad]], [[Synelnykove]], and established contact with [[Nestor Makhno]]. After some long discussion between the members of the Directory and other state officials, it was decided to declare War against Soviet Russia. The only person who was against it, was the chairman of the Directory [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]], while Shapoval, for example, for some reason was simply requesting the prompt creation of the Soviet government. Denikin later commented that the war declaration did not change absolutely anything on the frontlines and only reflected the political crisis inside the Ukrainian government with the victory of the ''military party'' of Petliura-[[Yevhen Konovalets|Konovalets]]-Hrekov over Vynnychenko-Chekhivsky. On January 20 the Soviet Army took [[Poltava]] while the Ukrainian troops retreated further to [[Kremenchuk]]. On January 26 Dybenko took [[Dnipropetrovsk|Katerynoslav]]. The Soviets took [[Left-Bank Ukraine]], and then marched on to Kyiv. On February 2 they forced the Directorate to move to [[Vinnytsia]] while troops of Schors and Bozhenko occupied Kyiv three days later.
Then Chekhivsky resigned from office, right after Vynnychenko created in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] the ''Committee for the salvation of Republic'', which was again dissolved by Petliura on February 13. During that time the Soviet troops acquired the rest of the [[Kiev Governorate]] while the bands of [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv|Hryhoriv]] took [[Oleksandriia, Kirovohrad Oblast|Oleksandria]] and [[Kirovohrad|Yelyzavethrad]]. By March 6 the Directory had relocated to [[Proskurov]] while yielding most of [[Polissia]] and [[Podillia]] to the [[Bolshevik]]s. Surprisingly, by the end of March the Ukrainian armies successfully conducted series of military operations retaking [[Sarny]], [[Zhytomyr]], [[Korosten]], and threatening to take back Kyiv. On March 2 Otaman Hryhoryev occupied [[Kherson]] and March 12 he was already in [[Mykolaiv]]. By April 3 the Entente forces evacuated from [[Odessa]] which Hryhoryev entered three days later. In early June, Ukraine launched an offensive, retaking the [[Podolia|Podolia region.]]<ref name=eou />
====July 1919–December 1919====
The Red Army retaliated against the Ukrainian offensive, recapturing [[Proskurov]] on 5 July and putting the temporary capital [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] under threat. However, Ukraine was strengthened by the arrival of general [[Yurii Tiutiunnyk]] and his experienced troops. The Ukrainian army launched a counterattack, pushing the Red Army back to [[Horodok, Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Horodok]]. Troops of the [[Ukrainian Galician Army]] who had crossed the [[Zbruch]] on 16-17 July joined the fight against the Bolsheviks. Their arrival resulted in Ukraine having a combined force of 85,000 Ukrainian army regulars, and 15,000 partisans.<ref name=eou />
By October 1919, about 70% of the Directorate's troops and more than 90% of the allied Ukrainian Galician Army fell to [[typhus]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Marvin Kalb|title=Imperial Gamble: Putin, Ukraine, and the New Cold War|date=2015|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-2744-6|page=71}}</ref>
====December 1919–November 1920====
{{main|First Winter Campaign|Polish–Soviet War}}
From December 6, 1919 to May 6, 1920, the [[Ukrainian People's Army|UNR Army]] under the command of [[Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko]] carried out an underground operation known as the [[First Winter Campaign]] in the [[Kirovohrad]] region against the [[14th Army (RSFSR)|Soviet 14th Army]]. Another significant development of this period was the signing of the [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|Treaty of Warsaw]] with [[Poland]] on April 22, and then beginning of a [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|joint offensive]] with Polish troops against the Bolsheviks.<ref name=Chirovsky /> On May 7, a Ukrainian division under the command of [[Marko Bezruchko]] entered Kyiv, but was quickly forced out by a Red Army counteroffensive led by [[Semyon Budyonny]]. The Ukrainians and Poles were pushed back across the [[Zbruch River]] and past [[Zamość]] toward [[Warsaw]] but counter-offensive the Soviets to [[Minsk]]. The Poles signed [[Treaty of Riga|a armistice with the Soviets]] on October 12. By 1921, the Polish author of the Polish-Ukrainian alliance, [[Józef Piłsudski]], was no longer the Polish head of state, and
only participated as an observer during the Riga negotiations, which he called ''an act of cowardice''.<ref name="Davies">{{cite book | author =Norman Davies | author-link =Norman Davies | title =White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20 | year =2003 | pages =399 | publisher =Pimlico | isbn =0-7126-0694-7| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DMoPXktGwiUC&q=Riga+an+act+of+cowardice&pg=PA399 }} (First edition: New York, [[St. Martin's Press]], inc., 1972.)</ref> Petliura's forces kept fighting.<ref>[[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]], edited by O. J. Frederiksen. ''A History of Ukraine''. New Haven: [[Yale University Press]]: 1941.</ref> They lasted until October 21, when they were forced to cross the Zbruch River and enter Polish-controlled [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]]. There they were disarmed and placed in [[Camps for soldiers of the UNR Army interned in Poland (1919-1924)|internment camps]].<ref name=eou />
{{multiple image
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====November 1921====
{{main|Second Winter Campaign}}
The last action of the UNR against the Soviets was a raid behind the Red Army lines in November 1921 known as the [[Second Winter Campaign]].<ref name=eou /> This campaign was meant to incite a general uprising amongst the [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[peasant]]s, who were already disgruntled with the Soviets,<ref name=magocsi /> and to unify partisan forces against the Bolsheviks in Ukraine. The commander of the Ukrainian forces was [[Yurii Tiutiunnyk]].
Two expeditionary forces were established, one from [[Podolia]] (400 men) and one from [[Volhynia]] (800 men). The Podolia group only made it to the village of Vakhnivka, before returning to Polish territory through Volhynia on November 29. The Volhynia group started out on November 4, captured [[Korosten]] on November 7 and made its way to the village of Leonivka. When they began to run low on supplies they decided to return. However, on its return west, it was intercepted by a [[Bolshevik]] [[cavalry]] force under the command of [[Grigore Kotovski]] at [[Bazar, Ukraine|Bazar]] and routed in battle near Mali Mynky on November 17. 443 soldiers were captured by the Soviets during the battle. 359 were shot on November 23 near the town of [[Bazar, Ukraine|Bazar]], and 84 were passed on to Soviet security forces.<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\W\I\Wintercampaigns.htm Winter Campaigns] at the ''[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]''</ref>
This was the last operation of the [[Ukrainian People's Army|UNR army]] against the Soviets. The end of the Second Winter Campaign brought the Ukrainian-Soviet war to a definite end,<ref name=eou /> however partisan fighting against the Bolsheviks continued until mid-1922<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\P\A\PartisanmovementinUkraine1918hD722.htm Partisan movement in Ukraine, 1918–22] at the ''[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]''</ref> and in response the Red Army terrorized the countryside.<ref>[[WED Allen]]. ''The Ukraine''. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1941.</ref>
====Rebellion states====
Local supporters of [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] created anti-Russian and anti-Bolshevik rebellion states on occupied territories like [[Medvyn rebellion|Independent Medvyn Republic]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Медвинська республіка: спротив російсько-більшовицьким окупантам |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-other_news/2099001-medvinska-respublika-sprotiv-rosijskobilsovickim-okupantam.html |website=www.ukrinform.ua |access-date=23 March 2022 |language=uk}}</ref> or [[Kholodny Yar Republic]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Коваль |first1=Роман |title=Начерк до історії Холодноярської організації 1917-1922 років |url=https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Koval/Nacherk_do_istorii_Kholodnoiarskoi_orhanizatsii.rtf.zip |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> They kept fighting with Russians and collaborators until 1923. <ref name="kholodnogoyaru15000">{{in lang|uk}} [https://espreso.tv/article/2020/02/09/povstannya_u_lukyanivskiy_tyurmi_yak_vidbuvsya_ostanniy_biy_otamaniv_kholodnogo_yaru Uprising in Lukyanovka Prison: How the Last Battle of the Cold Yar Atamans took place], [[Espresso TV]] (9 February 2020)</ref>
==Aftermath==
[[File:Rzeczpospolita 1938.svg|thumb|right|200px|Eastern Europe after the [[Treaty of Riga]]]]
The end of the war saw the incorporation of most of the territories of Ukraine into the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] which, on December 30, 1922, was one of the founding members of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR). Parts of [[Ukraine|Western Ukraine]] fell under the control of the [[Second Polish Republic]], as laid out in the [[Peace of Riga]]. The UNR government, led by [[Symon Petlura]], was forced into exile.<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\U\K\UkrainianNationalRepublic.htm Ukrainian National Republic] at the ''[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]''</ref>
For the next few years the Ukrainian nationalists would continue to try to wage a partisan guerrilla war on the Soviets. They were aided by Polish intelligence (see [[Prometheism]]); however, they were not successful. The last active Ukrainian movements would be mostly eradicated during the [[Holodomor]].<ref>[[Timothy Snyder]], ''Covert Polish Missions across the Soviet Ukrainian Border, 1928–1933'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA71&vq=famine&source=gbs_search_s&sig=wXNFbI5ZHBiRe6S50Iey1HJT0SM p. 71-78], in ''Cofini'', Silvia Salvatici (a cura di), Rubbettino, 2005. [http://www.sissco.it/fileadmin/user_upload/Pubblicazioni/collanasissco/confini/confini_snyder.pdf Full text in PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227130119/http://www.sissco.it/fileadmin/user_upload/Pubblicazioni/collanasissco/confini/confini_snyder.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}</ref> Further, the relative lack of Polish support for the Ukrainian cause would cause a growing resentment on the part of the [[History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland|Ukrainian minority in Poland]] towards the Polish interwar state.
==See also==
*[[Ukraine after the Russian Revolution]]
*[[Polish–Soviet War]]
*[[Polish–Ukrainian War]]
*[[Nestor Makhno]]
*[[Ukrainian Death Triangle]]
*[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
**[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Russian Conflicts}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian-Soviet War}}
[[Category:Ukrainian–Soviet War| ]]
[[Category:Ukrainian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Russian Revolution in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–Ukraine relations]]
[[Category:Warfare of the late modern period]]
[[Category:Wars involving communist states]]
[[Category:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)]]
[[Category:Wars involving Ukraine]]
[[Category:1917 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1918 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1919 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1920 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1921 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1917]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1918]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1919]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1920]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1921]]
[[Category:History of Ukraine (1918–1991)]]
[[Category:Russian–Ukrainian wars]]
[[Category:Ukrainian War of Independence]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|20th-century conflict between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Bolsheviks}}
{{Distinguish|Russo-Ukrainian War|List of wars between Russia and Ukraine}}
{{Being merged|Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|Talk:Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia#Requested move 23 March 2023|inactive=yes|dir=from|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Ukrainian–Soviet War
| partof = the [[Ukrainian War of Independence]] and [[Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919]] of the [[Russian Civil War]]
| width = 300px
| image = Pic U N UNR Army (March 1918).jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[Ukrainian People's Army]] soldiers in front of [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]] in [[Kyiv]]
| date = [[Kyiv Bolshevik Uprising|8 November 1917]] – [[Second Winter Campaign|17 November 1921]]<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11|day1=08|year1=1917|month2=11|day2=17|year2=1921}})
| place = [[Ukraine]]
| territory = Partition of Ukraine between the [[Bolsheviks]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] ([[Peace of Riga]])
| result = [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] victory
* Establishment of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (UkSSR) and its absorption into the [[Soviet Union]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg}} [[Ukrainian People's Republic]]<br />
* [[File:ZUNR coa.svg|20px]] [[Ukrainian Galician Army|Galician Army]]
----
{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}<br />{{small|(1918)}}<br />
{{flag|German Empire}}<br />{{small|(1918)}}<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1919–1927).svg}} [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]<br />{{small|(1920–21)}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR_(1919-1929).svg}} [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]]
**{{flagcountry|Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets|1917}} {{small|(1917)}}
**{{flagcountry|Ukrainian Soviet Republic|1918}} {{small|(1918)}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg}} [[Symon Petliura]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg}} [[Mykhailo Pavlenko]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Ukrainian People's Republic 1917.svg}} [[Oleksandr Udovychenko]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov|Mikhail Muraviev]]<br />{{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR_(1919-1929).svg}} [[Georgiy Pyatakov]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR_(1919-1929).svg}} [[Volodymyr Zatonsky]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR_(1919-1929).svg}} [[Nikolay Shchors]]
| commander3 = {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Anton Denikin]]<br />{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Pyotr Wrangel]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1919–1927).svg}} [[Józef Piłsudski]]<br />{{flagicon image|Royal Standard of the Hetman of Ukraine (1918).svg}} [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]]
| combatant3 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1919–1927).svg}} [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]<br />{{small|(1918–19)}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[White movement]]<br />{{small|(1919–20)}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ukrainian State.svg}} [[Ukrainian State]]<br />{{small|(1918)}}
----
{{small|''Various independent rebels''}}{{vague|date=November 2020}}
| combatant4 = {{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Makhnovshchina]]
| commander4 = {{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Nestor Makhno]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Semen Karetnyk]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Fedir Shchus]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Viktor Bilash]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
}}
{{Campaignbox Ukrainian-Soviet War}}
{{History of Ukraine}}
The '''Ukrainian–Soviet War'''<ref name=eou /> ({{lang-uk|радянсько-українська війна|translit=radiansko-ukrainska viina}}) is the term commonly used in post-Soviet Ukraine for the events taking place between 1917–21, nowadays regarded essentially as a war between the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] and the [[Bolsheviks]] ([[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] and [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]]). The war ensued soon after the [[October Revolution]] when [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] dispatched [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko|Antonov]]'s [[Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|expeditionary group]] to Ukraine and [[Southern Russia]].
[[Soviet historiography]] viewed the Bolshevik victory as the liberation of Ukraine from occupation by the armies of Western and Central Europe (including that of [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]). Conversely, modern Ukrainian historians consider it a failed [[war of independence]] by the Ukrainian People's Republic against the Bolsheviks. The conflict was complicated by the involvement of the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine]], non-Bolshevik Russians of the [[White Army]], and the armies of the [[Second Polish Republic]], [[Austria-Hungary]], and the [[German Empire]], among others.
==Historiography==
In Soviet historiography and terminology, the armed conflict is depicted as part of the greater [[Russian Civil War]]: in Ukraine, this war was fought between the national government (led by [[Symon Petliura]]) and the Russian Bolshevik government (led by Lenin).
The war may be divided into three phases:
# December 1917 – April 1918: Revolutionary days, attempted Bolshevik coups, invasion of Ukraine by the Red Army formations, signing of protectorate treaty, and liberation from the Bolsheviks.
# December 1918 – December 1919: Civil war in Ukraine, full-scale invasion by the Red Army, [[Akt Zluky|unification of Ukraine]], anti-Soviet peasant uprisings, Denikin's Volunteer Army and the Allied intervention, loss of [[West Ukraine]] to Poland.
# Spring 1920 – Autumn 1921: [[Polish–Soviet War]] (Treaty of Warsaw), [[Russian Civil War]] (between Bolshevik armies and the [[Armed Forces of South Russia]]), Ukrainian guerrilla operations (First and Second Winter Campaigns), government in exile.
===Important documents===
* Declarations of the Central Council of Ukraine (Universals)
* Ultimatum of Sovnarkom to the Central Council of Ukraine
* [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] granting status of neutrality to Ukraine as a bufferzone for the Central Powers, as well as military protection, in negotiating peace with the Bolsheviks of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]].
* [[Unification Act]], unification of the [[western Ukraine]]
* [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|Treaty of Warsaw]], Polish-Ukrainian anti-Bolshevik pact
* [[Peace of Riga]], partition of Ukraine
==Background==
{{See also|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk|Kiev Bolshevik Uprising}}
After the [[February Revolution]] of 1917, the nationalities within the [[Russian Republic]] (formerly the [[Russian Empire]]) demanded national autonomy from [[Petrograd]]. In the summer of 1917, the [[Russian Provisional Government]] approved regional administration over some parts of Ukraine.
In November 1917, the government of Ukraine denounced the Bolsheviks' armed coup against the Provisional Government, known as the [[October Revolution]], and declared it would decisively fight against any attempted similar coup in Ukraine. A special joint committee for preservation of revolution was organized to keep the situation under control. The [[Kiev Military District]] command tried to prevent a Bolshevik coup, leading to [[Kiev Bolshevik Uprising|street fights]] and eventually surrendering of pro-Bolshevik troops in the city. On November 14, 1917, the Ukrainian Central [[Central Council of Ukraine|Rada]] issued its "Appeal of the Central Council to the citizens of Ukraine" in which it sanctioned transfer of the state power in Ukraine to itself. On November 16, a joint session of the Rada and executive committee of the local workers and soldiers soviets recognized the Central Rada as the regional authority in Ukraine. On November 20, 1917, the Rada declared Ukraine the Ukrainian People's Republic as an autonomous part of the Russian Republic and scheduled the January 9, 1918 elections to a [[Ukrainian Constituent Assembly]]. The Secretary of Military Affairs [[Symon Petliura]] expressed his intentions to unite both the [[Southwestern Front (Russian Empire)|Southwestern]] and [[Romanian Front (Russian Empire)|Romanian fronts]] that were stretched across Ukraine into one Ukrainian Front under the command of [[Colonel General]] [[Dmitry Shcherbachev]].
On December 17, 1917, the Russian Bolsheviks planned a rival [[All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets]] and on December 11–12, 1917, they set off a number of coups across Ukraine in Kyiv, Odesa and Vinnytsia. They were successfully defeated by the Rada. On December 17, 1917, [[Sovnarkom]], that initiated peace talks with [[Central Powers]] earlier that month, sent a 48-hour ultimatum to the Rada requesting it stop "counterrevolutionary actions" or prepare for war. Also on December 17, 1917, [[:ru:Берзин, Рейнгольд Иосифович|Reingold Berzins]] led his troops from [[Minsk]] towards [[Kharkov]] to Don. They engaged in an armed conflict at a rail station in [[Bakhmach]] with the Ukrainian troops who refused to let the Russian red forces (three regiments and an artillery division) pass. The Central Rada did not accept the accusations and stated its conditions: recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, non-interference in its internal affairs and affairs of the newly organized Ukrainian Front, permission on transferring of Ukrainized troops to Ukraine, division of the former imperial finances, participation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the general peace negotiations. The same day the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kyiv, after the Bolshevik delegation left, recognized the authority of the Ukrainian government and denounced the ultimatum of the Soviet Russian government. The Kiev Bolsheviks in their turn denounced that congress and scheduled another one in Kharkov. Next day, Sovnarkom in Moscow decided for going to war. [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko]] was appointed by [[Vladimir Lenin]] the commander-in-chief of expeditionary force against Kaledin and the South Russia, while near the borders with Ukraine ([[Bryansk]] – [[Belgorod]]) Red troops began to gather.
The Kievan Bolsheviks who fled to Kharkov joined the regional Congress of Soviets of the [[Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic]]. They then declared this meeting the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets that announced the creation of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets]]. It called the Central Rada of Ukraine an enemy of the people declaring war against it on January 2. The Rada then broke all ties with [[Petrograd]] on January 22, 1918, and declared independence, thereby commencing the [[Ukrainian War of Independence]].<ref name=ebrit>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30076/Ukraine|title=Ukraine.|author=J. Kim Munholland|access-date=2007-11-08|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Anna|title=Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8133-3792-5|pages=33}}</ref> It was around this point that Bolshevik troops began invading Ukraine from Russia.<ref name=subtelny>Orest Subtelny. ''Ukraine: A History''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988.</ref> Russian military units from Kharkov, [[Moscow]], Minsk and the [[Baltic Fleet]] invaded Ukraine.<ref>Robert Sullivant. ''Soviet Politics and the Ukraine 1917–1957.'' New York: [[Columbia University Press]], 1962.</ref>
==War==
===December 1917–April 1918===
{{See also|First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets (Kharkiv)|Group of forces in fight with counter revolution in the South Russia}}
The Bolsheviks, numbering around 30,000 and composed of Russian army regulars stationed at the front, a number of garrisoned units, and [[Red Guards (Russia)|Red Guard]] detachments composed of laborers from Kharkov gubernia and the Donbass, began by advancing from the northeast led by [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko]] and [[Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov|Mikhail Muravyov]].<ref name=Chirovsky>Nicholas Chirovsky. ''An introduction to Ukrainian History Volume III 19th and 20th Century Ukraine.'' New York, Philosophical Library, 1986</ref> The Ukrainian forces at the time of the invasion consisted of about 15,000 made up from volunteer detachments and several battalions of the [[Free Cossacks]] and the [[Sich Riflemen]].
The invasion of pro-Soviet forces from Russia was accompanied by uprisings initiated in Ukraine by the local Bolsheviks in the developed cities throughout the territory of [[Left-bank Ukraine]] as well as [[Right-bank Ukraine]]. The [[Bolshevik]]s led by [[Yevgenia Bosch]] conducted a successful uprising in [[Vinnytsia]] sometime in December 1917. They took charge of the 2nd Guard Corps and moved towards Kyiv to help the Bolsheviks in the city. [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] with a regiment of the [[Free Cossacks]] managed to stop them near [[Zhmerynka]], disarm them, and deport them to Russia. The other Bolshevik forces captured [[Kharkiv]] (December 26), [[Dnipropetrovsk|Yekaterinoslav]] (January 9), [[Zaporizhia|Aleksandrovsk]] (January 15), and [[Poltava]] (January 20) on their way to [[Kyiv]]. On January 27, the Bolshevik army groups converged in [[Bakhmach]] and then set off under the command of Muravyov to take Kyiv.<ref
name=eou>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\U\K\Ukrainian6SovietWar1917hD721.htm Ukrainian-Soviet War, 1917–21] at the ''[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]''</ref>
[[File:Січові стрільці Київ(1918).jpg|thumb|left|The first detachment of [[Sich Riflemen]] after the capture of [[Kyiv]] in January 1918.]]
As the Bolsheviks marched towards Kyiv, a small Ukrainian National Republic unit of less than 500 schoolboys (some sources give a figure of 300<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historyua.narod.ru/ |title=History of Ukraine |access-date=September 12, 2006|language=uk}}</ref>), commanded by Captain Ahapiy Honcharenko, was hastily organized and sent to the front on January 29, 1918 to take part in the [[Battle of Kruty]]. The small unit consisted mainly of the Student Battalion ([[Kurin]]) of [[Sich Riflemen]], a unit of the Khmelnytsky Cadet School, and a [[Haidamaka]] detachment. About half of the 500 men were killed during the battle.
On January 29, 1918, the [[Kiev Arsenal January Uprising]], a Bolshevik-organized armed revolt, began at the [[Kiev Arsenal factory]]. The workers of the plant were joined by the soldiers of the Ponton Battalion, the 3rd Aviation Regiment and the Sahaydachny regiment. Sensing defeat, the "Central Rada" and Petlyurist forces stormed the city on February 3. After six days of battle and running low on food and ammunition, the uprising was suppressed by counter-revolutionary forces,<ref>{{cite book|last=Subtelny|first=Orest|title=Ukraine: A History|year=2000|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|author-link=Orest Subtelny|page=[https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352 352]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352}}</ref> in which 300 Bolshevik workers died. According to Soviet era sources, more than 1500 pro-Soviet workers and soldiers were killed during the struggle.<ref>Дмитрий Аггеевич Чугаев. "Коммунистическая партия: организатор Союза Советских Социалистических Республик". Мысль. 1972. p.176</ref> On February 8 the Ukrainian government evacuated Kyiv in order to avoid destruction by opposing Soviet troops, which then entered Kyiv under Mikhail Muravyov's on February 9.
Once the Bolsheviks took Kyiv, they began an offensive in [[Right-Bank Ukraine]]. However, on February 9 the UNR signed the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] and thus received aid from [[German Empire|German]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] troops in late February, over 450,000 troops.<ref name=subtelny /> In exchange for military aid, the Ukrainians were to deliver foodstuffs to the [[Central Powers]].<ref name=subtelny /> Under the command of [[Symon Petlura]], the combined forces pushed the Bolsheviks out of Right Bank Ukraine and retook Kyiv on March 1. Because of the socialist policies of the Rada, mainly the policy of land nationalization which affected food exports to the Central Powers, on April 28 the German forces disbanded the Central Rada and installed the [[Ukrainian State|Hetman government]] in its place. Ukrainian, German, and Austro-Hungarian armies continued making gains, taking back Left Bank Ukraine, Crimea and the Donets Basin.<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2018/04/18/152320/ 100 years ago Bakhmut and the rest of Donbass liberated], Ukrayinska Pravda (18 April 2018)</ref> These setbacks forced the Bolsheviks to sign a [[1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations|peace treaty]] with the Ukrainian government on June 12.
===Post-Hetmanate intervention===
[[File:Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Soviet Wars early 1919.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Polish–Ukrainian, Polish–Soviet and Ukraine–Soviet Wars in early 1919]]
During November 1918, troops from the [[Directorate of Ukraine]] [[Battle of Motovilivka|overthrew]] the Hetmanate with some help from the [[Bolshevik]]s. German forces led by the ''Soldatenrat'' kept their neutrality during the two-week-long civil war as they were withdrawing from the country, due to the defeat of the [[German Empire]] in [[World War I]]. The Directorate reestablished the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]]. On January 22, 1919 the neighboring Ukrainian Republics united under the [[Act Zluky]].
The Central Military-[[revkom|Revolutionary Committee]] in [[Kursk]] on October 22, 1918 issued the order to form two divisions under the Army Group the ''[[Ukrainian Front (1919)|Ukrainian Front]]'' or the Group of the Kursk Direction. The group was assigned the ''Worker's Division of Moscow'', the 9th Soviet Division, 2nd Orlov Brigade, and two armored trains. According to Antonov-Ovsiyenko the Army accounted for some 6,000 soldiers, 170 artillery guns, 427 machine guns, 15 military planes, and 6 armored trains. On December 15, 1918 the meeting of the Ukrainian chief of staff was called in Kyiv headed by [[General|Otaman]] Osetsky and including the Chief [[General|Otaman]] Petliura, Colonel Bolbachan, Colonel Shapoval, [[Sotnik]] Oskilko. They were discussing the border security and formed a plan in case of threat from all sides.
To stop the coming war with the Bolsheviks, the government of [[Volodymyr Chekhivsky|Chekhivsky]] sent a delegation to Moscow led by the Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Semen Mazurenko]]. The delegation succeeded in signing a preliminary peaceful agreement yet it did not stop the aggression from the Russian side due to poor communication between the delegation in Moscow and the government of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kuprienko.info/relations-ukraine-unr-with-soviet-russia-11-1918-04-1919/3/|title=А. Скромницкий. Связи Украинской Народной Республики (УНР) и Советской России (November 1918 — April 1919 год)|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717071237/http://kuprienko.info/relations-ukraine-unr-with-soviet-russia-11-1918-04-1919/3/|archive-date=17 July 2012|language=ru|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 28, 1918 the Central Committee of the Left [[Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party|UPSR]] officially declared the mobilization of forces in the support of the Soviet government by an armed staging. From the beginning of January 1919 the Bolshevik bands consistently were crossing the eastern and north-eastern borders to raid.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
==== January 1919–June 1919 ====
{{main|1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine}}
On January 7, 1919 the Bolsheviks [[Ukraine Offensive (1919)|invaded Ukraine in full force]]<ref name=magocsi>Paul Robert Magocsi''A History of Ukraine''. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8020-0830-5}}</ref> with an army led by [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko]], [[Joseph Stalin]], and [[Volodymyr Zatonsky]].<ref name=eou /> The Directorate declared war once again against Russia on January 16 after several preliminary ultimatums to the [[Russian SFSR]] [[sovnarkom]] to withdraw their troops. The two main directions of the Bolshevik's forces were onto [[Kiev|Kyiv]] and [[Kharkiv]].
During that time the Soviet forces were advancing across North-eastern Ukraine and occupied [[Rylsk, Russia|Rylsk]] and [[Novhorod-Siversky]]. On December 21 the Ukrainian Front took the important strategic railroad connection in [[Kupiansk]]. After that, a full-scale advance started between the [[Dnieper]] and [[Oskil (river)|Oskil River]]s. On January 3, the Red Army took [[Kharkiv]], almost as by the same scenario when Bolsheviks had occupied Kyiv in February 1918. The Ukrainian forces at that time consisted of two regular troop formations, the Zaporozhian Corps and the [[Sich Riflemen]], as well as [[Partisan (military)|partisan]] detachments. These partisans were led by unreliable [[ataman]]s which occasionally sided with the Bolsheviks, such as Zeleny, Anhel, and [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv|Hryhoriv]]. The army which had over 100,000 men, fell to about 25,000 due to peasants leaving the army and desertions to the Bolsheviks.<ref name=subtelny /> [[Petro Bolbochan|Bolbochan]] with the remnants of the Zaporizhian Corps retreated to [[Poltava]] which was holding off the Red Army for a couple of weeks more. On January 6, 1919 the government of [[Georgy Pyatakov|Pyatakov]] officially declared the creation of the [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic]]. Yet his government continued to stay in Kursk until January 24. On January 4 the Bolsheviks Army Group ''Ukrainian Front'' was reformed into the unified Ukrainian front under the command of Antonov-Ovsiyenko with his deputies [[Yuriy Kotsiubynsky|Kotsiubynsky]] and Schadenko. On the several inquiries about the purpose of the Russian Army in Ukraine that the Directory was sending to Moscow, [[Georgy Chicherin|Chicherin]] finally responded on January 6: <blockquote>''...there is no army of the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic in Ukraine. At this time the military action that takes place on the territory of Ukraine is between the armies of Directory and the Ukrainian Soviet Government which is completely independent.''</blockquote> On January 12, the troops under the command of [[Nikolay Shchors|Mykola Schors]] occupied [[Chernihiv]] while other units under command of [[Pavel Dybenko|Pavlo Dybenko]] took [[Lozova]], [[Pavlohrad]], [[Synelnykove]], and established contact with [[Nestor Makhno]]. After some long discussion between the members of the Directory and other state officials, it was decided to declare War against Soviet Russia. The only person who was against it, was the chairman of the Directory [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]], while Shapoval, for example, for some reason was simply requesting the prompt creation of the Soviet government. Denikin later commented that the war declaration did not change absolutely anything on the frontlines and only reflected the political crisis inside the Ukrainian government with the victory of the ''military party'' of Petliura-[[Yevhen Konovalets|Konovalets]]-Hrekov over Vynnychenko-Chekhivsky. On January 20 the Soviet Army took [[Poltava]] while the Ukrainian troops retreated further to [[Kremenchuk]]. On January 26 Dybenko took [[Dnipropetrovsk|Katerynoslav]]. The Soviets took [[Left-Bank Ukraine]], and then marched on to Kyiv. On February 2 they forced the Directorate to move to [[Vinnytsia]] while troops of Schors and Bozhenko occupied Kyiv three days later.
Then Chekhivsky resigned from office, right after Vynnychenko created in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] the ''Committee for the salvation of Republic'', which was again dissolved by Petliura on February 13. During that time the Soviet troops acquired the rest of the [[Kiev Governorate]] while the bands of [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv|Hryhoriv]] took [[Oleksandriia, Kirovohrad Oblast|Oleksandria]] and [[Kirovohrad|Yelyzavethrad]]. By March 6 the Directory had relocated to [[Proskurov]] while yielding most of [[Polissia]] and [[Podillia]] to the [[Bolshevik]]s. Surprisingly, by the end of March the Ukrainian armies successfully conducted series of military operations retaking [[Sarny]], [[Zhytomyr]], [[Korosten]], and threatening to take back Kyiv. On March 2 Otaman Hryhoryev occupied [[Kherson]] and March 12 he was already in [[Mykolaiv]]. By April 3 the Entente forces evacuated from [[Odesa]] which Hryhoryev entered three days later. In early June, Ukraine launched an offensive, retaking the [[Podolia|Podolia region.]]<ref name=eou />
====July 1919–December 1919====
The Red Army retaliated against the Ukrainian offensive, recapturing [[Proskurov]] on 5 July and putting the temporary capital [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] under threat. However, Ukraine was strengthened by the arrival of general [[Yurii Tiutiunnyk]] and his experienced troops. The Ukrainian army launched a counterattack, pushing the Red Army back to [[Horodok, Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Horodok]]. Troops of the [[Ukrainian Galician Army]] who had crossed the [[Zbruch]] on 16-17 July joined the fight against the Bolsheviks. Their arrival resulted in Ukraine having a combined force of 85,000 Ukrainian army regulars, and 15,000 partisans.<ref name=eou />
By October 1919, about 70% of the Directorate's troops and more than 90% of the allied Ukrainian Galician Army fell to [[typhus]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Marvin Kalb|title=Imperial Gamble: Putin, Ukraine, and the New Cold War|date=2015|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-2744-6|page=71}}</ref>
====December 1919–November 1920====
{{main|First Winter Campaign|Polish–Soviet War}}
From December 6, 1919 to May 6, 1920, the [[Ukrainian People's Army|UNR Army]] under the command of [[Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko]] carried out an underground operation known as the [[First Winter Campaign]] in the [[Kirovohrad]] region against the [[14th Army (RSFSR)|Soviet 14th Army]]. Another significant development of this period was the signing of the [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|Treaty of Warsaw]] with [[Poland]] on April 22, and then beginning of a [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|joint offensive]] with Polish troops against the Bolsheviks.<ref name=Chirovsky /> On May 7, a Ukrainian division under the command of [[Marko Bezruchko]] entered Kyiv, but was quickly forced out by a Red Army counteroffensive led by [[Semyon Budyonny]]. The Ukrainians and Poles were pushed back across the [[Zbruch River]] and past [[Zamość]] toward [[Warsaw]] but counter-offensive the Soviets to [[Minsk]]. The Poles signed [[Treaty of Riga|a armistice with the Soviets]] on October 12. By 1921, the Polish author of the Polish-Ukrainian alliance, [[Józef Piłsudski]], was no longer the Polish head of state, and
only participated as an observer during the Riga negotiations, which he called ''an act of cowardice''.<ref name="Davies">{{cite book | author =Norman Davies | author-link =Norman Davies | title =White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20 | year =2003 | pages =399 | publisher =Pimlico | isbn =0-7126-0694-7| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=DMoPXktGwiUC&q=Riga+an+act+of+cowardice&pg=PA399 }} (First edition: New York, [[St. Martin's Press]], inc., 1972.)</ref> Petliura's forces kept fighting.<ref>[[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]], edited by O. J. Frederiksen. ''A History of Ukraine''. New Haven: [[Yale University Press]]: 1941.</ref> They lasted until October 21, when they were forced to cross the Zbruch River and enter Polish-controlled [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]]. There they were disarmed and placed in [[Camps for soldiers of the UNR Army interned in Poland (1919-1924)|internment camps]].<ref name=eou />
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====November 1921====
{{main|Second Winter Campaign}}
The last action of the UNR against the Soviets was a raid behind the Red Army lines in November 1921 known as the [[Second Winter Campaign]].<ref name=eou /> This campaign was meant to incite a general uprising amongst the [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[peasant]]s, who were already disgruntled with the Soviets,<ref name=magocsi /> and to unify partisan forces against the Bolsheviks in Ukraine. The commander of the Ukrainian forces was [[Yurii Tiutiunnyk]].
Two expeditionary forces were established, one from [[Podolia]] (400 men) and one from [[Volhynia]] (800 men). The Podolia group only made it to the village of Vakhnivka, before returning to Polish territory through Volhynia on November 29. The Volhynia group started out on November 4, captured [[Korosten]] on November 7 and made its way to the village of Leonivka. When they began to run low on supplies they decided to return. However, on its return west, it was intercepted by a [[Bolshevik]] [[cavalry]] force under the command of [[Grigore Kotovski]] at [[Bazar, Ukraine|Bazar]] and routed in battle near Mali Mynky on November 17. 443 soldiers were captured by the Soviets during the battle. 359 were shot on November 23 near the town of [[Bazar, Ukraine|Bazar]], and 84 were passed on to Soviet security forces.<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\W\I\Wintercampaigns.htm Winter Campaigns] at the ''[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]''</ref>
This was the last operation of the [[Ukrainian People's Army|UNR army]] against the Soviets. The end of the Second Winter Campaign brought the Ukrainian-Soviet war to a definite end,<ref name=eou /> however partisan fighting against the Bolsheviks continued until mid-1922<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\P\A\PartisanmovementinUkraine1918hD722.htm Partisan movement in Ukraine, 1918–22] at the ''[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]''</ref> and in response the Red Army terrorized the countryside.<ref>[[WED Allen]]. ''The Ukraine''. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1941.</ref>
====Rebellion states====
Local supporters of [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] created anti-Russian and anti-Bolshevik rebellion states on occupied territories like [[Medvyn rebellion|Independent Medvyn Republic]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Медвинська республіка: спротив російсько-більшовицьким окупантам |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-other_news/2099001-medvinska-respublika-sprotiv-rosijskobilsovickim-okupantam.html |website=www.ukrinform.ua |access-date=23 March 2022 |language=uk}}</ref> or [[Kholodny Yar Republic]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Коваль |first1=Роман |title=Начерк до історії Холодноярської організації 1917-1922 років |url=https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Koval/Nacherk_do_istorii_Kholodnoiarskoi_orhanizatsii.rtf.zip |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> They kept fighting with Russians and collaborators until 1923. <ref name="kholodnogoyaru15000">{{in lang|uk}} [https://espreso.tv/article/2020/02/09/povstannya_u_lukyanivskiy_tyurmi_yak_vidbuvsya_ostanniy_biy_otamaniv_kholodnogo_yaru Uprising in Lukyanovka Prison: How the Last Battle of the Cold Yar Atamans took place], [[Espresso TV]] (9 February 2020)</ref>
==Aftermath==
[[File:Rzeczpospolita 1938.svg|thumb|right|200px|Eastern Europe after the [[Treaty of Riga]]]]
The end of the war saw the incorporation of most of the territories of Ukraine into the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] which, on December 30, 1922, was one of the founding members of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR). Parts of [[Ukraine|Western Ukraine]] fell under the control of the [[Second Polish Republic]], as laid out in the [[Peace of Riga]]. The UNR government, led by [[Symon Petlura]], was forced into exile.<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\U\K\UkrainianNationalRepublic.htm Ukrainian National Republic] at the ''[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]''</ref>
For the next few years the Ukrainian nationalists would continue to try to wage a partisan guerrilla war on the Soviets. They were aided by Polish intelligence (see [[Prometheism]]); however, they were not successful. The last active Ukrainian movements would be mostly eradicated during the [[Holodomor]].<ref>[[Timothy Snyder]], ''Covert Polish Missions across the Soviet Ukrainian Border, 1928–1933'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA71&vq=famine&source=gbs_search_s&sig=wXNFbI5ZHBiRe6S50Iey1HJT0SM p. 71-78], in ''Cofini'', Silvia Salvatici (a cura di), Rubbettino, 2005. [http://www.sissco.it/fileadmin/user_upload/Pubblicazioni/collanasissco/confini/confini_snyder.pdf Full text in PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227130119/http://www.sissco.it/fileadmin/user_upload/Pubblicazioni/collanasissco/confini/confini_snyder.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}</ref> Further, the relative lack of Polish support for the Ukrainian cause would cause a growing resentment on the part of the [[History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland|Ukrainian minority in Poland]] towards the Polish interwar state.
==See also==
*[[Ukraine after the Russian Revolution]]
*[[Polish–Soviet War]]
*[[Polish–Ukrainian War]]
*[[Nestor Makhno]]
*[[Ukrainian Death Triangle]]
*[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
**[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Russian Conflicts}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian-Soviet War}}
[[Category:Ukrainian–Soviet War| ]]
[[Category:Ukrainian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Russian Revolution in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–Ukraine relations]]
[[Category:Warfare of the late modern period]]
[[Category:Wars involving communist states]]
[[Category:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)]]
[[Category:Wars involving Ukraine]]
[[Category:1917 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1918 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1919 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1920 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1921 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1917]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1918]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1919]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1920]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1921]]
[[Category:History of Ukraine (1918–1991)]]
[[Category:Russian–Ukrainian wars]]
[[Category:Ukrainian War of Independence]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -65,5 +65,5 @@
In November 1917, the government of Ukraine denounced the Bolsheviks' armed coup against the Provisional Government, known as the [[October Revolution]], and declared it would decisively fight against any attempted similar coup in Ukraine. A special joint committee for preservation of revolution was organized to keep the situation under control. The [[Kiev Military District]] command tried to prevent a Bolshevik coup, leading to [[Kiev Bolshevik Uprising|street fights]] and eventually surrendering of pro-Bolshevik troops in the city. On November 14, 1917, the Ukrainian Central [[Central Council of Ukraine|Rada]] issued its "Appeal of the Central Council to the citizens of Ukraine" in which it sanctioned transfer of the state power in Ukraine to itself. On November 16, a joint session of the Rada and executive committee of the local workers and soldiers soviets recognized the Central Rada as the regional authority in Ukraine. On November 20, 1917, the Rada declared Ukraine the Ukrainian People's Republic as an autonomous part of the Russian Republic and scheduled the January 9, 1918 elections to a [[Ukrainian Constituent Assembly]]. The Secretary of Military Affairs [[Symon Petliura]] expressed his intentions to unite both the [[Southwestern Front (Russian Empire)|Southwestern]] and [[Romanian Front (Russian Empire)|Romanian fronts]] that were stretched across Ukraine into one Ukrainian Front under the command of [[Colonel General]] [[Dmitry Shcherbachev]].
-On December 17, 1917, the Russian Bolsheviks planned a rival [[All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets]] and on December 11–12, 1917, they set off a number of coups across Ukraine in Kiev, Odessa and Vinnytsia. They were successfully defeated by the Rada. On December 17, 1917, [[Sovnarkom]], that initiated peace talks with [[Central Powers]] earlier that month, sent a 48-hour ultimatum to the Rada requesting it stop "counterrevolutionary actions" or prepare for war. Also on December 17, 1917, [[:ru:Берзин, Рейнгольд Иосифович|Reingold Berzins]] led his troops from [[Minsk]] towards [[Kharkov]] to Don. They engaged in an armed conflict at a rail station in [[Bakhmach]] with the Ukrainian troops who refused to let the Russian red forces (three regiments and an artillery division) pass. The Central Rada did not accept the accusations and stated its conditions: recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, non-interference in its internal affairs and affairs of the newly organized Ukrainian Front, permission on transferring of Ukrainized troops to Ukraine, division of the former imperial finances, participation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the general peace negotiations. The same day the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kiev, after the Bolshevik delegation left, recognized the authority of the Ukrainian government and denounced the ultimatum of the Soviet Russian government. The Kiev Bolsheviks in their turn denounced that congress and scheduled another one in Kharkov. Next day, Sovnarkom in Moscow decided for going to war. [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko]] was appointed by [[Vladimir Lenin]] the commander-in-chief of expeditionary force against Kaledin and the South Russia, while near the borders with Ukraine ([[Bryansk]] – [[Belgorod]]) Red troops began to gather.
+On December 17, 1917, the Russian Bolsheviks planned a rival [[All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets]] and on December 11–12, 1917, they set off a number of coups across Ukraine in Kyiv, Odesa and Vinnytsia. They were successfully defeated by the Rada. On December 17, 1917, [[Sovnarkom]], that initiated peace talks with [[Central Powers]] earlier that month, sent a 48-hour ultimatum to the Rada requesting it stop "counterrevolutionary actions" or prepare for war. Also on December 17, 1917, [[:ru:Берзин, Рейнгольд Иосифович|Reingold Berzins]] led his troops from [[Minsk]] towards [[Kharkov]] to Don. They engaged in an armed conflict at a rail station in [[Bakhmach]] with the Ukrainian troops who refused to let the Russian red forces (three regiments and an artillery division) pass. The Central Rada did not accept the accusations and stated its conditions: recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, non-interference in its internal affairs and affairs of the newly organized Ukrainian Front, permission on transferring of Ukrainized troops to Ukraine, division of the former imperial finances, participation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the general peace negotiations. The same day the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kyiv, after the Bolshevik delegation left, recognized the authority of the Ukrainian government and denounced the ultimatum of the Soviet Russian government. The Kiev Bolsheviks in their turn denounced that congress and scheduled another one in Kharkov. Next day, Sovnarkom in Moscow decided for going to war. [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko]] was appointed by [[Vladimir Lenin]] the commander-in-chief of expeditionary force against Kaledin and the South Russia, while near the borders with Ukraine ([[Bryansk]] – [[Belgorod]]) Red troops began to gather.
The Kievan Bolsheviks who fled to Kharkov joined the regional Congress of Soviets of the [[Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic]]. They then declared this meeting the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets that announced the creation of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets]]. It called the Central Rada of Ukraine an enemy of the people declaring war against it on January 2. The Rada then broke all ties with [[Petrograd]] on January 22, 1918, and declared independence, thereby commencing the [[Ukrainian War of Independence]].<ref name=ebrit>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30076/Ukraine|title=Ukraine.|author=J. Kim Munholland|access-date=2007-11-08|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Anna|title=Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8133-3792-5|pages=33}}</ref> It was around this point that Bolshevik troops began invading Ukraine from Russia.<ref name=subtelny>Orest Subtelny. ''Ukraine: A History''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 1988.</ref> Russian military units from Kharkov, [[Moscow]], Minsk and the [[Baltic Fleet]] invaded Ukraine.<ref>Robert Sullivant. ''Soviet Politics and the Ukraine 1917–1957.'' New York: [[Columbia University Press]], 1962.</ref>
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@
name=eou>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\U\K\Ukrainian6SovietWar1917hD721.htm Ukrainian-Soviet War, 1917–21] at the ''[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]''</ref>
-[[File:Січові стрільці Київ(1918).jpg|thumb|left|The first detachment of [[Sich Riflemen]] after the capture of [[Kiev|Kyiv]] in January 1918.]]
+[[File:Січові стрільці Київ(1918).jpg|thumb|left|The first detachment of [[Sich Riflemen]] after the capture of [[Kyiv]] in January 1918.]]
As the Bolsheviks marched towards Kyiv, a small Ukrainian National Republic unit of less than 500 schoolboys (some sources give a figure of 300<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historyua.narod.ru/ |title=History of Ukraine |access-date=September 12, 2006|language=uk}}</ref>), commanded by Captain Ahapiy Honcharenko, was hastily organized and sent to the front on January 29, 1918 to take part in the [[Battle of Kruty]]. The small unit consisted mainly of the Student Battalion ([[Kurin]]) of [[Sich Riflemen]], a unit of the Khmelnytsky Cadet School, and a [[Haidamaka]] detachment. About half of the 500 men were killed during the battle.
-On January 29, 1918, the [[Kiev Arsenal January Uprising]], a Bolshevik-organized armed revolt, began at the [[Kiev Arsenal factory]]. The workers of the plant were joined by the soldiers of the Ponton Battalion, the 3rd Aviation Regiment and the Sahaydachny regiment. Sensing defeat, the "Central Rada" and Petlyurist forces stormed the city on February 3.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Палач Петлюра — предтеча нынешних властей|url=http://rg.kiev.ua/page5/article17172/|work=Rabochaya Gazeta|access-date=27 January 2012|language=ru}}</ref> After six days of battle and running low on food and ammunition, the uprising was suppressed by counter-revolutionary forces,<ref>{{cite book|last=Subtelny|first=Orest|title=Ukraine: A History|year=2000|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|author-link=Orest Subtelny|page=[https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352 352]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352}}</ref> in which 300 Bolshevik workers died. According to Soviet era sources, more than 1500 pro-Soviet workers and soldiers were killed during the struggle.<ref>Дмитрий Аггеевич Чугаев. "Коммунистическая партия: организатор Союза Советских Социалистических Республик". Мысль. 1972. p.176</ref> On February 8 the Ukrainian government evacuated Kyiv in order to avoid destruction by opposing Soviet troops, which then entered Kyiv under Mikhail Muravyov's on February 9.
+On January 29, 1918, the [[Kiev Arsenal January Uprising]], a Bolshevik-organized armed revolt, began at the [[Kiev Arsenal factory]]. The workers of the plant were joined by the soldiers of the Ponton Battalion, the 3rd Aviation Regiment and the Sahaydachny regiment. Sensing defeat, the "Central Rada" and Petlyurist forces stormed the city on February 3. After six days of battle and running low on food and ammunition, the uprising was suppressed by counter-revolutionary forces,<ref>{{cite book|last=Subtelny|first=Orest|title=Ukraine: A History|year=2000|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|author-link=Orest Subtelny|page=[https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352 352]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352}}</ref> in which 300 Bolshevik workers died. According to Soviet era sources, more than 1500 pro-Soviet workers and soldiers were killed during the struggle.<ref>Дмитрий Аггеевич Чугаев. "Коммунистическая партия: организатор Союза Советских Социалистических Республик". Мысль. 1972. p.176</ref> On February 8 the Ukrainian government evacuated Kyiv in order to avoid destruction by opposing Soviet troops, which then entered Kyiv under Mikhail Muravyov's on February 9.
Once the Bolsheviks took Kyiv, they began an offensive in [[Right-Bank Ukraine]]. However, on February 9 the UNR signed the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] and thus received aid from [[German Empire|German]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] troops in late February, over 450,000 troops.<ref name=subtelny /> In exchange for military aid, the Ukrainians were to deliver foodstuffs to the [[Central Powers]].<ref name=subtelny /> Under the command of [[Symon Petlura]], the combined forces pushed the Bolsheviks out of Right Bank Ukraine and retook Kyiv on March 1. Because of the socialist policies of the Rada, mainly the policy of land nationalization which affected food exports to the Central Powers, on April 28 the German forces disbanded the Central Rada and installed the [[Ukrainian State|Hetman government]] in its place. Ukrainian, German, and Austro-Hungarian armies continued making gains, taking back Left Bank Ukraine, Crimea and the Donets Basin.<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2018/04/18/152320/ 100 years ago Bakhmut and the rest of Donbass liberated], Ukrayinska Pravda (18 April 2018)</ref> These setbacks forced the Bolsheviks to sign a [[1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations|peace treaty]] with the Ukrainian government on June 12.
@@ -100,5 +100,5 @@
During that time the Soviet forces were advancing across North-eastern Ukraine and occupied [[Rylsk, Russia|Rylsk]] and [[Novhorod-Siversky]]. On December 21 the Ukrainian Front took the important strategic railroad connection in [[Kupiansk]]. After that, a full-scale advance started between the [[Dnieper]] and [[Oskil (river)|Oskil River]]s. On January 3, the Red Army took [[Kharkiv]], almost as by the same scenario when Bolsheviks had occupied Kyiv in February 1918. The Ukrainian forces at that time consisted of two regular troop formations, the Zaporozhian Corps and the [[Sich Riflemen]], as well as [[Partisan (military)|partisan]] detachments. These partisans were led by unreliable [[ataman]]s which occasionally sided with the Bolsheviks, such as Zeleny, Anhel, and [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv|Hryhoriv]]. The army which had over 100,000 men, fell to about 25,000 due to peasants leaving the army and desertions to the Bolsheviks.<ref name=subtelny /> [[Petro Bolbochan|Bolbochan]] with the remnants of the Zaporizhian Corps retreated to [[Poltava]] which was holding off the Red Army for a couple of weeks more. On January 6, 1919 the government of [[Georgy Pyatakov|Pyatakov]] officially declared the creation of the [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic]]. Yet his government continued to stay in Kursk until January 24. On January 4 the Bolsheviks Army Group ''Ukrainian Front'' was reformed into the unified Ukrainian front under the command of Antonov-Ovsiyenko with his deputies [[Yuriy Kotsiubynsky|Kotsiubynsky]] and Schadenko. On the several inquiries about the purpose of the Russian Army in Ukraine that the Directory was sending to Moscow, [[Georgy Chicherin|Chicherin]] finally responded on January 6: <blockquote>''...there is no army of the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic in Ukraine. At this time the military action that takes place on the territory of Ukraine is between the armies of Directory and the Ukrainian Soviet Government which is completely independent.''</blockquote> On January 12, the troops under the command of [[Nikolay Shchors|Mykola Schors]] occupied [[Chernihiv]] while other units under command of [[Pavel Dybenko|Pavlo Dybenko]] took [[Lozova]], [[Pavlohrad]], [[Synelnykove]], and established contact with [[Nestor Makhno]]. After some long discussion between the members of the Directory and other state officials, it was decided to declare War against Soviet Russia. The only person who was against it, was the chairman of the Directory [[Volodymyr Vynnychenko]], while Shapoval, for example, for some reason was simply requesting the prompt creation of the Soviet government. Denikin later commented that the war declaration did not change absolutely anything on the frontlines and only reflected the political crisis inside the Ukrainian government with the victory of the ''military party'' of Petliura-[[Yevhen Konovalets|Konovalets]]-Hrekov over Vynnychenko-Chekhivsky. On January 20 the Soviet Army took [[Poltava]] while the Ukrainian troops retreated further to [[Kremenchuk]]. On January 26 Dybenko took [[Dnipropetrovsk|Katerynoslav]]. The Soviets took [[Left-Bank Ukraine]], and then marched on to Kyiv. On February 2 they forced the Directorate to move to [[Vinnytsia]] while troops of Schors and Bozhenko occupied Kyiv three days later.
-Then Chekhivsky resigned from office, right after Vynnychenko created in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] the ''Committee for the salvation of Republic'', which was again dissolved by Petliura on February 13. During that time the Soviet troops acquired the rest of the [[Kiev Governorate]] while the bands of [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv|Hryhoriv]] took [[Oleksandriia, Kirovohrad Oblast|Oleksandria]] and [[Kirovohrad|Yelyzavethrad]]. By March 6 the Directory had relocated to [[Proskurov]] while yielding most of [[Polissia]] and [[Podillia]] to the [[Bolshevik]]s. Surprisingly, by the end of March the Ukrainian armies successfully conducted series of military operations retaking [[Sarny]], [[Zhytomyr]], [[Korosten]], and threatening to take back Kyiv. On March 2 Otaman Hryhoryev occupied [[Kherson]] and March 12 he was already in [[Mykolaiv]]. By April 3 the Entente forces evacuated from [[Odessa]] which Hryhoryev entered three days later. In early June, Ukraine launched an offensive, retaking the [[Podolia|Podolia region.]]<ref name=eou />
+Then Chekhivsky resigned from office, right after Vynnychenko created in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] the ''Committee for the salvation of Republic'', which was again dissolved by Petliura on February 13. During that time the Soviet troops acquired the rest of the [[Kiev Governorate]] while the bands of [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv|Hryhoriv]] took [[Oleksandriia, Kirovohrad Oblast|Oleksandria]] and [[Kirovohrad|Yelyzavethrad]]. By March 6 the Directory had relocated to [[Proskurov]] while yielding most of [[Polissia]] and [[Podillia]] to the [[Bolshevik]]s. Surprisingly, by the end of March the Ukrainian armies successfully conducted series of military operations retaking [[Sarny]], [[Zhytomyr]], [[Korosten]], and threatening to take back Kyiv. On March 2 Otaman Hryhoryev occupied [[Kherson]] and March 12 he was already in [[Mykolaiv]]. By April 3 the Entente forces evacuated from [[Odesa]] which Hryhoryev entered three days later. In early June, Ukraine launched an offensive, retaking the [[Podolia|Podolia region.]]<ref name=eou />
====July 1919–December 1919====
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0 => 'On December 17, 1917, the Russian Bolsheviks planned a rival [[All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets]] and on December 11–12, 1917, they set off a number of coups across Ukraine in Kyiv, Odesa and Vinnytsia. They were successfully defeated by the Rada. On December 17, 1917, [[Sovnarkom]], that initiated peace talks with [[Central Powers]] earlier that month, sent a 48-hour ultimatum to the Rada requesting it stop "counterrevolutionary actions" or prepare for war. Also on December 17, 1917, [[:ru:Берзин, Рейнгольд Иосифович|Reingold Berzins]] led his troops from [[Minsk]] towards [[Kharkov]] to Don. They engaged in an armed conflict at a rail station in [[Bakhmach]] with the Ukrainian troops who refused to let the Russian red forces (three regiments and an artillery division) pass. The Central Rada did not accept the accusations and stated its conditions: recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, non-interference in its internal affairs and affairs of the newly organized Ukrainian Front, permission on transferring of Ukrainized troops to Ukraine, division of the former imperial finances, participation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the general peace negotiations. The same day the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kyiv, after the Bolshevik delegation left, recognized the authority of the Ukrainian government and denounced the ultimatum of the Soviet Russian government. The Kiev Bolsheviks in their turn denounced that congress and scheduled another one in Kharkov. Next day, Sovnarkom in Moscow decided for going to war. [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko]] was appointed by [[Vladimir Lenin]] the commander-in-chief of expeditionary force against Kaledin and the South Russia, while near the borders with Ukraine ([[Bryansk]] – [[Belgorod]]) Red troops began to gather.',
1 => '[[File:Січові стрільці Київ(1918).jpg|thumb|left|The first detachment of [[Sich Riflemen]] after the capture of [[Kyiv]] in January 1918.]]',
2 => 'On January 29, 1918, the [[Kiev Arsenal January Uprising]], a Bolshevik-organized armed revolt, began at the [[Kiev Arsenal factory]]. The workers of the plant were joined by the soldiers of the Ponton Battalion, the 3rd Aviation Regiment and the Sahaydachny regiment. Sensing defeat, the "Central Rada" and Petlyurist forces stormed the city on February 3. After six days of battle and running low on food and ammunition, the uprising was suppressed by counter-revolutionary forces,<ref>{{cite book|last=Subtelny|first=Orest|title=Ukraine: A History|year=2000|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|author-link=Orest Subtelny|page=[https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352 352]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352}}</ref> in which 300 Bolshevik workers died. According to Soviet era sources, more than 1500 pro-Soviet workers and soldiers were killed during the struggle.<ref>Дмитрий Аггеевич Чугаев. "Коммунистическая партия: организатор Союза Советских Социалистических Республик". Мысль. 1972. p.176</ref> On February 8 the Ukrainian government evacuated Kyiv in order to avoid destruction by opposing Soviet troops, which then entered Kyiv under Mikhail Muravyov's on February 9.',
3 => 'Then Chekhivsky resigned from office, right after Vynnychenko created in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] the ''Committee for the salvation of Republic'', which was again dissolved by Petliura on February 13. During that time the Soviet troops acquired the rest of the [[Kiev Governorate]] while the bands of [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv|Hryhoriv]] took [[Oleksandriia, Kirovohrad Oblast|Oleksandria]] and [[Kirovohrad|Yelyzavethrad]]. By March 6 the Directory had relocated to [[Proskurov]] while yielding most of [[Polissia]] and [[Podillia]] to the [[Bolshevik]]s. Surprisingly, by the end of March the Ukrainian armies successfully conducted series of military operations retaking [[Sarny]], [[Zhytomyr]], [[Korosten]], and threatening to take back Kyiv. On March 2 Otaman Hryhoryev occupied [[Kherson]] and March 12 he was already in [[Mykolaiv]]. By April 3 the Entente forces evacuated from [[Odesa]] which Hryhoryev entered three days later. In early June, Ukraine launched an offensive, retaking the [[Podolia|Podolia region.]]<ref name=eou />'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'On December 17, 1917, the Russian Bolsheviks planned a rival [[All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets]] and on December 11–12, 1917, they set off a number of coups across Ukraine in Kiev, Odessa and Vinnytsia. They were successfully defeated by the Rada. On December 17, 1917, [[Sovnarkom]], that initiated peace talks with [[Central Powers]] earlier that month, sent a 48-hour ultimatum to the Rada requesting it stop "counterrevolutionary actions" or prepare for war. Also on December 17, 1917, [[:ru:Берзин, Рейнгольд Иосифович|Reingold Berzins]] led his troops from [[Minsk]] towards [[Kharkov]] to Don. They engaged in an armed conflict at a rail station in [[Bakhmach]] with the Ukrainian troops who refused to let the Russian red forces (three regiments and an artillery division) pass. The Central Rada did not accept the accusations and stated its conditions: recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, non-interference in its internal affairs and affairs of the newly organized Ukrainian Front, permission on transferring of Ukrainized troops to Ukraine, division of the former imperial finances, participation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the general peace negotiations. The same day the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kiev, after the Bolshevik delegation left, recognized the authority of the Ukrainian government and denounced the ultimatum of the Soviet Russian government. The Kiev Bolsheviks in their turn denounced that congress and scheduled another one in Kharkov. Next day, Sovnarkom in Moscow decided for going to war. [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko]] was appointed by [[Vladimir Lenin]] the commander-in-chief of expeditionary force against Kaledin and the South Russia, while near the borders with Ukraine ([[Bryansk]] – [[Belgorod]]) Red troops began to gather.',
1 => '[[File:Січові стрільці Київ(1918).jpg|thumb|left|The first detachment of [[Sich Riflemen]] after the capture of [[Kiev|Kyiv]] in January 1918.]]',
2 => 'On January 29, 1918, the [[Kiev Arsenal January Uprising]], a Bolshevik-organized armed revolt, began at the [[Kiev Arsenal factory]]. The workers of the plant were joined by the soldiers of the Ponton Battalion, the 3rd Aviation Regiment and the Sahaydachny regiment. Sensing defeat, the "Central Rada" and Petlyurist forces stormed the city on February 3.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Палач Петлюра — предтеча нынешних властей|url=http://rg.kiev.ua/page5/article17172/|work=Rabochaya Gazeta|access-date=27 January 2012|language=ru}}</ref> After six days of battle and running low on food and ammunition, the uprising was suppressed by counter-revolutionary forces,<ref>{{cite book|last=Subtelny|first=Orest|title=Ukraine: A History|year=2000|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=0-8020-8390-0|author-link=Orest Subtelny|page=[https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352 352]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352}}</ref> in which 300 Bolshevik workers died. According to Soviet era sources, more than 1500 pro-Soviet workers and soldiers were killed during the struggle.<ref>Дмитрий Аггеевич Чугаев. "Коммунистическая партия: организатор Союза Советских Социалистических Республик". Мысль. 1972. p.176</ref> On February 8 the Ukrainian government evacuated Kyiv in order to avoid destruction by opposing Soviet troops, which then entered Kyiv under Mikhail Muravyov's on February 9.',
3 => 'Then Chekhivsky resigned from office, right after Vynnychenko created in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] the ''Committee for the salvation of Republic'', which was again dissolved by Petliura on February 13. During that time the Soviet troops acquired the rest of the [[Kiev Governorate]] while the bands of [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv|Hryhoriv]] took [[Oleksandriia, Kirovohrad Oblast|Oleksandria]] and [[Kirovohrad|Yelyzavethrad]]. By March 6 the Directory had relocated to [[Proskurov]] while yielding most of [[Polissia]] and [[Podillia]] to the [[Bolshevik]]s. Surprisingly, by the end of March the Ukrainian armies successfully conducted series of military operations retaking [[Sarny]], [[Zhytomyr]], [[Korosten]], and threatening to take back Kyiv. On March 2 Otaman Hryhoryev occupied [[Kherson]] and March 12 he was already in [[Mykolaiv]]. By April 3 the Entente forces evacuated from [[Odessa]] which Hryhoryev entered three days later. In early June, Ukraine launched an offensive, retaking the [[Podolia|Podolia region.]]<ref name=eou />'
] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">20th-century conflict between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Bolsheviks</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">List of wars between Russia and Ukraine</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Being_merged plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This page is currently slated for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merging</a>.</b><br />
After <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talk:Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia#Requested_move_23_March_2023" title="Talk:Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">a discussion</a>, consensus to merge this page with content from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia</a> was found. You can help implement the merge by following the instructions at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Merging#How_to_merge" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Merging">Help:Merging</a> and the resolution on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talk:Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia#Requested_move_23_March_2023" title="Talk:Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">the discussion</a>.<small><i> Process started in <span class="nowrap">April 2023</span>.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;;width:300px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Ukrainian–Soviet War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pic_U_N_UNR_Army_(March_1918).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pic_U_N_UNR_Army_%28March_1918%29.jpg/300px-Pic_U_N_UNR_Army_%28March_1918%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pic_U_N_UNR_Army_%28March_1918%29.jpg/450px-Pic_U_N_UNR_Army_%28March_1918%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Pic_U_N_UNR_Army_%28March_1918%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="415" /></a></span><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Army">Ukrainian People's Army</a> soldiers in front of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery" title="St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery">St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv_Bolshevik_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Bolshevik Uprising">8 November 1917</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Winter_Campaign" title="Second Winter Campaign">17 November 1921</a><br />(4 years, 1 week and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> victory
</p>
<ul><li>Establishment of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (UkSSR) and its absorption into the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td>
Partition of Ukraine between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a><br />
</p>
<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ZUNR_coa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ZUNR_coa.svg/20px-ZUNR_coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ZUNR_coa.svg/30px-ZUNR_coa.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ZUNR_coa.svg/40px-ZUNR_coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="680" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Galician_Army" title="Ukrainian Galician Army">Galician Army</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span><br />
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span><br />
</p>
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1920–21)</span></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em">
<p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="960" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>
</p>
<ul><li><ul><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="UNRR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_the_Soviets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_Soviets" title="Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets">UNRR</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></li>
<li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="URR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_flag.svg/23px-Red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_flag.svg/35px-Red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_flag.svg/46px-Red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Republic">URR</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em">
<p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–19)</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1919–20)</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span>
</p>
<hr />
<span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Various independent rebels</i></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (November 2020)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em">
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/23px-Black_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/35px-Black_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/46px-Black_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykhailo_Pavlenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykhailo Pavlenko">Mykhailo Pavlenko</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oleksandr_Udovychenko" title="Oleksandr Udovychenko">Oleksandr Udovychenko</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em">
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikhail_Artemyevich_Muravyov" title="Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov">Mikhail Muraviev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseenko" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko">Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="960" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgiy_Pyatakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgiy Pyatakov">Georgiy Pyatakov</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="960" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Zatonsky" title="Volodymyr Zatonsky">Volodymyr Zatonsky</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919-1929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="960" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikolay_Shchors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Shchors">Nikolay Shchors</a></td><td style="width:25%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em">
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_Standard_of_the_Hetman_of_Ukraine_%281918%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Hetman_of_Ukraine_%281918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_Standard_of_the_Hetman_of_Ukraine_%281918%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Hetman_of_Ukraine_%281918%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_Standard_of_the_Hetman_of_Ukraine_%281918%29.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_Hetman_of_Ukraine_%281918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlo Skoropadsky">Pavlo Skoropadsky</a></td><td style="width:25%;padding-left:0.25em">
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/23px-Black_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/35px-Black_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/46px-Black_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/23px-Black_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/35px-Black_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/46px-Black_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semen_Karetnyk" title="Semen Karetnyk">Semen Karetnyk</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/23px-Black_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/35px-Black_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/46px-Black_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Fedir Shchus</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/23px-Black_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/35px-Black_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/46px-Black_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Viktor Bilash</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
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class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Ukrainian–Soviet War</span></a> (1917–1921)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupation_of_Kharkiv_(1917)" title="Occupation of Kharkiv (1917)">Kharkiv (Dec 1917)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kruty" title="Battle of Kruty">Kruty (Jan 1918)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Darnytsia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Darnytsia (page does not exist)">Darnytsia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1918)" title="Battle of Kiev (1918)">Kiev (Feb 1918)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag (Feb 1918</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Severynivka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Severynivka (page does not exist)">Severynivka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Kiev_(1918)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German occupation of Kiev (1918) (page does not exist)">Kiev (Mar 1918)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimea_Operation_(1918)" title="Crimea Operation (1918)">Crimean operation (April 1918)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Motovilivka" title="Battle of Motovilivka">Motovilivka (Nov 1918)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">Ukraine (1919)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(January_1919)" title="Battle of Kiev (January 1919)">Kiev (Jan 1919)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_Kiev_by_the_White_Army" title="Capture of Kiev by the White Army">Kiev (Aug 1919)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Winter_Campaign" title="First Winter Campaign">First Winter Campaign (1919–20)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev_Offensive_(1920)" title="Kiev Offensive (1920)">Kiev (1920)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Winter_Campaign" title="Second Winter Campaign">Second Winter Campaign (1921)</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<dl><dt><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">uprisings</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dubno_Garrison_Revolt" title="Dubno Garrison Revolt">Dubno (Oct 1917)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev (Nov 1917)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vinnytsia_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Vinnytsia Bolshevik Uprising">Vinnytsia (Nov 1917)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aleksandrovsk_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Aleksandrovsk Bolshevik Uprising">Aleksandrovsk (Dec 1917)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ekaterinoslav_Bolshevik_uprising" title="Ekaterinoslav Bolshevik uprising">Ekaterinoslav (Jan 1918)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev_Arsenal_January_Uprising" title="Kiev Arsenal January Uprising">Kiev (Jan–Feb 1918)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odessa_Bolshevik_uprising" title="Odessa Bolshevik uprising">Odessa (Jan 1918)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:History_of_Ukraine" title="Category:History of Ukraine">a series</a> on the</div></th>
</tr><tr>
<th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: none;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of <span class="fn org label">Ukraine</span></a></th>
</tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae,_Moldoviae,_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_(Nuremberg,_1720).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum cum vicinis Walachiae, Moldoviae, Johann Baptiste Homann (Nuremberg, 1720)"><img alt="Ukrania quae et Terra Cosaccorum cum vicinis Walachiae, Moldoviae, Johann Baptiste Homann (Nuremberg, 1720)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae%2C_Moldoviae%2C_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_%28Nuremberg%2C_1720%29.jpg/150px-Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae%2C_Moldoviae%2C_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_%28Nuremberg%2C_1720%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae%2C_Moldoviae%2C_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_%28Nuremberg%2C_1720%29.jpg/225px-Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae%2C_Moldoviae%2C_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_%28Nuremberg%2C_1720%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae%2C_Moldoviae%2C_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_%28Nuremberg%2C_1720%29.jpg/300px-Ukrania_quae_et_Terra_Cosaccorum_cum_vicinis_Walachiae%2C_Moldoviae%2C_Johann_Baptiste_Homann_%28Nuremberg%2C_1720%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5793" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistorical_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistorical Ukraine">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Trypillian–Cucuteni culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">Taurica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubintsy culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medieval_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Ukraine">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">Early East Slavs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onoghuria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Rus'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cumania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Cossacks" title="History of the Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Host</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Ruin_(Ukrainian_history)" title="The Ruin (Ukrainian history)">The Ruin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danubian_Sich" title="Danubian Sich">Danube</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">New Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_during_World_War_I" title="Ukraine during World War I">Ukraine during World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Ukraine after the Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Communist Party of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine in World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia genocide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cassette_Scandal" title="Cassette Scandal">Cassette Scandal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">Russia–Ukraine gas disputes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">(outline)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Crimean crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">War in Donbas (2014–2022)</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;">Topics by history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Name_of_Ukraine" title="Name of Ukraine">Name of Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" title="Historical regions in present-day Ukraine">Historical regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity in Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Judaism in Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Ukraine">Economic history</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
<span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/16px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/24px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:History_of_Ukraine" title="Template:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Ukraine&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Ukrainian–Soviet War</b><sup id="cite_ref-eou_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-1">[1]</a></sup> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">радянсько-українська війна</span>, <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">radiansko-ukrainska viina</i></span>) is the term commonly used in post-Soviet Ukraine for the events taking place between 1917–21, nowadays regarded essentially as a war between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>). The war ensued soon after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> dispatched <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseenko" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko">Antonov</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">expeditionary group</a> to Ukraine and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet historiography">Soviet historiography</a> viewed the Bolshevik victory as the liberation of Ukraine from occupation by the armies of Western and Central Europe (including that of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>). Conversely, modern Ukrainian historians consider it a failed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="War of independence">war of independence</a> by the Ukrainian People's Republic against the Bolsheviks. The conflict was complicated by the involvement of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a>, non-Bolshevik Russians of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a>, and the armies of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, among others.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historiography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historiography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Important_documents"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Important documents</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#War"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">War</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#December_1917–April_1918"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">December 1917–April 1918</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Post-Hetmanate_intervention"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Post-Hetmanate intervention</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#January_1919–June_1919"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">January 1919–June 1919</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#July_1919–December_1919"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">July 1919–December 1919</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#December_1919–November_1920"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">December 1919–November 1920</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#November_1921"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">November 1921</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Rebellion_states"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Rebellion states</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historiography">Historiography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historiography">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In Soviet historiography and terminology, the armed conflict is depicted as part of the greater <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>: in Ukraine, this war was fought between the national government (led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a>) and the Russian Bolshevik government (led by Lenin).
</p><p>The war may be divided into three phases:
</p>
<ol><li>December 1917 – April 1918: Revolutionary days, attempted Bolshevik coups, invasion of Ukraine by the Red Army formations, signing of protectorate treaty, and liberation from the Bolsheviks.</li>
<li>December 1918 – December 1919: Civil war in Ukraine, full-scale invasion by the Red Army, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akt_Zluky" class="mw-redirect" title="Akt Zluky">unification of Ukraine</a>, anti-Soviet peasant uprisings, Denikin's Volunteer Army and the Allied intervention, loss of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ukraine">West Ukraine</a> to Poland.</li>
<li>Spring 1920 – Autumn 1921: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (Treaty of Warsaw), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (between Bolshevik armies and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia" title="Armed Forces of South Russia">Armed Forces of South Russia</a>), Ukrainian guerrilla operations (First and Second Winter Campaigns), government in exile.</li></ol>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Important_documents">Important documents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Important documents">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Declarations of the Central Council of Ukraine (Universals)</li>
<li>Ultimatum of Sovnarkom to the Central Council of Ukraine</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> granting status of neutrality to Ukraine as a bufferzone for the Central Powers, as well as military protection, in negotiating peace with the Bolsheviks of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unification_Act" title="Unification Act">Unification Act</a>, unification of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">western Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Treaty of Warsaw</a>, Polish-Ukrainian anti-Bolshevik pact</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a>, partition of Ukraine</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Background">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a></div>
<p>After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917, the nationalities within the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> (formerly the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>) demanded national autonomy from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>. In the summer of 1917, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> approved regional administration over some parts of Ukraine.
</p><p>In November 1917, the government of Ukraine denounced the Bolsheviks' armed coup against the Provisional Government, known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, and declared it would decisively fight against any attempted similar coup in Ukraine. A special joint committee for preservation of revolution was organized to keep the situation under control. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev_Military_District" title="Kiev Military District">Kiev Military District</a> command tried to prevent a Bolshevik coup, leading to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">street fights</a> and eventually surrendering of pro-Bolshevik troops in the city. On November 14, 1917, the Ukrainian Central <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Rada</a> issued its "Appeal of the Central Council to the citizens of Ukraine" in which it sanctioned transfer of the state power in Ukraine to itself. On November 16, a joint session of the Rada and executive committee of the local workers and soldiers soviets recognized the Central Rada as the regional authority in Ukraine. On November 20, 1917, the Rada declared Ukraine the Ukrainian People's Republic as an autonomous part of the Russian Republic and scheduled the January 9, 1918 elections to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Ukrainian Constituent Assembly">Ukrainian Constituent Assembly</a>. The Secretary of Military Affairs <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a> expressed his intentions to unite both the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Russian_Empire)" title="Southwestern Front (Russian Empire)">Southwestern</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanian_Front_(Russian_Empire)" title="Romanian Front (Russian Empire)">Romanian fronts</a> that were stretched across Ukraine into one Ukrainian Front under the command of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dmitry_Shcherbachev" title="Dmitry Shcherbachev">Dmitry Shcherbachev</a>.
</p><p>On December 17, 1917, the Russian Bolsheviks planned a rival <a href="/enwiki/wiki/All-Ukrainian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets">All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets</a> and on December 11–12, 1917, they set off a number of coups across Ukraine in Kyiv, Odesa and Vinnytsia. They were successfully defeated by the Rada. On December 17, 1917, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">Sovnarkom</a>, that initiated peace talks with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> earlier that month, sent a 48-hour ultimatum to the Rada requesting it stop "counterrevolutionary actions" or prepare for war. Also on December 17, 1917, <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Берзин, Рейнгольд Иосифович">Reingold Berzins</a> led his troops from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> towards <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a> to Don. They engaged in an armed conflict at a rail station in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakhmach" title="Bakhmach">Bakhmach</a> with the Ukrainian troops who refused to let the Russian red forces (three regiments and an artillery division) pass. The Central Rada did not accept the accusations and stated its conditions: recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, non-interference in its internal affairs and affairs of the newly organized Ukrainian Front, permission on transferring of Ukrainized troops to Ukraine, division of the former imperial finances, participation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the general peace negotiations. The same day the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in Kyiv, after the Bolshevik delegation left, recognized the authority of the Ukrainian government and denounced the ultimatum of the Soviet Russian government. The Kiev Bolsheviks in their turn denounced that congress and scheduled another one in Kharkov. Next day, Sovnarkom in Moscow decided for going to war. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseyenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko">Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko</a> was appointed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> the commander-in-chief of expeditionary force against Kaledin and the South Russia, while near the borders with Ukraine (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a>) Red troops began to gather.
</p><p>The Kievan Bolsheviks who fled to Kharkov joined the regional Congress of Soviets of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donetsk-Krivoy_Rog_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic">Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic</a>. They then declared this meeting the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets that announced the creation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_Soviets" title="Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets">Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets</a>. It called the Central Rada of Ukraine an enemy of the people declaring war against it on January 2. The Rada then broke all ties with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> on January 22, 1918, and declared independence, thereby commencing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrit-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> It was around this point that Bolshevik troops began invading Ukraine from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-subtelny_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subtelny-4">[4]</a></sup> Russian military units from Kharkov, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Minsk and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> invaded Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="War">War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: War">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span id="December_1917.E2.80.93April_1918"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="December_1917–April_1918">December 1917–April 1918</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: December 1917–April 1918">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_All-Ukrainian_Congress_of_Soviets_(Kharkiv)" title="First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets (Kharkiv)">First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets (Kharkiv)</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_fight_with_counter_revolution_in_the_South_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of forces in fight with counter revolution in the South Russia">Group of forces in fight with counter revolution in the South Russia</a></div>
<p>The Bolsheviks, numbering around 30,000 and composed of Russian army regulars stationed at the front, a number of garrisoned units, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guard</a> detachments composed of laborers from Kharkov gubernia and the Donbass, began by advancing from the northeast led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseenko" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko">Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mikhail_Artemyevich_Muravyov" title="Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov">Mikhail Muravyov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chirovsky_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chirovsky-6">[6]</a></sup> The Ukrainian forces at the time of the invasion consisted of about 15,000 made up from volunteer detachments and several battalions of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_Cossacks" title="Free Cossacks">Free Cossacks</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sich_Riflemen" title="Sich Riflemen">Sich Riflemen</a>.
</p><p>The invasion of pro-Soviet forces from Russia was accompanied by uprisings initiated in Ukraine by the local Bolsheviks in the developed cities throughout the territory of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank Ukraine</a> as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank Ukraine</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yevgenia_Bosch" title="Yevgenia Bosch">Yevgenia Bosch</a> conducted a successful uprising in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnytsia</a> sometime in December 1917. They took charge of the 2nd Guard Corps and moved towards Kyiv to help the Bolsheviks in the city. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlo Skoropadsky">Pavlo Skoropadsky</a> with a regiment of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_Cossacks" title="Free Cossacks">Free Cossacks</a> managed to stop them near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhmerynka" title="Zhmerynka">Zhmerynka</a>, disarm them, and deport them to Russia. The other Bolshevik forces captured <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> (December 26), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnipropetrovsk">Yekaterinoslav</a> (January 9), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zaporizhia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhia">Aleksandrovsk</a> (January 15), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a> (January 20) on their way to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. On January 27, the Bolshevik army groups converged in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakhmach" title="Bakhmach">Bakhmach</a> and then set off under the command of Muravyov to take Kyiv.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2(1918).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%281918%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%281918%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%281918%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%281918%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%281918%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%281918%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>The first detachment of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sich_Riflemen" title="Sich Riflemen">Sich Riflemen</a> after the capture of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> in January 1918.</figcaption></figure>
<p>As the Bolsheviks marched towards Kyiv, a small Ukrainian National Republic unit of less than 500 schoolboys (some sources give a figure of 300<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>), commanded by Captain Ahapiy Honcharenko, was hastily organized and sent to the front on January 29, 1918 to take part in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kruty" title="Battle of Kruty">Battle of Kruty</a>. The small unit consisted mainly of the Student Battalion (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurin" title="Kurin">Kurin</a>) of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sich_Riflemen" title="Sich Riflemen">Sich Riflemen</a>, a unit of the Khmelnytsky Cadet School, and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haidamaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidamaka">Haidamaka</a> detachment. About half of the 500 men were killed during the battle.
</p><p>On January 29, 1918, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev_Arsenal_January_Uprising" title="Kiev Arsenal January Uprising">Kiev Arsenal January Uprising</a>, a Bolshevik-organized armed revolt, began at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev_Arsenal_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev Arsenal factory">Kiev Arsenal factory</a>. The workers of the plant were joined by the soldiers of the Ponton Battalion, the 3rd Aviation Regiment and the Sahaydachny regiment. Sensing defeat, the "Central Rada" and Petlyurist forces stormed the city on February 3. After six days of battle and running low on food and ammunition, the uprising was suppressed by counter-revolutionary forces,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> in which 300 Bolshevik workers died. According to Soviet era sources, more than 1500 pro-Soviet workers and soldiers were killed during the struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> On February 8 the Ukrainian government evacuated Kyiv in order to avoid destruction by opposing Soviet troops, which then entered Kyiv under Mikhail Muravyov's on February 9.
</p><p>Once the Bolsheviks took Kyiv, they began an offensive in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right-Bank_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-Bank Ukraine">Right-Bank Ukraine</a>. However, on February 9 the UNR signed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> and thus received aid from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> troops in late February, over 450,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-subtelny_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subtelny-4">[4]</a></sup> In exchange for military aid, the Ukrainians were to deliver foodstuffs to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-subtelny_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subtelny-4">[4]</a></sup> Under the command of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petlura" class="mw-redirect" title="Symon Petlura">Symon Petlura</a>, the combined forces pushed the Bolsheviks out of Right Bank Ukraine and retook Kyiv on March 1. Because of the socialist policies of the Rada, mainly the policy of land nationalization which affected food exports to the Central Powers, on April 28 the German forces disbanded the Central Rada and installed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Hetman government</a> in its place. Ukrainian, German, and Austro-Hungarian armies continued making gains, taking back Left Bank Ukraine, Crimea and the Donets Basin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> These setbacks forced the Bolsheviks to sign a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1918_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_negotiations" title="1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations">peace treaty</a> with the Ukrainian government on June 12.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-Hetmanate_intervention">Post-Hetmanate intervention</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Post-Hetmanate intervention">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Polish-Ukrainian_and_Polish-Soviet_Wars_early_1919.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Polish-Ukrainian_and_Polish-Soviet_Wars_early_1919.JPG/200px-Polish-Ukrainian_and_Polish-Soviet_Wars_early_1919.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Polish-Ukrainian_and_Polish-Soviet_Wars_early_1919.JPG/300px-Polish-Ukrainian_and_Polish-Soviet_Wars_early_1919.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Polish-Ukrainian_and_Polish-Soviet_Wars_early_1919.JPG/400px-Polish-Ukrainian_and_Polish-Soviet_Wars_early_1919.JPG 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>Polish–Ukrainian, Polish–Soviet and Ukraine–Soviet Wars in early 1919</figcaption></figure>
<p>During November 1918, troops from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate of Ukraine</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Motovilivka" title="Battle of Motovilivka">overthrew</a> the Hetmanate with some help from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a>. German forces led by the <i>Soldatenrat</i> kept their neutrality during the two-week-long civil war as they were withdrawing from the country, due to the defeat of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The Directorate reestablished the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>. On January 22, 1919 the neighboring Ukrainian Republics united under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Act_Zluky" class="mw-redirect" title="Act Zluky">Act Zluky</a>.
</p><p>The Central Military-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Revkom">Revolutionary Committee</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a> on October 22, 1918 issued the order to form two divisions under the Army Group the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Front_(1919)" title="Ukrainian Front (1919)">Ukrainian Front</a></i> or the Group of the Kursk Direction. The group was assigned the <i>Worker's Division of Moscow</i>, the 9th Soviet Division, 2nd Orlov Brigade, and two armored trains. According to Antonov-Ovsiyenko the Army accounted for some 6,000 soldiers, 170 artillery guns, 427 machine guns, 15 military planes, and 6 armored trains. On December 15, 1918 the meeting of the Ukrainian chief of staff was called in Kyiv headed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">Otaman</a> Osetsky and including the Chief <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">Otaman</a> Petliura, Colonel Bolbachan, Colonel Shapoval, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sotnik" title="Sotnik">Sotnik</a> Oskilko. They were discussing the border security and formed a plan in case of threat from all sides.
</p><p>To stop the coming war with the Bolsheviks, the government of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Chekhivsky" title="Volodymyr Chekhivsky">Chekhivsky</a> sent a delegation to Moscow led by the Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Semen_Mazurenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semen Mazurenko (page does not exist)">Semen Mazurenko</a>. The delegation succeeded in signing a preliminary peaceful agreement yet it did not stop the aggression from the Russian side due to poor communication between the delegation in Moscow and the government of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> On December 28, 1918 the Central Committee of the Left <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" title="Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party">UPSR</a> officially declared the mobilization of forces in the support of the Soviet government by an armed staging. From the beginning of January 1919 the Bolshevik bands consistently were crossing the eastern and north-eastern borders to raid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="January_1919.E2.80.93June_1919"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="January_1919–June_1919">January 1919–June 1919</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: January 1919–June 1919">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></div>
<p>On January 7, 1919 the Bolsheviks <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_Offensive_(1919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine Offensive (1919)">invaded Ukraine in full force</a><sup id="cite_ref-magocsi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi-12">[12]</a></sup> with an army led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseyenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko">Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Zatonsky" title="Volodymyr Zatonsky">Volodymyr Zatonsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-1">[1]</a></sup> The Directorate declared war once again against Russia on January 16 after several preliminary ultimatums to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">sovnarkom</a> to withdraw their troops. The two main directions of the Bolshevik's forces were onto <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kyiv</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>.
</p><p>
During that time the Soviet forces were advancing across North-eastern Ukraine and occupied <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rylsk,_Russia" title="Rylsk, Russia">Rylsk</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Novhorod-Siversky" class="mw-redirect" title="Novhorod-Siversky">Novhorod-Siversky</a>. On December 21 the Ukrainian Front took the important strategic railroad connection in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kupiansk" title="Kupiansk">Kupiansk</a>. After that, a full-scale advance started between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oskil_(river)" title="Oskil (river)">Oskil Rivers</a>. On January 3, the Red Army took <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, almost as by the same scenario when Bolsheviks had occupied Kyiv in February 1918. The Ukrainian forces at that time consisted of two regular troop formations, the Zaporozhian Corps and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sich_Riflemen" title="Sich Riflemen">Sich Riflemen</a>, as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> detachments. These partisans were led by unreliable <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">atamans</a> which occasionally sided with the Bolsheviks, such as Zeleny, Anhel, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nykyfor_Hryhoriv" title="Nykyfor Hryhoriv">Hryhoriv</a>. The army which had over 100,000 men, fell to about 25,000 due to peasants leaving the army and desertions to the Bolsheviks.<sup id="cite_ref-subtelny_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subtelny-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petro_Bolbochan" title="Petro Bolbochan">Bolbochan</a> with the remnants of the Zaporizhian Corps retreated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a> which was holding off the Red Army for a couple of weeks more. On January 6, 1919 the government of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Pyatakov</a> officially declared the creation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic</a>. Yet his government continued to stay in Kursk until January 24. On January 4 the Bolsheviks Army Group <i>Ukrainian Front</i> was reformed into the unified Ukrainian front under the command of Antonov-Ovsiyenko with his deputies <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuriy_Kotsiubynsky" title="Yuriy Kotsiubynsky">Kotsiubynsky</a> and Schadenko. On the several inquiries about the purpose of the Russian Army in Ukraine that the Directory was sending to Moscow, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Chicherin</a> finally responded on January 6: </p><blockquote><p><i>...there is no army of the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic in Ukraine. At this time the military action that takes place on the territory of Ukraine is between the armies of Directory and the Ukrainian Soviet Government which is completely independent.</i></p></blockquote><p> On January 12, the troops under the command of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikolay_Shchors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Shchors">Mykola Schors</a> occupied <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a> while other units under command of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavel_Dybenko" title="Pavel Dybenko">Pavlo Dybenko</a> took <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lozova" title="Lozova">Lozova</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pavlohrad" title="Pavlohrad">Pavlohrad</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synelnykove" title="Synelnykove">Synelnykove</a>, and established contact with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a>. After some long discussion between the members of the Directory and other state officials, it was decided to declare War against Soviet Russia. The only person who was against it, was the chairman of the Directory <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a>, while Shapoval, for example, for some reason was simply requesting the prompt creation of the Soviet government. Denikin later commented that the war declaration did not change absolutely anything on the frontlines and only reflected the political crisis inside the Ukrainian government with the victory of the <i>military party</i> of Petliura-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yevhen_Konovalets" title="Yevhen Konovalets">Konovalets</a>-Hrekov over Vynnychenko-Chekhivsky. On January 20 the Soviet Army took <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a> while the Ukrainian troops retreated further to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kremenchuk" title="Kremenchuk">Kremenchuk</a>. On January 26 Dybenko took <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnipropetrovsk">Katerynoslav</a>. The Soviets took <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Left-Bank_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-Bank Ukraine">Left-Bank Ukraine</a>, and then marched on to Kyiv. On February 2 they forced the Directorate to move to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnytsia</a> while troops of Schors and Bozhenko occupied Kyiv three days later.
</p><p>Then Chekhivsky resigned from office, right after Vynnychenko created in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a> the <i>Committee for the salvation of Republic</i>, which was again dissolved by Petliura on February 13. During that time the Soviet troops acquired the rest of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev_Governorate" title="Kiev Governorate">Kiev Governorate</a> while the bands of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nykyfor_Hryhoriv" title="Nykyfor Hryhoriv">Hryhoriv</a> took <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oleksandriia,_Kirovohrad_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleksandriia, Kirovohrad Oblast">Oleksandria</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirovohrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirovohrad">Yelyzavethrad</a>. By March 6 the Directory had relocated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proskurov" class="mw-redirect" title="Proskurov">Proskurov</a> while yielding most of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polissia" class="mw-redirect" title="Polissia">Polissia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podillia" class="mw-redirect" title="Podillia">Podillia</a> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a>. Surprisingly, by the end of March the Ukrainian armies successfully conducted series of military operations retaking <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarny" title="Sarny">Sarny</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhytomyr" title="Zhytomyr">Zhytomyr</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korosten" title="Korosten">Korosten</a>, and threatening to take back Kyiv. On March 2 Otaman Hryhoryev occupied <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a> and March 12 he was already in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a>. By April 3 the Entente forces evacuated from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> which Hryhoryev entered three days later. In early June, Ukraine launched an offensive, retaking the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia region.</a><sup id="cite_ref-eou_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="July_1919.E2.80.93December_1919"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="July_1919–December_1919">July 1919–December 1919</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: July 1919–December 1919">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The Red Army retaliated against the Ukrainian offensive, recapturing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proskurov" class="mw-redirect" title="Proskurov">Proskurov</a> on 5 July and putting the temporary capital <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a> under threat. However, Ukraine was strengthened by the arrival of general <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yurii_Tiutiunnyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurii Tiutiunnyk">Yurii Tiutiunnyk</a> and his experienced troops. The Ukrainian army launched a counterattack, pushing the Red Army back to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horodok,_Khmelnytskyi_Oblast" title="Horodok, Khmelnytskyi Oblast">Horodok</a>. Troops of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Galician_Army" title="Ukrainian Galician Army">Ukrainian Galician Army</a> who had crossed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zbruch" title="Zbruch">Zbruch</a> on 16-17 July joined the fight against the Bolsheviks. Their arrival resulted in Ukraine having a combined force of 85,000 Ukrainian army regulars, and 15,000 partisans.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>By October 1919, about 70% of the Directorate's troops and more than 90% of the allied Ukrainian Galician Army fell to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="December_1919.E2.80.93November_1920"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="December_1919–November_1920">December 1919–November 1920</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: December 1919–November 1920">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Winter_Campaign" title="First Winter Campaign">First Winter Campaign</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></div>
<p>From December 6, 1919 to May 6, 1920, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Army">UNR Army</a> under the command of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykhailo_Omelianovych-Pavlenko" title="Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko">Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko</a> carried out an underground operation known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Winter_Campaign" title="First Winter Campaign">First Winter Campaign</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirovohrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirovohrad">Kirovohrad</a> region against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/14th_Army_(RSFSR)" title="14th Army (RSFSR)">Soviet 14th Army</a>. Another significant development of this period was the signing of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Treaty of Warsaw</a> with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> on April 22, and then beginning of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev_Offensive_(1920)" title="Kiev Offensive (1920)">joint offensive</a> with Polish troops against the Bolsheviks.<sup id="cite_ref-Chirovsky_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chirovsky-6">[6]</a></sup> On May 7, a Ukrainian division under the command of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marko_Bezruchko" title="Marko Bezruchko">Marko Bezruchko</a> entered Kyiv, but was quickly forced out by a Red Army counteroffensive led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a>. The Ukrainians and Poles were pushed back across the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zbruch_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zbruch River">Zbruch River</a> and past <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> toward <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> but counter-offensive the Soviets to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>. The Poles signed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Riga" title="Treaty of Riga">a armistice with the Soviets</a> on October 12. By 1921, the Polish author of the Polish-Ukrainian alliance, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>, was no longer the Polish head of state, and
only participated as an observer during the Riga negotiations, which he called <i>an act of cowardice</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-14">[14]</a></sup> Petliura's forces kept fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> They lasted until October 21, when they were forced to cross the Zbruch River and enter Polish-controlled <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a>. There they were disarmed and placed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camps_for_soldiers_of_the_UNR_Army_interned_in_Poland_(1919-1924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camps for soldiers of the UNR Army interned in Poland (1919-1924)">internment camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-1">[1]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="November_1921">November 1921</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: November 1921">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Winter_Campaign" title="Second Winter Campaign">Second Winter Campaign</a></div>
<p>The last action of the UNR against the Soviets was a raid behind the Red Army lines in November 1921 known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Winter_Campaign" title="Second Winter Campaign">Second Winter Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-1">[1]</a></sup> This campaign was meant to incite a general uprising amongst the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>, who were already disgruntled with the Soviets,<sup id="cite_ref-magocsi_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magocsi-12">[12]</a></sup> and to unify partisan forces against the Bolsheviks in Ukraine. The commander of the Ukrainian forces was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yurii_Tiutiunnyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurii Tiutiunnyk">Yurii Tiutiunnyk</a>.
</p><p>Two expeditionary forces were established, one from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> (400 men) and one from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> (800 men). The Podolia group only made it to the village of Vakhnivka, before returning to Polish territory through Volhynia on November 29. The Volhynia group started out on November 4, captured <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korosten" title="Korosten">Korosten</a> on November 7 and made its way to the village of Leonivka. When they began to run low on supplies they decided to return. However, on its return west, it was intercepted by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> force under the command of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grigore_Kotovski" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigore Kotovski">Grigore Kotovski</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bazar,_Ukraine" title="Bazar, Ukraine">Bazar</a> and routed in battle near Mali Mynky on November 17. 443 soldiers were captured by the Soviets during the battle. 359 were shot on November 23 near the town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bazar,_Ukraine" title="Bazar, Ukraine">Bazar</a>, and 84 were passed on to Soviet security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>This was the last operation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Army">UNR army</a> against the Soviets. The end of the Second Winter Campaign brought the Ukrainian-Soviet war to a definite end,<sup id="cite_ref-eou_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-1">[1]</a></sup> however partisan fighting against the Bolsheviks continued until mid-1922<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> and in response the Red Army terrorized the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Rebellion_states">Rebellion states</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Rebellion states">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Local supporters of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> created anti-Russian and anti-Bolshevik rebellion states on occupied territories like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medvyn_rebellion" title="Medvyn rebellion">Independent Medvyn Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kholodny_Yar_Republic" title="Kholodny Yar Republic">Kholodny Yar Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> They kept fighting with Russians and collaborators until 1923. <sup id="cite_ref-kholodnogoyaru15000_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kholodnogoyaru15000-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Aftermath">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rzeczpospolita_1937.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rzeczpospolita_1937.svg/200px-Rzeczpospolita_1937.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rzeczpospolita_1937.svg/300px-Rzeczpospolita_1937.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rzeczpospolita_1937.svg/400px-Rzeczpospolita_1937.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>Eastern Europe after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Riga" title="Treaty of Riga">Treaty of Riga</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The end of the war saw the incorporation of most of the territories of Ukraine into the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> which, on December 30, 1922, was one of the founding members of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> (USSR). Parts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a> fell under the control of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, as laid out in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a>. The UNR government, led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symon_Petlura" class="mw-redirect" title="Symon Petlura">Symon Petlura</a>, was forced into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>For the next few years the Ukrainian nationalists would continue to try to wage a partisan guerrilla war on the Soviets. They were aided by Polish intelligence (see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prometheism" title="Prometheism">Prometheism</a>); however, they were not successful. The last active Ukrainian movements would be mostly eradicated during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Further, the relative lack of Polish support for the Ukrainian cause would cause a growing resentment on the part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Ukrainian_minority_in_Poland" title="History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland">Ukrainian minority in Poland</a> towards the Polish interwar state.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: See also">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Ukraine after the Russian Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Death_Triangle" title="Ukrainian Death Triangle">Ukrainian Death Triangle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: References">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-eou-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eou_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\U\K\Ukrainian6SovietWar1917hD721.htm">Ukrainian-Soviet War, 1917–21</a> at the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ebrit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebrit_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._Kim_Munholland" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">J. Kim Munholland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30076/Ukraine">"Ukraine."</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukraine.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.au=J.+Kim+Munholland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-30076%2FUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian%E2%80%93Soviet+War" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFReid2000" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anna (2000). <i>Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westview_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. p. 33. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3792-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3792-5"><bdi>0-8133-3792-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borderland%3A+A+Journey+Through+the+History+of+Ukraine&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8133-3792-5&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian%E2%80%93Soviet+War" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-subtelny-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-subtelny_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-subtelny_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-subtelny_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-subtelny_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orest Subtelny. <i>Ukraine: A History</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, 1988.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Sullivant. <i>Soviet Politics and the Ukraine 1917–1957.</i> New York: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1962.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Chirovsky-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chirovsky_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chirovsky_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Chirovsky. <i>An introduction to Ukrainian History Volume III 19th and 20th Century Ukraine.</i> New York, Philosophical Library, 1986</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historyua.narod.ru/">"History of Ukraine"</a> (in Ukrainian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoryua.narod.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian%E2%80%93Soviet+War" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Subtelny, Orest</a> (2000). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352"><i>Ukraine: A History</i></a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/352">352</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8390-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-8390-0"><bdi>0-8020-8390-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8020-8390-0&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fukrainehistory00subt_0%2Fpage%2F352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian%E2%80%93Soviet+War" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Дмитрий Аггеевич Чугаев. "Коммунистическая партия: организатор Союза Советских Социалистических Республик". Мысль. 1972. p.176</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2018/04/18/152320/">100 years ago Bakhmut and the rest of Donbass liberated</a>, Ukrayinska Pravda (18 April 2018)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717071237/http://kuprienko.info/relations-ukraine-unr-with-soviet-russia-11-1918-04-1919/3/">"А. Скромницкий. Связи Украинской Народной Республики (УНР) и Советской России (November 1918 — April 1919 год)"</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kuprienko.info/relations-ukraine-unr-with-soviet-russia-11-1918-04-1919/3/">the original</a> on 17 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90.+%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%28%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%A0%29+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%28November+1918+%E2%80%94+April+1919+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkuprienko.info%2Frelations-ukraine-unr-with-soviet-russia-11-1918-04-1919%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian%E2%80%93Soviet+War" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-magocsi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magocsi_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Robert Magocsi<i>A History of Ukraine</i>. Toronto: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-0830-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-0830-5">0-8020-0830-5</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_Kalb2015" class="citation book cs1">Marvin Kalb (2015). <i>Imperial Gamble: Putin, Ukraine, and the New Cold War</i>. Brookings Institution Press. p. 71. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2744-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2744-6"><bdi>978-0-8157-2744-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Gamble%3A+Putin%2C+Ukraine%2C+and+the+New+Cold+War&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2744-6&rft.au=Marvin+Kalb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian%E2%80%93Soviet+War" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Davies-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMoPXktGwiUC&q=Riga+an+act+of+cowardice&pg=PA399"><i>White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20</i></a>. Pimlico. p. 399. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-0694-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-0694-7"><bdi>0-7126-0694-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Eagle%2C+Red+Star%3A+the+Polish-Soviet+War%2C+1919%E2%80%9320&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7126-0694-7&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMoPXktGwiUC%26q%3DRiga%2Ban%2Bact%2Bof%2Bcowardice%26pg%3DPA399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian%E2%80%93Soviet+War" class="Z3988"></span> (First edition: New York, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>, inc., 1972.)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a>, edited by O. J. Frederiksen. <i>A History of Ukraine</i>. New Haven: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>: 1941.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\W\I\Wintercampaigns.htm">Winter Campaigns</a> at the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\P\A\PartisanmovementinUkraine1918hD722.htm">Partisan movement in Ukraine, 1918–22</a> at the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/WED_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="WED Allen">WED Allen</a>. <i>The Ukraine</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1941.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-other_news/2099001-medvinska-respublika-sprotiv-rosijskobilsovickim-okupantam.html">"Медвинська республіка: спротив російсько-більшовицьким окупантам"</a>. <i>www.ukrinform.ua</i> (in Ukrainian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ukrinform.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.ua%2Frubric-other_news%2F2099001-medvinska-respublika-sprotiv-rosijskobilsovickim-okupantam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian%E2%80%93Soviet+War" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFКоваль" class="citation web cs1">Коваль, Роман. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Koval/Nacherk_do_istorii_Kholodnoiarskoi_orhanizatsii.rtf.zip">"Начерк до історії Холодноярської організації 1917-1922 років"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97+1917-1922+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchtyvo.org.ua%2Fauthors%2FKoval%2FNacherk_do_istorii_Kholodnoiarskoi_orhanizatsii.rtf.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian%E2%80%93Soviet+War" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kholodnogoyaru15000-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kholodnogoyaru15000_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espreso.tv/article/2020/02/09/povstannya_u_lukyanivskiy_tyurmi_yak_vidbuvsya_ostanniy_biy_otamaniv_kholodnogo_yaru">Uprising in Lukyanovka Prison: How the Last Battle of the Cold Yar Atamans took place</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Espresso_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Espresso TV">Espresso TV</a> (9 February 2020)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\U\K\UkrainianNationalRepublic.htm">Ukrainian National Republic</a> at the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a>, <i>Covert Polish Missions across the Soviet Ukrainian Border, 1928–1933</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQR5YSY-b1QC&pg=PA71&vq=famine&source=gbs_search_s&sig=wXNFbI5ZHBiRe6S50Iey1HJT0SM">p. 71-78</a>, in <i>Cofini</i>, Silvia Salvatici (a cura di), Rubbettino, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sissco.it/fileadmin/user_upload/Pubblicazioni/collanasissco/confini/confini_snyder.pdf">Full text in PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227130119/http://www.sissco.it/fileadmin/user_upload/Pubblicazioni/collanasissco/confini/confini_snyder.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-02-27 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Russian_conflicts&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rus'–Byzantine War (disambiguation)">Rus'–Byzantine Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">Coup d'état attempt (1991)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Northern_War" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerilla war in Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_attack_on_the_Soviet_naval_presence" class="mw-redirect" title="The attack on the Soviet naval presence">Vlora Incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">War in Donbas (2014–2022)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2419855#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\U\K\Ukrainian6SovietWar1917hD721">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1690063397' |