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'{{Short description|City in Kermanshah province, Iran}} {{for|other places with the same name|Kermanshah (disambiguation){{!}}Kermanshah}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Kermanshah | native_name = {{lang|ku|کرماشان}} | native_name_lang = ku | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Kermanshah Photos M6.jpg | photo2a = کاشانه.jpg | photo3a = Takieh Moaven ol molk.jpg | photo2b= کرمانشاه مسجد عمادالدوله.jpg | photo3b = Jameh Mosque of Shafei 1397070110263819315473324.jpg | photo4a = طاق بستان 2.jpg | spacing = 2 | size = 266 | foot_montage =Panoramic, Takyeh Beyglarbeygi, Imad Doulah Mosque, Tekiye Moaven Al Molk, Jameh Mosque of Shafei, Taq-e Bostan | position = center }} | image_seal = Kermanshah government logo.svg | nickname = The Land of History & Myths; The Land of Eternal Lovers; The Land of Shirin & Farhad | imagesize = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Iran | mapsize = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Iran | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kermanshah Province|Kermanshah]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Iran|County]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kermanshah County|Kermanshah]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Bakhsh|District]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Central District (Kermanshah County)|Central]] | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Peyman Ghorbani]] | established_title = Established date | established_date = 4th century | area_total_km2 = | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2016 | population_urban = 946651<ref name="2016 census"/> | population_metro = 1083833<ref>[https://www.amar.org.ir/english/Population-and-Housing-Censuses Population and Housing Censuses] at Statistical Center of Iran website.</ref> | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] | population_blank1 = Kermashani, [[Kermanshahi]] | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | coordinates = {{coord|34|19|57|N|47|05|36|E|dim:6km|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=34.3325&mlon=47.093333&zoom=13#map=13/34.3325/47.0933 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Kermanshah, Kermanshah County |date=14 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref> | elevation_m = 1350 | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Csa]] | website = {{URL|http://kermanshah.ir}} | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 67146 | area_code = 083 | footnotes = | module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=10 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}} | name = | other_name = Kirmaşan }} '''Kermanshah''' ({{lang-fa|کرمانشاه|Kermânšâh}} {{IPA-fa|keɾmɒːnˈʃɒː||fa-Kermanshah.ogg}}, {{Lang-ku|کرماشان|translit=Kirmaşan}}),<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3070245}}</ref> is the capital of [[Kermanshah Province]], located {{convert|525|km|0|abbr=off}} from [[Tehran]] in the western part of [[Iran]]. According to the 2016 census, its population is 946,651<ref name="2016 census"/> (2021 estimate 1,047,000).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kermanshah, Iran Metro Area Population 1950-2021|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/21502/kermanshah/population|access-date=2021-07-23|website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> At the 2006 National Census, its population was 784,602 in 202,588 households.<ref name="2006 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006) | page = 05 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/05.xls | access-date = 25 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110920094844/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/05.xls | format = Excel | archive-date = 20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 851,405 people in 242,311 households.<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011) | page = 05 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = Iran Data Portal | url = https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kermanshah.xls | access-date = 19 December 2022 | format = Excel}}</ref> The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 946,651 people in 286,484 households.<ref name="2016 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016) | page = 05 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_05.xlsx | access-date = 19 December 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220403212203/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_05.xlsx | format = Excel | archive-date = 3 April 2022}}</ref> A majority of the people of Kermanshah are bilingual in [[Southern Kurdish]] and [[Persian language|Persian]],<ref>{{Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Borjian|first=Habib|author-link=Habib Borjian|title=KERMANSHAH vii. LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-07-languages|volume=16|fascicle=3|pages=324-329}}</ref> and the city is the largest Kurdish city in Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shahrekhabar.com/economic/1425128820035607|title=معاون امور عمرانی استانداری: کرمانشاه بزرگترین شهر کردنشین جهان است - ایرنا|website=شهرخبر|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/1563659/کرمانشاه-پرجمعیت-ترین-شهر-کردنشین-ایران|title=کرمانشاه؛ پرجمعیت ترین شهر کردنشین ایران|date=2012-03-23|website=خبرگزاری مهر {{!}} اخبار ایران و جهان {{!}} Mehr News Agency|language=fa|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urmianews.ir/archive/ID/111419 |title=اورمیا - بزرگترین شهر کردنشین جهان مشخص شد |access-date=2016-03-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327203915/http://www.urmianews.ir/archive/ID/111419 |archive-date=2016-03-27 }}</ref> Kermanshah has a moderate and mountainous climate.<ref>[http://www.iranchamber.com/cities/kermanshah/kermanshah.php Iran Chamber society]: accessed: September 2010.</ref><ref name="zaban">[http://www.salamkermanshah.ir/test/kermanshah-mad-info.htm روزنامه سلام کرمانشاه] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621084030/http://www.salamkermanshah.ir/test/kermanshah-mad-info.htm |date=2010-06-21 }} '''Persian''' ('''Kurdish''')</ref><ref name="b">[http://www.artkermanshah.ir/Default.aspx?page=3688 آشنایی با فرهنگ و نژاد استان کرمانشاه] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901161010/http://artkermanshah.ir/Default.aspx?page=3688 |date=2018-09-01 }}('''Persian''')</ref><ref name=a>[http://www.kermanshahmiras.ir/fa_site/Preview.asp?categoryid=5&code=6686 سازمان میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری استان کرمانشاه]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} بازدید 2010/03/11</ref> Most of the inhabitants of Kermanshah are [[Shia]] Muslims, but there are also [[Sunni]] Muslims, [[Christianity in Iran|Christians]],<ref name="assistnews1">{{cite web |url=http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2010/s10020115.htm |title=Arrest of the Assyrian leader of the Kermanshah Church in iran |publisher=Assistnews.net |access-date=2011-12-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929225150/http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2010/s10020115.htm |archive-date=2011-09-29 }}</ref> and followers of [[Yarsanism]].<ref>[https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/11/Kermanshah-Shia%20Kurds.pdf RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE], Refugee Review Tribunal, www.justice.gov</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artkermanshah.ir/default.aspx?page=3688|title=آشنایی با فرهنگ و نژاد استان کرمانشاه|publisher=www.artkermanshah.ir|access-date=2019-05-29|archive-date=2018-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901161010/http://artkermanshah.ir/Default.aspx?page=3688|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Etymology== "Kermanshah" derives from the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]]-era title ''Kirmanshah'', which translates as "King of Kerman".<ref name="Kia">{{cite book|last1=Kia|first1=Mehrdad|title=The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]|date=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1610693912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ&q=false|pages=236–237}}</ref> Famously, this title was held by the son of [[Shapur III]], Prince Bahram, who was bestowed with the title upon being appointed governor of the province of [[Kirman (Sasanian province)|Kirman]] (present-day [[Kerman Province]]).<ref>{{cite book | last = Brunner | first = Christopher | chapter = Geographical and Administrative divisions: Settlements and Economy| title = The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods (2) | year = 1983 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y7IHmyKcPtYC&q=false | isbn = 978-0-521-24693-4| page=767 }}</ref><ref name="Kia"/> Later, in 390, when he had already succeeded his father as [[Bahram IV]] ({{reign}}388–399), he founded Kermanshah, and applied his former title to the new city, i.e. "(City of the) King of Kerman".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Everett-Heath |first1=John | article = Kermānshāh | title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0191866326 |edition=4|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001/acref-9780191866326-e-3584?rskey=PMUnhK&result=1}}</ref><ref>{{ODLA|last=Daryaee|first=Touraj|author-link=Touraj Daryaee|title=Bahram IV|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-606?rskey=PMUnhK&result=7}}</ref> After the [[Islamic Revolution|revolution]] in 1979, the city was named '''Ghahramanshahr''' for a short period of time, and later the name of the city as well as the province changed to [[Bakhtaran]], apparently due to the presence of the word "[[Shah]]" in the original name. Bakhtaran means western, which refers to the location of the city and the province within Iran. After the [[Iran–Iraq War]], however, the city was renamed Kermanshah, as it resonated more with the desire of its residents, the [[Persian literature]], and the collective memory of the Iranians. ==History== {{Historical populations|percentages = pagr |1986| 560,514|1991|624,084|1996|692,986|2006|794,863|2011|851,405|align=right|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/en/iran/cities/ Iran: Provinces and Cities population statistics]</ref>|2016|946,651}} ===Prehistory=== [[File:Kermanshah-London illustrated news 1.jpg|thumb|left|220px|A view of Kermanshah in mid.-19th century- toward south, Farokhshad Mt. and Wasi Mt. are visible at background]] Because of its antiquity, attractive landscapes, rich culture and [[Neolithic]] villages, Kermanshah is considered one of the [[Cradle of civilization|cradles]] of prehistoric cultures. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, the Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the [[Lower Paleolithic]] period, and continued to later [[Paleolithic]] periods till late [[Pleistocene]] period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some [[Hand axe|handaxes]] found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The [[Middle Paleolithic]] remains have been found in various parts of the province, especially in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht, [[Malaverd|Tang-e Malaverd]] and near [[Taq-e Bostan]]. [[Neanderthal]] Man existed in the Kermanshah region during this period and the only discovered skeletal remains of this early human in Iran was found in three caves and [[Rock shelter|rockshelter]] situated in Kermanshah province.<ref>{{cite web |title=New study sheds light on second Neanderthal tooth found in western iran |url=https://s18.picofile.com/file/8440107476/Tehran_Times_Aug_2021_Yawan_Neanderthal.pdf.html |website=Tehran Times - 29 August 2021 |publisher=Tehran Times |access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref> The known Paleolithic caves in this area are [[Warwasi]], Qobeh, [[Malaverd]] and [[Do-Ashkaft Cave]]. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, [[Qazanchi]], Sarab, [[Chia Jani]], and [[Ganj-Darreh]] were established between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. [[File:Clay human figurine (Fertility goddess) Tappeh Sarab, Kermanshah ca. 7000-6100 BCE Neolithic period, National Museum of Iran.jpg|thumb|Clay human figurine (Fertility goddess) Tappeh Sarab, Kermanshah, {{circa|7000-6100 BCE}}, Neolithic period, National Museum of Iran]] This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining to Iran were made in [[Ganj Dareh|Ganj-Darreh]], near present-day [[Harsin]]. In May 2009, based on a research conducted by the university of [[Hamadan]] and [[University College London|UCL]], the head of Archeology Research Center of [[Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism|Iran's Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization]] announced that the one of the oldest [[prehistoric]] village in the [[Middle East]] dating back to 9800 B.P., was discovered in [[Sahneh County|Sahneh]], located west of Kermanshah.<ref name="ISNA">{{cite web |url=http://www.isna.ir/ISNA/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-1344672&Lang=E |title=Most ancient Mid East village discovered in western Iran |year=2009 |access-date=2009-05-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201033414/http://www.isna.ir/ISNA/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-1344672&Lang=E |archive-date=2010-02-01 }}</ref><ref name="خبرگزاري دانشجويان ايران">{{cite web | url =http://kermanshah.isna.ir/mainnews.php?ID=News-22054|title =با 11800 سال قدمت، قديمي‌ترين روستاي خاورميانه در كرمانشاه كشف شد | year=2009|access-date=2009-05-23}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Remains of later village occupations and early [[Bronze Age]] are found in a number of mound sites in the city itself. The city contains 4 archaeological mound sites: Chogha Kaboud, [[Chogha Golan]], Morad Hasel, and [[Tappa Gawri]]. ===Sassanid Kermanshah=== [[File:Bistoon Kermanshah.jpg|thumb|220px|Hellenistic-era depiction of [[Verethragna|Bahram]] as [[Hercules]] carved in 153 BC]] In ancient [[Iranian folklore|Iranian]] [[myth]]ology, construction of the city is attributed to [[Tahmuras]], the third king of [[Pishdadian]] dynasty. It is believed that the [[Sassanids]] have constructed Kermanshah and [[Bahram IV]] (he was called Kermanshah, meaning king of [[Kerman]]) gave his name to this city.<ref>[http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-3dad73773a1c4e78844374111c1a94fb-fa.html Dehkhoda: Kermanshah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180623/http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-3dad73773a1c4e78844374111c1a94fb-fa.html |date=2011-05-11 }}.</ref> It was a glorious city in [[Sassanid]] period about the 4th century AD when it became the capital city of [[Persian Empire]] and a significant [[Community health center|health center]] serving as the summer resort for [[Sassanid]] kings. In AD 226, following a two-year war led by the Persian Emperor, [[Ardashir I]], against "[[Kurdish population|Kurdish]]" tribes in the region, the empire reinstated a local "Kurdish" prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} At the time, the term "[[Kurds|Kurd]]" was used as a social term, designating Iranian nomads, rather than a concrete ethnic group.<ref>J. Limbert. (1968). The Origins and Appearance of the Kurds in Pre-Islamic Iran. ''Iranian Studies'', 1.2: pp. 41-51.</ref><ref>G. Asatrian. (2009). Prolegemona to the Study of Kurds. ''Iran and the Caucasus'', 13.1: pp. 1-58.</ref> The word became an [[Kurds|ethnic identity]] in the 12th and 13th century.<ref>James, Boris. (2006). Uses and Values of the Term Kurd in Arabic Medieval Literary Sources. ''Seminar at the American University of Beirut'', pp. 6-7.</ref><ref name="MartinIdentity">Martin van Bruinessen, "The ethnic identity of the Kurds," in: ''Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey'', compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews with Rüdiger Benninghaus [=Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe B, Nr.60]. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwich Reichert, 1989, pp. 613–21. excerpt: "The ethnic label "Kurd" is first encountered in Arabic sources from the first centuries of the Islamic era; it seemed to refer to a specific variety of pastoral nomadism, and possibly to a set of political units, rather than to a linguistic group: once or twice, "Arabic Kurds" are mentioned. By the 10th century, the term appears to denote nomadic and/or transhumant groups speaking an Iranian language and mainly inhabiting the mountainous areas to the South of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, with some offshoots in the Caucasus. ... If there was a Kurdish-speaking subjected peasantry at that time, the term was not yet used to include them."[http://www.let.uu.nl/~Martin.vanBruinessen/personal/publications/Bruinessen_Ethnic_identity_Kurds.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015152331/http://www.let.uu.nl/~Martin.vanBruinessen/personal/publications/Bruinessen_Ethnic_identity_Kurds.pdf|date=2015-10-15}}</ref> Within the dynasty known as the [[House of Kayus]] (also ''Kâvusakân'') remained a semi-independent kingdom lasting until AD 380 before [[Ardashir II]] removed the dynasty's last ruling member.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} ===Islamic era=== Kermanshah was conquered by the [[Arabs]] in 629 AD. Under [[Seljuks|Seljuk]] rule in the eleventh century, it became the major cultural and commercial center in western [[Iran]] and the southern [[Kurds|Kurdish]]-inhabited areas as a whole. The [[Safavids]] fortified the town, and the [[Qajars]] repulsed an attack by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] during [[Fath Ali Shah]]'s rule (1797–1834). Kermanshah was occupied by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] between 1723–1729 and 1731–1732.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} ===Modern history=== Occupied by the [[Imperial Russian army]] in 1914, followed by the [[Ottoman Army (1861–1922)|Ottoman Army]] in 1915 during [[World War I]], it was evacuated in 1917 when the British forces arrived there to expel the Ottomans. Kermanshah played an important role in the [[Iranian Constitutional Revolution]] during the [[Qajar dynasty]] period and the Republic Movement in [[Pahlavi dynasty]] period. The city was harshly damaged during the [[Iran–Iraq War]], and although it was rebuilt, it has not yet fully recovered.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} ==Climate== Kermanshah has a climate which is heavily influenced by the proximity of the [[Zagros]] mountains, classified as a hot-summer [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa''). The city's altitude and exposed location relative to westerly winds makes precipitation a little bit high (more than twice that of [[Tehran]]), but at the same time produces huge diurnal temperature swings especially in the virtually rainless summers, which remain extremely hot during the day. Kermanshah experiences rather cold winters and there are usually rainfalls in fall and spring. Snow cover is seen for at least a couple of weeks in winter. {{Weather box|width=auto |location = Kermanshah, Iran (1951–2010) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 20.2 |Feb record high C = 21.8 |Mar record high C = 28.4 |Apr record high C = 33.7 |May record high C = 38.5 |Jun record high C = 43.0 |Jul record high C = 44.1 |Aug record high C = 44.0 |Sep record high C = 40.4 |Oct record high C = 34.4 |Nov record high C = 28.4 |Dec record high C = 25.4 |year record high C = 44.1 |Jan high C = 7.4 |Feb high C = 9.8 |Mar high C = 14.8 |Apr high C = 20.2 |May high C = 26.3 |Jun high C = 33.7 |Jul high C = 38.0 |Aug high C = 37.5 |Sep high C = 32.8 |Oct high C = 25.5 |Nov high C = 16.7 |Dec high C = 10.3 |year high C = |Jan mean C = 1.9 |Feb mean C = 3.7 |Mar mean C = 8.0 |Apr mean C = 12.8 |May mean C = 17.4 |Jun mean C = 22.9 |Jul mean C = 27.3 |Aug mean C = 26.7 |Sep mean C = 21.9 |Oct mean C = 16.2 |Nov mean C = 9.4 |Dec mean C = 4.4 |year mean C = |Jan low C = -3.6 |Feb low C = -2.4 |Mar low C = 1.3 |Apr low C = 5.4 |May low C = 8.5 |Jun low C = 12.1 |Jul low C = 16.6 |Aug low C = 16.0 |Sep low C = 11.1 |Oct low C = 6.8 |Nov low C = 2.0 |Dec low C = -1.4 |year low C = |Jan record low C = −24.0 |Feb record low C = -27.0 |Mar record low C = −11.3 |Apr record low C = -6.1 |May record low C = -1.0 |Jun record low C = 2.0 |Jul record low C = 8.0 |Aug record low C = 8.0 |Sep record low C = 1.2 |Oct record low C = -3.5 |Nov record low C = -17.0 |Dec record low C = −17.0 |year record low C = -27.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 60.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 58.5 |Mar precipitation mm = 80.3 |Apr precipitation mm = 64.7 |May precipitation mm = 29.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 1.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 0.3 |Sep precipitation mm = 2.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 25.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 55.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 61.0 |year precipitation mm = |Jan precipitation days = 8.6 |Feb precipitation days = 8.4 |Mar precipitation days = 9.3 |Apr precipitation days = 8.3 |May precipitation days = 4.6 |Jun precipitation days = 0.4 |Jul precipitation days = 0.1 |Aug precipitation days = 0.1 |Sep precipitation days = 0.4 |Oct precipitation days = 3.1 |Nov precipitation days = 5.9 |Dec precipitation days = 7.4 |year precipitation days = |Jan snow days = 5.4 |Feb snow days = 4.0 |Mar snow days = 1.8 |Apr snow days = 0.2 |May snow days = 0.0 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.0 |Nov snow days = 0.3 |Dec snow days = 2.6 |year snow days = |Jan humidity = 73 |Feb humidity = 68 |Mar humidity = 60 |Apr humidity = 56 |May humidity = 47 |Jun humidity = 28 |Jul humidity = 23 |Aug humidity = 22 |Sep humidity = 25 |Oct humidity = 39 |Nov humidity = 59 |Dec humidity = 70 |year humidity = |Jan sun = 142.7 |Feb sun = 152.3 |Mar sun = 190.1 |Apr sun = 210.3 |May sun = 273.3 |Jun sun = 346.8 |Jul sun = 348.2 |Aug sun = 337.5 |Sep sun = 304.4 |Oct sun = 245.2 |Nov sun = 189.9 |Dec sun = 150.9 |year sun = |source 1 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records),<ref name=records> *{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/7.asp |title= Highest record temperature in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414135119/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/7.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }} *{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/6.asp |title= Lowest record temperature in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414140635/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/6.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> (temperatures),<ref name=temperatures> *{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/3.asp |title= Average Maximum temperature in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414131253/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/3.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }} *{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/5.asp |title= Average Mean Daily temperature in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414124948/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/5.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }} *{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/2.asp |title= Average Minimum temperature in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414124402/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/2.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> (precipitation),<ref name=precipitation> *{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/25.asp |title= Monthly Total Precipitation in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150330145042/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/25.asp |archive-date= March 30, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> (humidity),<ref name=humidity> *{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/14.asp |title= Average relative humidity in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414135739/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/14.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> (days with precipitation and snow),<ref name=precipdays> *{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/29.asp |title= No. Of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414125455/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/29.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }} *{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/32.asp |title= No. of days with snow or sleet in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414131810/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/32.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> (sunshine)<ref name=sunshine> *{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/42.asp |title= Monthly total sunshine hours in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 7, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414141402/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/keh/KERMANSH/42.asp |archive-date= April 14, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> }} ==Main sights== [[File:Taq-e Bostan - High-relief of Anahita, Khosro II, Ahura Mazda.jpg|right|thumb|300px| [[Anahita]] on the left as the patron ''[[yazata]]'' of the [[Sassanian dynasty]] behind Emperor [[Khosrau II|Khosrau Parviz]] with Ahura Mazda presenting the [[diadem]] of sovereignty on the right. [[Taq-e Bostan]].]] Kermanshah sights include [[Kohneh Bridge]], [[Behistun Inscription]], [[Taq-e Bostan|Taghbostan]], [[Temple of Anahita at Kangavar|Temple of Anahita]], [[Dinavar]], [[Ganj Dareh]], [[Essaqwand Rock Tombs]], [[Sorkh Deh chamber tomb]], [[Malek Tomb]], [[Hulwan, Iran|Hulwan]], [[Median]] dakhmeh (Darbad, Sahneh), [[Parav cave]], [[Do-Ashkaft Cave]], [[Tekyeh Moaven al-molk]], Dokan Davood Inscription, Sar Pol-e-Zahab, Tagh e gara, Patagh pass, Sarab Niloufar, Ghoori Ghale Cave, Khajeh Barookh's House, Chiyajani Tappe, [[Behistun Inscription#Other historical monuments in the Behistun complex|Statue of Herakles in Behistun complex]], Emad al doleh Mosque, Tekyeh Biglarbeigi, Hunters cave, Jamé Mosque of Kermanshah, [[Godin Tepe]], [[Behistun Inscription#Other historical monuments in the Behistun complex|Bas relief of Gotarzes II of Parthia]], and [[Anobanini]] bas relief. ===Taq-e Bostan=== {{main|Taq-e Bostan}} [[Taq-e Bostan|Taghbostan]] is a series of large [[rock relief]]s from the era of [[Sassanid Empire]] of Persia, the [[History of Iran|Iranian dynasty]] which ruled [[western Asia]] from 226 to 650 AD. This example of [[Sassanid art]] is located {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city center of Kermanshah in western [[Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=طاق بستان کجاست؟ {{!}} وبلاگ اسنپ تریپ|url=https://www.snapptrip.com/blog/طاق-بستان-کجاست/|access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref> It is located in the heart of the [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros mountains]], where it has endured almost 1,700 years of wind and rain. The carvings, some of the finest and best-preserved examples of Persian sculpture under the Sassanids, include representations of the investitures of [[Ardashir II]] (379–383) and [[Shapur III]] (383–388). Like other Sassanid symbols, [[Taq-e Bostan|Taghbostan]] and its relief patterns accentuate power, religious tendencies, glory, honor, the vastness of the court, game and fighting spirit, festivity, joy, and rejoicing. Sassanid kings chose a beautiful setting for their rock reliefs along an historic [[Silk Road]] caravan route [[waypoint]] and campground. The reliefs are adjacent a sacred spring that empties into a large reflecting pool at the base of a mountain cliff. [[Taq-e Bostan|Taghbostan]] and its rock relief are one of the 30 surviving [[Sassanid]] relics of the [[Zagros Mountains]]. According to [[Arthur Pope]], the founder of Iranian art and archeology Institute in the US, "art was characteristic of the Iranian people and the gift which they endowed the world with." One of the most impressive reliefs inside the largest grotto or ''ivan'' is the gigantic [[equestrian sculpture|equestrian]] figure of the Sassanid king [[Khosrow II]] (591-628 AD) mounted on his favorite charger, [[Shabdiz]]. Both horse and rider are arrayed in full battle armor. The arch rests on two columns that bear delicately carved patterns showing the tree of life or the sacred tree. Above the arch and located on two opposite sides are figures of two winged angels with [[Diadem (personal wear)|diadems]]. Around the outer layer of the arch, a conspicuous margin has been carved, jagged with flower patterns. These patterns are also found in the official costumes of Sassanid kings. Equestrian relief panel measured on 16.08.07 approx. 7.45&nbsp;m across by 4.25 m high. ===Behistun=== {{main|Behistun Inscription}} The Behistun inscription is considered as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. The [[Behistun Inscription]] (also ''Bisitun'' or ''Bisutun'', [[Modern Persian]]: بیستون; [[Old Persian]]: ''Bagastana'', meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on [[Mount Behistun]]. The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different [[cuneiform script]] languages: [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]], [[Elamite language|Elamite]], and [[Babylonian language|Babylonian]]. A British army officer, [[Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet|Henry Rawlinson]], had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Persian cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: both are [[Semitic languages]]. In effect, then, the inscription is to [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] what the [[Rosetta Stone]] is to [[Egyptian hieroglyph]]s: the document most crucial in the [[decipherment]] of a previously lost [[writing system|script]]. The inscription is approximately 15&nbsp;metres high by 25&nbsp;meters wide, and 100&nbsp;meters up a [[limestone]] cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of [[Babylonia]] and [[Medes|Media]] ([[Babylon]] and [[Ecbatana]]). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The Old Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines. The inscription was illustrated by a life-sized bas-relief of [[Darius the Great of Persia|Darius]], holding a [[bow (weapon)|bow]] as a sign of kingship, with his left foot on the chest of a figure lying on his back before him. The prostrate figure is reputed to be the [[pretender]] [[Gaumata]]. Darius is attended to the left by two servants, and ten one-metre figures stand to the right, with hands tied and rope around their necks, representing conquered peoples. [[Faravahar]] floats above, giving his blessing to the king. One figure appears to have been added after the others were completed, as was (oddly enough) Darius' beard,{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} which is a separate block of stone attached with [[iron]] pins and [[lead]]. ===Qajar dynasty monuments=== {{see also|Tekyeh Biglarbeygi|Tekyeh Moaven al-molk|Khajeh Barookh's House}} [[File:Jame-shafeie-mosque.JPG|thumb|Jame-Shafeie Mosque<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jame-Shafeie Mosque|url=https://www.kojaro.com/attraction/6326-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9%DB%8C/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]During the [[Qajar dynasty]] (1794 to 1925), [[Kermanshah Bazaar]], mosques and [[tekyeh]]s such as [[Tekyeh Biglarbeygi]] and [[Moaven al-molk Mosque]], and beautiful houses such as [[Khajeh Barookh's House]] were built. [[Tekyeh Biglarbeygi]] is well known for unique mirror decoration. [[Tekyeh Biglarbeygi]] was made during Qajar dynasty by efforts of Abdullah khan Biglarbeygi. [[Tekyeh Moaven al-molk]] is unique because it has many pictures on the walls that relate to [[shahnameh]], despite some of its more religious ones. [[Khajeh Barookh's House]] is located in the old district of Faizabad, a [[Jewish]] neighborhood of the city. It was built by a Jewish merchant of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] period, named Barookh/Baruch. The house, an historical depiction of Iranian architecture, was renamed "Randeh-Kesh House", after the last owner, is a "daroongara"(inward oriented) house and is connected through a vestibule to the exterior yard and through a corridor to the interior yard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kermanshahmiras.ir/fa_site/preview.asp?categoryid=11&code=5451|title=سازمان ميراث فرهنگي، گردشگري و صنايع دستي استان كرمانشاه|publisher=Kermanshahmiras.ir|access-date=2011-12-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223503/http://www.kermanshahmiras.ir/fa_site/Preview.asp?categoryid=11&code=5451|archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref> Surrounding the interior yard are rooms, brick pillars making the iwans(porches) of the house, and step-like column capitals decorated with brick-stalactite work. This house is among the rare Qajar houses with a private bathroom. [[File:Khaneh-Barookh1.jpg|thumb|Khajeh Barookh's House]] [[File:Kermanshah Paleolithic Museum.jpg|right|thumb|Interior of the second room of Zagros Paleolithic Museum.]] === Bazaars === Kermanshah is home to at least one [[bazaar]] dating back to the Qajar period. '''Kermanshah Grand Bazaar''' or '''''Tarike Bazaar''''' was built around 1820 when [[Dowlatshah|Prince Mohammad Ali Mirza Dowlatshah]] of [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] dynasty governed over Kermanshah, and used to be the largest grand bazaar of [[Middle East]] during its time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Salehnezhad|first=Narges|date=2016-06-25 |title=تاریکه بازار؛ معرف تاریخ شهر کرمانشاه|url=https://www.kojaro.com/2016/6/25/120030/kermanshhah-bazar/|url-status=live|website=Kojaro}}</ref> ==Economy== Kermanshah is one of the western agricultural core of Iran that produces grain, rice, vegetable, fruits, and oilseeds, however Kermanshah is emerging as a fairly important industrial city; there are two industrial centers with more than 256 manufacturing units in the suburb of the city. These industries include [[petrochemical]] refinery, [[textile]] manufacturing, [[food processing]], carpet making, sugar refining, and the production of electrical equipment and tools. Kermanshah Oil Refining Company (KORC) established in 1932 by British companies, is one of the major industries in the city. After recent changes in [[Iraq]], Kermanshah has become one of the main importing and exporting gates of [[Iran]]. ==Education== ===Higher education=== More than 49 thousands students are educating in 9 governmental and private universities in the city. Established in 1968 as the ''Kermanshah Graduate School of Nursing'', the [[Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences]] was the first university in the west part of Iran. The medical school as a division of ''Razi University'' was established in 1976 and admitted some students in general practice. [[Razi University]] established in 1972 was the second university in the west part of Iran and is the most-prominent higher education institute in Kermanshah province and also west part of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kums.ac.ir/aboutus-fa.html |title= About the university |website= Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130129094807/http://www.kums.ac.ir/aboutus-fa.html |archive-date= 2013-01-29 |language= fa}}</ref> In 2020, Razi University ranked 24th in Iran and 1300th in the world by the [[U.S. News & World Report|U.S. News]] in universities of all countries of the world based upon 13 factors.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/razi-university-529417 |title= Razi University |year= 2020|website= US News|language= en}}</ref> Some of Kermanshah universities are: *[[Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iauksh.ac.ir/ |title=iauksh.ac.ir |access-date=2006-10-27 |archive-date=2014-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007074225/http://www.iauksh.ac.ir/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences]] *[[Kermanshah University of Technology]]<ref>[http://www.kut.ac.ir/ kut.ac.ir]</ref> *[[Payame Noor University]] *[[Razi University]] ===Schools=== Mohtashamiyeh (Persian: محتشمیه), established in 1899, was the first modern school in Kermanshah founded by Husseinali-Khan Mohandes-e Guran. Khalq Study Hall (Persian: قرائتخانۀ خلق) was the first study hall in Kermanshah and also an adult school founded in 1909.<ref name="daka">{{cite web |url= http://portal.nlai.ir/daka/Wiki%20Pages/كرمانشاه،%20كتابخانه‌هاي.aspx|title= Libraries of Kermanshah|author= Mohammad-Ja'far Panahi |website= Encyclopedia of Library and information science |language= fa|access-date= 1 September 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110119101646/http://portal.nlai.ir/daka/Wiki%20Pages/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%8C%20%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A.aspx|archive-date= 19 January 2011 }}</ref> [[Alliance School, Kermanshah|Alliance Israélite school of Kermanshah]] founded by the [[Alliance Israélite Universelle]] in 1904.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-08-jews |title= Kermanshah, The Jewish Community |author= Nahid Pirnazar|date= June 15, 2017|website= Encyclopædia Iranica|language= en}}</ref> The Azodiyeh State School for Misses (Persian: مدرسه دولتی دوشیزگان عضدیه) was the first girls' school, founded in 1922. The first private school in Kermanshah was founded in 1991. ==Notable people== ===Arts=== *[[Ali Mohammad Afghani]], novelist *[[Seyed Khalil Alinezhad]], [[Tanbour]] master *[[Mahshid Amirshahi]], writer *[[Nozar Azadi]], actor *[[Ali Ashraf Darvishian]], novelist and writer *[[Pouran Derakhshandeh]], film director, producer, screenwriter *[[Reza Shafiei Jam]], actor *[[Mirza Mohammad Reza Kalhor]], calligrapher *[[Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi]], writer *[[Rahim Moeini Kermanshahi]], poet, lyricist *[[Alexis Kouros]], writer, documentary-maker, director, and producer *[[Abolghasem Lahouti]], poet *[[Doris Lessing]], writer, 2007 winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (born in Kermanshah to British parents) *[[Aref Lorestani]], actor, comedian *[[Shahram Mokri]], film director *[[Nicky Nodjoumi]], modern painter *[[Reza Fieze Norouzi]], actor *[[Guity Novin]], painter & graphic designer *[[Mohammad Salemy]], artist, curator, writer *[[Rashid Yasemi]], one of the [[Five-Masters]] of [[Persian Literature]] ===Music=== *[[Evin Agassi]], singer *[[Kayhan Kalhor]], musician *[[Mojtaba Mirzadeh]], master of violin and setar *[[Roknoddin Mokhtari]], violin player *[[Ali Akbar Moradi]], musician and tanbour player *[[Shahram Nazeri]], vocalist and musician *[[Sohrab Pournazeri]], musician *[[Sousan]] (Golandam Taherkhani), singer *[[Marganita Vogt-Khofri]], pianist, classical musician, and vocalist *[[Bahramji]], musician and santur player ===Politics and military=== *[[Ebrahim Azizi]], member and spokesman of the Guardian Council *[[Abdol Ali Badrei]], commander of the [[Imperial Iranian Army]] and the [[Imperial Guard (Iran)|Imperial Guard]] *[[Hanif Bali]], member of [[Swedish Riksdag]] *[[Karim Sanjabi]], Iran's attorney during oil nationalization movement, former foreign minister *[[Bijan Namdar Zangeneh]], minister of Petroleum * [[Yar Mohammad khan Kermanshahi]] A pivotal figure in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution<ref>{{Citation |title=یارمحمدخان کرمانشاهی |date=2023-08-08 |url=https://fa.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=یارمحمدخان_کرمانشاهی&oldid=37679390 |work=ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=fa}}</ref> ===Sciences=== *[[Shahram Amiri]], nuclear scientist *[[Massoud Azarnoush]], archaeologist *[[Al-Dinawari]], botanist, historian, geographer, astronomer and mathematician *[[Fereidoun Biglari]], archaeologist ===Sports=== *[[Makwan Amirkhani]], mixed martial artist, [[UFC]] fighter *[[Kourosh Bagheri]], world weightlifting champion *[[Homa Hosseini]], [[rower]] *[[Ali Mazaheri]], [[2006 Asian Games]] gold medalist, Asian champion & Olympic boxer *[[Mohammad Hassan Mohebbi]], light heavyweight [[freestyle wrestler]] & Iran's national team coach *[[Mohammad Hossein Mohebbi]], [[freestyle wrestler]] *[[Yadollah Mohebbi]], 125&nbsp;kg [[freestyle wrestler]] and nephew of [[Mohammad Hossein Mohebbi]] and [[Mohammad Hassan Mohebbi]] *[[Mohammad Ranjbar]], former [[Iran national football team]] player and head coach *[[Kianoush Rostami]], world weight lifting champion *[[Neda Shahsavari]], table tennis champion *[[Mohammad Torkashvand]], volleyball champion *[[Mehran Shahintab]], Basketball champion & head coach of the Iranian national team [[Iran Basketball Federation]] *[[Peter Warr]], businessman, racing driver and a manager for several Formula One teams *[[Saeid Ahmadi]], world champion gold and silver medalist in karate ==Gallery== {{gallery |lines=1 |File:KermanshahNature1.jpg| |File:Kermanshah-anahita temple.jpg| {{center| [[Anahita Temple]] in [[Kangavar]]}} |File:Mount Dalekhani1.jpg| {{center|Mount Dalekhani}} |File:GhooriGhaleh.jpg|{{center|Ghouri Ghaleh Cave}} |File:BehistunInscriptiondetail.jpg| {{center|Close-Up of [[Bisotun]] Inscription}} |File:Harp-Sassanid.png|[[Taq-e Bostan|Taghbostan]] Carving <ref group="fn">Women playing [[harp]] while the king is standing in a boat holding his bow and arrows, from 6th century Sassanid Iran.</ref> ||{{center|Mosaddegh Square}} }} ==Twin towns – sister cities== ==See also== * [[Kalhor (tribe)|Kalhor]] * [[Visual Art High school of Kermanshah]] ==Footnotes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== * {{cite encyclopedia | article = KERMANSHAH i. Geography | last = Borijan | first = Habib | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-01-geography | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2015 }} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = KERMANSHAH vii. Languages and Dialects | last = Borijan | first = Habib | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-07-languages | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2016 }} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = KERMANSHAH iv. History from the Arab Conquest to 1953 | last = Calmard | first = Jean | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-04-history-to-1953 | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2015 }} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = KERMANSHAH viii. The Jewish Community | last = Pirnazar | first = Nahid | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-08-jews | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2014 }} ==External links== {{Wikivoyage|Kermanshah}} {{commons category|Kermanshah}} *[http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Past_Heritage_in_the_Land_of_Farhad.htm] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090225185424/http://www.irantooth.com/iranpics/dariush_inscriptions.htm Pictures of Inscription and Bas relief of Darius the Great ] - Free Pictures of IRAN [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217022508/http://www.irantooth.com/ irantooth.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728071747/http://aryo.ir/pages/kermanshah/bisotun.htm Photos from Bisotun Complex] - From Online Photo Gallery Of [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223827/http://www.aryo.ir/ Aryo.ir] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927075443/http://aryo.ir/pages/kermanshah/taq.htm Photos from Taqwasan] - From Online Photo Gallery Of [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223827/http://www.aryo.ir/ Aryo.ir] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927075436/http://aryo.ir/pages/kermanshah/tekye.htm Photos from Moavenol Molk Tekieh] - From Online Photo Gallery Of [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223827/http://www.aryo.ir/ Aryo.ir] {{Authority control}} {{Kermanshah Province|state=collapsed}} {{Kermanshah County|state=collapsed}} {{Provincial capitals of Iran}} [[Category:Kermanshah| ]] [[Category:Populated places in Kermanshah County]] [[Category:Cities in Kermanshah Province]] [[Category:Iranian provincial capitals]] [[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]] [[Category:Kurdish settlements in Kermanshah Province]] [[Category:Sasanian cities]]'