Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Public road or other public way on land}} {{About|public roads|other uses of highway|Highway (disambiguation)|high-speed freeways|Controlled-access highway}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} [[File:I-90-94 Entrance at Madison Street, Chicago (14560285196).jpg|thumb|A typical Interstate Highway in [[Chicago]], Illinois, United States]] [[File:Klaukkala-Loppi-kyltti, E12.jpg|thumb|The [[Tampere Highway]] in [[Vantaa]], Finland]] A '''highway''' is any public or private [[road]] or other public way on land. It is used for major roads, but also includes other public roads and public tracks. In the United States, it is used as an equivalent term to [[controlled-access highway]], or a translation for ''[[autobahn]]'', ''autoroute''{{Needs verification|date={{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}}}, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=What is the Freeway? - Definition & Meaning|url=https://www.autonewseye.com/what-is-the-freeway/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Auto News Eye|language=en-US}}</ref> According to [[Merriam-Webster|Merriam Webster]], the use of the term predates the 12th century. According to [[Online Etymology Dictionary|Etymonline]], "high" is in the sense of "main". In [[North American English|North American]] and [[Australian English]], major roads such as controlled-access highways or [[arterial (road)|arterial road]]s are often [[state highway]]s (Canada: [[provincial highway]]s). Other roads may be designated "[[county highway]]s" in the US and [[Ontario]]. These classifications refer to the level of government (state, provincial, county) that maintains the roadway. In [[British English]], "highway" is primarily a legal term. Everyday use normally implies roads, while the legal use covers any route or path with a public right of access, including [[footpath]]s etc. The term has led to several related derived terms, including [[highway systems by country|highway system]], [[The Highway Code|highway code]], [[highway patrol]] and [[highwayman]]. == Overview == Major highways are often named and numbered by the governments that typically develop and maintain them. Australia's [[Highway 1 (Australia)|Highway 1]] is the longest national highway in the world at over {{convert|145,00|km}} and runs almost the entire way around the continent. China has the world's largest network of highways followed closely by the United States of America. Some highways, like the [[Pan-American Highway]] or the [[International E-road network]]<nowiki/>span multiple countries. Some major highway routes include [[ferry]] services, such as [[U.S. Route 10|U.S. Route&nbsp;10]], which crosses [[Lake Michigan]]. Traditionally highways were used by [[pedestrian|people on foot]] or on [[horse]]s. Later they also accommodated [[carriage]]s, [[Bicycle|bicycles]] and eventually [[motor car|car]]s, facilitated by advancements in [[road construction]]. In the 1920s and 1930s, many nations began investing heavily in progressively more modern highway systems to spur [[commerce]] and bolster national defense. Major modern highways that connect cities in populous [[Developed country|developed]] and [[Developing country|developing countries]] usually incorporate features intended to enhance the road's capacity, efficiency, and safety to various degrees. Such features include a reduction in the number of locations for user access, the use of [[dual carriageway]]s with two or more lanes on each carriageway, and [[Grade separation|grade-separated]] junctions with other roads and modes of transport. These features are typically present on highways built as ''[[motorway]]s''. == Terminology == === England and Wales === The general legal definition deals with right of use not the form of construction; this is distinct from e.g. the popular use of the word in the US. A highway is defined in English [[common law]] by a number of similarly-worded definitions such as "a way over which all members of the public have the right to pass and repass without hindrance"<ref>Diplock LJ, Suffolk County Council v. Mason [1979] AC 705</ref> usually accompanied by "at all times"; ownership of the ground is for most purposes irrelevant, thus the term encompasses all such ways from the widest trunk roads in public ownership to the narrowest footpath providing unlimited pedestrian access over private land. A highway might be open to all forms of lawful land traffic (e.g. vehicular, horse, pedestrian) or limited to specific types of traffic or combinations of types of traffic; usually a highway available to vehicles is available to foot or horse traffic, a highway available to horse traffic is available to pedestrians but exceptions can apply usually in the form of a highway only being available to vehicles or subdivided into dedicated parallel sections for different users. A highway can share ground with a private right of way for which full use is not available to the general public as often will be the case with farm roads which the owner may use for any purpose but for which the general public only has a right of use on foot or horseback. The status of ''highway'' on most older roads has been gained by established public use while newer roads are typically ''dedicated'' as highways from the time they are adopted (taken into the care and control of a council or other public authority). In England and Wales, a public highway is also known as "''The Queen's Highway''".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year = 2013 |url = http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Queen%27s%2Bhighway |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130502093225/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Queen%27s%2Bhighway |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2 May 2013 |title = Queen's highway |encyclopedia = Oxford Dictionaries |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] }}</ref> The core definition of a highway is modified in various legislation for a number of purposes but only for the specific matters dealt with in each such piece of legislation. This is typically in the case of bridges, tunnels and other structures whose ownership, mode of use or availability would otherwise exclude them from the general definition of a highway, examples in recent years are commonly toll bridges and tunnels which have the definition of ''highway'' imposed upon them (in a legal order applying only to the individual structure) to allow application of most traffic laws to those using them but without causing all of the general obligations or rights of use otherwise applicable to a highway. What is called 'highway' in the context of motor vehicles is called 'motorway' in the UK context.<ref>Defining Safe Automated Driving Insurer Requirements for Highway Automation Thatcham Research 2019.</ref> === Scotland === [[Scots law]] is similar to English law with regard to highways but with differing terminology and legislation. What is defined in England as a ''highway'' will often in Scotland be what is defined by s.151 [[Roads (Scotland) Act 1984]] (but only "in this act" although other legislation could imitate) simply as a '''road''', that is: *"any way (other than a waterway) over which there is a public right of passage (by whatever means [and whether subject to a toll or not]) and includes the road’s verge, and any bridge (whether permanent or temporary) over which, or tunnel through which, the road passes; and any reference to a road includes a part thereof" The word ''highway'' is itself no longer a statutory expression in Scots law<ref>{{cite book |first1 = Ann |last1 = Faulds |first2 = Trudi |last2 = Craggs |first3 = John |last3 = Saunders |name-list-style = amp |url = http://uk.practicallaw.com/books/9781845927806/chapter04 |title = Chapter&nbsp;4: The Definition of a Road? |work = Scottish Roads Law |edition = 2nd |publisher = Practical Law Company |date = 31 January 2008 |access-date = 21 March 2014 }}</ref> but remains in common law. === United States === [[File:Atlanta 75.85.jpg|thumb|The [[Interstate 75|I-75]]/[[Interstate 85|I-85]] [[Downtown Connector]] in [[Atlanta]], Georgia, in the United States]] In American law, the word "highway" is sometimes used to denote any public way used for travel, whether a "road, street, and parkway";<ref name="23 U.S. Code § 101 (a)-(11)">{{cite web |title = 23 US Code § 101 |url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/23/101 }}</ref> however, in practical and useful meaning, a "highway" is a major and significant, well-constructed road that is capable of carrying reasonably heavy to extremely heavy traffic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/highway|title=Definition of HIGHWAY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> Highways generally have a route number designated by the state and federal departments of transportation.{{Clarify|date=July 2010}} California Vehicle Code, Sections 360, 590, define a "highway" as only a way open for use of motor vehicles, but the California Supreme Court has held that "the definition of 'highway' in the Vehicle Code is used for special purposes of that act," and that canals of the Los Angeles neighborhood of [[Venice, California]], are "highways" that are entitled to be maintained with state highway funds.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/2d/3/184.html |title = City of Long Beach v. Payne |newspaper = Justia Law |access-date = 14 February 2017 |language = en }}</ref> == History == {{See also|Road|History of road transport}}Modern highway systems developed in the 20th century as the [[automobile]] gained popularity. The first United States [[limited access road]] was constructed on Long Island New York known as the [[Long Island Motor Parkway]] or the Vanderbilt Motor Parkway. It was completed in 1911.<ref name="Autobahnhistory">{{cite web |url = http://german.about.com/library/blgermyth08_autobt.htm |title = An Autobahn Timeline |publisher = About.com |access-date = 10 April 2010 }}</ref> In Italy the Milano-Varese {{convert|49|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} autostrada was opened in 1924. Construction of the Bonn–Cologne [[autobahn]] began in 1929 and it was opened in 1932 by the mayor of [[Transport in Cologne|Cologne]], [[Konrad Adenauer]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://german.about.com/library/blgermyth08.htm |title = German Myth 8 Hitler and the Autobahn |publisher = About.com }}</ref> In the US, the [[Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 (Phipps Act)]] enacted a fund to create an extensive highway system. In 1922, the first blueprint for a national highway system (the [[Pershing Map]]) was published. The [[Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956]] allocated $25 billion for the construction of the {{convert|41000|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} [[Interstate Highway System]] over a 20-year period.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/history.htm |title = History of the Interstate Highway System |publisher = Federal Highway Administration |access-date = 10 April 2010 }}</ref> In [[Great Britain]], the [[Special Roads Act 1949]] provided the legislative basis for roads for restricted classes of vehicles and non-standard or no speed limits applied (later mostly termed [[motorway]]s but now with speed limits not exceeding 70&nbsp;mph);<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1949/pdf/ukpga_19490032_en.pdf |title = Special Roads Act 1949 |work = Office of Public Sector Information }}</ref> in terms of general road law this legislation overturned the usual principle that a road available to vehicular traffic was also available to horse or pedestrian traffic as is usually the only practical change when non-motorways are reclassified as ''special roads''. The first section of motorway in the UK opened in 1958 (part of the M6 motorway) and then in 1959 the first section of the [[M1 motorway]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ciht.org.uk/motorway/m1m10m45.htm |title = M1 London: Yorkshire Motorway, M10 and M45 |work = Motorway Archives |access-date = 10 April 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100416080957/http://www.ciht.org.uk/motorway/m1m10m45.htm |archive-date = 16 April 2010 }}</ref> == Social effects == [[File:QuezonCityjf2902 03.JPG|thumb|[[Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City|Commonwealth Avenue]], a major intercity highway in northeastern [[Metro Manila|Manila metropolitan area]], the [[Philippines]]|130x130px]] Reducing travel times relative to city or town streets, modern highways with limited access and grade separation create increased opportunities for people to travel for business, trade or pleasure and also provide trade routes for goods. Modern highways reduce commute and other travel time but additional road capacity can also release [[induced demand|latent traffic demand]]. If not accurately predicted at the planning stage, this extra traffic may lead to the new road becoming congested sooner than would otherwise be anticipated by considering increases in vehicle ownership. More roads allow drivers to use their cars when otherwise alternatives may have been sought, or the journey may not have been made, which can mean that a new road brings only short-term mitigation of traffic congestion. Where highways are created through existing communities, there can be reduced [[community cohesion]] and more difficult local access. Consequently, property values have decreased in many cutoff neighborhoods, leading to decreased housing quality over time. == Economic effects == {{Main|Transport economics}} In transport, [[Demand (economics)|demand]] can be measured in numbers of journeys made or in total distance travelled across all journeys (e.g. [[passenger-kilometre]]s for [[public transport]] or vehicle-kilometres of travel (VKT) for [[private transport]]). [[Supply (economics)|Supply]] is considered to be a measure of capacity. The [[price]] of the good (travel) is measured using the [[generalised cost]] of travel, which includes both [[money]] and [[time]] expenditure. [[File:Leipzig-Halle Airport Condor.jpg|thumb|right|A taxiway crossing the [[Autobahn]], near Leipzig]] The effect of increases in supply (capacity) are of particular interest in transport economics (see [[induced demand]]), as the potential environmental consequences are significant (see ''externalities'' below). In addition to providing benefits to their users, transport networks impose both [[positive externalities|positive]] and [[negative externalities]] on non-users. The consideration of these externalities—particularly the negative ones—is a part of transport economics. Positive externalities of transport networks may include the ability to provide [[emergency services]], increases in [[land (economics)|land]] value and [[economies of agglomeration|agglomeration benefits]]. Negative externalities are wide-ranging and may include local [[air pollution]], [[noise pollution]], [[light pollution]], [[traffic safety|safety hazards]], [[community severance]] and [[traffic congestion|congestion]]. The contribution of transport systems to potentially hazardous [[climate change]] is a significant negative externality which is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, making it difficult (but not impossible) to include in transport economics-based research and analysis. Congestion is considered a negative [[externality]] by economists.<ref>{{Cite book |last1 = Small |first1 = Kenneth A. |first2 = José A. |last2 = Gomez-Ibañez |name-list-style = amp |year = 1998 |title = Road Pricing for Congestion Management: The Transition from Theory to Policy |publisher = The University of California Transportation Center, University of California at Berkeley |page = 213 }}</ref> A 2016 study finds that for the United States "a 10% increase in a region's stock of highways causes a 1.7% increase in regional patenting over a five-year period."<ref>{{Cite journal |title = Roads and Innovation |journal = The Review of Economics and Statistics |volume = 99 |issue = 3 |pages = 417–434 |doi = 10.1162/REST_a_00619 |year = 2017 |last1 = Agrawal |first1 = Ajay |last2 = Galasso |first2 = Alberto |last3 = Oettl |first3 = Alexander |s2cid = 7268833 }}</ref> A 2021 study found that areas that obtained access to a new highway experienced a substantial increase in top-income taxpayers and a decline in low-income taxpayers. Highways also contributed to job and residential urban sprawl.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fretz|first1=Stephan|last2=Parchet|first2=Raphaël|last3=Robert-Nicoud|first3=Frédéric|date=2021|title=Highways, Market Access, and Spatial Sorting*|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueab070|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=132 |issue=643 |pages=1011–1036 |doi=10.1093/ej/ueab070|issn=0013-0133}}</ref> == Environmental effects == [[File:Highway 401 by 401-DVP.jpg|thumb|Noise, light and air pollution are negative environmental effects highways can have on their surroundings.]] {{Main|Environmental impacts of roads}} Highways are extended [[line source|linear sources]] of [[pollution]]. [[Roadway noise]] increases with operating speed so major highways generate more noise than [[arterial road|arterial]] streets. Therefore, considerable [[noise health effects]] are expected from highway systems. [[Noise mitigation]] strategies exist to reduce sound levels at nearby [[sensitive receptors]]. The idea that highway design could be influenced by [[acoustical engineering]] considerations first arose about 1973.<ref>{{cite book |first = John |last = Shadely |title = Acoustical analysis of the New Jersey Turnpike widening project between Raritan and East Brunswick |publisher = Bolt Beranek and Newman |year = 1973 }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |first = Michael |last = Hogan |title = Highway Noise |conference = 3rd Environmental Pollution Symposium, sponsored by AIAA, ACS, ASME, SAE |publisher = [[SRI International]] |location = Menlo Park, CA |date = 17–18 April 1973 }}</ref> [[Air quality]] issues: Highways may contribute fewer [[air pollutant|emissions]] than arterials carrying the same vehicle volumes. This is because high, constant-speed operation creates an emissions reduction compared to vehicular flows with stops and starts. However, concentrations of air pollutants near highways may be higher due to increased traffic volumes. Therefore, the risk of exposure to elevated levels of air pollutants from a highway may be considerable, and further magnified when highways have [[traffic congestion]]. New highways can also cause [[habitat fragmentation]], encourage [[urban sprawl]] and allow human intrusion into previously untouched areas, as well as (counterintuitively) increasing congestion, by increasing the number of intersections. [[File:Lakalaivan eritasoliittymä 1.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the Lakalaiva interchange in the [[Tampere Ring Road]] between the [[Finnish national road 3|Highway 3]] ([[European route E12|E12]]) and [[Finnish national road 9|Highway 9]] ([[European route E63|E63]]) near city of [[Tampere]]]] They can also reduce the use of [[public transport]], indirectly leading to greater pollution. [[High-occupancy vehicle lane]]s are being added to some newer/reconstructed highways in the United States and other countries around the world to encourage [[carpooling]] and mass-transit. These lanes help reduce the number of cars on the highway and thus reduces pollution and traffic congestion by promoting the use of carpooling in order to be able to use these lanes. However, they tend to require dedicated lanes on a highway, which makes them difficult to construct in dense urban areas where they are the most effective. To address habitat fragmentation, [[wildlife crossings]] have become increasingly popular in many countries. Wildlife crossings allow animals to safely cross human-made barriers like highways.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://grist.org/list/these-beautiful-bridges-are-just-for-animals/ |title = These beautiful bridges are just for animals |first = Jess |last = Zimmerman |date = 9 July 2012 }}</ref> == Road traffic safety == {{Main|Road traffic safety}} [[Road traffic safety]] describes the safety performance of roads and streets, and methods used to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) on the highway system from [[traffic collision]]s. It includes the design, construction and regulation of the [[roads]], the [[vehicle]]s used on them and the training of drivers and other road-users. A report published by the [[World Health Organization]] in 2004 estimated that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured on the roads around the world each year<ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/en/index.html |title = World report on road traffic injury prevention |publisher = World Health Organisation |access-date = 14 April 2010 }}</ref> and was the leading cause of death among children 10–19 years of age. The report also noted that the problem was most severe in developing countries and that simple prevention measures could halve the number of deaths.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7776127.stm |title = UN raises child accidents alarm |work = BBC News |date = 10 December 2008 }}</ref> For reasons of clear data collection, only harm involving a road vehicle is included.<ref name="National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey">{{cite web |url = http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811059.PDF |title = National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey |publisher = United States Department of Transportation |access-date = 7 August 2014 }}</ref> A person tripping with fatal consequences or dying for some unrelated reason on a public road is not included in the relevant statistics. == Statistics == [[File:Autoroute F.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|International sign used widely in Europe denoting the start of special restrictions for a section of highway classed as a motorway]] [[File:M8-RUS.svg|thumb|100px|Russian Federal [[M8 highway (Russia)|M8 highway]] sign]] [[File:CBX Parkchester 6 jeh.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|The [[Cross Bronx Expressway]] in [[New York City|New York, United States]] uses asphalt and concrete pavement, both of which are popular road surfaces on highways.]] The United States has the world's largest network of highways, including both the [[Interstate Highway System]] and the [[United States Numbered Highway System]]. At least one of these networks is present in every state and they interconnect most major cities. China's highway network is the second most extensive in the world, with a total length of about {{Convert|3,573,000|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKPEK18598420071116 |work = Reuters |title = China says needs extra million km of roads by 2020 |first = Emma |last = Graham-Harrison |date = 16 November 2007 }}</ref><ref name="China Nationa Bureau of Statistics 2007 Yearbook-Transport Section">{{cite web |url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2008/html/P1503E.HTM |title = 15-3 Length of Transport Routes at Year-end by Region |publisher = China National Bureau of Statististcs |date = 2007 |access-date = 12 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.chinagate.cn/english/choice/50301.htm |title = China Has 3.48 Mln Km of Highways in Operation |publisher = Chinagate.cn |date = 6 March 2007 |access-date = 12 January 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130810000842/http://www.chinagate.cn/english/choice/50301.htm |archive-date = 10 August 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-01/07/content_6374334.htm |title = National highway target set for year |publisher = Chinadaily.com.cn |date = 7 January 2008 |access-date = 12 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.okokok.com.cn/Abroad/Class121/Class129/200812/121827.html |title = China Road Construction Report, 2007–2008 |publisher = Okokok.com.cn |date = 22 December 2008 |access-date = 12 January 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130809085805/http://www.okokok.com.cn/Abroad/Class121/Class129/200812/121827.html |archive-date = 9 August 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> China's [[Controlled-access highway|expressway]] network is the longest Expressway system in the world, and it is quickly expanding, stretching some {{Convert|85,000|km|mi}} at the end of 2011.<ref>{{cite web |author = Staff |url = http://www.newgeography.com/content/002003-china-expressway-system-exceed-us-interstates |title = China Expressway System to Exceed US Interstates |date = 10 February 2011 |work = New Geography |access-date = 21 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.csytv.com/news/china/2011-12-31/116464.html |title = 中国高速公路总里程达8.5万公里 今年新增1.1万&nbsp;– 沈阳广播电视台官方网站&nbsp;– 沈阳电视台&nbsp;– 资讯潮流 趣味生活 尽在沈视网！ |publisher = Csytv.com |access-date = 12 January 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130202052902/http://www.csytv.com/news/china/2011-12-31/116464.html |archive-date = 2 February 2013 }}</ref> In 2008 alone, {{Convert|6,433|km|mi}} expressways were added to the network.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-01/16/content_7403145.htm |title = More rural roads planned this year |work = China Daily |date = 16 January 2009 |access-date = 12 January 2013 |author = Xin Dingding }}</ref> ;Longest international highway: The [[Pan-American Highway]], which connects many countries in the [[Americas]], is nearly {{Convert|25,000|km|mi|-2}} long {{As of|2005|lc=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} The Pan-American Highway is discontinuous because there is a [[Darién Gap|significant gap]] in it in southeastern [[Panama]], where the rainfall is immense and the terrain is entirely unsuitable for highway construction. ;Longest national highway (point to point): The [[Trans-Canada Highway]] has one main route, a northern route through the [[Western Canada|western provinces]], and several branches in the [[Central Canada|central]] and [[Atlantic Canada|eastern provinces]]. The main route is {{convert|7,821|km|mi}} long {{As of|2006|lc=on}} alone, and the entire system is over {{convert|10,700|km|mi}} long. The TCH runs east-west across southern Canada, the populated portion of the country, and it connects many of the major urban centres along its route crossing all provinces, and reaching nearly all of their capital cities.<ref name=Canada>{{cite news |url = https://www.cbc.ca/archives/topic/trans-canada-highway-bridging-the-distance |title = Trans-Canada Highway: Bridging the Distance |access-date = 20 December 2006 |work = CBC Digital Archives }}</ref> The TCH begins on the east coast in [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], traverses that island, and crosses to the mainland by ferry. It crosses the [[Maritime Provinces]] of eastern Canada with a branch route serving the province of [[Prince Edward Island]] via a ferry and bridge. After crossing the remainder of the country's mainland, the highway reaches [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] on the [[British Columbia Coast|Pacific coast]], where a ferry continues it to [[Vancouver Island]] and the provincial capital of [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]. Numeric designation is the responsibility of the provinces, and there is no single route number across the country. ;Longest national highway (circuit): Australia's [[Highway 1 (Australia)|Highway 1]] at over {{convert|14,500|km|mi|-2}}.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} It runs almost the entire way around the country's coastline. With the exception of the Federal Capital of [[Canberra]], which is far inland, Highway 1 links all of Australia's capital cities, although Brisbane and Darwin are not directly connected, but rather are bypassed short distances away. Also, there is a ferry connection to the island state of [[Tasmania]], and then a stretch of Highway 1 that links the major towns and cities of Tasmania, including [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]] and [[Hobart]] (this state's capital city). ;Largest national highway system: The United States of America has approximately {{Convert|6.43|e6km|mi}} of highway within its borders {{As of|2008|lc=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?c=us&v=115 |title = Transportation: Roadways |author = Central Intelligence Agency |work = CIA World Factbook }}</ref> ;Busiest highway: [[Ontario Highway 401|Highway 401]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, has volumes surpassing an average of 500,000 vehicles per day in some sections of Toronto {{As of|2006|lc=on}}.<ref name=Ontario>{{cite web |title = Ontario government investing $401 million to upgrade Highway 401 |url = http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2002/08/06/c0057.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html |access-date = 20 December 2006 |date = 6 August 2002 |author = Ministry of Transportation (Ontario) |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070914064434/http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2002/08/06/c0057.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html |archive-date = 14 September 2007 }}</ref><ref name=Highway>{{cite news |url = http://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/index.php?showtopic=3459 |title = GTA Economy Dinged by Every Crash on the 401: North America's Busiest Freeway |first = Brian |last = Gray |newspaper = [[Toronto Sun]] |via = Urban Planet |date = 10 April 2004 |access-date = 18 March 2007 |quote = The 'phenomenal' number of vehicles on Hwy. 401 as it cuts through Toronto makes it the busiest freeway in North America... }}</ref> ;Widest highway (maximum number of lanes): The [[Katy Freeway]] (part of [[Interstate 10]]) in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], has a total of 26 lanes in some sections {{As of|2007|lc=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.inautonews.com/list-of-world-record-highways |title = List of World record highways |publisher = Inautonews.com |access-date = 21 March 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131111223514/http://www.inautonews.com/list-of-world-record-highways |archive-date = 11 November 2013 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> However, they are divided up into general use/ [[frontage road]]s/ [[HOV lane]]s, restricting the traverse traffic flow. ;Widest highway (maximum number of through lanes): [[Interstate 5 in California|Interstate 5]] along a {{convert|2|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} section between [[Interstate 805]] and [[California State Route 56]] in [[San Diego, California]], which was completed in April 2007, is 22&nbsp;lanes wide.<ref>{{cite news |first = Steve |last = Schmidt |url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20070328/news_1mi28merge.html |title = Four new southbound lanes at I-5/805 merge set to open |work = [[San Diego Union-Tribune]] |date = 28 March 2007 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718110916/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20070328/news_1mi28merge.html |archive-date = 18 July 2011 }}</ref> ;Highest international highway: The [[Karakoram Highway]], between Pakistan and China, is at an altitude of {{convert|4693|m|ft}}.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} ;Highest national highway: [[National Highway 5 (India)|National Highway 5]], in India, connecting [[Amritsar]] in [[Punjab]] with [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] & [[Leh]] in [[Ladakh]], reaches an approximate altitude of {{convert|4900|m|ft}}.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} The highest motorable road passes through Umling La at an altitude of {{convert|5883|m|ft}} falls under the branch highway connecting National Highway 5 in India.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.tripoto.com/jammu-and-kashmir/trips/here-s-how-you-can-reach-umiling-la-19300ft-the-world-s-highest-motorable-road-5a4609f4c4c95|title = Here's How You Can Reach the World's Highest Motorable Road in India, Umling la}}</ref> == Bus lane == {{unreferenced section|date=December 2012}} [[File:Gyeongbu Expressway Bus Only Lane.JPG|thumb|Highway bus lane on [[Gyeongbu Expressway]] in [[South Korea]]]] Some countries incorporate [[bus lane]]s onto highways. {| class="wikitable" |- !Country || Highway || Bus lanes (km) || Section !Notes |- | [[Australia]] || [[M2 Hills Motorway]] || || Abbott Road–Beecroft Road ([[Sydney]]) | |- |[[Australia]] |[[Eastern Freeway, Melbourne|Eastern Freeway]] |11 |[[Hoddle Highway|Hoddle Street]]–[[Doncaster, Victoria|Doncaster]] [[Park & Ride]] ([[Melbourne]]) |Under construction, to be finished 2027-2028 |- | [[India]]|| [[National Highway (India)]]||19|| 30 lanes Road ([[Mumbai]]) | |- | [[Canada]]|| [[Don Valley Parkway]]|| 0.458 || shoulder converted as bypass lane from Lawrence Avenue East to York Mills Road | |- | [[Canada]]|| [[Ontario Highway 417]]|| 7 || Eagleson Road–Ontario Highway 417 ([[Ottawa]]) | |- | [[Canada]]|| [[Ontario Highway 403]]|| 6 || Mavis Road–Winston Churchill Boulevard ([[Mississauga]]) | |- | [[Hong Kong]]|| [[Tuen Mun Road]]|| || | |- | [[South Korea]]|| [[Gyeongbu Expressway]]|| 137.4 || Hannam IC ([[Seoul]]) ~ Sintanjin IC ([[Daejeon]]) | |- | [[Netherlands]] || [[A1 motorway (Netherlands)]] || || End of A6-Vechtbrug ([[Muiden]]) | |} === South Korea === In [[South Korea]], in February 1995 a [[bus lane]] (essentially an [[HOV]]-9) was established between the northern terminus and Sintanjin for important holidays and on 1 July 2008 bus lane enforcement between Seoul and Osan (Sintanjin on weekends) became daily between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. On 1 October this was adjusted to 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. weekdays, and 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. weekends. === Hong Kong === In [[Hong Kong]], some highways are set up with bus lanes to solve the traffic congestion. {| class="wikitable" |- ! District || Highway || Section |- | [[Tuen Mun]]|| [[File:HK Route9.svg|20px]] [[Tuen Mun Road]] || [[So Kwun Wat]] to [[Sham Tseng]] |- | [[Sha Tin]]|| [[File:HK Route1.svg|20px]] [[Lion Rock Tunnel]] || The entry of the tunnel |} === Philippines === Traffic congestion was a principal problem in major [[roads]] and [[highways]] in the [[Philippines]], especially in [[Metro Manila]] and other major cities. The government decided to set up some bus lanes in Metro Manila like in the [[Epifanio delos Santos Avenue]]. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Spaghetti-Junction-Crop.jpg|[[Gravelly Hill Interchange]] in [[Birmingham]], [[England]] File:Autogrill-greece-A1 2009.jpg|[[Motorway 1 (Greece)|A1 Motorway]] near [[Athens]], [[Greece]] with [[rest area]] above File:A1 (A14 Bologna B.go Panigale).JPG|The ten-lane [[A1 motorway (Italy)|Highway A1]] near [[Bologna]], [[Italy]] File:S1 1.JPG|A [[Roads and expressways in Poland|Polish expressway]] in [[Bielsko-Biała]] File:5, 70870 Kuopio, Finland - panoramio.jpg|[[Finnish national road 5|National road 5]] in [[Kuopio]], [[Finland]] File:E4 Nyköpingsbro.jpg|[[European route E4|E4 motorway]] with rest area outside [[Nyköping]], [[Sweden]] File:401 widest point.jpg|[[Ontario Highway 401|Highway 401]] with [[Local-express lanes|collector and express lanes]] in [[Mississauga]], [[Ontario]], Canada File:Garching_Bundesautobahn_9.jpg|Multi-lane [[Autobahn 9]] in [[Munich]], [[Germany]] File:Pan-American Highway-Mancora, Peru.jpg|The [[Pan-American Highway]] where it serves as the [[main street]] in [[Máncora]], [[Peru]] File:PRC Expressway.jpg|A typical expressway in [[China]] File:S85(Guizhou) Duyun Direction Exit 332 close to G75.jpg|An expressway exit in [[Guizhou]], [[China]] File:North Lantau Highway near Citygate (Hong Kong).jpg|[[North Lantau Highway]] in [[Hong Kong]] File: Delhi Noida Direct flyway (Uttar Pradesh - 2011-06-18).jpg|A typical expressway in [[India]] File:Delhi Gurgaon Toll Gate.jpg|32-lane toll plaza at [[Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway]] in [[Gurgaon]], [[India]] File:HIghway Chennai Bangalore.jpg|[[Chennai]]-[[Bangalore]] [[Golden Quadrilateral|Highway]] File:Express highway.jpg|[[Mumbai Pune Expressway]], [[India]] File:Kordestan-Resalat-Hakim.jpg|A highway interchange in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] File:Tokyo EXP way.JPG|The [[Metropolitan Expressway]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] File:Kuwait highway.jpg|A highway in [[Kuwait City]] File:2007 08 21 China Pakistan Karakoram Highway Khunjerab Pass IMG 7295.jpg|[[Karakoram Highway]], [[Pakistan]] File:FvfValenzuela1372 37.JPG|[[North Luzon Expressway]], the [[Philippines]] File:Jisu IC in Namhae Expressway.JPG|[[Namhae Expressway]] in [[Jinju]], [[South Korea]] File:The-Expressway_at_Ja-ela.jpg|Ja-Ela Interchange in the [[E03 expressway (Sri Lanka)|Airport Expressway(E03)]] in [[Ja-Ela]], [[Sri Lanka]] File:Dubai Roads on 1 May 2007.jpg|3/4 [[highway interchange]] in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] File:Quoclo1Amoi.JPG|[[National Route 1 (Vietnam)|National Route 1]] near [[Tu Son|Từ Sơn]], [[Vietnam]] </gallery> == See also == <!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER --> === General === <!--Alphabetically:--> {{div col}} * [[Bypass route]] * [[Controlled-access highway]] * [[Divided highway|Divided highway (dual carriageway)]] <!--No explicit section on highways, roads: * [[Earthquake engineering]]--> * [[Freeway]] * [[Highway systems by country]] * [[Highwayman]] * [[Infrastructure]] * [[Limited-access road]] * [[List of roads and highways]] * [[Motorway]] * [[Parkway]] * [[Passing lane]] * [[Ring road]] * [[Road]] * [[Road junction]] * [[Road safety]] * [[Road transport]] * [[Roadway air dispersion modeling]] * [[Roadway noise]] * [[Toll road]] * [[Undivided highway|Undivided highway (single carriageway)]] {{div col end}} === By country === <!--Alphabetically by country:--> {{div col}} * [[Algeria East–West Highway]] * [[Autobahns of Austria]] * ''[[Autoput]]'' and ''[[Autocesta]]'' {{small|([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]])}} * ''[[Rodovia]]'' {{small|([[Brazil]])}} * ''[[Avtomagistrala]]'' {{small|([[Bulgaria]], [[Ukraine]])}} * [[Controlled-access highway#Canada|Highways in Canada]] * [[Expressways of China|Expressway]] {{small|([[China]])}} * ''[[Autocesta]]'' {{small|([[Croatia]])}} * ''[[Dálnice]]'' {{small|([[Czech Republic]])}} * ''Autostrada'' {{small|([[Egypt]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]])}} * ''[[Autoroutes of France|Autoroute]]'' {{small|([[France]])}} * [[Autobahns of Germany]] * ''[[Aftokinitodromos]]'' {{small|([[Greece]])}} * ''[[Autópálya]]'' {{small|([[Hungary]])}} * [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]]s and [[Expressways of India|Expressways]] {{small|([[India]])}} * [[Motorway (Ireland)|Motorway]] {{small|([[Ireland]])}} * [[List of highways in Israel]] * [[Autostrade of Italy]] {{small|([[Italy]])}} * ''[[Expressways of Japan|Kōsokudōro]]'' {{small|([[Japan]])}} * ''[[Malaysian expressway system|Lebuhraya]]'' {{small|([[Malaysia]])}} * ''[[Mexican Federal Highway|Autopista de Carretera Federal]]'' {{small|([[Mexico]])}} * ''[[Autoroutes of Morocco|Autoroute]]'' {{small|([[Morocco]])}} * ''[[Avtopat]]'' {{small|([[North Macedonia]])}} * ''[[Motorvei]]'' {{small|([[Norway]])}} * [[Motorways of Pakistan|Motorways]] and [[National Highways of Pakistan]] * ''[[Autoestrada]]''&nbsp;<ref>Notable for the introduction of the world's first [[electronic toll collection]] system, the ''[[Via Verde]]''.</ref> {{small|([[Portugal]])}} * [[Russian federal highways]] {{small|([[Russia]])}} * ''[[Autoput]]'' {{small|([[Serbia]])}} * ''[[Avtocesta]]'' {{small|([[Slovenia]])}} * ''[[Highways in Spain|Autopista]]'' {{small|([[Spain]])}} * ''[[Motorväg]]'' {{small|([[Sweden]])}} * [[Autobahns of Switzerland]] * [[Highway system in Taiwan|Freeways in Taiwan]] * [[Thai highway network]] {{small|([[Thailand]])}} * [[State Highways (Ukraine)]] {{small|([[Ukraine]])}} * [[Highways in the United Kingdom]] * ''[[Autofamba]]'' {{small|([[Zimbabwe]])}} {{div col end}} {{Clear}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Wiktionary|highway}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Highways}} * [http://www.elbruz.org/eroads/AGR_2.htm Full list of Euroroutes with distances] * [http://www.greenroads.org/ The Greenroads Rating System] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070303005314/http://www.kscourts.org/kscases/ctapp/1999/19991119/81647.htm Legal opinion, Kansas, U.S.A.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120424004355/http://transglobalhighway.com/ Proposed Trans-Global Highway] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180511224827/http://www.tuzcuogluevdeneve.org/ Euroroutes with distances] * [http://cornwallfreenews.com/2011/06/letter-to-the-editor-erhardt-peper-of-new-dundee-ontario-wants-an-ontario-super-highway-system-june-18-2011/ Ontario Super Highway Program (June 19, 2011)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMtusG5tuC8 Video of Highway 401 through Greater Toronto] {{Road types}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Highways| ]] [[Category:Road infrastructure]] [[Category:Types of roads]]'