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Edit summary/reason (summary) | 'Separated Legacy section from Views and Interpretation, and separated some description of Maratha Empire from section on Aurangzeb's invasion. Shivaji's Legacy is creation of Maratha Empire, which in turn is defined by its place in and impact on India's History. Created separate sectino for it. Depictions And Interpretations Of Shivaji is now well structured and offers a better chronological view of interpretations of Shivaji's Life. Section on Aurangzeb's invasion deals only with that, and ' |
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Indian king and founder of the Maratha Empire (r. 1674–80)}}
{{Other uses|Shivaji (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
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{{Infobox royalty
| name = Shivaji I<!--
NOTE:
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| title = {{br entries|Shakakarta{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=222}}|[[Defender of the Faith#Other|Haindava Dharmoddharak]]<ref name="Chandra1982">{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|title=Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRM1AAAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Macmillan|page=140|isbn=978-0-333-90396-4}}</ref>}}
| royal house = [[House of Bhonsle|Bhonsle]]
| image = Shivaji British Museum.jpg <!-- Consensus at Special:PermaLink/1028625186#Consensus_for_Infobox_image -->
| caption = Portrait of Shivaji ({{circa|1680s}}), [[British Museum]]
| succession = 1st [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| reign = 1674–1680
| coronation = {{Plainlist|
* 6 June 1674 (first)
* 24 September 1674 (second)
}}
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Sambhaji]]
| birth_date = 19 February 1630
| birth_place = [[Shivneri Fort]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = 3 April 1680 (aged 50)
| death_place = [[Raigad Fort]], [[Mahad]], [[Maratha Empire]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Sai Bhonsale]]|1640|1659|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|[[Soyarabai]]|1650}}
* {{marriage|[[Putalabai]]|1653}}
* {{marriage|[[Sakvarbai]]|1656}}
* Kashibai Jadhav{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=260}}
}}
| issue = 8,<ref>{{cite book|editor=Anne Feldhaus|author=James Laine|title=Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion|date=1996|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0-7914-2837-5|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&q=sabhasad+shivaji+rajaram+bakhar&pg=PA97}}</ref> including [[Sambhaji]] and [[Rajaram I]]
| father = [[Shahaji]]
| mother = [[Jijabai]]
| signature = Shivaji I signature.png
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| suc-type1 = dff
| reg-type1 = Peshwa
| regent1 = [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]]
}}
'''Shivaji I''' (''Shivaji Shahaji Bhosale''; {{IPA-mr|ʃiʋaːd͡ʒiˑ bʱoˑs(ə)leˑ}}; {{circa|}}19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680<ref>Dates are given according to the [[Julian calendar]], see [http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars].</ref>), also referred to as '''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj''', was an Indian ruler and a member of the [[Bhonsle]] [[Maratha clan]].{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}} Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the declining [[Adilshahi sultanate]] of [[Bijapur]] which formed the genesis of the [[Maratha Empire]]. In 1674, he was formally crowned the ''[[Chhatrapati]]'' of his realm at [[Raigad Fort]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Govind Ranade|first=Mahadev|title=Rise of the Maratha Power|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|year=1900|location=India}}</ref>
Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Sultanate of Golkonda]], [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] and the [[Colonial India|European colonial powers]]. Shivaji used the difficult terrain of Western Ghats to his advantage. He captured and built new Hill Forts in Sahyadri Mountain range which proved very difficult for invading forces to capture, particularly Mughal armies. Shivaji perfected and used Guerilla Warfare to great success against much larger armies of Mughals and Deccan Sultanates. Shivaji built a formidable Navy which kept English Navy in check. Shivaji's exploits and potential of Maratha nation threatened Mughals so much that Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzib]] started a campaign to conquer Marathas shortly after Shivaji's Death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=M. N. |date=1976 |title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=221–235 |doi=10.2307/2053980 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref> This campaign, better known as [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], was a strategic defeat for Mughals. Aurangzeb failed to crush Marathas, and this campaign had a ruinous effect on Mughal Treasury and Army.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=Eric |date=24 Jun 2020 |title=The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680-1707 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711?journalCode=fswi20 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies}}</ref> Shortly after Aurangzeb's death, Marathas marched northwards, and soon confined Mughals to city of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Capper |first=John |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Delhi, the Capital of India |date=1997 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1282-2 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref>
Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions, court conventions and promoted the usage of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages, replacing [[Persian language|Persian]] in court and administration.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Praised for his chivalrous treatment of Women by his enemies, Shivaji employed people of all castes in his administration and army.
Shivaji's legacy has varied by observer and time. Contemporary English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, and Italian writers praised his exploits and stratagems. Mughal depictions of Shivaji were mostly negative, although most authors praised his chivalrous treatment of women. At the beginning of the [[Indian independence movement]], Indian nationalists elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the [[Hindus]].{{sfn|Wolpert|1962|p=79-81}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Biswas |editor-first1=Debajyoti |editor-last2=Ryan |editor-first2=John Charles |last=Chakraborty |first=Ayusman |title=Nationalism in India: Texts and Contexts |date=14 September 2021 |chapter=The founder of Hindu nationalism? The representation of Shivaji in Philip Meadows Taylor's novel ''Tara'' |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-00-045282-2 |pages=32 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RC5AEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |language=en}}</ref> [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Bal Gangadhra Tilak]] painted him as a "opponent of the oppressor". For [[Jyotirao Phule]], he was a hero of Shudras.
In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he is an important figure in the state's history, and an integral part of identity of [[Marathi people]].
== Early life ==
{{Main|Early life of Shivaji}}
{{See also|Bhonsle#origin}}[[File:Shahaji and Shivaji at Jejuri.jpg|thumb|Young Shivaji (right) meets his father [[Shahaji]] (left).|left]]
Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of [[Shivneri]], near the city of [[Junnar]], which is now in [[Pune district]]. Scholars disagree on his date of birth. The [[Government of Maharashtra]] lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth ([[Shiv Jayanti|Shivaji Jayanti]]).{{efn|Based on multiple committees of historians and experts, the Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his birthdate. This [[Julian calendar]] date of that period (1 March 1630 of today's [[Gregorian calendar]]) corresponds<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Mohan |last1=Apte |first2=Parag |last2=Mahajani |first3=M. N. |last3=Vahia|title=Possible errors in historical dates|journal=Current Science|volume=84|issue=1|pages=21|date =January 2003|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf}}</ref> to the [[Hindu calendar]] birth date from contemporary records.<ref>{{cite book|first=A. R. |last=Kulkarni|title=Jedhe Shakavali Kareena|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003539370|date=2007|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-89959-35-7|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kavindra Parmanand Nevaskar|title=Shri Shivbharat|url=https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat|date=1927|publisher=Sadashiv Mahadev Divekar|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat/page/n140 51]}}</ref><ref name="ApteParanjpe1927">{{cite book|author=D.V Apte and M.R. Paranjpe|title=Birth-Date of Shivaji|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/32857|date=1927|publisher=The Maharashtra Publishing House|pages=6–17}}</ref> Other suggested dates include 6 April 1627 or dates near this day.<ref name="Sib_Pada">{{cite book|title=Historians and historiography in modern India|author=Siba Pada Sen|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|year=1973|isbn=978-81-208-0900-0|page=106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = History of India | author = N. Jayapalan| publisher = Atlantic Publishers & Distri| year = 2001 | isbn = 978-81-7156-928-1| page = 211}}</ref>}}<ref name="sen2">{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=196–199}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Public Holidays|url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/HolidayList-2016.pdf|website=maharashtra.gov.in|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> Shivaji was named after a local deity, the goddess Shivai Devi.<s><!--</s> <s> "Shivai Devi" not Shiva --></s>{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=19}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laine |first1=James W. |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |date=13 February 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972643-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__pQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji's father [[Shahaji Bhonsle]] was a [[Maratha]] general who served the [[Deccan Sultanates]].<ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC&pg=PA128|volume=1|date=17 November 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=128–221}}</ref> His mother was [[Jijabai]] the daughter of [[Lakhuji Jadhavrao]] of [[Sindhkhed]], a Mughal-aligned [[sardar]] claiming descent from the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna]] royal family of [[Devagiri]].<ref name="Metha2004">{{cite book|author=Arun Metha|title=History of medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0IwAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=ABD Publishers|page=278|isbn=978-81-85771-95-3}}</ref><ref name="Menon2011">{{cite book|author=Kalyani Devaki Menon|title=Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TLRCtw-zvoC&pg=PA44|date=6 July 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0279-3|pages=44–}}</ref>
Shivaji belonged to a [[Maratha]] family of the [[Bhonsle]] clan.<ref name="Kulkarni1963">{{cite book|author=V. B. Kulkarni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU8_AAAAMAAJ|title=Shivaji: The Portrait of a Patriot|publisher=Orient Longman|year=1963}}</ref> His paternal grandfather [[Maloji Bhosale|Maloji]] (1552–1597) was an influential general of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], and was awarded the epithet of "Raja". He was given ''[[deshmukh]]i'' rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan and Indapur for military expenses. He was also given Fort Shivneri for his family's residence ({{circa|1590}}).<ref>Marathi book Shivkaal (Times of Shivaji) by Dr V G Khobrekar, Publisher: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, First edition 2006. Chapter 1</ref><ref name="Salma314">{{cite book|author=Salma Ahmed Farooqui|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA314|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|publisher=Dorling Kindersley India|year=2011|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1|pages=314–}}</ref>
At the time of Shivaji's birth, power in the Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], and [[Golkonda Sultanate|Golkonda]]. Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the [[Nizam Shahi dynasty|Nizamshahi]] of Ahmadnagar, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adilshah]] of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his ''[[jagir]]'' (fiefdom) at [[Pune]] and his small army.<ref name="Eaton2005" />
=== Background and context ===
[[File:MainEntranceGate.jpg|thumb|[[Shivneri Fort]]]]
[[File:JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg|thumb|Map of Southern India {{Circa|1605}}]]
In 1636, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi sultanate]] of Bijapur invaded the kingdoms to its south.{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}} The sultanate had recently become a tributary state of the [[Mughal empire]].{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}}{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|2002|p=33–35}} It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was a chieftain in the [[Maharashtra|Maratha uplands]] of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of rewards of ''[[jagir]]'' land in the conquered territories, the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity.{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}}
Shahaji was a rebel from brief Mughal service. Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by the Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army and Shivaji and his mother Jijabai had to move from fort to fort.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA59|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|language=en}}</ref>
In 1636, Shahaji joined in the service of Bijapur and obtained [[Pune|Poona]] as a grant. Shahaji, being deployed in [[Bangalore]] by the Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed [[Dadoji Kondadeo]] as Poona's administrator. Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Shivaji and his times |publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Limited |year=1952 |isbn=9788125040262 |edition=5th |location=Hyderabad |pages=19}}</ref> Kondadeo died in 1647 and Shivaji took over its administration. One of his first acts directly challenged the Bijapuri government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA61|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|language=en}}</ref>
== Conflict with Bijapur sultanate ==
In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji took the [[Torna Fort]], taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the Bijapur court due to the ailment of [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah]],
and seized the large treasure he found there.<ref name="auto3">{{cite book|last=Mahajan|first=V. D.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956763986|title=India since 1526|date=2000|publisher=S. Chand|isbn=81-219-1145-1|edition=17th ed., rev. & enl|location=New Delhi|pages=198|oclc=956763986}}</ref>{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=61}} In the following two years, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]], [[Kondhana]] and [[Chakan Fort|Chakan]]. He also brought areas east of Pune around [[Supa, Parner|Supa]], [[Baramati]], and [[Indapur]] under his direct control. He used the treasure found at Torna to build a new fort named [[Rajgad Fort|Rajgad]].That fort served as the seat of his government for over a decade.<ref name="auto3" /> After this, Shivaji turned west to the [[Konkan]] and took possession of the important town of [[Kalyan]]. Bijapur government took note of these happenings and sought to take action. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a fellow Maratha sardar called, Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapur government, in a bid to contain Shivaji.<ref>Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221–226.</ref>
Shahaji was released in 1649 after the capture of [[Gingee Fort|Jinji]] secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During the period of 1649–1655 Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=41–42}} Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed [[Morè (clan)|
Chandrarao More]], a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of [[Jawali, Maharashtra|
Javali]], near the present-day hill station of [[Mahabaleshwar]], from him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP198|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765|date=25 July 2019|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0-14-196655-7|pages=198|language=en}}</ref> The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into South and South-west Maharashtra. In addition to the Bhonsle and the More families, many others including [[Sawant]] of [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]], Ghorpade of [[Mudhol State|Mudhol]], [[Nimbalkar]] of [[Phaltan]], Shirke, Mane and [[Mohite]] also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with [[Deshmukh]]i rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families such as forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force.<ref name="Gordon2007">{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|page=85}}</ref>
Shahaji in his later years had an ambivalent attitude to his son, and disavowed his rebellious activities.<ref>Gordon, S. (1993). The Marathas 1600–1818 (The New Cambridge History of India). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521268837 page=69 [https://www-cambridge-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/77CF65447181F279BA73A6A5D6B1E048/9781139055666c3_p59-90_CBO.pdf/shivaji_163080_and_the_maratha_polity.pdf]</ref> He told the Bijapuris to do whatever they wanted with Shivaji. Shahaji died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident.
=== Combat with Afzal Khan ===
[[File:Death of Afzal Khan.jpg|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[Sawlaram Haldankar]] of Shivaji fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan|left]]
[[File:Pratapgad (2).jpg|thumb|[[Pratapgad]] fort|260x260px|left]]
The Bijapur sultanate was displeased at their losses to Shivaji's forces, which their vassal Shahaji disavowed. After a peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of the young [[Ali Adil Shah II]] as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=66}} In 1657 the sultan, or more likely his mother and regent, sent [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]], holy to Shivaji's family, and the [[Vithoba Temple|Vithoba temple]] at [[Pandharpur]], a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.<ref name="Richards1995">{{cite book |author=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=208–}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015|pp=183–184}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-57684-0|page=202|language=en}}</ref>
Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to [[Pratapgad]] fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.<ref name="Eraly2000">{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |title=Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&pg=PT550 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-128-6 |page=550}}</ref> The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private, outside the fort, for negotiations.<ref name="Roy2012">{{cite book |author=Kaushik Roy |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-57684-0 |pages=202–}}</ref>{{sfn|Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence|2014|p=17}}
The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=70}}{{efn|A decade earlier, Afzal Khan, in a parallel situation, had arrested a Hindu general during a truce ceremony.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |pages=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA67 |language=en}}</ref>}} wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a ''[[bagh nakh]]'' (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=22}} The precise transpirings are not recoverable to historical certainty and remains enmeshed with legends in Maratha sources; however, they agree upon the fact that the protagonists landed themselves in a physical struggle which would prove fatal for Khan.{{efn|Jadunath Sarkar after weighing all recorded evidence in this behalf, has settled the point "that Afzal Khan struck the first blow" and that "Shivaji committed.... a preventive murder. It was a case of a diamond cut diamond." The conflict between Shivaji and Bijapur was essentially political in nature, and not communal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Prof A. R. |title=The Marathas |date=1 July 2008 |publisher=Diamond Publications |isbn=978-81-8483-073-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |language=en}}</ref>}} Khan's dagger failed to pierce Shivaji's armour, but Shivaji had him disemboweled; he then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}}
In the ensuing [[Battle of Pratapgarh]] fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the [[Bijapur Sultanate]]'s forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}} After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}
=== Siege of Panhala ===
Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji's army marched towards the [[Konkan]] and [[Kolhapur]], seizing [[Panhala fort]], and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them under [[Rustam Zaman]] and Fazl Khan in 1659.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=78}} In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged [[Panhala Fort|Panhala]] in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English at [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] to increase his efficacy, and also hired some English artillerymen to assist in his bombardment of the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would retaliate by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the factors, imprisoning them until mid-1663.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=266}}
After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;<ref name="Ali1996">{{cite book|first=Shanti Sadiq |last=Ali|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA124|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1|page=124}}</ref> Shivaji retook Panhala in 1673.{{Sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=283}}
=== Battle of Pavan Khind ===
{{Main|Battle of Pavan Khind}} Shivaji escaped from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] of Bandal [[Deshmukh]], along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the [[Vishalgad]] fort.{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=}}
In the ensuing [[Battle of Pavan Khind]], the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,<ref name="Kulkarni1963" /> signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992">{{cite book|author=Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni|title=The Struggle for Hindu supremacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_m1AAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma)|isbn=978-81-900113-5-8|page=90}}</ref> ''Ghod Khind'' (''khind'' meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed ''Paavan Khind'' ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992" />
== Conflict with the Mughals ==
Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to [[Aurangzeb]], the son of the Mughal Emperor and [[viceroy]] of the Deccan, in conquering Bijapur in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages under his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=55–56}} Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=S.R. Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wC27JDyApwC|title=Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material, Volume 2|year=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|page=59 |isbn=978-81-7156-818-5 }}</ref> This was followed by raids in [[Junnar]], with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 ''[[hun (coin)|hun]]'' in cash and 200 horses.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=57}} Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battle of succession with his brothers for the Mughal throne following the illness of the emperor [[Shah Jahan]].{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=60}}
=== Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat ===
{{Main|Battle of Chakan|Battle of Surat}}
[[File:Shaistekhan Surprised.jpg|thumb|right|A 20th century depiction of Shivaji's surprise attack on Mughal general Shaista Khan in Pune by [[M.V. Dhurandhar]]]]
Upon the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle [[Shaista Khan]], with an army numbering over 150,000 along with a powerful artillery division in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]], besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmotObeC3zUC|year=1929|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|page=44}}</ref> Shaista Khan pressed his advantage of having a larger, better provisioned and heavily armed Mughal army and made inroads into some of the Maratha territory, seizing the city of Pune and establishing his residence at Shivaji's palace of [[Lal Mahal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Shivaji the Great Liberator|author=Aanand Aadeesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|page=69|year=2011|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8430-102-1}}</ref>
On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Shaista Khan's camp.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |pages=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA71 |language=en}}</ref> He, along with his 400 men, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahmud |first1=Sayyid Fayyaz |last2=Mahmud |first2=S. F. |title=A Concise History of Indo-Pakistan |date=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577385-9 |pages=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xtuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son, several of his wives, servants and soldiers were killed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA209 |language=en}}</ref> The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Mehta|2009|p=543}}
In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji [[Battle of Surat|sacked the port city of Surat]], a wealthy Mughal trading centre.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=491}} On 13
February 1665, he also conducted a [[Raid (military)|naval raid]] on the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] held [[Basrur]] in present day Karnataka, and gained a large booty.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Shejwalkar|first1= T.S.| year= 1942| title= Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929309 |jstor= 42929309|publisher= Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune |volume=4 |pages= 135–146| access-date= 30 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=15 February 2021|title=Mega event to mark Karnataka port town Basrur's liberation from Portuguese by Shivaji|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/feb/15/mega-event-to-mark-karnataka-port-town-basrurs-liberation-from-portuguese-by-shivaji-2264393.html|newspaper=New Indian Express}}</ref>
=== Treaty of Purandar ===
{{Main|Treaty of Purandar (1665)}}
[[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|Raja [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]]]]
The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent this [[Rajput]] general, Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I]] with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<ref name="Gordon93">{{cite book|author = Steward Gordon|title = The Marathas 1600–1818, Part 2, Volume 4| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| year = 1993|pages = 71–75}}</ref> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and their siege forces investing Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<ref name="Gordon93" />
In the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]], signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold [[Pagoda (coin)|hun]] to the Mughals.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=258}} Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan as a ''[[mansabdar]]''.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=77}}{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=74}}
=== Arrest in Agra and escape ===
[[File:Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar.jpg|thumb|20th century depiction by M.V. Dhurandhar of Raja Shivaji at the court of Mughal Badshah, Aurangzeb.]]
In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to [[Agra]] (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb's planned to send Shivaji to [[Kandahar]], now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, in the court, on 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, men he had already defeated in battle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=Marathas, Marauders, and State Formation in Eighteenth-century India |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563386-3 |pages=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBlKh1Pwof0C |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji took offence and stormed out of court,{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=78}} and was promptly placed under house arrest. Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, guaranteed custody of Shivaji and his son.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Meenakshi |title=THE INDIA THEY SAW (VOL-3) |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8430-108-3 |pages=299, 300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |language=en}}</ref>
Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, tried to influence Aurangzeb's decision.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |pages=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA76 |language=en}}</ref>
Meanwhile, Shivaji hatched a plan to free himself. He sent most of his men back home and asked Ram Singh to withdraw his guarantees to the emperor for the safe custody of himself and his son and surrendered himself to Mughal forces.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |date=1994 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA132 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jl |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=547 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PA547 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji then pretended to be ill and began sending out large baskets packed with sweets to be given to the Brahmins and poor as penance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Nonica |title=Indian History: Ancient and medieval |date=2003 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) and Popular Prakashan, Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7991-067-2 |pages=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Sachi K. |title=Politics and Religion in Eighteenth-Century India: Jaisingh II and the Rise of Public Theology in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism |date=1 October 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-00-045142-9 |pages=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCM_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sabharwal |first1=Gopa |title=The Indian Millennium, AD 1000–2000 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-029521-4 |pages=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sghuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=V. D. |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |pages=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&pg=RA2-PA190 |language=en}}</ref> On 17 August 1666, by putting himself in one of the large baskets and his son Sambhaji in another, Shivaji escaped and left Agra.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Prof A. R. |title=The Marathas |date=1 July 2008 |publisher=Diamond Publications |isbn=978-81-8483-073-6 |pages=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Rajmohan |title=Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History |date=14 October 2000 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-318-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAASBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT163 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=SarDesai |first1=D. R. |title=India: The Definitive History |date=4 May 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-97950-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6HsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202 |language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|As per Stewart Gordon, there is no proof for this, and Shivaji probably bribed the guards. But other Maratha Historians including A. R. Kulkarni and G. B. Mehendale disagree with Gordon. Jadunath Sarkar probed more deeply into this and put forth a large volume of evidence from Rajasthani letters and Persian Akhbars. With the help of this new material, Sarkar presented a graphic account of Shivajï's visit to Aurangzeb at Agra and his escape. Kulkarni agrees with Sarkar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=A. R. |title=Marathas And The Maratha Country: Vol. I: Medieval Maharashtra: Vol. Ii: Medieval Maratha Country: Vol. Iii: The Marathas (1600–1648) (3 Vols.) |date=1996 |publisher=Books & Books |isbn=978-81-85016-51-1 |pages=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZNBPgAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>}}
=== Peace with the Mughals ===
After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=98}} During the period between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a [[Mansabdar|Mughal mansabdar]] with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji with general [[Prataprao Gujar]] to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, [[Bahadur Shah I|Prince Mu'azzam]]. Sambhaji was also granted territory in [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] for revenue collection.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=185}} [[Aurangzeb]] also permitted Shivaji to attack the decaying [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]]; the weakened Sultan [[Ali Adil Shah II]] sued for peace and granted the rights of ''[[sardeshmukhi]]'' and ''[[chauth]]ai'' to Shivaji.{{Sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=231}}
== Reconquest ==
[[File:Shivaji Rijksmuseum.jpg|thumb|[[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] painting depicting Shivaji {{Circa|1680}} ]]
The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670. At that time Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji.<ref name="Deopujari1973">{{cite book|author=Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari|title=Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8MAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal|page=138}}</ref>{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000|p=460}} Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service.{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000|p=461}} The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=173–174}} In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and recovered a major portion of the territories surrendered to them in a span of four months.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=175}}
Shivaji sacked Surat for a second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from [[Mawara-un-Nahr]] who was returning from [[Mecca]]. Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat, but were defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day [[Nashik]].{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=189}}
In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=393}}
=== Battles of Umrani and Nesari ===
In 1674, [[Prataprao Gujar]], the commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces, was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=230–233}}
Shivaji sent a displeased letter to Prataprao, refusing him audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by his commander's rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind. Prataprao was killed in combat; Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]], to Prataprao's daughter. Prataprao was succeeded by [[Hambirrao Mohite]], as the new ''sarnaubat'' (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces). [[Raigad Fort]] was newly built by [[Hiroji Indulkar]] as a capital of the nascent Maratha kingdom.<ref name="Malavika_1999">{{cite journal | author= Malavika Vartak| title =Shivaji Maharaj: Growth of a Symbol | journal =Economic and Political Weekly| volume =34 | issue =19 | pages =1126–1134 | date =May 1999| jstor =4407933 }}</ref>
== Coronation ==
[[File:The Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance.jpg|thumb|280x280px|20th century depiction of the Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance by M.V. Dhurandhar]]
[[File:Deccan, ritratto di chhatrapati shivaji maharaj, bijapur 1675 ca.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Shivaji I c.1675]]
Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking a formal title, he was still technically a Mughal [[zamindar]] or the son of a Bijapuri [[jagirdar]], with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, to whom he was technically equal.{{efn|Most of the great Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar.{{Sfn|Daniel Jasper|2003|p=215}}}} it would also provide the [[Marathi people|Hindu Marathas]] with a fellow Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=239–240}}
The preparation for the proposed coronation began in 1673. However, some controversial problems delayed the coronation by almost a year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/489626023|title=The New Cambridge history of India. II, The Indian States and the transition to colonialism. 4, The Marathas, 1600–1818|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge university press|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|location=Cambridge|pages=87|oclc=489626023}}</ref> Controversy erupted amongst the Brahmins of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the [[kshatriya]] (warrior) [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] in Hindu society.<ref name="Gandhi1999">{{cite book|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Revenge and Reconciliation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA110|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-029045-5|pages=110–|quote=On the ground that Shivaji was merely a Maratha and not a kshatriya by caste, Maharashtra's Brahmins had refused to conduct a sacred coronation. }}</ref> Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorised him as being of the [[shudra]] (cultivator) varna.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=88}}<ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013">{{cite book|author1=B. S. Baviskar|author2=D. W. Attwood|title=Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395|date=30 October 2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1865-7|pages=395–}}</ref> They noted that Shivaji had never had a [[sacred thread]] ceremony, and did not wear the thread, which a kshatriya would.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=88}} Shivaji summoned [[Gaga Bhatt]], a [[pandit]] of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the [[Sisodia]]s, and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one in need of the ceremonies befitting his rank.{{Sfn|Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya|1975|p=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/7 7]}} To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the Vedic rites expected of a kshatriya.{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=321}}<ref name="Godsmark2018">{{cite book|author=Oliver Godsmark|title=Citizenship, Community and Democracy in India: From Bombay to Maharashtra, c. 1930–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|date=29 January 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-18821-0|pages=40–}}</ref> However, following historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput, and specifically Sisodia ancestry may be interpreted as being anything from tenuous at best, to inventive in a more extreme reading.<ref name="Varma & Saberwal">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8EoAAAAYAAJ|title=Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History|last1=Varma|first1=Supriya|last2=Saberwal|first2=Satish|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566915-2|page=250|language=en}}</ref>
On 28 May, Shivaji performed penance for not observing Kshatriya rites by his ancestors' and himself for so long. Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatt with the sacred thread.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=244}} On insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatt dropped the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji in a modified form of the life of the twice-born, instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmins. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins, deliberate or accidental, committed in his own lifetime.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=245}} He was weighed separately against seven metals including gold, silver and several other articles like fine linen, camphor, salt, sugar etc. All these metals and articles along with a lakh of hun were distributed among the Brahmins. But even this failed to satisfy the greed of the Brahmins. Two of the learned Brahmins pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had burnt cities involving the death of Brahmins, cows, women and children and he could be cleansed of this sin for a price of Rs. 8,000, and Shivaji paid this amount.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=245}} Total expenditure made for feeding the assemblage, general alms giving, throne and ornaments approached 1.5 million Rupees.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=252}}
Shivaji was crowned king of the [[Maratha Empire]] (''Hindawi Swaraj'') in a lavish ceremony on 6 June 1674 at Raigad fort.<ref name="Pillai2018">{{cite book|author=Manu S Pillai|title=Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq5oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|year=2018|publisher=Juggernaut Books|isbn=978-93-86228-73-4|page=xvi}}</ref><ref name="Barua2005">{{cite book |first=Pradeep |last=Barua | title=The State at War in South Asia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA42 | year= 2005 | publisher=University of Nebraska Press | isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 | page=42 }}</ref> In the [[Hindu calendar]] it was on the 13th day (''trayodashi'') of the first fortnight of the month of ''[[Jyeshtha]]'' in the year 1596.<ref name="RauArchives1980">{{cite book|author=Mallavarapu Venkata Siva Prasada Rau (Andhra Pradesh Archives)|title=Archival organization and records management in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXtmAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Published under the authority of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh by the Director of State Archives (Andhra Pradesh State Archives)|page=393}}</ref> Gaga Bhatt officiated, pouring water from a gold vessel filled with the waters of the seven sacred rivers [[Yamuna]], [[Indus]], [[Ganges]], [[Godavari]], [[Narmada]], [[Krishna river|Krishna]] and [[Kaveri]] over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before Jijabai and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Yuva Bharati|year=1974|publisher=Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee|page=13|edition=Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vUoAAAAYAAJ&q=50,000+people+shivaji+coronation|quote=About 50,000 people witnessed the coronation ceremony and arrangements were made for their boarding and lodging.}}</ref> Shivaji was entitled ''Shakakarta'' ("founder of an era"){{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=222}} and ''[[Chhatrapati]]'' ("[[Sovereignty|sovereign]]"). He also took the title of ''[[Father of the Faithful|Haindava Dharmodhhaarak]]'' (protector of the Hindu faith)<ref name="Chandra1982" /> and Kshatriya Kulavantas.<ref name="Sardesai2002">{{cite book |author=H. S. Sardesai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA431 |title=Shivaji, the Great Maratha |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7755-286-7 |page=431}}</ref><ref name="Kulkarnee1975">{{cite book |author=Narayan H. Kulkarnee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faodAAAAMAAJ&q=kshatriya+Kulawatans |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji, Architect of Freedom: An Anthology |publisher=Chhatrapati Shivaji Smarak Samiti |year=1975}}</ref><ref name="Singh1998">{{cite book |author=U. B. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S30xOPtnzZYC&pg=PA92 |title=Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947 |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7024-928-3 |page=92}}</ref> ''[[Kshatriya]]'' is one of the four [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]]{{efn|''Varna'' is sometimes also termed {{lang|sa|[[Varnashrama Dharma]]}}}} of [[Hinduism]] and {{lang|sa|kulavantas}} means the 'head of the {{lang|sa|kula}}, or race'.<ref name="Sharma1978">{{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC&pg=PA72 |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1978 |page=72 |id=GGKEY:RYD56P78DL9}}</ref>
Shivaji's mother Jijabai died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a tantrik priest, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. This second coronation on 24 September 1674 had a dual-use, mollifying those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by performing a less-contestable additional ceremony.<ref name="Srivastava1964">{{cite book|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=701|quote=Shivaji was obliged to undergo a second coronation ceremony on 4th October 1674, on the suggestion of a well-known Tantrik priest, named Nishchal Puri Goswami, who said that Gaga Bhatta had performed the ceremony at an inauspicious hour and neglected to propitiate the spirits adored in the Tantra. That was why, he said, the queen mother Jija Bai had died within twelve days of the ceremony and similar other mishaps had occurred.}}</ref><ref name="Branch1975">{{cite book|author=Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch|title=Shivaji and swarajya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytQgAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Orient Longman|page=61|quote=one to establish that Shivaji belonged to the Kshatriya clan and that he could be crowned a Chhatrapati and the other to show that he was not entitled to the Vedic form of recitations at the time of the coronation}}</ref><ref name="Sharma1951">{{cite book|author=Shripad Rama Sharma|title=The Making of Modern India: From A. D. 1526 to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAUdAAAAMAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Orient Longmans|page=223|quote=The coronation was performed at first according to the Vedic rites, then according to the Tantric. Shivaji was anxious to satisfy all sections of his subjects. There was some doubt about his Kshatriya origin (see note at the end of this chapter). This was of more than academic interest to his contemporaries, especially Brahmans [Brahmins]. Traditionally considered the highest caste in the Hindu social hierarchy. the Brahmans would submit to Shivaji, and officiate at his coronation, only if his}}</ref>
== Conquest of southern India ==
[[File:Tanjore Maratha Kingdom.jpg|thumb|[[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Tanjavur Maratha Kingdom]]]]
Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding [[Khandesh]] (October), capturing Bijapuri [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] (April 1675), [[Karwar]] (mid-year), and Kolhapur (July).{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=17}} In November, the Maratha navy skirmished with the [[Siddi]]s of [[Janjira State|Janjira]], but failed to dislodge them.<ref name="(India)1967">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXtEAQAAIAAJ|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period|author=Maharashtra (India)|publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|year=1967|page=147}}</ref> Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a civil war that had broken out between the Deccanis and the Afghans at Bijapur, Shivaji raided [[Athani (Karnataka)|Athani]] in April 1676.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=258}}
In the run-up to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders.<ref name="Kruijtzer2009">{{cite book|author=Gijs Kruijtzer|title=Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTJa0usl80C|year= 2009|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-8728-068-0|pages=153–190}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kulkarni|first1=A. R.|title=Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1990|volume=49|pages=221–226|jstor=42930290 }}</ref> His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited [[Hyderabad]] for a month and entered into a treaty with the [[Qutubshah]] of the Golkonda sultanate, agreeing to reject his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=276}} Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of [[Vellore]] and [[Gingee]];<ref name="Jr.2010">{{cite book| author=Everett Jenkins Jr. |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|date=12 November 2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1|pages=201–}}</ref> the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son [[Rajaram I]].{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=290}}
Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother [[Venkoji]] (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née [[Mohite (clan)|Mohite]]), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions in the [[Mysore]] plateau. Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji and also convinced her husband to distance himself from Muslim advisors. In the end, Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of [[Shahaji|Shahji]]'s memorial (''samadhi'').{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=251}}<ref name="Jayapal1997">{{cite book|author=Maya Jayapal|title=Bangalore: the story of a city|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEluAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Eastwest Books (Madras)|isbn=978-81-86852-09-5|page=20|quote=Shivaji's and Ekoji's armies met in battle on 26 November 1677, and Ekoji was defeated. By the treaty he signed, Bangalore and the adjoining areas were given to Shivaji, who then made them over to Ekoji's wife Deepabai to be held by her, with the proviso that Ekoji had to ensure that Shahaji's Memorial was well tended.}}</ref>
== Issue ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%"
! width="20%" |Name
! width="100" |Mother
!Lifespan
|-
|Sakhubai Nimbalkar
| rowspan="4" |[[Sai Bhonsale]]
|1651 - Unknown
|-
|Ranubai Jadhav
|1653 - Unknown
|-
|Ambikabai Mahadik
|1655 - Unknown
|-
|[[Sambhaji|Sambhaji I]]
|14 May 1657 - 11 March 1689
|-
|Deepabai
| rowspan="2" |[[Soyarabai]]
|Unknown
|-
|[[Rajaram I]]
|24 February 1670 - 3 March 1700
|-
|Kamlabai
|[[Sakvarbai]]
|Unknown
|}
== Death and succession ==
[[File:Sambhaji Maharaj.JPG|thumb|[[Sambhaji]], Shivaji's elder son who succeeded him]]
The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated. Shivaji confined his son to [[Panhala]] in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the [[Mughals]] for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=47}}
Shivaji died around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 50,{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=278}} on the eve of [[Hanuman Jayanti]]. The cause of Shivaji's death is disputed. British records states that Shivaji died of bloody flux being sick for 12 days.{{Efn|As for the cause of his death, the Bombay Council’s letter dated 28 April 1680 says: “We have certain news that Shivaji Rajah is dead. It is now
23 days since he deceased, it is said of a bloody flux, being sick 12
days.” A contemporaneous Portuguese document states that Shivaji died
of anthrax. However, none of these sources provides sufficient details to
draw a definite conclusion. The Sabhasad Chronicle states that the King
died of fever, while some versions of the A.K. Chronicle state that he died
of “navjvar” (possibly typhoid).{{Sfn|Mehendale|2011|p=1147}}}} In a contemporary work in Portuguese, the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded cause of death of Shivaji is anthrax.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pissurlencar|first=Pandurang Sakharam|title=Portuguese-Mahratta Relations|publisher=Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture|pages=61}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book|last=Mehendale|first=Gajanan Bhaskar|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801376912|title=Shivaji his life and times|date=2011|publisher=Param Mitra Publications|isbn=978-93-80875-17-0|location=India|pages=1147|oclc=801376912}}</ref> However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of [[Sabhasad Bakhar]], the biography of Shivaji has mentioned fever as the cause of death of Shivaji.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> [[Putalabai]], the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'' by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=47}} There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife [[Soyarabai]] had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] on the throne.{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=53}}
After Shivaji's death, [[Soyarabai]] made plans with various ministers of the administration to crown her son [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] rather than her stepson [[Sambhaji]]. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of [[Raigad Fort]] after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=48}} Rajaram, his mother [[Soyarabai]] and wife [[Jankibai|Janki Bai]] were imprisoned, and Soyrabai executed on charges of conspiracy that October.<ref name="SharmaLāʼibrerī2004">{{cite book|author=Sunita Sharma, K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī|title=Veil, sceptre, and quill: profiles of eminent women, 16th- 18th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2kaAAAAYAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library|page=139|quote=By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of Raigad, along with his mother Soyra Bai and his wife Janki Bai. Soyra Bai was put to death on charge of conspiracy.}}</ref>
== Governance ==
=== Ashta Pradhan Mandal ===
{{Main|Ashta Pradhan}}
The Council of Eight Ministers, or [[Ashta Pradhan]] Mandal, was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji.<ref name=":0">{{Britannica|38366|Ashta Pradhan}}.</ref> It consisted of eight ministers who regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters. The eight ministers were as follows:<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Mahajan|first=V. D.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956763986|title=India since 1526|date=2000|publisher=S. Chand|isbn=81-219-1145-1|edition=17th ed., rev. & enl|location=New Delhi|pages=203|oclc=956763986}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+Ashta Pradhan Mandal
!Minister
!Duty
|-
|[[Peshwa]] or Prime Minister
|General Administration
|-
|Amatya or Finance Minister
|Maintaining Public accounts
|-
|Mantri or Chronicler
|Maintaining Court records
|-
|Summant or Dabir or Foreign Secretary
|All matters related to relationships with other states
|-
|Sachiv or Shurn Nawis or Home Secretary
|Managing correspondence of the king
|-
|Panditrao or Ecclesiastical Head
|Religious matters
|-
|Nyayadhis or Chief Justice
|Civil and Military justice
|-
|Senapati/Sari Naubat or Commander-in-Chief
|All matters related to army of the king
|}
Except the Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all other ministers held military commands, their civil duties often being performed by deputies.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
=== Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit ===
In his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions. Shivaji's reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a tool of systematic description and understanding.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA50|title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800|date=14 March 2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4|pages=50|language=en}}</ref> Shivaji's royal seal was in Sanskrit. Shivaji commissioned one of his officials to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and [[Arabic]] terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to production of ‘Rājavyavahārakośa’, the thesaurus of state usage in 1677.<ref name=":4" />
=== Religious policy ===
Shivaji is known for his liberal and tolerant religious policies. While Hindus were relieved to practice their religion freely under a Hindu ruler, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=421}} When [[Aurangzeb]] imposed the [[Jizya]] tax on [[Kafir|non-Muslim]]s on 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote a strict letter to [[Aurangzeb]] criticising his tax policy. He wrote:
{{blockquote|In strict justice, the Jizya is not at all lawful. If you imagine piety in oppressing and terrorising the Hindus, you ought to first levy the tax on [[Rana Raj Singh|Raj Singh I]], who is the head of Hindus. But to oppress ants and flies is not at all valour nor spirit. If you believe in Quran, God is the lord of all men and not just of Muslims only. Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of contrast. They are used by the true Divine Painter for blending the colours and filling in the outlines. If it is a mosque, the call to prayer is chanted in remembrance of God. If it is a temple, the bells are rung in yearning for God alone. To show bigotry to any man's religion and practices is to alter the words of the Holy Book.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gier |first1=Nicholas F. |title=The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective |date=20 August 2014 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=250}}|author=|title=|source=}}
Noting that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet [[Kavi Bhushan]] stated: {{blockquote|Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and all would have been circumcised.<ref name="Society1963">{{cite book|author=American Oriental Society|title=Journal of the American Oriental Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K684AAAAIAAJ|access-date=27 September 2012|year=1963|publisher=American Oriental Society.|page=476}}</ref>}}
However, Gijs Kruijtzer, in his book Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India argues that the roots of modern communalism (the antagonism between “communities” of Hindus and Muslims) first appeared in the decade 1677–1687, in the interplay between Shivaji and the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (though Shivaji died in 1680).<ref>Gijs Kruijtzer, ''Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India'' (Leiden University Press, 2009).</ref> {{Page needed|date=October 2021}} During the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] friar who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Shivaji left the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."<ref name="Pissurlencar1975">{{cite book|author=Panduronga S. S. Pissurlencar|title=The Portuguese and the Marathas: Translation of Articles of the Late Dr. Pandurang S. Pissurlenkar's Portugueses E Maratas in Portuguese Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdoBAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=State Board for Literature and Culture, Government of Maharashtra|page=152}}</ref>
Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. He was tolerant to different religions and believed in syncretism. He urged Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had little trouble forming alliances with the surrounding Muslim nations even against Hindu powers. He also did not join forces with other Hindu powers, such as the Rajputs, to fight the Mughals.{{Efn|Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. Over and over, he espoused tolerance and syncretism. He even called on Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had no difficulty in allying with the Muslim states which surrounded him – Bijapur, Golconda, and the Mughals – even against Hindu powers, such as the nayaks of the Karnatic. Further, he did not ally with other Hindu powers, such as the Rajputs, rebelling against the Mughals.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&dq=n+his+own+army+Muslim+leaders+appear+quite+early,+and+the+first+Pathan+unit+joined+in+1656.+His+naval+commander+was,+of+course,+a+Muslim&pg=PA81|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|language=en}}</ref>}} In his own army, Muslim leaders appear quite early. The first Pathan unit was formed in 1656. His naval admiral, Darya Sarang,<ref>{{cite book|last=Kulkarni|first=Prof A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ&dq=Darya+Sarang+shivaji&pg=PT143|title=Medieval Maratha Country|date=1 July 2008|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-8483-072-9|language=en}}</ref> was a Muslim.<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Shivaji's letter (1).jpg|Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji
File:Samples of MoDi writing.jpg|Writings of [[Modi script|Modi Script]]. line 2 is from the time of Shivaji
</gallery>
====Ramdas====
[[File:Sajjangad.jpg|thumb|[[Sajjangad]], where Ramdas was invited by [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj|Shivaji]] Raje to reside|alt=]]
Shivaji was a contemporary of [[Samarth Ramdas]]. Historian [[Stewart N. Gordon|Stewart Gordon]] concludes about their relationship:
{{blockquote|Older Maratha histories asserted that Shivaji was a close follower of Ramdas, a Brahmin teacher, who guided him in an orthodox Hindu path; recent research has shown that Shivaji did not meet or know Ramdas until late in his life. Rather, Shivaji followed his own judgement throughout his remarkable career.<ref name="Gordon2007" />}}
=== Seal ===
[[File:Shivaji's seal, enlarged.jpg|thumb|Royal seal of Shivaji]]
Seals were means to confer authenticity on official documents. Shahaji and Jijabai had Persian seals. But Shivaji, right from beginning, used Sanskrit for his seal.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last1=Pollock|first1=Sheldon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA60|title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800|date=14 March 2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4|pages=60|language=en}}</ref> The seal proclaims: "This seal of Shiva, son of Shah, shines forth for the welfare of the people and is meant to command increasing respect from the universe like the first phase of the moon."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eraly |first1=Abraham |title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |date=17 September 2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT545 |language=en}}</ref>
== Shivaji's mode of warfare ==
Shivaji maintained a small but effective standing army. The core of Shivaji's army consisted of peasants of the Maratha and [[Kunbi]] castes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE |date=3 June 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58691-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oh7ICQAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji was aware of the limitations of his army. He realised that conventional warfare methods were inadequate to confront the big, well-trained cavalry of the Mughals which was equipped with field artillery. As a result, Shivaji adopted [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla tactics]] which became known as 'Ganimi Kawa'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barua |first1=Pradeep |title=The State at War in South Asia |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=Shivaji,+realizing+that+he+could+not+defeat+the+imperial+armies+inhttps://books.google.co.in/books&pg=PA40 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji was a master of guerrilla warfare.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Paul |title=Masters of the Battlefield: Great Commanders from the Classical Age to the Napoleonic Era |date=25 July 2013 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-534235-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRRZ3Zeb4NsC&pg=PA481 |language=en}}</ref> His strategies consistently perplexed and defeated armies sent against him. He realized that the most vulnerable point of the large, slow-moving armies of the time was supply. He utilised knowledge of the local terrain and the superior mobility of his light cavalry to cut off supplies to the enemy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA81 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji refused to confront in pitched battles. Instead, he lured the enemies in difficult hills and jungles of his own choosing, catching them at a disadvantage and routing them.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Kantak |first1=M. R. |title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles |date=1993 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-696-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&q=Shivaji&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji didn't stick to a particular tactic but used several methods to undermine his enemies as required by circumstances, like sudden raids, sweeps and ambushes and use of psychological pressure.<ref name="auto" />
Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by [[Aurangzeb]] and his generals because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhave|first=Y. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kVk6msxUcC&pg=PR7|title=From the Death of Shivaji to the Death of Aurangzeb: The Critical Years|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7211-100-7|page=7}}</ref><ref name="Wolpert1994">{{cite book|author=Stanley A. Wolpert|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp|title=An Introduction to India|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=1994|isbn=978-0-14-016870-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp/page/43 43]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Tinker1990">{{cite book|author=Hugh Tinker|url=https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink|title=South Asia: A Short History|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-8248-1287-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/23 23]|url-access=registration}}</ref>
=== Military ===
Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise of the Maratha Empire. His strategy rested on leveraging his ground forces, naval forces, and series of forts across his territory. The Maval infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced with Telangi musketeers from Karnataka), supported by Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile form of warfare.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. R. |last=Kantak|title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&pg=PA18|year=1993|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-696-1|page=9}}</ref>
=== Hill forts ===
[[File:Suvela Machi from Balekilla.jpg|thumb|[[Rajgad#Suvela Machee (south east)|Suvela Machi]], view of southern sub-plateaux, as seen from [[Rajgad#Bale Killa (centre)|Ballekilla]], [[Rajgad]]]]
{{Main|Shivaji's forts}}
Hill forts played a key role in Shivaji's strategy. He captured important forts at Murambdev ([[Rajgad]]), [[Torna Fort|Torna]], Kondhana ([[Sinhagad]]) and [[Purandar fort|Purandar]]. He also rebuilt or repaired many forts in advantageous locations.{{sfn|Pagadi|1983|p=21}} In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts; the number "111" is reported in some accounts, but it is likely the actual number "did not exceed 18."<ref name="Naravane1995">{{cite book|author=M. S. Naravane|title=Forts of Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIrfAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1995|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7024-696-1|page=14}}</ref> The historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]] assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=408}} Each was placed under three officers of equal status, lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The officers acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balance.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=414}}
=== Navy ===
{{Main|Maratha Navy}}
[[File:Sindhudurg watchtower.JPG|thumb|[[Sindhudurg|Sindudurg Fort]] provided anchorages for Shivaji's Navy]]
Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the Konkan coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty [[galivat]]s from the Portuguese shipyards of [[Vasai|Bassein]].<ref name="Roy2011">{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA17|date=30 March 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-79087-4|pages=17–}}</ref> Marathi chronicles state that at its height his fleet counted some 400 warships, though contemporary English chronicles counter that the number never exceeded 160.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=59}} [[Kanhoji Angre]] was the chief of the Maratha Navy.
With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates") as well as Muslim mercenaries.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=59}} Noting the power of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.<ref name="Shastry1981">{{cite book|author=Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry|title=Studies in Indo-Portuguese History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsYcAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=IBH Prakashana}}</ref>
Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them, and built his first marine fort at [[Sindhudurg Fort|Sindhudurg]], which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy.<ref name="RoyLorge2014">{{cite book|author1=Kaushik Roy|author2=Peter Lorge|title=Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|date=17 December 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58710-1|pages=183–}}</ref> The navy itself was a [[green-water navy|coastal navy]], focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas, and not intended to go far out to sea.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://optimizeias.com/new-naval-ensign-the-naval-prowess-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-that-has-always-inspired-the-indian-navy/ | title=New Naval Ensign: The naval prowess of Chhatrapati Shivaji that has always inspired the Indian Navy - Optimize IAS | date=3 September 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Misra1986">{{cite book|author=Raj Narain Misra|title=Indian Ocean and India's Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NhVz7mZCisC&pg=PA13|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=13–|id=GGKEY:CCJCT3CW16S}}</ref>
== Expansion of the Maratha Empire after Shivaji ==
{{See also|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}
[[File:Maratha Empire in 1758.png|right|thumb|Maratha Empire at its peak in 1758]]
Shivaji left behind a state always at odds with the Mughals. Soon after his death, in 1681, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South to capture territories held by the Marathas, the Bijapur-based Adilshahi and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi of Golkonda]] respectively. He was successful in obliterating the Sultanates but could not subdue the Marathas after spending 27 years in the Deccan. The period saw the capture, torture, and execution of Sambhaji in 1689, and the Marathas offering strong resistance under the leadership of Sambhaji's successor, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] and then Rajaram's widow [[Tarabai]]. Territories changed hands repeatedly between the Mughals and the Marathas. Better known as [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], this campaign had a ruinous effect on Mughal Empire. According to contemporary sources, about 2.5 million of Aurangzeb's army were killed during the Mughal–Maratha Wars (100,000 annually during a quarter-century), while 2 million civilians in war-torn lands died due to drought, [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[Famine in India|famine]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=White |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q5w9qmd1UeMC&pg=PP113&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Mughal&f=false |title=Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements |date=2011-10-20 |publisher=Canongate Books |isbn=978-0-85786-125-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |date=2007-09-17 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |language=en}}</ref> The conflict ended in [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|defeat for the Mughals in 1707.]]<ref name="John Clark Marshman">{{cite book |author=[[John Clark Marshman]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmT_Tv-VGUC&pg=PA93 |title=History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-108-02104-3 |page=93}}</ref>
[[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]], a grandson of Shivaji and son of [[Sambhaji]], was kept prisoner by [[Aurangzeb]] during the 27-year period conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] and later his descendants, as [[Peshwa]]s (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] and grandson, Peshwa [[Balaji Bajirao]]. At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from [[Tamil Nadu]]{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=204}} in the south, to [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|Peshawar]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) in the north, and [[Expeditions in Bengal|Bengal]], in the east. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] to [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, [[Maratha Resurrection|Marathas regained influence]] in North India during the rule of [[Madhavrao Peshwa]].<ref name="Sen1994">{{cite book|author=Sailendra N. Sen|title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PR7|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-578-0|pages=6–7}}</ref>
In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, creating the [[Maratha Confederacy]].{{Sfn|Pearson, Shivaji and Mughal decline|1976|p=226}} They became known as [[Gaekwad]]s of [[Vadodara|Baroda]], the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore]] and [[Malwa]], the [[Scindia]]s of [[Gwalior]] and [[Bhonsale]]s of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]]. In 1775, the [[East India Company]] intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, which resulted in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]. The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Anglo-Maratha]] wars (1805–1818), which left the company the dominant power in most of India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jeremy Black |date=2006 |title=A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-99039-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC&q=9780275990398}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Percival Spear|author-link=Percival Spear |date=1990 |orig-year=First published 1965 |title=A History of India |volume=2 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=129 |isbn=978-0-14-013836-8}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
== Legacy ==
{{Further|Shivaji in popular culture}}
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj and Baji Prabhu at Pawan Khind.jpg|right|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]] of Shivaji and [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande|Baji Prabhu]] at Pawan Khind]]
Shivaji was well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character.{{Sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=74}} He was recognized as a national hero during the Indian Independence Movement.<ref name="ChandraMukherjee2016">{{cite book|author1=Bipan Chandra|author2=Mridula Mukherjee|author3=Aditya Mukherjee|author4=K N Panikkar|author5= Sucheta Mahajan|title=India's Struggle for Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC&pg=PT107|date=9 August 2016|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-183-3|pages=107–}}</ref>
=== Early depictions ===
Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese and Italian writers.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.500042/2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies#page/n15/mode/1up|title=Foreign Biographies of Shivaji|last=Sen|first=Surendra|publisher=London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. ltd.|year=1928|volume=II|pages=xiii}}</ref> Contemporary English writers compared him with [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], [[Hannibal]] and [[Julius Caesar]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/shivajithegreat035466mbp#page/n28/mode/1up|title=Shivaji The Great|last=Krishna|first=Bal|publisher=The Arya Book Depot Kolhapur|year=1940|pages=11–12}}</ref> The French traveller [[Francois Bernier]] wrote in his ''Travels in Mughal India'':<ref>{{cite book |author=Surendra Nath Sen |title=Foreign Biographies of Shivaji |publisher=K. P. Bagchi |year=1977 |pages=14,139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89sJAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>
<blockquote>I forgot to mention that during pillage of Sourate, Seva-Gy, the Holy Seva-Gi! respected the habitation of the Reverend Father Ambrose, the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] missionary. 'The Frankish Padres are good men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' He spared also the house of a deceased Delale or Gentile broker, of the Dutch, because assured that he had been very charitable while alive.</blockquote>
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "-ji". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as {{Sort|ar|''[[kafir]] bi jahannum raft''}} ({{Literal translation|the infidel went to Hell}}).{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=54}}
=== Reimagining ===
[[File:Bronze Statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle.jpg|thumb|right|A miniature Bronze statue of Shivaji Maharaj in the collection of the [[Aundh, Satara|Shri Bhavani Museum of Aundh]]]]
In the mid-19th century, Marathi social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule]] wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the shudras and [[Dalit]]s. Phule sought to use the Shivaji legends to undermine the Brahmins he accused of hijacking the narrative, and uplift the lower classes; his 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.<ref name="Chakravarti2014">{{cite book|author=Uma Chakravarti|title=Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|date=27 October 2014|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-83074-63-1|pages=79–}}</ref> At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Bombay, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.<ref name="Kurtz">{{cite book|author=Donald V. Kurtz |title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA63 |year=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09828-2 |pages=63–}}</ref>
In 1895, Indian nationalist leader [[Lokmanya Tilak]] organised what was to be an annual festival to mark the birthday of Shivaji.{{sfn|Wolpert|1962|pp=79–81}} He portrayed Shivaji as the "opponent of the oppressor", with possible negative implications concerning the colonial government.<ref name="Pati2011">{{cite book|author=Biswamoy Pati|title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Popular Readings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4TWzCkjrm4C&pg=PA101|year=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-18-4|page=101}}</ref> Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero.{{Sfn|Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya|1975|p=107}} These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of dacoits...?"<ref>{{cite book|title=Indo-British Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1uAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Indo-British Historical Society|page=75}}</ref>
One of the first commentators to reappraise the critical British view of Shivaji was [[M. G. Ranade]], whose ''Rise of the Maratha Power'' (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting Power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA121|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|first=Karline |last=McLain|page=121}}</ref>
In 1919, [[Jadunath Sarkar|Sarkar]] published the seminal ''Shivaji and His Times'', hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since [[James Grant Duff]]'s 1826 ''A History of the Mahrattas''. A respected scholar, Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.<ref name="Deshpande2007">{{cite book|author=Prachi Deshpande|title=Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12486-7|pages=136–|quote=Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the “chauvinism” he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas}}</ref> Likewise, though supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the [[Hindus|Hindu raja]] Chandrao More and his clan.<ref name="Bayly2011">{{cite book|author=C. A. Bayly|title=Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282|date=10 November 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50518-5|pages=282–}}</ref>
=== Inspiration ===
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj Raigad2.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji at [[Raigad Fort]]]]
[[File:Killa, Konavade.jpg|thumb|A replica of [[Raigad Fort]] built by children on occasion of Diwali as a tribute to Shivaji.]]
As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following a public outcry from Pune intellectuals, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as a great nationalist.<ref>{{cite book|author=Girja Kumar |title=The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA431 |year=1997 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0525-2 |page=431}}</ref>
In 1966, the [[Shiv Sena]] ({{Literal translation|Army of Shivaji}}) political party was formed to promote the interests of Marathi speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power for locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda and icons of the party.<ref name="Naipaul2011">{{cite book|first=V. S. |last=Naipaul |author-link=V. S. Naipaul |title=India: A Wounded Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT65|year=2011|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-78934-1|page=65}}</ref>
In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains an important figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the [[Marathi people]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=KUBER |first=GIRISH |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245346175 |title=RENAISSANCE STATE : the unwritten story of the making of maharashtra. |date=2021 |publisher=HARPERCOLLINS INDIA |isbn=978-93-90327-39-3 |location=[S.l.] |pages=69–78 |oclc=1245346175}}</ref> Shivaji is upheld by regional political parties and also by the Maratha caste dominated [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}}
In the late 20th century, [[Babasaheb Purandare]] became one of the most significant author in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the ''Shiv-Shahir'' ({{Literal translation|Bard of Shivaji}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ|year=1952|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=121|quote=Will the Minister of EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE AND CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian P.E.N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=P.E.N. All-India Centre.|page=32|quote=Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.}}</ref> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overemphasising the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}} and his [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms|title=Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests|author=Krishna Kumar|date=20 August 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
In September 2022, prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] unveiled the new [[Indian Naval Ensign]] to replace the St. George's Cross design used from 2004, which includes a [[navy blue]]-[[Gold (color)|gold]] octagon bearing naval crest in the fly.<ref name="Lion Ensign">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/colonial-st-georges-cross-dropped-for-chhatrapati-shivajis-seal-on-indian-navys-new-flag/1112742/|title=Colonial St. George's Cross dropped for Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's seal on Indian Navy's new flag|website=theprint.in|date=2 September 2022}}</ref> The octagon is an emulation of a royal seal of Shivaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/was-shivaji-the-first-indian-ruler-to-build-the-navy#read-more|title=Was Shivaji The 'First Indian Ruler' to Build the Navy?|website=www.thequint.com|date=20 February 2018}}</ref>
=== Controversy ===
In 1993, the ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India|Illustrated Weekly]]'' published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims ''per se'', and that his style of governance was influenced by that of the Mughal Empire. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice" and [[Shiv Sena]] called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found the ''Illustrated Weekly'' had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas Blom |last=Hansen|title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA22|year=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-08840-3|page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Raminder |last1=Kaur|first2=William |last2=Mazzarella|title=Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QOWRn_i1kcC&pg=PA1|year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35335-1|page=1}}</ref>
In 2003, American academic [[James W. Laine]] published his book ''Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India'' to, what [[Ananya Vajpeyi]] terms, a regime of "cultural policing by militant Marathas".<ref name=":5">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3561499.stm |title=India seeks to arrest US scholar |work=BBC News |date=23 March 2004 |access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vajpeyi |first=Ananya |date=August 2004 |title=The Past and its Passions: Writing History in Hard Times |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/025764300402000207 |journal=Studies in History |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=317–329 |doi=10.1177/025764300402000207 |s2cid=162555504 |issn=0257-6430}}</ref> As a result of this publication, the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] in Pune where Laine had researched was attacked by the [[Sambhaji Brigade]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Maratha-activists-vandalise-Bhandarkar-Institute/articleshow/407226.cms |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title= 'Maratha' activists vandalise Bhandarkar Institute |access-date=3 May 2021 |date=6 January 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Where The Stream Of Reason Lost Its Way... |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/where-the-stream-of-reason-lost-its-way/73400/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=Financial Express |date=12 January 2004}}</ref> Laine was even threatened to be arrested<ref name=":5" /> and the book was banned in [[Maharashtra]] in January 2004, but the ban was lifted by the [[Bombay High Court]] in 2007, and in July 2010 the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the lifting of the ban.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/india/28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811082818/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/india/28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Supreme Court lifts ban on James Laine's book on Shivaji|date=9 July 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100710/1545431.html|title=Protests over James Laine's book across Mumbai|publisher=webindia123.com|date=10 July 2010|access-date= 25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Rahul Chandawarkar|date=10 July 2010|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_hard-liners-slam-state-supreme-court-decision-on-laine-s-shivaji-book_1407732|title=Hard-liners slam state, Supreme Court decision on Laine's Shivaji book|newspaper=DNA India|access-date= 25 September 2013}}</ref>
=== Commemorations ===
[[File:Emperor of Maratha India.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji opposite the [[Gateway of India]] in [[South Mumbai]]]]
Shivaji's statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtra, as well as in different places across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/ |title=comments : Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat |work=The Indian Express |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106235945/http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/ |archive-date=6 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5 |title=New Shivaji statue faces protests |publisher=Pune Mirror |date=16 May 2012 |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928023003/http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5 |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928043424/http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Kalam unveils Shivaji statue |date=29 April 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 September 2012}}</ref>
The headquarters in Mumbai of the [[Western Railway zone]] a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]], formerly called Victoria Terminus, was
renamed [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] in 1996 <ref>{{cite news |last1=Times |first1=Maharashtra |date=2017 |title=Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus |newspaper=Times of India |issue=30 June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms |access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>. International Airport in Mumbai is named [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] <ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2011 |title=Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion |newspaper=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/politics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html |access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref>. Indian Prime Minister in 2022 unveiled New insignia of [[Indian Navy]] inspired by seal of Shivaji <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-02 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils Indian Navy’s new ensign |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modi-unveils-indian-navys-new-ensign/article65839843.ece |access-date=2023-08-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>.
Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's station [[INS Shivaji]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |title=INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training |publisher=Indian Navy |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718031536/http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> and numerous [[postage stamp]]s <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Watermarked%20paper/CHHATRAPATI%20SHIVAJI%20MAHARAJ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |publisher=Indianpost.com |date=21 April 1980 |access-date=17 September 2012}}</ref>. In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building a replica fort with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of [[Diwali]] in memory of Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080547/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Shivaji killas express pure reverence | date=29 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Laine |first=James W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__pQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |date=13 February 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972643-1 |language=en}}</ref>
A proposal to build a giant memorial called [[Shiv Smarak]] was approved in 2016 which is to be located near Mumbai on a small island in the Arabian Sea. It will be 210 meters tall, making it the [[List of tallest statues|world's largest statue]] when completed in possibly 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/india-now-boasts-world-apos-190059518.html |title=India Now Boasts The World's Tallest Statue, And It's Twice Lady Liberty's Size |work=[[Huffington Post]] |via=[[Yahoo! News]] |author=Nina Golgowski |date=31 October 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> In August 2021, the project was stalled since January 2019 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], only the [[bathymetry]] survey complete while the [[Geotechnical investigation|geotechnical survey]] was underway. Consequently, state PWD proposed extending project completion date by a year from 18 October 2021 to 18 October 2022.<ref name=connect2>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/contract-for-shivaji-memorial-project-pwd-proposes-extension-of-one-year-to-firm-without-cost-escalation-7466001/ |title= Contract for Shivaji Memorial Project, PWD proposes extension of one year to firm without cost escalation |website= indianexpress.com |date=23 August 2021 |accessdate=6 December 2021}}</ref>
== Sources ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist|40em}}
=== References ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last=Daniel Jasper|date=2003|title=Commemorating the 'golden age' of Shivaji in Maharashtra, India, and the development of Maharashtrian public politics|journal=Journal of Political and Military Sociology|volume=31|issue=2|pages=215–230|jstor=45293740|s2cid=152003918}}
* {{cite book|editor=[[Bhalchandra Krishna Apte|B. K. Apte]] |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume|location=Bombay|year=1974–1975|publisher=[[University of Bombay]]}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pearson|first=M. N.|date=1976b|title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980|journal=[[Journal of Asian Studies]]|volume=35|issue=2|pages=221–235|doi=10.2307/2053980|jstor=2053980|s2cid=162482005 |ref={{SfnRef|Pearson, Shivaji and Mughal decline|1976}}}}
* {{cite book|author=[[James W. Laine]]|title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India|url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihinduking0000lain|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-514126-9}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
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{{Commons category}}{{EB1911 poster|Sivaji|Shivaji}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline|Shivaji}}
* {{curlie|Society/History/By_Region/Asia/South_Asia/Personalities/Sivaji|Shivaji}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bhonsle]]||{{circa|1627/1630}}|3 April|1680}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-new
| reason = new state formed
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| years = 1674–1680
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Sambhaji]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Hinduism|Royalty|India|History}}{{Shivaji|state=collapsed}}
{{MarathaEmpire|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Shivaji| ]]
[[Category:1630 births]]
[[Category:1680 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalists]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Maratha emperors]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:Age controversies]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs]]
[[Category:Legendary Indian people]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Indian king and founder of the Maratha Empire (r. 1674–80)}}
{{Other uses|Shivaji (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Shivaji I<!--
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| title = {{br entries|Shakakarta{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=222}}|[[Defender of the Faith#Other|Haindava Dharmoddharak]]<ref name="Chandra1982">{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|title=Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRM1AAAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Macmillan|page=140|isbn=978-0-333-90396-4}}</ref>}}
| royal house = [[House of Bhonsle|Bhonsle]]
| image = Shivaji British Museum.jpg <!-- Consensus at Special:PermaLink/1028625186#Consensus_for_Infobox_image -->
| caption = Portrait of Shivaji ({{circa|1680s}}), [[British Museum]]
| succession = 1st [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| reign = 1674–1680
| coronation = {{Plainlist|
* 6 June 1674 (first)
* 24 September 1674 (second)
}}
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Sambhaji]]
| birth_date = 19 February 1630
| birth_place = [[Shivneri Fort]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = 3 April 1680 (aged 50)
| death_place = [[Raigad Fort]], [[Mahad]], [[Maratha Empire]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Sai Bhonsale]]|1640|1659|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|[[Soyarabai]]|1650}}
* {{marriage|[[Putalabai]]|1653}}
* {{marriage|[[Sakvarbai]]|1656}}
* Kashibai Jadhav{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=260}}
}}
| issue = 8,<ref>{{cite book|editor=Anne Feldhaus|author=James Laine|title=Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion|date=1996|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0-7914-2837-5|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&q=sabhasad+shivaji+rajaram+bakhar&pg=PA97}}</ref> including [[Sambhaji]] and [[Rajaram I]]
| father = [[Shahaji]]
| mother = [[Jijabai]]
| signature = Shivaji I signature.png
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| suc-type1 = dff
| reg-type1 = Peshwa
| regent1 = [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]]
}}
'''Shivaji I''' (''Shivaji Shahaji Bhosale''; {{IPA-mr|ʃiʋaːd͡ʒiˑ bʱoˑs(ə)leˑ}}; {{circa|}}19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680<ref>Dates are given according to the [[Julian calendar]], see [http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars].</ref>), also referred to as '''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj''', was an Indian ruler and a member of the [[Bhonsle]] [[Maratha clan]].{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}} Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the declining [[Adilshahi sultanate]] of [[Bijapur]] which formed the genesis of the [[Maratha Empire]]. In 1674, he was formally crowned the ''[[Chhatrapati]]'' of his realm at [[Raigad Fort]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Govind Ranade|first=Mahadev|title=Rise of the Maratha Power|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|year=1900|location=India}}</ref>
Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Sultanate of Golkonda]], [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] and the [[Colonial India|European colonial powers]]. Shivaji used the difficult terrain of Western Ghats to his advantage. He captured and built new Hill Forts in Sahyadri Mountain range which proved very difficult for invading forces to capture, particularly Mughal armies. Shivaji perfected and used Guerilla Warfare to great success against much larger armies of Mughals and Deccan Sultanates. Shivaji built a formidable Navy which kept English Navy in check.
Shivaji's exploits and potential of Maratha nation threatened Mughals so much that Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzib]] started a campaign to conquer Marathas shortly after Shivaji's Death <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=M. N. |date=1976 |title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=221–235 |doi=10.2307/2053980 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref>. This campaign, better known as [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], was a strategic defeat for Mughals. Aurangzeb failed to crush Marathas, and this campaign had a ruinous effect on Mughal Treasury and Army.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=Eric |date=24 Jun 2020 |title=The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680-1707 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711?journalCode=fswi20 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies}}</ref> Shortly after Aurangzeb's death, Marathas marched northwards, and soon confined Mughals to city of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Capper |first=John |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Delhi, the Capital of India |date=1997 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1282-2 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref>
Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions, court conventions and promoted the usage of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages, replacing [[Persian language|Persian]] in court and administration.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Praised for his chivalrous treatment of Women by his enemies, Shivaji employed people of all castes in his administration and army.
Shivaji's legacy has varied by observer and time. Contemporary English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, and Italian writers praised his exploits and stratagems. Mughal depictions of Shivaji were mostly negative, although most authors praised his chivalrous treatment of women. At the beginning of the [[Indian independence movement]], Indian nationalists elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the [[Hindus]].{{sfn|Wolpert|1962|p=79-81}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Biswas |editor-first1=Debajyoti |editor-last2=Ryan |editor-first2=John Charles |last=Chakraborty |first=Ayusman |title=Nationalism in India: Texts and Contexts |date=14 September 2021 |chapter=The founder of Hindu nationalism? The representation of Shivaji in Philip Meadows Taylor's novel ''Tara'' |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-00-045282-2 |pages=32 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RC5AEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |language=en}}</ref> [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Bal Gangadhra Tilak]] painted him as a "opponent of the oppressor". For [[Jyotirao Phule]], he was a hero of Shudras.
In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he is an important figure in the state's history, and an integral part of identity of [[Marathi people]].
== Early life ==
{{Main|Early life of Shivaji}}
{{See also|Bhonsle#origin}}[[File:Shahaji and Shivaji at Jejuri.jpg|thumb|Young Shivaji (right) meets his father [[Shahaji]] (left).|left]]
Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of [[Shivneri]], near the city of [[Junnar]], which is now in [[Pune district]]. Scholars disagree on his date of birth. The [[Government of Maharashtra]] lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth ([[Shiv Jayanti|Shivaji Jayanti]]).{{efn|Based on multiple committees of historians and experts, the Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his birthdate. This [[Julian calendar]] date of that period (1 March 1630 of today's [[Gregorian calendar]]) corresponds<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Mohan |last1=Apte |first2=Parag |last2=Mahajani |first3=M. N. |last3=Vahia|title=Possible errors in historical dates|journal=Current Science|volume=84|issue=1|pages=21|date =January 2003|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf}}</ref> to the [[Hindu calendar]] birth date from contemporary records.<ref>{{cite book|first=A. R. |last=Kulkarni|title=Jedhe Shakavali Kareena|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003539370|date=2007|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-89959-35-7|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kavindra Parmanand Nevaskar|title=Shri Shivbharat|url=https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat|date=1927|publisher=Sadashiv Mahadev Divekar|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat/page/n140 51]}}</ref><ref name="ApteParanjpe1927">{{cite book|author=D.V Apte and M.R. Paranjpe|title=Birth-Date of Shivaji|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/32857|date=1927|publisher=The Maharashtra Publishing House|pages=6–17}}</ref> Other suggested dates include 6 April 1627 or dates near this day.<ref name="Sib_Pada">{{cite book|title=Historians and historiography in modern India|author=Siba Pada Sen|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|year=1973|isbn=978-81-208-0900-0|page=106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = History of India | author = N. Jayapalan| publisher = Atlantic Publishers & Distri| year = 2001 | isbn = 978-81-7156-928-1| page = 211}}</ref>}}<ref name="sen2">{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=196–199}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Public Holidays|url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/HolidayList-2016.pdf|website=maharashtra.gov.in|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> Shivaji was named after a local deity, the goddess Shivai Devi.<s><!--</s> <s> "Shivai Devi" not Shiva --></s>{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=19}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laine |first1=James W. |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |date=13 February 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972643-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__pQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji's father [[Shahaji Bhonsle]] was a [[Maratha]] general who served the [[Deccan Sultanates]].<ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC&pg=PA128|volume=1|date=17 November 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=128–221}}</ref> His mother was [[Jijabai]] the daughter of [[Lakhuji Jadhavrao]] of [[Sindhkhed]], a Mughal-aligned [[sardar]] claiming descent from the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna]] royal family of [[Devagiri]].<ref name="Metha2004">{{cite book|author=Arun Metha|title=History of medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0IwAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=ABD Publishers|page=278|isbn=978-81-85771-95-3}}</ref><ref name="Menon2011">{{cite book|author=Kalyani Devaki Menon|title=Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TLRCtw-zvoC&pg=PA44|date=6 July 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0279-3|pages=44–}}</ref>
Shivaji belonged to a [[Maratha]] family of the [[Bhonsle]] clan.<ref name="Kulkarni1963">{{cite book|author=V. B. Kulkarni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU8_AAAAMAAJ|title=Shivaji: The Portrait of a Patriot|publisher=Orient Longman|year=1963}}</ref> His paternal grandfather [[Maloji Bhosale|Maloji]] (1552–1597) was an influential general of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], and was awarded the epithet of "Raja". He was given ''[[deshmukh]]i'' rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan and Indapur for military expenses. He was also given Fort Shivneri for his family's residence ({{circa|1590}}).<ref>Marathi book Shivkaal (Times of Shivaji) by Dr V G Khobrekar, Publisher: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, First edition 2006. Chapter 1</ref><ref name="Salma314">{{cite book|author=Salma Ahmed Farooqui|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA314|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|publisher=Dorling Kindersley India|year=2011|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1|pages=314–}}</ref>
At the time of Shivaji's birth, power in the Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], and [[Golkonda Sultanate|Golkonda]]. Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the [[Nizam Shahi dynasty|Nizamshahi]] of Ahmadnagar, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adilshah]] of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his ''[[jagir]]'' (fiefdom) at [[Pune]] and his small army.<ref name="Eaton2005" />
=== Background and context ===
[[File:MainEntranceGate.jpg|thumb|[[Shivneri Fort]]]]
[[File:JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg|thumb|Map of Southern India {{Circa|1605}}]]
In 1636, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi sultanate]] of Bijapur invaded the kingdoms to its south.{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}} The sultanate had recently become a tributary state of the [[Mughal empire]].{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}}{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|2002|p=33–35}} It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was a chieftain in the [[Maharashtra|Maratha uplands]] of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of rewards of ''[[jagir]]'' land in the conquered territories, the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity.{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}}
Shahaji was a rebel from brief Mughal service. Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by the Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army and Shivaji and his mother Jijabai had to move from fort to fort.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA59|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|language=en}}</ref>
In 1636, Shahaji joined in the service of Bijapur and obtained [[Pune|Poona]] as a grant. Shahaji, being deployed in [[Bangalore]] by the Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed [[Dadoji Kondadeo]] as Poona's administrator. Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Shivaji and his times |publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Limited |year=1952 |isbn=9788125040262 |edition=5th |location=Hyderabad |pages=19}}</ref> Kondadeo died in 1647 and Shivaji took over its administration. One of his first acts directly challenged the Bijapuri government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA61|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|language=en}}</ref>
== Conflict with Bijapur sultanate ==
In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji took the [[Torna Fort]], taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the Bijapur court due to the ailment of [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah]],
and seized the large treasure he found there.<ref name="auto3">{{cite book|last=Mahajan|first=V. D.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956763986|title=India since 1526|date=2000|publisher=S. Chand|isbn=81-219-1145-1|edition=17th ed., rev. & enl|location=New Delhi|pages=198|oclc=956763986}}</ref>{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=61}} In the following two years, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]], [[Kondhana]] and [[Chakan Fort|Chakan]]. He also brought areas east of Pune around [[Supa, Parner|Supa]], [[Baramati]], and [[Indapur]] under his direct control. He used the treasure found at Torna to build a new fort named [[Rajgad Fort|Rajgad]].That fort served as the seat of his government for over a decade.<ref name="auto3" /> After this, Shivaji turned west to the [[Konkan]] and took possession of the important town of [[Kalyan]]. Bijapur government took note of these happenings and sought to take action. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a fellow Maratha sardar called, Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapur government, in a bid to contain Shivaji.<ref>Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221–226.</ref>
Shahaji was released in 1649 after the capture of [[Gingee Fort|Jinji]] secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During the period of 1649–1655 Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=41–42}} Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed [[Morè (clan)|
Chandrarao More]], a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of [[Jawali, Maharashtra|
Javali]], near the present-day hill station of [[Mahabaleshwar]], from him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP198|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765|date=25 July 2019|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0-14-196655-7|pages=198|language=en}}</ref> The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into South and South-west Maharashtra. In addition to the Bhonsle and the More families, many others including [[Sawant]] of [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]], Ghorpade of [[Mudhol State|Mudhol]], [[Nimbalkar]] of [[Phaltan]], Shirke, Mane and [[Mohite]] also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with [[Deshmukh]]i rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families such as forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force.<ref name="Gordon2007">{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|page=85}}</ref>
Shahaji in his later years had an ambivalent attitude to his son, and disavowed his rebellious activities.<ref>Gordon, S. (1993). The Marathas 1600–1818 (The New Cambridge History of India). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521268837 page=69 [https://www-cambridge-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/77CF65447181F279BA73A6A5D6B1E048/9781139055666c3_p59-90_CBO.pdf/shivaji_163080_and_the_maratha_polity.pdf]</ref> He told the Bijapuris to do whatever they wanted with Shivaji. Shahaji died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident.
=== Combat with Afzal Khan ===
[[File:Death of Afzal Khan.jpg|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[Sawlaram Haldankar]] of Shivaji fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan|left]]
[[File:Pratapgad (2).jpg|thumb|[[Pratapgad]] fort|260x260px|left]]
The Bijapur sultanate was displeased at their losses to Shivaji's forces, which their vassal Shahaji disavowed. After a peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of the young [[Ali Adil Shah II]] as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=66}} In 1657 the sultan, or more likely his mother and regent, sent [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]], holy to Shivaji's family, and the [[Vithoba Temple|Vithoba temple]] at [[Pandharpur]], a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.<ref name="Richards1995">{{cite book |author=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=208–}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015|pp=183–184}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-57684-0|page=202|language=en}}</ref>
Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to [[Pratapgad]] fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.<ref name="Eraly2000">{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |title=Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&pg=PT550 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-128-6 |page=550}}</ref> The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private, outside the fort, for negotiations.<ref name="Roy2012">{{cite book |author=Kaushik Roy |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-57684-0 |pages=202–}}</ref>{{sfn|Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence|2014|p=17}}
The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=70}}{{efn|A decade earlier, Afzal Khan, in a parallel situation, had arrested a Hindu general during a truce ceremony.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |pages=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA67 |language=en}}</ref>}} wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a ''[[bagh nakh]]'' (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=22}} The precise transpirings are not recoverable to historical certainty and remains enmeshed with legends in Maratha sources; however, they agree upon the fact that the protagonists landed themselves in a physical struggle which would prove fatal for Khan.{{efn|Jadunath Sarkar after weighing all recorded evidence in this behalf, has settled the point "that Afzal Khan struck the first blow" and that "Shivaji committed.... a preventive murder. It was a case of a diamond cut diamond." The conflict between Shivaji and Bijapur was essentially political in nature, and not communal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Prof A. R. |title=The Marathas |date=1 July 2008 |publisher=Diamond Publications |isbn=978-81-8483-073-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |language=en}}</ref>}} Khan's dagger failed to pierce Shivaji's armour, but Shivaji had him disemboweled; he then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}}
In the ensuing [[Battle of Pratapgarh]] fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the [[Bijapur Sultanate]]'s forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}} After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}
=== Siege of Panhala ===
Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji's army marched towards the [[Konkan]] and [[Kolhapur]], seizing [[Panhala fort]], and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them under [[Rustam Zaman]] and Fazl Khan in 1659.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=78}} In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged [[Panhala Fort|Panhala]] in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English at [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]] to increase his efficacy, and also hired some English artillerymen to assist in his bombardment of the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would retaliate by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the factors, imprisoning them until mid-1663.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=266}}
After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;<ref name="Ali1996">{{cite book|first=Shanti Sadiq |last=Ali|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA124|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1|page=124}}</ref> Shivaji retook Panhala in 1673.{{Sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=283}}
=== Battle of Pavan Khind ===
{{Main|Battle of Pavan Khind}} Shivaji escaped from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] of Bandal [[Deshmukh]], along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the [[Vishalgad]] fort.{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=}}
In the ensuing [[Battle of Pavan Khind]], the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,<ref name="Kulkarni1963" /> signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992">{{cite book|author=Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni|title=The Struggle for Hindu supremacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_m1AAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma)|isbn=978-81-900113-5-8|page=90}}</ref> ''Ghod Khind'' (''khind'' meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed ''Paavan Khind'' ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992" />
== Conflict with the Mughals ==
Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to [[Aurangzeb]], the son of the Mughal Emperor and [[viceroy]] of the Deccan, in conquering Bijapur in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages under his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=55–56}} Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=S.R. Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wC27JDyApwC|title=Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material, Volume 2|year=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|page=59 |isbn=978-81-7156-818-5 }}</ref> This was followed by raids in [[Junnar]], with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 ''[[hun (coin)|hun]]'' in cash and 200 horses.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=57}} Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battle of succession with his brothers for the Mughal throne following the illness of the emperor [[Shah Jahan]].{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=60}}
=== Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat ===
{{Main|Battle of Chakan|Battle of Surat}}
[[File:Shaistekhan Surprised.jpg|thumb|right|A 20th century depiction of Shivaji's surprise attack on Mughal general Shaista Khan in Pune by [[M.V. Dhurandhar]]]]
Upon the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle [[Shaista Khan]], with an army numbering over 150,000 along with a powerful artillery division in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]], besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmotObeC3zUC|year=1929|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|page=44}}</ref> Shaista Khan pressed his advantage of having a larger, better provisioned and heavily armed Mughal army and made inroads into some of the Maratha territory, seizing the city of Pune and establishing his residence at Shivaji's palace of [[Lal Mahal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Shivaji the Great Liberator|author=Aanand Aadeesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|page=69|year=2011|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8430-102-1}}</ref>
On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Shaista Khan's camp.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |pages=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA71 |language=en}}</ref> He, along with his 400 men, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahmud |first1=Sayyid Fayyaz |last2=Mahmud |first2=S. F. |title=A Concise History of Indo-Pakistan |date=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577385-9 |pages=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xtuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son, several of his wives, servants and soldiers were killed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA209 |language=en}}</ref> The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Mehta|2009|p=543}}
In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji [[Battle of Surat|sacked the port city of Surat]], a wealthy Mughal trading centre.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=491}} On 13
February 1665, he also conducted a [[Raid (military)|naval raid]] on the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] held [[Basrur]] in present day Karnataka, and gained a large booty.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Shejwalkar|first1= T.S.| year= 1942| title= Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929309 |jstor= 42929309|publisher= Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune |volume=4 |pages= 135–146| access-date= 30 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=15 February 2021|title=Mega event to mark Karnataka port town Basrur's liberation from Portuguese by Shivaji|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/feb/15/mega-event-to-mark-karnataka-port-town-basrurs-liberation-from-portuguese-by-shivaji-2264393.html|newspaper=New Indian Express}}</ref>
=== Treaty of Purandar ===
{{Main|Treaty of Purandar (1665)}}
[[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|Raja [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]]]]
The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent this [[Rajput]] general, Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I]] with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<ref name="Gordon93">{{cite book |author=Gordon |first=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818, Part 2, Volume 4 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1993 |pages=1, 3-4, 71–75, 114, 115-125, 133, 138-139}}</ref> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and their siege forces investing Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<ref name="Gordon93" />
In the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]], signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold [[Pagoda (coin)|hun]] to the Mughals.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=258}} Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan as a ''[[mansabdar]]''.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=77}}{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=74}}
=== Arrest in Agra and escape ===
[[File:Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar.jpg|thumb|20th century depiction by M.V. Dhurandhar of Raja Shivaji at the court of Mughal Badshah, Aurangzeb.]]
In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to [[Agra]] (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb's planned to send Shivaji to [[Kandahar]], now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, in the court, on 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, men he had already defeated in battle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=Marathas, Marauders, and State Formation in Eighteenth-century India |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563386-3 |pages=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBlKh1Pwof0C |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji took offence and stormed out of court,{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=78}} and was promptly placed under house arrest. Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, guaranteed custody of Shivaji and his son.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Meenakshi |title=THE INDIA THEY SAW (VOL-3) |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8430-108-3 |pages=299, 300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |language=en}}</ref>
Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, tried to influence Aurangzeb's decision.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |pages=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA76 |language=en}}</ref>
Meanwhile, Shivaji hatched a plan to free himself. He sent most of his men back home and asked Ram Singh to withdraw his guarantees to the emperor for the safe custody of himself and his son and surrendered himself to Mughal forces.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |date=1994 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA132 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jl |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=547 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PA547 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji then pretended to be ill and began sending out large baskets packed with sweets to be given to the Brahmins and poor as penance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Nonica |title=Indian History: Ancient and medieval |date=2003 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) and Popular Prakashan, Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7991-067-2 |pages=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Sachi K. |title=Politics and Religion in Eighteenth-Century India: Jaisingh II and the Rise of Public Theology in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism |date=1 October 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-00-045142-9 |pages=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCM_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sabharwal |first1=Gopa |title=The Indian Millennium, AD 1000–2000 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-029521-4 |pages=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sghuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=V. D. |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |pages=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&pg=RA2-PA190 |language=en}}</ref> On 17 August 1666, by putting himself in one of the large baskets and his son Sambhaji in another, Shivaji escaped and left Agra.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Prof A. R. |title=The Marathas |date=1 July 2008 |publisher=Diamond Publications |isbn=978-81-8483-073-6 |pages=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Rajmohan |title=Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History |date=14 October 2000 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-318-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAASBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT163 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=SarDesai |first1=D. R. |title=India: The Definitive History |date=4 May 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-97950-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6HsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202 |language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|As per Stewart Gordon, there is no proof for this, and Shivaji probably bribed the guards. But other Maratha Historians including A. R. Kulkarni and G. B. Mehendale disagree with Gordon. Jadunath Sarkar probed more deeply into this and put forth a large volume of evidence from Rajasthani letters and Persian Akhbars. With the help of this new material, Sarkar presented a graphic account of Shivajï's visit to Aurangzeb at Agra and his escape. Kulkarni agrees with Sarkar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=A. R. |title=Marathas And The Maratha Country: Vol. I: Medieval Maharashtra: Vol. Ii: Medieval Maratha Country: Vol. Iii: The Marathas (1600–1648) (3 Vols.) |date=1996 |publisher=Books & Books |isbn=978-81-85016-51-1 |pages=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZNBPgAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>}}
=== Peace with the Mughals ===
After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=98}} During the period between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a [[Mansabdar|Mughal mansabdar]] with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji with general [[Prataprao Gujar]] to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, [[Bahadur Shah I|Prince Mu'azzam]]. Sambhaji was also granted territory in [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] for revenue collection.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=185}} [[Aurangzeb]] also permitted Shivaji to attack the decaying [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]]; the weakened Sultan [[Ali Adil Shah II]] sued for peace and granted the rights of ''[[sardeshmukhi]]'' and ''[[chauth]]ai'' to Shivaji.{{Sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=231}}
== Reconquest ==
[[File:Shivaji Rijksmuseum.jpg|thumb|[[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] painting depicting Shivaji {{Circa|1680}} ]]
The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670. At that time Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji.<ref name="Deopujari1973">{{cite book|author=Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari|title=Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8MAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal|page=138}}</ref>{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000|p=460}} Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service.{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000|p=461}} The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=173–174}} In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and recovered a major portion of the territories surrendered to them in a span of four months.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=175}}
Shivaji sacked Surat for a second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from [[Mawara-un-Nahr]] who was returning from [[Mecca]]. Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat, but were defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day [[Nashik]].{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=189}}
In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=393}}
=== Battles of Umrani and Nesari ===
In 1674, [[Prataprao Gujar]], the commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces, was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=230–233}}
Shivaji sent a displeased letter to Prataprao, refusing him audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by his commander's rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind. Prataprao was killed in combat; Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]], to Prataprao's daughter. Prataprao was succeeded by [[Hambirrao Mohite]], as the new ''sarnaubat'' (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces). [[Raigad Fort]] was newly built by [[Hiroji Indulkar]] as a capital of the nascent Maratha kingdom.<ref name="Malavika_1999">{{cite journal | author= Malavika Vartak| title =Shivaji Maharaj: Growth of a Symbol | journal =Economic and Political Weekly| volume =34 | issue =19 | pages =1126–1134 | date =May 1999| jstor =4407933 }}</ref>
== Coronation ==
[[File:The Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance.jpg|thumb|280x280px|20th century depiction of the Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance by M.V. Dhurandhar]]
[[File:Deccan, ritratto di chhatrapati shivaji maharaj, bijapur 1675 ca.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Shivaji I c.1675]]
Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking a formal title, he was still technically a Mughal [[zamindar]] or the son of a Bijapuri [[jagirdar]], with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, to whom he was technically equal.{{efn|Most of the great Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar.{{Sfn|Daniel Jasper|2003|p=215}}}} it would also provide the [[Marathi people|Hindu Marathas]] with a fellow Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=239–240}}
The preparation for the proposed coronation began in 1673. However, some controversial problems delayed the coronation by almost a year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/489626023|title=The New Cambridge history of India. II, The Indian States and the transition to colonialism. 4, The Marathas, 1600–1818|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge university press|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|location=Cambridge|pages=87|oclc=489626023}}</ref> Controversy erupted amongst the Brahmins of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the [[kshatriya]] (warrior) [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] in Hindu society.<ref name="Gandhi1999">{{cite book|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Revenge and Reconciliation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA110|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-029045-5|pages=110–|quote=On the ground that Shivaji was merely a Maratha and not a kshatriya by caste, Maharashtra's Brahmins had refused to conduct a sacred coronation. }}</ref> Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorised him as being of the [[shudra]] (cultivator) varna.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=88}}<ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013">{{cite book|author1=B. S. Baviskar|author2=D. W. Attwood|title=Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395|date=30 October 2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1865-7|pages=395–}}</ref> They noted that Shivaji had never had a [[sacred thread]] ceremony, and did not wear the thread, which a kshatriya would.{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=88}} Shivaji summoned [[Gaga Bhatt]], a [[pandit]] of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the [[Sisodia]]s, and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one in need of the ceremonies befitting his rank.{{Sfn|Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya|1975|p=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/7 7]}} To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the Vedic rites expected of a kshatriya.{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=321}}<ref name="Godsmark2018">{{cite book|author=Oliver Godsmark|title=Citizenship, Community and Democracy in India: From Bombay to Maharashtra, c. 1930–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|date=29 January 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-18821-0|pages=40–}}</ref> However, following historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput, and specifically Sisodia ancestry may be interpreted as being anything from tenuous at best, to inventive in a more extreme reading.<ref name="Varma & Saberwal">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8EoAAAAYAAJ|title=Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History|last1=Varma|first1=Supriya|last2=Saberwal|first2=Satish|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566915-2|page=250|language=en}}</ref>
On 28 May, Shivaji performed penance for not observing Kshatriya rites by his ancestors' and himself for so long. Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatt with the sacred thread.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=244}} On insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatt dropped the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji in a modified form of the life of the twice-born, instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmins. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins, deliberate or accidental, committed in his own lifetime.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=245}} He was weighed separately against seven metals including gold, silver and several other articles like fine linen, camphor, salt, sugar etc. All these metals and articles along with a lakh of hun were distributed among the Brahmins. But even this failed to satisfy the greed of the Brahmins. Two of the learned Brahmins pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had burnt cities involving the death of Brahmins, cows, women and children and he could be cleansed of this sin for a price of Rs. 8,000, and Shivaji paid this amount.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=245}} Total expenditure made for feeding the assemblage, general alms giving, throne and ornaments approached 1.5 million Rupees.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=252}}
Shivaji was crowned king of the [[Maratha Empire]] (''Hindawi Swaraj'') in a lavish ceremony on 6 June 1674 at Raigad fort.<ref name="Pillai2018">{{cite book|author=Manu S Pillai|title=Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq5oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|year=2018|publisher=Juggernaut Books|isbn=978-93-86228-73-4|page=xvi}}</ref><ref name="Barua2005">{{cite book |first=Pradeep |last=Barua | title=The State at War in South Asia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA42 | year= 2005 | publisher=University of Nebraska Press | isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 | page=42 }}</ref> In the [[Hindu calendar]] it was on the 13th day (''trayodashi'') of the first fortnight of the month of ''[[Jyeshtha]]'' in the year 1596.<ref name="RauArchives1980">{{cite book|author=Mallavarapu Venkata Siva Prasada Rau (Andhra Pradesh Archives)|title=Archival organization and records management in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXtmAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Published under the authority of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh by the Director of State Archives (Andhra Pradesh State Archives)|page=393}}</ref> Gaga Bhatt officiated, pouring water from a gold vessel filled with the waters of the seven sacred rivers [[Yamuna]], [[Indus]], [[Ganges]], [[Godavari]], [[Narmada]], [[Krishna river|Krishna]] and [[Kaveri]] over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before Jijabai and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Yuva Bharati|year=1974|publisher=Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee|page=13|edition=Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vUoAAAAYAAJ&q=50,000+people+shivaji+coronation|quote=About 50,000 people witnessed the coronation ceremony and arrangements were made for their boarding and lodging.}}</ref> Shivaji was entitled ''Shakakarta'' ("founder of an era"){{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=222}} and ''[[Chhatrapati]]'' ("[[Sovereignty|sovereign]]"). He also took the title of ''[[Father of the Faithful|Haindava Dharmodhhaarak]]'' (protector of the Hindu faith)<ref name="Chandra1982" /> and Kshatriya Kulavantas.<ref name="Sardesai2002">{{cite book |author=H. S. Sardesai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA431 |title=Shivaji, the Great Maratha |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7755-286-7 |page=431}}</ref><ref name="Kulkarnee1975">{{cite book |author=Narayan H. Kulkarnee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faodAAAAMAAJ&q=kshatriya+Kulawatans |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji, Architect of Freedom: An Anthology |publisher=Chhatrapati Shivaji Smarak Samiti |year=1975}}</ref><ref name="Singh1998">{{cite book |author=U. B. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S30xOPtnzZYC&pg=PA92 |title=Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947 |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7024-928-3 |page=92}}</ref> ''[[Kshatriya]]'' is one of the four [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]]{{efn|''Varna'' is sometimes also termed {{lang|sa|[[Varnashrama Dharma]]}}}} of [[Hinduism]] and {{lang|sa|kulavantas}} means the 'head of the {{lang|sa|kula}}, or race'.<ref name="Sharma1978">{{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC&pg=PA72 |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1978 |page=72 |id=GGKEY:RYD56P78DL9}}</ref>
Shivaji's mother Jijabai died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a tantrik priest, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. This second coronation on 24 September 1674 had a dual-use, mollifying those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by performing a less-contestable additional ceremony.<ref name="Srivastava1964">{{cite book|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=701|quote=Shivaji was obliged to undergo a second coronation ceremony on 4th October 1674, on the suggestion of a well-known Tantrik priest, named Nishchal Puri Goswami, who said that Gaga Bhatta had performed the ceremony at an inauspicious hour and neglected to propitiate the spirits adored in the Tantra. That was why, he said, the queen mother Jija Bai had died within twelve days of the ceremony and similar other mishaps had occurred.}}</ref><ref name="Branch1975">{{cite book|author=Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch|title=Shivaji and swarajya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytQgAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Orient Longman|page=61|quote=one to establish that Shivaji belonged to the Kshatriya clan and that he could be crowned a Chhatrapati and the other to show that he was not entitled to the Vedic form of recitations at the time of the coronation}}</ref><ref name="Sharma1951">{{cite book|author=Shripad Rama Sharma|title=The Making of Modern India: From A. D. 1526 to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAUdAAAAMAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Orient Longmans|page=223|quote=The coronation was performed at first according to the Vedic rites, then according to the Tantric. Shivaji was anxious to satisfy all sections of his subjects. There was some doubt about his Kshatriya origin (see note at the end of this chapter). This was of more than academic interest to his contemporaries, especially Brahmans [Brahmins]. Traditionally considered the highest caste in the Hindu social hierarchy. the Brahmans would submit to Shivaji, and officiate at his coronation, only if his}}</ref>
== Conquest of southern India ==
[[File:Tanjore Maratha Kingdom.jpg|thumb|[[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Tanjavur Maratha Kingdom]]]]
Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding [[Khandesh]] (October), capturing Bijapuri [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] (April 1675), [[Karwar]] (mid-year), and Kolhapur (July).{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=17}} In November, the Maratha navy skirmished with the [[Siddi]]s of [[Janjira State|Janjira]], but failed to dislodge them.<ref name="(India)1967">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXtEAQAAIAAJ|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period|author=Maharashtra (India)|publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|year=1967|page=147}}</ref> Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a civil war that had broken out between the Deccanis and the Afghans at Bijapur, Shivaji raided [[Athani (Karnataka)|Athani]] in April 1676.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=258}}
In the run-up to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders.<ref name="Kruijtzer2009">{{cite book|author=Gijs Kruijtzer|title=Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTJa0usl80C|year= 2009|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-8728-068-0|pages=153–190}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kulkarni|first1=A. R.|title=Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1990|volume=49|pages=221–226|jstor=42930290 }}</ref> His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited [[Hyderabad]] for a month and entered into a treaty with the [[Qutubshah]] of the Golkonda sultanate, agreeing to reject his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=276}} Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of [[Vellore]] and [[Gingee]];<ref name="Jr.2010">{{cite book| author=Everett Jenkins Jr. |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|date=12 November 2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1|pages=201–}}</ref> the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son [[Rajaram I]].{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=290}}
Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother [[Venkoji]] (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née [[Mohite (clan)|Mohite]]), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions in the [[Mysore]] plateau. Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji and also convinced her husband to distance himself from Muslim advisors. In the end, Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of [[Shahaji|Shahji]]'s memorial (''samadhi'').{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=251}}<ref name="Jayapal1997">{{cite book|author=Maya Jayapal|title=Bangalore: the story of a city|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEluAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Eastwest Books (Madras)|isbn=978-81-86852-09-5|page=20|quote=Shivaji's and Ekoji's armies met in battle on 26 November 1677, and Ekoji was defeated. By the treaty he signed, Bangalore and the adjoining areas were given to Shivaji, who then made them over to Ekoji's wife Deepabai to be held by her, with the proviso that Ekoji had to ensure that Shahaji's Memorial was well tended.}}</ref>
== Issue ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%"
! width="20%" |Name
! width="100" |Mother
!Lifespan
|-
|Sakhubai Nimbalkar
| rowspan="4" |[[Sai Bhonsale]]
|1651 - Unknown
|-
|Ranubai Jadhav
|1653 - Unknown
|-
|Ambikabai Mahadik
|1655 - Unknown
|-
|[[Sambhaji|Sambhaji I]]
|14 May 1657 - 11 March 1689
|-
|Deepabai
| rowspan="2" |[[Soyarabai]]
|Unknown
|-
|[[Rajaram I]]
|24 February 1670 - 3 March 1700
|-
|Kamlabai
|[[Sakvarbai]]
|Unknown
|}
== Death and succession ==
[[File:Sambhaji Maharaj.JPG|thumb|[[Sambhaji]], Shivaji's elder son who succeeded him]]
The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated. Shivaji confined his son to [[Panhala]] in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the [[Mughals]] for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=47}}
Shivaji died around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 50,{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=278}} on the eve of [[Hanuman Jayanti]]. The cause of Shivaji's death is disputed. British records states that Shivaji died of bloody flux being sick for 12 days.{{Efn|As for the cause of his death, the Bombay Council’s letter dated 28 April 1680 says: “We have certain news that Shivaji Rajah is dead. It is now
23 days since he deceased, it is said of a bloody flux, being sick 12
days.” A contemporaneous Portuguese document states that Shivaji died
of anthrax. However, none of these sources provides sufficient details to
draw a definite conclusion. The Sabhasad Chronicle states that the King
died of fever, while some versions of the A.K. Chronicle state that he died
of “navjvar” (possibly typhoid).{{Sfn|Mehendale|2011|p=1147}}}} In a contemporary work in Portuguese, the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded cause of death of Shivaji is anthrax.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pissurlencar|first=Pandurang Sakharam|title=Portuguese-Mahratta Relations|publisher=Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture|pages=61}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book|last=Mehendale|first=Gajanan Bhaskar|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801376912|title=Shivaji his life and times|date=2011|publisher=Param Mitra Publications|isbn=978-93-80875-17-0|location=India|pages=1147|oclc=801376912}}</ref> However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of [[Sabhasad Bakhar]], the biography of Shivaji has mentioned fever as the cause of death of Shivaji.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> [[Putalabai]], the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'' by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=47}} There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife [[Soyarabai]] had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] on the throne.{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=53}}
After Shivaji's death, [[Soyarabai]] made plans with various ministers of the administration to crown her son [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] rather than her stepson [[Sambhaji]]. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of [[Raigad Fort]] after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=48}} Rajaram, his mother [[Soyarabai]] and wife [[Jankibai|Janki Bai]] were imprisoned, and Soyrabai executed on charges of conspiracy that October.<ref name="SharmaLāʼibrerī2004">{{cite book|author=Sunita Sharma, K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī|title=Veil, sceptre, and quill: profiles of eminent women, 16th- 18th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2kaAAAAYAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library|page=139|quote=By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of Raigad, along with his mother Soyra Bai and his wife Janki Bai. Soyra Bai was put to death on charge of conspiracy.}}</ref>
== Aurangzeb's Campaign Against Marathas And Aftermath ==
{{See also|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}
Soon after Shivaji's death, in 1681, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South to capture territories held by the Marathas, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] of [[Bijapur]] and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] of [[Golconda]] respectively. He was successful in obliterating the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] dynasties, but could not subdue the Marathas. Better known as [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], this campaign nominally increased the size of Mughal Empire, but ended in a strategic defeat and had a ruinous effect on Mughal Empire. Aurangzeb spent 27 years in Deccan, but ultimately failed to achieve his objective of conquering Marathas, drained Mughal Treasury, and damaged strength and morale of Mughal Army almost irreparably. According to contemporary sources, about 2.5 million of Aurangzeb's army were killed during the Mughal–Maratha Wars (100,000 annually during a quarter-century), while 2 million civilians in war-torn lands died due to drought, [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[Famine in India|famine]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=White |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q5w9qmd1UeMC&pg=PP113&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Mughal&f=false |title=Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements |date=2011-10-20 |publisher=Canongate Books |isbn=978-0-85786-125-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |date=2007-09-17 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |language=en}}</ref> The conflict ended in [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|defeat for the Mughals in 1707.]]<ref name="John Clark Marshman">{{cite book |author=[[John Clark Marshman]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmT_Tv-VGUC&pg=PA93 |title=History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-108-02104-3 |page=93}}</ref>
This period saw the capture, torture, and execution of Sambhaji in 1689, and the Marathas offering strong resistance under the leadership of Sambhaji's successor, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] and then Rajaram's widow [[Tarabai]]. Territories changed hands repeatedly between the Mughals and the Marathas.
[[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]], a grandson of Shivaji and son of [[Sambhaji]], was kept prisoner by [[Aurangzeb]] during the 27-year period conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] and later his descendants, as [[Peshwa]]s (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] and grandson, Peshwa [[Balaji Bajirao]].
In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, [[Gaekwad]]s of [[Vadodara|Baroda]], the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore]] and [[Malwa]], the [[Scindia]]s of [[Gwalior]] and [[Bhonsale]]s of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]], thus creating [[Maratha Confederacy]].{{Sfn|Pearson, Shivaji and Mughal decline|1976|p=226}}
{{Clear}}
== Legacy ==
Shivaji's biggest legacy was creation of Maratha Empire which, for all purposes, destroyed military and economic strength and prestige of the Mughal Empire. [[File:Maratha Empire in 1758.png|right|thumb|Maratha Empire at its peak in 1758]]Soon after Aurangzeb's defeat, Marathas started to capture Mughal Territories. By 1734, Marathas were firmly established in Malwa. By 1737 Marathas had carried out raids as far as Bundlekhand, Rajputana, Doab, and defeated an imperial army outside walls of Delhi <ref>{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=George Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA564&dq=the+marathas+occupied+delhi+without+difficulty&hl=en |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |date=1967 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=549, 563 |language=en}}</ref>. Facing defeat in 1738, Nizam, acting on authority of Mughal Emperor, recognised Marathas as rulers of Malwa and sovereign of all territories between Narmada and Chambal <ref name="Gordon93" />. In 1751, a treaty between Raghuji Bhonsle and Alivardi Khan effectively made Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa Maratha provinces <ref name="Gordon93" />. Marathas steadily continued their northward march. Stewart Gordon writes <ref name="Gordon93" /> <blockquote>In the 1750s, the "frontier" extended north to Delhi. In this period, the Mughal government directly controlled little territory further than fifty miles from the capital. Even this was fiercely fought over. Jats and Rohillas disputed for the territory; factions fought for the throne, and the Afghan king, Ahmad Shah Abdali, periodically descended on the capital.
...
For the Marathas, probably the two most significant events of the whole chaotic period in Delhi were a treaty in 1752, which made them protector of the Mughal throne (and gave them the right to collect chauth in the Punjab), and the civil war of 1753, by which the Maratha nominee ended up on the Mughal throne.- (Cambridge History of India Vol. 2 Part 4 pp138 - 139)</blockquote>At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from [[Tamil Nadu]]{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=204}} in the south, to [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|Peshawar]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) in the north, and [[Expeditions in Bengal|Bengal]], in the east. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] to [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, [[Maratha Resurrection|Marathas regained influence]] in North India during the rule of [[Madhavrao Peshwa]].<ref name="Sen1994">{{cite book |author=Sailendra N. Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PR7 |title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-7154-578-0 |pages=6–7}}</ref>
The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Anglo-Maratha]] wars (1805–1818), which left the company the dominant power in most of India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jeremy Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC&q=9780275990398 |title=A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present |date=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-99039-8 |location=Westport, Conn.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Percival Spear |title=A History of India |date=1990 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-013836-8 |volume=2 |page=129 |author-link=Percival Spear |orig-year=First published 1965}}</ref>
== Governance ==
=== Ashta Pradhan Mandal ===
{{Main|Ashta Pradhan}}
The Council of Eight Ministers, or [[Ashta Pradhan]] Mandal, was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji.<ref name=":0">{{Britannica|38366|Ashta Pradhan}}.</ref> It consisted of eight ministers who regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters. The eight ministers were as follows:<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Mahajan|first=V. D.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956763986|title=India since 1526|date=2000|publisher=S. Chand|isbn=81-219-1145-1|edition=17th ed., rev. & enl|location=New Delhi|pages=203|oclc=956763986}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+Ashta Pradhan Mandal
!Minister
!Duty
|-
|[[Peshwa]] or Prime Minister
|General Administration
|-
|Amatya or Finance Minister
|Maintaining Public accounts
|-
|Mantri or Chronicler
|Maintaining Court records
|-
|Summant or Dabir or Foreign Secretary
|All matters related to relationships with other states
|-
|Sachiv or Shurn Nawis or Home Secretary
|Managing correspondence of the king
|-
|Panditrao or Ecclesiastical Head
|Religious matters
|-
|Nyayadhis or Chief Justice
|Civil and Military justice
|-
|Senapati/Sari Naubat or Commander-in-Chief
|All matters related to army of the king
|}
Except the Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all other ministers held military commands, their civil duties often being performed by deputies.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
=== Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit ===
In his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions. Shivaji's reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a tool of systematic description and understanding.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA50|title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800|date=14 March 2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4|pages=50|language=en}}</ref> Shivaji's royal seal was in Sanskrit. Shivaji commissioned one of his officials to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and [[Arabic]] terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to production of ‘Rājavyavahārakośa’, the thesaurus of state usage in 1677.<ref name=":4" />
=== Religious policy ===
Shivaji is known for his liberal and tolerant religious policies. While Hindus were relieved to practice their religion freely under a Hindu ruler, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=421}} When [[Aurangzeb]] imposed the [[Jizya]] tax on [[Kafir|non-Muslim]]s on 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote a strict letter to [[Aurangzeb]] criticising his tax policy. He wrote:
{{blockquote|In strict justice, the Jizya is not at all lawful. If you imagine piety in oppressing and terrorising the Hindus, you ought to first levy the tax on [[Rana Raj Singh|Raj Singh I]], who is the head of Hindus. But to oppress ants and flies is not at all valour nor spirit. If you believe in Quran, God is the lord of all men and not just of Muslims only. Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of contrast. They are used by the true Divine Painter for blending the colours and filling in the outlines. If it is a mosque, the call to prayer is chanted in remembrance of God. If it is a temple, the bells are rung in yearning for God alone. To show bigotry to any man's religion and practices is to alter the words of the Holy Book.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gier |first1=Nicholas F. |title=The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective |date=20 August 2014 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=250}}|author=|title=|source=}}
Noting that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet [[Kavi Bhushan]] stated: {{blockquote|Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and all would have been circumcised.<ref name="Society1963">{{cite book|author=American Oriental Society|title=Journal of the American Oriental Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K684AAAAIAAJ|access-date=27 September 2012|year=1963|publisher=American Oriental Society.|page=476}}</ref>}}
However, Gijs Kruijtzer, in his book Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India argues that the roots of modern communalism (the antagonism between “communities” of Hindus and Muslims) first appeared in the decade 1677–1687, in the interplay between Shivaji and the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (though Shivaji died in 1680).<ref>Gijs Kruijtzer, ''Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India'' (Leiden University Press, 2009).</ref> {{Page needed|date=October 2021}} During the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] friar who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Shivaji left the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."<ref name="Pissurlencar1975">{{cite book|author=Panduronga S. S. Pissurlencar|title=The Portuguese and the Marathas: Translation of Articles of the Late Dr. Pandurang S. Pissurlenkar's Portugueses E Maratas in Portuguese Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdoBAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=State Board for Literature and Culture, Government of Maharashtra|page=152}}</ref>
Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. He was tolerant to different religions and believed in syncretism. He urged Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had little trouble forming alliances with the surrounding Muslim nations even against Hindu powers. He also did not join forces with other Hindu powers, such as the Rajputs, to fight the Mughals.{{Efn|Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. Over and over, he espoused tolerance and syncretism. He even called on Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had no difficulty in allying with the Muslim states which surrounded him – Bijapur, Golconda, and the Mughals – even against Hindu powers, such as the nayaks of the Karnatic. Further, he did not ally with other Hindu powers, such as the Rajputs, rebelling against the Mughals.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&dq=n+his+own+army+Muslim+leaders+appear+quite+early,+and+the+first+Pathan+unit+joined+in+1656.+His+naval+commander+was,+of+course,+a+Muslim&pg=PA81|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|language=en}}</ref>}} In his own army, Muslim leaders appear quite early. The first Pathan unit was formed in 1656. His naval admiral, Darya Sarang,<ref>{{cite book|last=Kulkarni|first=Prof A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ&dq=Darya+Sarang+shivaji&pg=PT143|title=Medieval Maratha Country|date=1 July 2008|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-8483-072-9|language=en}}</ref> was a Muslim.<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Shivaji's letter (1).jpg|Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji
File:Samples of MoDi writing.jpg|Writings of [[Modi script|Modi Script]]. line 2 is from the time of Shivaji
</gallery>
====Ramdas====
[[File:Sajjangad.jpg|thumb|[[Sajjangad]], where Ramdas was invited by [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj|Shivaji]] Raje to reside|alt=]]
Shivaji was a contemporary of [[Samarth Ramdas]]. Historian [[Stewart N. Gordon|Stewart Gordon]] concludes about their relationship:
{{blockquote|Older Maratha histories asserted that Shivaji was a close follower of Ramdas, a Brahmin teacher, who guided him in an orthodox Hindu path; recent research has shown that Shivaji did not meet or know Ramdas until late in his life. Rather, Shivaji followed his own judgement throughout his remarkable career.<ref name="Gordon2007" />}}
=== Seal ===
[[File:Shivaji's seal, enlarged.jpg|thumb|Royal seal of Shivaji]]
Seals were means to confer authenticity on official documents. Shahaji and Jijabai had Persian seals. But Shivaji, right from beginning, used Sanskrit for his seal.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last1=Pollock|first1=Sheldon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA60|title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800|date=14 March 2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4|pages=60|language=en}}</ref> The seal proclaims: "This seal of Shiva, son of Shah, shines forth for the welfare of the people and is meant to command increasing respect from the universe like the first phase of the moon."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eraly |first1=Abraham |title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |date=17 September 2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT545 |language=en}}</ref>
== Shivaji's mode of warfare ==
Shivaji maintained a small but effective standing army. The core of Shivaji's army consisted of peasants of the Maratha and [[Kunbi]] castes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE |date=3 June 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58691-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oh7ICQAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji was aware of the limitations of his army. He realised that conventional warfare methods were inadequate to confront the big, well-trained cavalry of the Mughals which was equipped with field artillery. As a result, Shivaji adopted [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla tactics]] which became known as 'Ganimi Kawa'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barua |first1=Pradeep |title=The State at War in South Asia |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=Shivaji,+realizing+that+he+could+not+defeat+the+imperial+armies+inhttps://books.google.co.in/books&pg=PA40 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji was a master of guerrilla warfare.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Paul |title=Masters of the Battlefield: Great Commanders from the Classical Age to the Napoleonic Era |date=25 July 2013 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-534235-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRRZ3Zeb4NsC&pg=PA481 |language=en}}</ref> His strategies consistently perplexed and defeated armies sent against him. He realized that the most vulnerable point of the large, slow-moving armies of the time was supply. He utilised knowledge of the local terrain and the superior mobility of his light cavalry to cut off supplies to the enemy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1 February 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA81 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji refused to confront in pitched battles. Instead, he lured the enemies in difficult hills and jungles of his own choosing, catching them at a disadvantage and routing them.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Kantak |first1=M. R. |title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles |date=1993 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-696-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&q=Shivaji&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji didn't stick to a particular tactic but used several methods to undermine his enemies as required by circumstances, like sudden raids, sweeps and ambushes and use of psychological pressure.<ref name="auto" />
Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by [[Aurangzeb]] and his generals because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhave|first=Y. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kVk6msxUcC&pg=PR7|title=From the Death of Shivaji to the Death of Aurangzeb: The Critical Years|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7211-100-7|page=7}}</ref><ref name="Wolpert1994">{{cite book|author=Stanley A. Wolpert|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp|title=An Introduction to India|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=1994|isbn=978-0-14-016870-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp/page/43 43]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Tinker1990">{{cite book|author=Hugh Tinker|url=https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink|title=South Asia: A Short History|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-8248-1287-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/23 23]|url-access=registration}}</ref>
=== Military ===
Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise of the Maratha Empire. His strategy rested on leveraging his ground forces, naval forces, and series of forts across his territory. The Maval infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced with Telangi musketeers from Karnataka), supported by Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile form of warfare.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. R. |last=Kantak|title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&pg=PA18|year=1993|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-696-1|page=9}}</ref>
=== Hill forts ===
[[File:Suvela Machi from Balekilla.jpg|thumb|[[Rajgad#Suvela Machee (south east)|Suvela Machi]], view of southern sub-plateaux, as seen from [[Rajgad#Bale Killa (centre)|Ballekilla]], [[Rajgad]]]]
{{Main|Shivaji's forts}}
Hill forts played a key role in Shivaji's strategy. He captured important forts at Murambdev ([[Rajgad]]), [[Torna Fort|Torna]], Kondhana ([[Sinhagad]]) and [[Purandar fort|Purandar]]. He also rebuilt or repaired many forts in advantageous locations.{{sfn|Pagadi|1983|p=21}} In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts; the number "111" is reported in some accounts, but it is likely the actual number "did not exceed 18."<ref name="Naravane1995">{{cite book|author=M. S. Naravane|title=Forts of Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIrfAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1995|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7024-696-1|page=14}}</ref> The historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]] assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=408}} Each was placed under three officers of equal status, lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The officers acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balance.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=414}}
=== Navy ===
{{Main|Maratha Navy}}
[[File:Sindhudurg watchtower.JPG|thumb|[[Sindhudurg|Sindudurg Fort]] provided anchorages for Shivaji's Navy]]
Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the Konkan coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty [[galivat]]s from the Portuguese shipyards of [[Vasai|Bassein]].<ref name="Roy2011">{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA17|date=30 March 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-79087-4|pages=17–}}</ref> Marathi chronicles state that at its height his fleet counted some 400 warships, though contemporary English chronicles counter that the number never exceeded 160.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=59}} [[Kanhoji Angre]] was the chief of the Maratha Navy.
With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates") as well as Muslim mercenaries.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=59}} Noting the power of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.<ref name="Shastry1981">{{cite book|author=Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry|title=Studies in Indo-Portuguese History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsYcAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=IBH Prakashana}}</ref>
Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them, and built his first marine fort at [[Sindhudurg Fort|Sindhudurg]], which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy.<ref name="RoyLorge2014">{{cite book|author1=Kaushik Roy|author2=Peter Lorge|title=Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|date=17 December 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58710-1|pages=183–}}</ref> The navy itself was a [[green-water navy|coastal navy]], focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas, and not intended to go far out to sea.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://optimizeias.com/new-naval-ensign-the-naval-prowess-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-that-has-always-inspired-the-indian-navy/ | title=New Naval Ensign: The naval prowess of Chhatrapati Shivaji that has always inspired the Indian Navy - Optimize IAS | date=3 September 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Misra1986">{{cite book|author=Raj Narain Misra|title=Indian Ocean and India's Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NhVz7mZCisC&pg=PA13|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=13–|id=GGKEY:CCJCT3CW16S}}</ref>
== Depictions And Interpretations Of Shivaji ==
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj and Baji Prabhu at Pawan Khind.jpg|right|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]] of Shivaji and [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande|Baji Prabhu]] at Pawan Khind]]
Shivaji was well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character.{{Sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=74}}
=== Contemporaneous View ===
Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese and Italian writers.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.500042/2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies#page/n15/mode/1up|title=Foreign Biographies of Shivaji|last=Sen|first=Surendra|publisher=London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. ltd.|year=1928|volume=II|pages=xiii}}</ref> Contemporary English writers compared him with [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], [[Hannibal]] and [[Julius Caesar]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/shivajithegreat035466mbp#page/n28/mode/1up|title=Shivaji The Great|last=Krishna|first=Bal|publisher=The Arya Book Depot Kolhapur|year=1940|pages=11–12}}</ref> The French traveller [[Francois Bernier]] wrote in his ''Travels in Mughal India'':<ref>{{cite book |author=Surendra Nath Sen |title=Foreign Biographies of Shivaji |publisher=K. P. Bagchi |year=1977 |pages=14,139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89sJAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>
<blockquote>I forgot to mention that during pillage of Sourate, Seva-Gy, the Holy Seva-Gi! respected the habitation of the Reverend Father Ambrose, the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] missionary. 'The Frankish Padres are good men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' He spared also the house of a deceased Delale or Gentile broker, of the Dutch, because assured that he had been very charitable while alive.</blockquote>
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "-ji". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as {{Sort|ar|''[[kafir]] bi jahannum raft''}} ({{Literal translation|the infidel went to Hell}}).{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=54}}
=== Early Depictions ===
Earliest depictions of Shivaji by authors not affiliated with Maratha court in Maharashtra are to be found in [[Bakhar]]<nowiki/>s. These Bakhars depict Shivaji as an almost divine figure, an ideal Hindu King who overthrew Muslim dominion. Current academic consensus is that while these Bakhars are important to judge how Shivaji was viewed in his times, they must be correlated with other sources to decide Historical truth. [[Sabhasad Bakhar]] and [[91 Kalami Bakhar]] are considered most reliable of all Bakhars by scholars. <ref name="Gordon93" />
=== Nineteenth Century ===
James Grant Duff, a British administrator, published his 3 Volume work on History of Marathas in 1863 <ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ahistoryofmarathasbygrantduffvol1 |title=A HISTORY OF MARATHAS BY GRANT DUFF VOL 1 |language=English}}</ref>. This work is mostly a chronological sequence of events and more of a political history with little to no insight about other aspects of Maharashtra's history <ref name="Gordon93" />. [[File:Bronze Statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle.jpg|thumb|right|A miniature Bronze statue of Shivaji Maharaj in the collection of the [[Aundh, Satara|Shri Bhavani Museum of Aundh]]]]
In the mid-19th century, Marathi social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule]] wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the shudras and [[Dalit]]s. Phule's 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.<ref name="Chakravarti2014">{{cite book|author=Uma Chakravarti|title=Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|date=27 October 2014|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-83074-63-1|pages=79–}}</ref>
In 1895, Indian nationalist leader [[Lokmanya Tilak]] organised what was to be an annual festival to mark the birthday of Shivaji.{{sfn|Wolpert|1962|pp=79–81}} He portrayed Shivaji as the "opponent of the oppressor", with possible negative implications concerning the colonial government.<ref name="Pati2011">{{cite book|author=Biswamoy Pati|title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Popular Readings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4TWzCkjrm4C&pg=PA101|year=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-18-4|page=101}}</ref> Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero.{{Sfn|Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya|1975|p=107}} These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of dacoits...?"<ref>{{cite book|title=Indo-British Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1uAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Indo-British Historical Society|page=75}}</ref>
One of the first commentators to reappraise the critical British view of Shivaji was [[M. G. Ranade]], whose ''Rise of the Maratha Power'' (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting Power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA121|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|first=Karline |last=McLain|page=121}}</ref>
In 1919, [[Jadunath Sarkar|Sarkar]] published the seminal ''Shivaji and His Times'', hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since [[James Grant Duff]]'s 1826 ''A History of the Mahrattas''. Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.<ref name="Deshpande2007">{{cite book|author=Prachi Deshpande|title=Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12486-7|pages=136–|quote=Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the “chauvinism” he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas}}</ref> Likewise, though supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the [[Hindus|Hindu raja]] Chandrao More and his clan.<ref name="Bayly2011">{{cite book|author=C. A. Bayly|title=Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282|date=10 November 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50518-5|pages=282–}}</ref>
[[Dennis Kincaid]], a British civil servant in India in 1937 published [[The Grand Rebel]] <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dennis Kincaid |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283296 |title=The Grand Rebel |date=1937}}</ref>. This book portrays Shivaji as a heroic rebel and a master strategist fighting a much larger Mughal Army <ref name="Gordon93" />.
=== During Independence Movement ===
As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following a public outcry from Pune intellectuals, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as a great nationalist<ref>{{cite book |author=Girja Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA431 |title=The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-241-0525-2 |page=431}}</ref> <ref name="ChandraMukherjee2016">{{cite book |author1=Bipan Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC&pg=PT107 |title=India's Struggle for Independence |author2=Mridula Mukherjee |author3=Aditya Mukherjee |author4=K N Panikkar |author5=Sucheta Mahajan |date=9 August 2016 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-183-3 |pages=107–}}</ref>.
At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Mumbai, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.<ref name="Kurtz">{{cite book |author=Donald V. Kurtz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA63 |title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India |publisher=BRILL |year=1993 |isbn=978-90-04-09828-2 |pages=63–}}</ref>
=== Post Independence ===
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj Raigad2.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji at [[Raigad Fort]]]]
[[File:Killa, Konavade.jpg|thumb|A replica of [[Raigad Fort]] built by children on occasion of Diwali as a tribute to Shivaji.]]In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains an important figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the [[Marathi people]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=KUBER |first=GIRISH |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245346175 |title=RENAISSANCE STATE : the unwritten story of the making of maharashtra. |date=2021 |publisher=HARPERCOLLINS INDIA |isbn=978-93-90327-39-3 |location=[S.l.] |pages=69–78 |oclc=1245346175}}</ref>
==== Political Parties ====
In 1966, the [[Shiv Sena]] ({{Literal translation|Army of Shivaji}}) political party was formed to promote the interests of Marathi speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power for locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda and icons of the party.<ref name="Naipaul2011">{{cite book |last=Naipaul |first=V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT65 |title=India: A Wounded Civilization |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-307-78934-1 |page=65 |author-link=V. S. Naipaul}}</ref>
Shivaji is upheld as a Hero by regional political parties and also by the Maratha caste dominated [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}}
=== Controversies Related To Shivaji's Depiction ===
In the late 20th century, [[Babasaheb Purandare]] became one of the most significant author in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the ''Shiv-Shahir'' ({{Literal translation|Bard of Shivaji}}).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ |title=Lok Sabha Debates |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |year=1952 |page=121 |quote=Will the Minister of EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE AND CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ |title=The Indian P.E.N. |publisher=P.E.N. All-India Centre. |year=1964 |page=32 |quote=Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.}}</ref> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overemphasising the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}} and his [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news |author=Krishna Kumar |date=20 August 2015 |title=Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms}}</ref>
In 1993, the ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India|Illustrated Weekly]]'' published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims ''per se'', and that his style of governance was influenced by that of the Mughal Empire. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice" and [[Shiv Sena]] called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found the ''Illustrated Weekly'' had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas Blom |last=Hansen|title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA22|year=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-08840-3|page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Raminder |last1=Kaur|first2=William |last2=Mazzarella|title=Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QOWRn_i1kcC&pg=PA1|year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35335-1|page=1}}</ref>
In 2003, American academic [[James W. Laine]] published his book ''Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India'' to, what [[Ananya Vajpeyi]] terms, a regime of "cultural policing by militant Marathas".<ref name=":5">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3561499.stm |title=India seeks to arrest US scholar |work=BBC News |date=23 March 2004 |access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vajpeyi |first=Ananya |date=August 2004 |title=The Past and its Passions: Writing History in Hard Times |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/025764300402000207 |journal=Studies in History |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=317–329 |doi=10.1177/025764300402000207 |s2cid=162555504 |issn=0257-6430}}</ref> As a result of this publication, the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] in Pune where Laine had researched was attacked by the [[Sambhaji Brigade]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Maratha-activists-vandalise-Bhandarkar-Institute/articleshow/407226.cms |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title= 'Maratha' activists vandalise Bhandarkar Institute |access-date=3 May 2021 |date=6 January 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Where The Stream Of Reason Lost Its Way... |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/where-the-stream-of-reason-lost-its-way/73400/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=Financial Express |date=12 January 2004}}</ref> Laine was even threatened to be arrested<ref name=":5" /> and the book was banned in [[Maharashtra]] in January 2004, but the ban was lifted by the [[Bombay High Court]] in 2007, and in July 2010 the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the lifting of the ban.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/india/28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811082818/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/india/28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Supreme Court lifts ban on James Laine's book on Shivaji|date=9 July 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100710/1545431.html|title=Protests over James Laine's book across Mumbai|publisher=webindia123.com|date=10 July 2010|access-date= 25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Rahul Chandawarkar|date=10 July 2010|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_hard-liners-slam-state-supreme-court-decision-on-laine-s-shivaji-book_1407732|title=Hard-liners slam state, Supreme Court decision on Laine's Shivaji book|newspaper=DNA India|access-date= 25 September 2013}}</ref>
== Commemorations ==
[[File:Emperor of Maratha India.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji opposite the [[Gateway of India]] in [[South Mumbai]]]]
Shivaji's statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtra, as well as in different places across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/ |title=comments : Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat |work=The Indian Express |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106235945/http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/ |archive-date=6 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5 |title=New Shivaji statue faces protests |publisher=Pune Mirror |date=16 May 2012 |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928023003/http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5 |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928043424/http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Kalam unveils Shivaji statue |date=29 April 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 September 2012}}</ref>
The headquarters in Mumbai of the [[Western Railway zone]], a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]], was renamed [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] in 1996 <ref>{{cite news |last1=Times |first1=Maharashtra |date=2017 |title=Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus |newspaper=Times of India |issue=30 June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms |access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>. International Airport in Mumbai is named [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] <ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2011 |title=Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion |newspaper=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/politics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html |access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref>. Indian Prime Minister in 2022 unveiled New insignia of [[Indian Navy]] inspired by seal of Shivaji <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-02 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils Indian Navy’s new ensign |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modi-unveils-indian-navys-new-ensign/article65839843.ece |access-date=2023-08-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>.
Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's station [[INS Shivaji]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |title=INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training |publisher=Indian Navy |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718031536/http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> and numerous [[postage stamp]]s <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Watermarked%20paper/CHHATRAPATI%20SHIVAJI%20MAHARAJ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |publisher=Indianpost.com |date=21 April 1980 |access-date=17 September 2012}}</ref>. In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building a replica fort with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of [[Diwali]] in memory of Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080547/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Shivaji killas express pure reverence | date=29 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Laine |first=James W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__pQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |date=13 February 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972643-1 |language=en}}</ref>
A proposal to build a giant memorial called [[Shiv Smarak]] was approved in 2016 which is to be located near Mumbai on a small island in the Arabian Sea. It will be 210 meters tall, making it the [[List of tallest statues|world's largest statue]] when completed in possibly 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/india-now-boasts-world-apos-190059518.html |title=India Now Boasts The World's Tallest Statue, And It's Twice Lady Liberty's Size |work=[[Huffington Post]] |via=[[Yahoo! News]] |author=Nina Golgowski |date=31 October 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> In August 2021, the project was stalled since January 2019 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], only the [[bathymetry]] survey complete while the [[Geotechnical investigation|geotechnical survey]] was underway. Consequently, state PWD proposed extending project completion date by a year from 18 October 2021 to 18 October 2022.<ref name=connect2>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/contract-for-shivaji-memorial-project-pwd-proposes-extension-of-one-year-to-firm-without-cost-escalation-7466001/ |title= Contract for Shivaji Memorial Project, PWD proposes extension of one year to firm without cost escalation |website= indianexpress.com |date=23 August 2021 |accessdate=6 December 2021}}</ref>
== Sources ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist|40em}}
=== References ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===
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* {{citation |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA321 |ref={{sfnref|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011}}}}
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* {{citation |last1=Haig | first1=Wolseley |last2=Burn | first2=Richard |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughal Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA258 |year=1960 |orig-year=first published 1937 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |ref={{sfnref|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}}}}
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{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last=Daniel Jasper|date=2003|title=Commemorating the 'golden age' of Shivaji in Maharashtra, India, and the development of Maharashtrian public politics|journal=Journal of Political and Military Sociology|volume=31|issue=2|pages=215–230|jstor=45293740|s2cid=152003918}}
* {{cite book|editor=[[Bhalchandra Krishna Apte|B. K. Apte]] |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume|location=Bombay|year=1974–1975|publisher=[[University of Bombay]]}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pearson|first=M. N.|date=1976b|title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980|journal=[[Journal of Asian Studies]]|volume=35|issue=2|pages=221–235|doi=10.2307/2053980|jstor=2053980|s2cid=162482005 |ref={{SfnRef|Pearson, Shivaji and Mughal decline|1976}}}}
* {{cite book|author=[[James W. Laine]]|title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India|url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihinduking0000lain|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-514126-9}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
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{{Commons category}}{{EB1911 poster|Sivaji|Shivaji}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline|Shivaji}}
* {{curlie|Society/History/By_Region/Asia/South_Asia/Personalities/Sivaji|Shivaji}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bhonsle]]||{{circa|1627/1630}}|3 April|1680}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-new
| reason = new state formed
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| years = 1674–1680
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Sambhaji]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Hinduism|Royalty|India|History}}{{Shivaji|state=collapsed}}
{{MarathaEmpire|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Shivaji| ]]
[[Category:1630 births]]
[[Category:1680 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalists]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Maratha emperors]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:Age controversies]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs]]
[[Category:Legendary Indian people]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -46,5 +46,7 @@
'''Shivaji I''' (''Shivaji Shahaji Bhosale''; {{IPA-mr|ʃiʋaːd͡ʒiˑ bʱoˑs(ə)leˑ}}; {{circa|}}19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680<ref>Dates are given according to the [[Julian calendar]], see [http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars].</ref>), also referred to as '''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj''', was an Indian ruler and a member of the [[Bhonsle]] [[Maratha clan]].{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}} Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the declining [[Adilshahi sultanate]] of [[Bijapur]] which formed the genesis of the [[Maratha Empire]]. In 1674, he was formally crowned the ''[[Chhatrapati]]'' of his realm at [[Raigad Fort]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Govind Ranade|first=Mahadev|title=Rise of the Maratha Power|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|year=1900|location=India}}</ref>
-Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Sultanate of Golkonda]], [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] and the [[Colonial India|European colonial powers]]. Shivaji used the difficult terrain of Western Ghats to his advantage. He captured and built new Hill Forts in Sahyadri Mountain range which proved very difficult for invading forces to capture, particularly Mughal armies. Shivaji perfected and used Guerilla Warfare to great success against much larger armies of Mughals and Deccan Sultanates. Shivaji built a formidable Navy which kept English Navy in check. Shivaji's exploits and potential of Maratha nation threatened Mughals so much that Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzib]] started a campaign to conquer Marathas shortly after Shivaji's Death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=M. N. |date=1976 |title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=221–235 |doi=10.2307/2053980 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref> This campaign, better known as [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], was a strategic defeat for Mughals. Aurangzeb failed to crush Marathas, and this campaign had a ruinous effect on Mughal Treasury and Army.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=Eric |date=24 Jun 2020 |title=The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680-1707 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711?journalCode=fswi20 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies}}</ref> Shortly after Aurangzeb's death, Marathas marched northwards, and soon confined Mughals to city of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Capper |first=John |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Delhi, the Capital of India |date=1997 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1282-2 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref>
+Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Sultanate of Golkonda]], [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] and the [[Colonial India|European colonial powers]]. Shivaji used the difficult terrain of Western Ghats to his advantage. He captured and built new Hill Forts in Sahyadri Mountain range which proved very difficult for invading forces to capture, particularly Mughal armies. Shivaji perfected and used Guerilla Warfare to great success against much larger armies of Mughals and Deccan Sultanates. Shivaji built a formidable Navy which kept English Navy in check.
+
+Shivaji's exploits and potential of Maratha nation threatened Mughals so much that Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzib]] started a campaign to conquer Marathas shortly after Shivaji's Death <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=M. N. |date=1976 |title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=221–235 |doi=10.2307/2053980 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref>. This campaign, better known as [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], was a strategic defeat for Mughals. Aurangzeb failed to crush Marathas, and this campaign had a ruinous effect on Mughal Treasury and Army.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=Eric |date=24 Jun 2020 |title=The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680-1707 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711?journalCode=fswi20 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies}}</ref> Shortly after Aurangzeb's death, Marathas marched northwards, and soon confined Mughals to city of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Capper |first=John |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Delhi, the Capital of India |date=1997 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1282-2 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref>
Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions, court conventions and promoted the usage of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages, replacing [[Persian language|Persian]] in court and administration.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Praised for his chivalrous treatment of Women by his enemies, Shivaji employed people of all castes in his administration and army.
@@ -119,5 +121,5 @@
{{Main|Treaty of Purandar (1665)}}
[[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|Raja [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]]]]
-The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent this [[Rajput]] general, Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I]] with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<ref name="Gordon93">{{cite book|author = Steward Gordon|title = The Marathas 1600–1818, Part 2, Volume 4| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| year = 1993|pages = 71–75}}</ref> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and their siege forces investing Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<ref name="Gordon93" />
+The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent this [[Rajput]] general, Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I]] with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<ref name="Gordon93">{{cite book |author=Gordon |first=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818, Part 2, Volume 4 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1993 |pages=1, 3-4, 71–75, 114, 115-125, 133, 138-139}}</ref> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and their siege forces investing Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<ref name="Gordon93" />
In the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]], signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold [[Pagoda (coin)|hun]] to the Mughals.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=258}} Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan as a ''[[mansabdar]]''.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=77}}{{sfn|Gordon, The Marathas|1993|p=74}}
@@ -211,4 +213,26 @@
After Shivaji's death, [[Soyarabai]] made plans with various ministers of the administration to crown her son [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] rather than her stepson [[Sambhaji]]. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of [[Raigad Fort]] after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=48}} Rajaram, his mother [[Soyarabai]] and wife [[Jankibai|Janki Bai]] were imprisoned, and Soyrabai executed on charges of conspiracy that October.<ref name="SharmaLāʼibrerī2004">{{cite book|author=Sunita Sharma, K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī|title=Veil, sceptre, and quill: profiles of eminent women, 16th- 18th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2kaAAAAYAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library|page=139|quote=By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of Raigad, along with his mother Soyra Bai and his wife Janki Bai. Soyra Bai was put to death on charge of conspiracy.}}</ref>
+
+== Aurangzeb's Campaign Against Marathas And Aftermath ==
+{{See also|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}
+
+Soon after Shivaji's death, in 1681, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South to capture territories held by the Marathas, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] of [[Bijapur]] and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] of [[Golconda]] respectively. He was successful in obliterating the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] dynasties, but could not subdue the Marathas. Better known as [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], this campaign nominally increased the size of Mughal Empire, but ended in a strategic defeat and had a ruinous effect on Mughal Empire. Aurangzeb spent 27 years in Deccan, but ultimately failed to achieve his objective of conquering Marathas, drained Mughal Treasury, and damaged strength and morale of Mughal Army almost irreparably. According to contemporary sources, about 2.5 million of Aurangzeb's army were killed during the Mughal–Maratha Wars (100,000 annually during a quarter-century), while 2 million civilians in war-torn lands died due to drought, [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[Famine in India|famine]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=White |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q5w9qmd1UeMC&pg=PP113&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Mughal&f=false |title=Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements |date=2011-10-20 |publisher=Canongate Books |isbn=978-0-85786-125-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |date=2007-09-17 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |language=en}}</ref> The conflict ended in [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|defeat for the Mughals in 1707.]]<ref name="John Clark Marshman">{{cite book |author=[[John Clark Marshman]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmT_Tv-VGUC&pg=PA93 |title=History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-108-02104-3 |page=93}}</ref>
+
+This period saw the capture, torture, and execution of Sambhaji in 1689, and the Marathas offering strong resistance under the leadership of Sambhaji's successor, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] and then Rajaram's widow [[Tarabai]]. Territories changed hands repeatedly between the Mughals and the Marathas.
+
+[[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]], a grandson of Shivaji and son of [[Sambhaji]], was kept prisoner by [[Aurangzeb]] during the 27-year period conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] and later his descendants, as [[Peshwa]]s (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] and grandson, Peshwa [[Balaji Bajirao]].
+
+In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, [[Gaekwad]]s of [[Vadodara|Baroda]], the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore]] and [[Malwa]], the [[Scindia]]s of [[Gwalior]] and [[Bhonsale]]s of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]], thus creating [[Maratha Confederacy]].{{Sfn|Pearson, Shivaji and Mughal decline|1976|p=226}}
+
+{{Clear}}
+
+== Legacy ==
+Shivaji's biggest legacy was creation of Maratha Empire which, for all purposes, destroyed military and economic strength and prestige of the Mughal Empire. [[File:Maratha Empire in 1758.png|right|thumb|Maratha Empire at its peak in 1758]]Soon after Aurangzeb's defeat, Marathas started to capture Mughal Territories. By 1734, Marathas were firmly established in Malwa. By 1737 Marathas had carried out raids as far as Bundlekhand, Rajputana, Doab, and defeated an imperial army outside walls of Delhi <ref>{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=George Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA564&dq=the+marathas+occupied+delhi+without+difficulty&hl=en |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |date=1967 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=549, 563 |language=en}}</ref>. Facing defeat in 1738, Nizam, acting on authority of Mughal Emperor, recognised Marathas as rulers of Malwa and sovereign of all territories between Narmada and Chambal <ref name="Gordon93" />. In 1751, a treaty between Raghuji Bhonsle and Alivardi Khan effectively made Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa Maratha provinces <ref name="Gordon93" />. Marathas steadily continued their northward march. Stewart Gordon writes <ref name="Gordon93" /> <blockquote>In the 1750s, the "frontier" extended north to Delhi. In this period, the Mughal government directly controlled little territory further than fifty miles from the capital. Even this was fiercely fought over. Jats and Rohillas disputed for the territory; factions fought for the throne, and the Afghan king, Ahmad Shah Abdali, periodically descended on the capital.
+
+...
+
+For the Marathas, probably the two most significant events of the whole chaotic period in Delhi were a treaty in 1752, which made them protector of the Mughal throne (and gave them the right to collect chauth in the Punjab), and the civil war of 1753, by which the Maratha nominee ended up on the Mughal throne.- (Cambridge History of India Vol. 2 Part 4 pp138 - 139)</blockquote>At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from [[Tamil Nadu]]{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=204}} in the south, to [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|Peshawar]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) in the north, and [[Expeditions in Bengal|Bengal]], in the east. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] to [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, [[Maratha Resurrection|Marathas regained influence]] in North India during the rule of [[Madhavrao Peshwa]].<ref name="Sen1994">{{cite book |author=Sailendra N. Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PR7 |title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-7154-578-0 |pages=6–7}}</ref>
+
+The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Anglo-Maratha]] wars (1805–1818), which left the company the dominant power in most of India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jeremy Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC&q=9780275990398 |title=A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present |date=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-99039-8 |location=Westport, Conn.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Percival Spear |title=A History of India |date=1990 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-013836-8 |volume=2 |page=129 |author-link=Percival Spear |orig-year=First published 1965}}</ref>
== Governance ==
@@ -296,24 +320,10 @@
Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them, and built his first marine fort at [[Sindhudurg Fort|Sindhudurg]], which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy.<ref name="RoyLorge2014">{{cite book|author1=Kaushik Roy|author2=Peter Lorge|title=Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|date=17 December 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58710-1|pages=183–}}</ref> The navy itself was a [[green-water navy|coastal navy]], focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas, and not intended to go far out to sea.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://optimizeias.com/new-naval-ensign-the-naval-prowess-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-that-has-always-inspired-the-indian-navy/ | title=New Naval Ensign: The naval prowess of Chhatrapati Shivaji that has always inspired the Indian Navy - Optimize IAS | date=3 September 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Misra1986">{{cite book|author=Raj Narain Misra|title=Indian Ocean and India's Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NhVz7mZCisC&pg=PA13|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=13–|id=GGKEY:CCJCT3CW16S}}</ref>
-== Expansion of the Maratha Empire after Shivaji ==
-{{See also|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}
-[[File:Maratha Empire in 1758.png|right|thumb|Maratha Empire at its peak in 1758]]
-Shivaji left behind a state always at odds with the Mughals. Soon after his death, in 1681, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South to capture territories held by the Marathas, the Bijapur-based Adilshahi and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi of Golkonda]] respectively. He was successful in obliterating the Sultanates but could not subdue the Marathas after spending 27 years in the Deccan. The period saw the capture, torture, and execution of Sambhaji in 1689, and the Marathas offering strong resistance under the leadership of Sambhaji's successor, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] and then Rajaram's widow [[Tarabai]]. Territories changed hands repeatedly between the Mughals and the Marathas. Better known as [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], this campaign had a ruinous effect on Mughal Empire. According to contemporary sources, about 2.5 million of Aurangzeb's army were killed during the Mughal–Maratha Wars (100,000 annually during a quarter-century), while 2 million civilians in war-torn lands died due to drought, [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[Famine in India|famine]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=White |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q5w9qmd1UeMC&pg=PP113&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Mughal&f=false |title=Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements |date=2011-10-20 |publisher=Canongate Books |isbn=978-0-85786-125-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |date=2007-09-17 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |language=en}}</ref> The conflict ended in [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|defeat for the Mughals in 1707.]]<ref name="John Clark Marshman">{{cite book |author=[[John Clark Marshman]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmT_Tv-VGUC&pg=PA93 |title=History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-108-02104-3 |page=93}}</ref>
-
-[[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]], a grandson of Shivaji and son of [[Sambhaji]], was kept prisoner by [[Aurangzeb]] during the 27-year period conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] and later his descendants, as [[Peshwa]]s (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] and grandson, Peshwa [[Balaji Bajirao]]. At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from [[Tamil Nadu]]{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=204}} in the south, to [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|Peshawar]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) in the north, and [[Expeditions in Bengal|Bengal]], in the east. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] to [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, [[Maratha Resurrection|Marathas regained influence]] in North India during the rule of [[Madhavrao Peshwa]].<ref name="Sen1994">{{cite book|author=Sailendra N. Sen|title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PR7|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-578-0|pages=6–7}}</ref>
-
-In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, creating the [[Maratha Confederacy]].{{Sfn|Pearson, Shivaji and Mughal decline|1976|p=226}} They became known as [[Gaekwad]]s of [[Vadodara|Baroda]], the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore]] and [[Malwa]], the [[Scindia]]s of [[Gwalior]] and [[Bhonsale]]s of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]]. In 1775, the [[East India Company]] intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, which resulted in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]. The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Anglo-Maratha]] wars (1805–1818), which left the company the dominant power in most of India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jeremy Black |date=2006 |title=A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-99039-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC&q=9780275990398}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Percival Spear|author-link=Percival Spear |date=1990 |orig-year=First published 1965 |title=A History of India |volume=2 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=129 |isbn=978-0-14-013836-8}}</ref>
-
-{{Clear}}
-
-== Legacy ==
-
-{{Further|Shivaji in popular culture}}
-
+== Depictions And Interpretations Of Shivaji ==
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj and Baji Prabhu at Pawan Khind.jpg|right|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]] of Shivaji and [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande|Baji Prabhu]] at Pawan Khind]]
-Shivaji was well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character.{{Sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=74}} He was recognized as a national hero during the Indian Independence Movement.<ref name="ChandraMukherjee2016">{{cite book|author1=Bipan Chandra|author2=Mridula Mukherjee|author3=Aditya Mukherjee|author4=K N Panikkar|author5= Sucheta Mahajan|title=India's Struggle for Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC&pg=PT107|date=9 August 2016|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-183-3|pages=107–}}</ref>
+Shivaji was well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character.{{Sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=74}}
-=== Early depictions ===
+=== Contemporaneous View ===
Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese and Italian writers.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.500042/2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies#page/n15/mode/1up|title=Foreign Biographies of Shivaji|last=Sen|first=Surendra|publisher=London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. ltd.|year=1928|volume=II|pages=xiii}}</ref> Contemporary English writers compared him with [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], [[Hannibal]] and [[Julius Caesar]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/shivajithegreat035466mbp#page/n28/mode/1up|title=Shivaji The Great|last=Krishna|first=Bal|publisher=The Arya Book Depot Kolhapur|year=1940|pages=11–12}}</ref> The French traveller [[Francois Bernier]] wrote in his ''Travels in Mughal India'':<ref>{{cite book |author=Surendra Nath Sen |title=Foreign Biographies of Shivaji |publisher=K. P. Bagchi |year=1977 |pages=14,139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89sJAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>
@@ -322,8 +332,11 @@
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "-ji". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as {{Sort|ar|''[[kafir]] bi jahannum raft''}} ({{Literal translation|the infidel went to Hell}}).{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=54}}
-=== Reimagining ===
-[[File:Bronze Statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle.jpg|thumb|right|A miniature Bronze statue of Shivaji Maharaj in the collection of the [[Aundh, Satara|Shri Bhavani Museum of Aundh]]]]
+=== Early Depictions ===
+Earliest depictions of Shivaji by authors not affiliated with Maratha court in Maharashtra are to be found in [[Bakhar]]<nowiki/>s. These Bakhars depict Shivaji as an almost divine figure, an ideal Hindu King who overthrew Muslim dominion. Current academic consensus is that while these Bakhars are important to judge how Shivaji was viewed in his times, they must be correlated with other sources to decide Historical truth. [[Sabhasad Bakhar]] and [[91 Kalami Bakhar]] are considered most reliable of all Bakhars by scholars. <ref name="Gordon93" />
+
+=== Nineteenth Century ===
+James Grant Duff, a British administrator, published his 3 Volume work on History of Marathas in 1863 <ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ahistoryofmarathasbygrantduffvol1 |title=A HISTORY OF MARATHAS BY GRANT DUFF VOL 1 |language=English}}</ref>. This work is mostly a chronological sequence of events and more of a political history with little to no insight about other aspects of Maharashtra's history <ref name="Gordon93" />. [[File:Bronze Statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle.jpg|thumb|right|A miniature Bronze statue of Shivaji Maharaj in the collection of the [[Aundh, Satara|Shri Bhavani Museum of Aundh]]]]
-In the mid-19th century, Marathi social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule]] wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the shudras and [[Dalit]]s. Phule sought to use the Shivaji legends to undermine the Brahmins he accused of hijacking the narrative, and uplift the lower classes; his 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.<ref name="Chakravarti2014">{{cite book|author=Uma Chakravarti|title=Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|date=27 October 2014|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-83074-63-1|pages=79–}}</ref> At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Bombay, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.<ref name="Kurtz">{{cite book|author=Donald V. Kurtz |title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA63 |year=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09828-2 |pages=63–}}</ref>
+In the mid-19th century, Marathi social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule]] wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the shudras and [[Dalit]]s. Phule's 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.<ref name="Chakravarti2014">{{cite book|author=Uma Chakravarti|title=Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|date=27 October 2014|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-83074-63-1|pages=79–}}</ref>
In 1895, Indian nationalist leader [[Lokmanya Tilak]] organised what was to be an annual festival to mark the birthday of Shivaji.{{sfn|Wolpert|1962|pp=79–81}} He portrayed Shivaji as the "opponent of the oppressor", with possible negative implications concerning the colonial government.<ref name="Pati2011">{{cite book|author=Biswamoy Pati|title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Popular Readings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4TWzCkjrm4C&pg=PA101|year=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-18-4|page=101}}</ref> Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero.{{Sfn|Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya|1975|p=107}} These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of dacoits...?"<ref>{{cite book|title=Indo-British Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1uAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Indo-British Historical Society|page=75}}</ref>
@@ -331,30 +344,34 @@
One of the first commentators to reappraise the critical British view of Shivaji was [[M. G. Ranade]], whose ''Rise of the Maratha Power'' (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting Power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA121|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|first=Karline |last=McLain|page=121}}</ref>
-In 1919, [[Jadunath Sarkar|Sarkar]] published the seminal ''Shivaji and His Times'', hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since [[James Grant Duff]]'s 1826 ''A History of the Mahrattas''. A respected scholar, Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.<ref name="Deshpande2007">{{cite book|author=Prachi Deshpande|title=Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12486-7|pages=136–|quote=Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the “chauvinism” he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas}}</ref> Likewise, though supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the [[Hindus|Hindu raja]] Chandrao More and his clan.<ref name="Bayly2011">{{cite book|author=C. A. Bayly|title=Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282|date=10 November 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50518-5|pages=282–}}</ref>
+In 1919, [[Jadunath Sarkar|Sarkar]] published the seminal ''Shivaji and His Times'', hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since [[James Grant Duff]]'s 1826 ''A History of the Mahrattas''. Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.<ref name="Deshpande2007">{{cite book|author=Prachi Deshpande|title=Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12486-7|pages=136–|quote=Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the “chauvinism” he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas}}</ref> Likewise, though supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the [[Hindus|Hindu raja]] Chandrao More and his clan.<ref name="Bayly2011">{{cite book|author=C. A. Bayly|title=Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282|date=10 November 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50518-5|pages=282–}}</ref>
-=== Inspiration ===
+[[Dennis Kincaid]], a British civil servant in India in 1937 published [[The Grand Rebel]] <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dennis Kincaid |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283296 |title=The Grand Rebel |date=1937}}</ref>. This book portrays Shivaji as a heroic rebel and a master strategist fighting a much larger Mughal Army <ref name="Gordon93" />.
+
+=== During Independence Movement ===
+As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following a public outcry from Pune intellectuals, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as a great nationalist<ref>{{cite book |author=Girja Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA431 |title=The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-241-0525-2 |page=431}}</ref> <ref name="ChandraMukherjee2016">{{cite book |author1=Bipan Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC&pg=PT107 |title=India's Struggle for Independence |author2=Mridula Mukherjee |author3=Aditya Mukherjee |author4=K N Panikkar |author5=Sucheta Mahajan |date=9 August 2016 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-183-3 |pages=107–}}</ref>.
+
+At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Mumbai, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.<ref name="Kurtz">{{cite book |author=Donald V. Kurtz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA63 |title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India |publisher=BRILL |year=1993 |isbn=978-90-04-09828-2 |pages=63–}}</ref>
+
+=== Post Independence ===
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj Raigad2.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji at [[Raigad Fort]]]]
-[[File:Killa, Konavade.jpg|thumb|A replica of [[Raigad Fort]] built by children on occasion of Diwali as a tribute to Shivaji.]]
-As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following a public outcry from Pune intellectuals, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as a great nationalist.<ref>{{cite book|author=Girja Kumar |title=The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA431 |year=1997 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0525-2 |page=431}}</ref>
-
-In 1966, the [[Shiv Sena]] ({{Literal translation|Army of Shivaji}}) political party was formed to promote the interests of Marathi speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power for locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda and icons of the party.<ref name="Naipaul2011">{{cite book|first=V. S. |last=Naipaul |author-link=V. S. Naipaul |title=India: A Wounded Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT65|year=2011|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-78934-1|page=65}}</ref>
+[[File:Killa, Konavade.jpg|thumb|A replica of [[Raigad Fort]] built by children on occasion of Diwali as a tribute to Shivaji.]]In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains an important figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the [[Marathi people]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=KUBER |first=GIRISH |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245346175 |title=RENAISSANCE STATE : the unwritten story of the making of maharashtra. |date=2021 |publisher=HARPERCOLLINS INDIA |isbn=978-93-90327-39-3 |location=[S.l.] |pages=69–78 |oclc=1245346175}}</ref>
-In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains an important figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the [[Marathi people]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=KUBER |first=GIRISH |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245346175 |title=RENAISSANCE STATE : the unwritten story of the making of maharashtra. |date=2021 |publisher=HARPERCOLLINS INDIA |isbn=978-93-90327-39-3 |location=[S.l.] |pages=69–78 |oclc=1245346175}}</ref> Shivaji is upheld by regional political parties and also by the Maratha caste dominated [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}}
+==== Political Parties ====
+In 1966, the [[Shiv Sena]] ({{Literal translation|Army of Shivaji}}) political party was formed to promote the interests of Marathi speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power for locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda and icons of the party.<ref name="Naipaul2011">{{cite book |last=Naipaul |first=V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT65 |title=India: A Wounded Civilization |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-307-78934-1 |page=65 |author-link=V. S. Naipaul}}</ref>
-In the late 20th century, [[Babasaheb Purandare]] became one of the most significant author in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the ''Shiv-Shahir'' ({{Literal translation|Bard of Shivaji}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ|year=1952|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=121|quote=Will the Minister of EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE AND CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian P.E.N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=P.E.N. All-India Centre.|page=32|quote=Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.}}</ref> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overemphasising the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}} and his [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms|title=Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests|author=Krishna Kumar|date=20 August 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
+Shivaji is upheld as a Hero by regional political parties and also by the Maratha caste dominated [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}}
-In September 2022, prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] unveiled the new [[Indian Naval Ensign]] to replace the St. George's Cross design used from 2004, which includes a [[navy blue]]-[[Gold (color)|gold]] octagon bearing naval crest in the fly.<ref name="Lion Ensign">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/colonial-st-georges-cross-dropped-for-chhatrapati-shivajis-seal-on-indian-navys-new-flag/1112742/|title=Colonial St. George's Cross dropped for Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's seal on Indian Navy's new flag|website=theprint.in|date=2 September 2022}}</ref> The octagon is an emulation of a royal seal of Shivaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/was-shivaji-the-first-indian-ruler-to-build-the-navy#read-more|title=Was Shivaji The 'First Indian Ruler' to Build the Navy?|website=www.thequint.com|date=20 February 2018}}</ref>
+=== Controversies Related To Shivaji's Depiction ===
+In the late 20th century, [[Babasaheb Purandare]] became one of the most significant author in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the ''Shiv-Shahir'' ({{Literal translation|Bard of Shivaji}}).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ |title=Lok Sabha Debates |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |year=1952 |page=121 |quote=Will the Minister of EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE AND CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ |title=The Indian P.E.N. |publisher=P.E.N. All-India Centre. |year=1964 |page=32 |quote=Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.}}</ref> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overemphasising the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}} and his [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news |author=Krishna Kumar |date=20 August 2015 |title=Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms}}</ref>
-=== Controversy ===
In 1993, the ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India|Illustrated Weekly]]'' published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims ''per se'', and that his style of governance was influenced by that of the Mughal Empire. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice" and [[Shiv Sena]] called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found the ''Illustrated Weekly'' had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas Blom |last=Hansen|title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA22|year=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-08840-3|page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Raminder |last1=Kaur|first2=William |last2=Mazzarella|title=Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QOWRn_i1kcC&pg=PA1|year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35335-1|page=1}}</ref>
In 2003, American academic [[James W. Laine]] published his book ''Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India'' to, what [[Ananya Vajpeyi]] terms, a regime of "cultural policing by militant Marathas".<ref name=":5">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3561499.stm |title=India seeks to arrest US scholar |work=BBC News |date=23 March 2004 |access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vajpeyi |first=Ananya |date=August 2004 |title=The Past and its Passions: Writing History in Hard Times |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/025764300402000207 |journal=Studies in History |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=317–329 |doi=10.1177/025764300402000207 |s2cid=162555504 |issn=0257-6430}}</ref> As a result of this publication, the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] in Pune where Laine had researched was attacked by the [[Sambhaji Brigade]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Maratha-activists-vandalise-Bhandarkar-Institute/articleshow/407226.cms |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title= 'Maratha' activists vandalise Bhandarkar Institute |access-date=3 May 2021 |date=6 January 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Where The Stream Of Reason Lost Its Way... |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/where-the-stream-of-reason-lost-its-way/73400/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=Financial Express |date=12 January 2004}}</ref> Laine was even threatened to be arrested<ref name=":5" /> and the book was banned in [[Maharashtra]] in January 2004, but the ban was lifted by the [[Bombay High Court]] in 2007, and in July 2010 the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the lifting of the ban.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/india/28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811082818/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/india/28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Supreme Court lifts ban on James Laine's book on Shivaji|date=9 July 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100710/1545431.html|title=Protests over James Laine's book across Mumbai|publisher=webindia123.com|date=10 July 2010|access-date= 25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Rahul Chandawarkar|date=10 July 2010|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_hard-liners-slam-state-supreme-court-decision-on-laine-s-shivaji-book_1407732|title=Hard-liners slam state, Supreme Court decision on Laine's Shivaji book|newspaper=DNA India|access-date= 25 September 2013}}</ref>
-=== Commemorations ===
+== Commemorations ==
[[File:Emperor of Maratha India.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji opposite the [[Gateway of India]] in [[South Mumbai]]]]
Shivaji's statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtra, as well as in different places across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/ |title=comments : Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat |work=The Indian Express |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106235945/http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/ |archive-date=6 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5 |title=New Shivaji statue faces protests |publisher=Pune Mirror |date=16 May 2012 |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928023003/http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5 |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928043424/http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Kalam unveils Shivaji statue |date=29 April 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 September 2012}}</ref>
-The headquarters in Mumbai of the [[Western Railway zone]] a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]], formerly called Victoria Terminus, was
-renamed [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] in 1996 <ref>{{cite news |last1=Times |first1=Maharashtra |date=2017 |title=Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus |newspaper=Times of India |issue=30 June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms |access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>. International Airport in Mumbai is named [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] <ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2011 |title=Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion |newspaper=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/politics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html |access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref>. Indian Prime Minister in 2022 unveiled New insignia of [[Indian Navy]] inspired by seal of Shivaji <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-02 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils Indian Navy’s new ensign |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modi-unveils-indian-navys-new-ensign/article65839843.ece |access-date=2023-08-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>.
+The headquarters in Mumbai of the [[Western Railway zone]], a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]], was renamed [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] in 1996 <ref>{{cite news |last1=Times |first1=Maharashtra |date=2017 |title=Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus |newspaper=Times of India |issue=30 June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms |access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>. International Airport in Mumbai is named [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] <ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2011 |title=Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion |newspaper=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/politics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html |access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref>. Indian Prime Minister in 2022 unveiled New insignia of [[Indian Navy]] inspired by seal of Shivaji <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-02 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils Indian Navy’s new ensign |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modi-unveils-indian-navys-new-ensign/article65839843.ece |access-date=2023-08-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>.
Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's station [[INS Shivaji]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |title=INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training |publisher=Indian Navy |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718031536/http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> and numerous [[postage stamp]]s <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Watermarked%20paper/CHHATRAPATI%20SHIVAJI%20MAHARAJ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |publisher=Indianpost.com |date=21 April 1980 |access-date=17 September 2012}}</ref>. In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building a replica fort with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of [[Diwali]] in memory of Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080547/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Shivaji killas express pure reverence | date=29 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Laine |first=James W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__pQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |date=13 February 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972643-1 |language=en}}</ref>
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0 => 'Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Sultanate of Golkonda]], [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] and the [[Colonial India|European colonial powers]]. Shivaji used the difficult terrain of Western Ghats to his advantage. He captured and built new Hill Forts in Sahyadri Mountain range which proved very difficult for invading forces to capture, particularly Mughal armies. Shivaji perfected and used Guerilla Warfare to great success against much larger armies of Mughals and Deccan Sultanates. Shivaji built a formidable Navy which kept English Navy in check. ',
1 => '',
2 => 'Shivaji's exploits and potential of Maratha nation threatened Mughals so much that Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzib]] started a campaign to conquer Marathas shortly after Shivaji's Death <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=M. N. |date=1976 |title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=221–235 |doi=10.2307/2053980 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref>. This campaign, better known as [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], was a strategic defeat for Mughals. Aurangzeb failed to crush Marathas, and this campaign had a ruinous effect on Mughal Treasury and Army.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=Eric |date=24 Jun 2020 |title=The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680-1707 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711?journalCode=fswi20 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies}}</ref> Shortly after Aurangzeb's death, Marathas marched northwards, and soon confined Mughals to city of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Capper |first=John |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Delhi, the Capital of India |date=1997 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1282-2 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> ',
3 => 'The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent this [[Rajput]] general, Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I]] with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<ref name="Gordon93">{{cite book |author=Gordon |first=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600–1818, Part 2, Volume 4 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1993 |pages=1, 3-4, 71–75, 114, 115-125, 133, 138-139}}</ref> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and their siege forces investing Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<ref name="Gordon93" />',
4 => '',
5 => '== Aurangzeb's Campaign Against Marathas And Aftermath ==',
6 => '{{See also|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}',
7 => '',
8 => 'Soon after Shivaji's death, in 1681, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South to capture territories held by the Marathas, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] of [[Bijapur]] and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] of [[Golconda]] respectively. He was successful in obliterating the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] dynasties, but could not subdue the Marathas. Better known as [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], this campaign nominally increased the size of Mughal Empire, but ended in a strategic defeat and had a ruinous effect on Mughal Empire. Aurangzeb spent 27 years in Deccan, but ultimately failed to achieve his objective of conquering Marathas, drained Mughal Treasury, and damaged strength and morale of Mughal Army almost irreparably. According to contemporary sources, about 2.5 million of Aurangzeb's army were killed during the Mughal–Maratha Wars (100,000 annually during a quarter-century), while 2 million civilians in war-torn lands died due to drought, [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[Famine in India|famine]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=White |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q5w9qmd1UeMC&pg=PP113&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Mughal&f=false |title=Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements |date=2011-10-20 |publisher=Canongate Books |isbn=978-0-85786-125-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |date=2007-09-17 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |language=en}}</ref> The conflict ended in [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|defeat for the Mughals in 1707.]]<ref name="John Clark Marshman">{{cite book |author=[[John Clark Marshman]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmT_Tv-VGUC&pg=PA93 |title=History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-108-02104-3 |page=93}}</ref> ',
9 => '',
10 => 'This period saw the capture, torture, and execution of Sambhaji in 1689, and the Marathas offering strong resistance under the leadership of Sambhaji's successor, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] and then Rajaram's widow [[Tarabai]]. Territories changed hands repeatedly between the Mughals and the Marathas. ',
11 => '',
12 => '[[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]], a grandson of Shivaji and son of [[Sambhaji]], was kept prisoner by [[Aurangzeb]] during the 27-year period conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] and later his descendants, as [[Peshwa]]s (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] and grandson, Peshwa [[Balaji Bajirao]].',
13 => '',
14 => 'In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, [[Gaekwad]]s of [[Vadodara|Baroda]], the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore]] and [[Malwa]], the [[Scindia]]s of [[Gwalior]] and [[Bhonsale]]s of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]], thus creating [[Maratha Confederacy]].{{Sfn|Pearson, Shivaji and Mughal decline|1976|p=226}} ',
15 => '',
16 => '{{Clear}}',
17 => '',
18 => '== Legacy ==',
19 => 'Shivaji's biggest legacy was creation of Maratha Empire which, for all purposes, destroyed military and economic strength and prestige of the Mughal Empire. [[File:Maratha Empire in 1758.png|right|thumb|Maratha Empire at its peak in 1758]]Soon after Aurangzeb's defeat, Marathas started to capture Mughal Territories. By 1734, Marathas were firmly established in Malwa. By 1737 Marathas had carried out raids as far as Bundlekhand, Rajputana, Doab, and defeated an imperial army outside walls of Delhi <ref>{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=George Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA564&dq=the+marathas+occupied+delhi+without+difficulty&hl=en |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |date=1967 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=549, 563 |language=en}}</ref>. Facing defeat in 1738, Nizam, acting on authority of Mughal Emperor, recognised Marathas as rulers of Malwa and sovereign of all territories between Narmada and Chambal <ref name="Gordon93" />. In 1751, a treaty between Raghuji Bhonsle and Alivardi Khan effectively made Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa Maratha provinces <ref name="Gordon93" />. Marathas steadily continued their northward march. Stewart Gordon writes <ref name="Gordon93" /> <blockquote>In the 1750s, the "frontier" extended north to Delhi. In this period, the Mughal government directly controlled little territory further than fifty miles from the capital. Even this was fiercely fought over. Jats and Rohillas disputed for the territory; factions fought for the throne, and the Afghan king, Ahmad Shah Abdali, periodically descended on the capital. ',
20 => '',
21 => '...',
22 => '',
23 => 'For the Marathas, probably the two most significant events of the whole chaotic period in Delhi were a treaty in 1752, which made them protector of the Mughal throne (and gave them the right to collect chauth in the Punjab), and the civil war of 1753, by which the Maratha nominee ended up on the Mughal throne.- (Cambridge History of India Vol. 2 Part 4 pp138 - 139)</blockquote>At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from [[Tamil Nadu]]{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=204}} in the south, to [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|Peshawar]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) in the north, and [[Expeditions in Bengal|Bengal]], in the east. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] to [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, [[Maratha Resurrection|Marathas regained influence]] in North India during the rule of [[Madhavrao Peshwa]].<ref name="Sen1994">{{cite book |author=Sailendra N. Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PR7 |title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-7154-578-0 |pages=6–7}}</ref>',
24 => '',
25 => 'The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Anglo-Maratha]] wars (1805–1818), which left the company the dominant power in most of India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jeremy Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC&q=9780275990398 |title=A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present |date=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-99039-8 |location=Westport, Conn.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Percival Spear |title=A History of India |date=1990 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-013836-8 |volume=2 |page=129 |author-link=Percival Spear |orig-year=First published 1965}}</ref>',
26 => '== Depictions And Interpretations Of Shivaji ==',
27 => 'Shivaji was well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character.{{Sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=74}} ',
28 => '=== Contemporaneous View ===',
29 => '=== Early Depictions ===',
30 => 'Earliest depictions of Shivaji by authors not affiliated with Maratha court in Maharashtra are to be found in [[Bakhar]]<nowiki/>s. These Bakhars depict Shivaji as an almost divine figure, an ideal Hindu King who overthrew Muslim dominion. Current academic consensus is that while these Bakhars are important to judge how Shivaji was viewed in his times, they must be correlated with other sources to decide Historical truth. [[Sabhasad Bakhar]] and [[91 Kalami Bakhar]] are considered most reliable of all Bakhars by scholars. <ref name="Gordon93" />',
31 => '',
32 => '=== Nineteenth Century ===',
33 => 'James Grant Duff, a British administrator, published his 3 Volume work on History of Marathas in 1863 <ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ahistoryofmarathasbygrantduffvol1 |title=A HISTORY OF MARATHAS BY GRANT DUFF VOL 1 |language=English}}</ref>. This work is mostly a chronological sequence of events and more of a political history with little to no insight about other aspects of Maharashtra's history <ref name="Gordon93" />. [[File:Bronze Statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle.jpg|thumb|right|A miniature Bronze statue of Shivaji Maharaj in the collection of the [[Aundh, Satara|Shri Bhavani Museum of Aundh]]]]',
34 => 'In the mid-19th century, Marathi social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule]] wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the shudras and [[Dalit]]s. Phule's 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.<ref name="Chakravarti2014">{{cite book|author=Uma Chakravarti|title=Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|date=27 October 2014|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-83074-63-1|pages=79–}}</ref> ',
35 => 'In 1919, [[Jadunath Sarkar|Sarkar]] published the seminal ''Shivaji and His Times'', hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since [[James Grant Duff]]'s 1826 ''A History of the Mahrattas''. Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.<ref name="Deshpande2007">{{cite book|author=Prachi Deshpande|title=Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12486-7|pages=136–|quote=Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the “chauvinism” he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas}}</ref> Likewise, though supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the [[Hindus|Hindu raja]] Chandrao More and his clan.<ref name="Bayly2011">{{cite book|author=C. A. Bayly|title=Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282|date=10 November 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50518-5|pages=282–}}</ref>',
36 => '[[Dennis Kincaid]], a British civil servant in India in 1937 published [[The Grand Rebel]] <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dennis Kincaid |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283296 |title=The Grand Rebel |date=1937}}</ref>. This book portrays Shivaji as a heroic rebel and a master strategist fighting a much larger Mughal Army <ref name="Gordon93" />.',
37 => '',
38 => '=== During Independence Movement ===',
39 => 'As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following a public outcry from Pune intellectuals, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as a great nationalist<ref>{{cite book |author=Girja Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA431 |title=The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-241-0525-2 |page=431}}</ref> <ref name="ChandraMukherjee2016">{{cite book |author1=Bipan Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC&pg=PT107 |title=India's Struggle for Independence |author2=Mridula Mukherjee |author3=Aditya Mukherjee |author4=K N Panikkar |author5=Sucheta Mahajan |date=9 August 2016 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-183-3 |pages=107–}}</ref>.',
40 => '',
41 => 'At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Mumbai, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.<ref name="Kurtz">{{cite book |author=Donald V. Kurtz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA63 |title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India |publisher=BRILL |year=1993 |isbn=978-90-04-09828-2 |pages=63–}}</ref>',
42 => '',
43 => '=== Post Independence ===',
44 => '[[File:Killa, Konavade.jpg|thumb|A replica of [[Raigad Fort]] built by children on occasion of Diwali as a tribute to Shivaji.]]In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains an important figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the [[Marathi people]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=KUBER |first=GIRISH |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245346175 |title=RENAISSANCE STATE : the unwritten story of the making of maharashtra. |date=2021 |publisher=HARPERCOLLINS INDIA |isbn=978-93-90327-39-3 |location=[S.l.] |pages=69–78 |oclc=1245346175}}</ref> ',
45 => '==== Political Parties ====',
46 => 'In 1966, the [[Shiv Sena]] ({{Literal translation|Army of Shivaji}}) political party was formed to promote the interests of Marathi speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power for locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda and icons of the party.<ref name="Naipaul2011">{{cite book |last=Naipaul |first=V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT65 |title=India: A Wounded Civilization |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-307-78934-1 |page=65 |author-link=V. S. Naipaul}}</ref>',
47 => 'Shivaji is upheld as a Hero by regional political parties and also by the Maratha caste dominated [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}}',
48 => '=== Controversies Related To Shivaji's Depiction ===',
49 => 'In the late 20th century, [[Babasaheb Purandare]] became one of the most significant author in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the ''Shiv-Shahir'' ({{Literal translation|Bard of Shivaji}}).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ |title=Lok Sabha Debates |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |year=1952 |page=121 |quote=Will the Minister of EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE AND CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ |title=The Indian P.E.N. |publisher=P.E.N. All-India Centre. |year=1964 |page=32 |quote=Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.}}</ref> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overemphasising the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}} and his [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news |author=Krishna Kumar |date=20 August 2015 |title=Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms}}</ref>',
50 => '== Commemorations ==',
51 => 'The headquarters in Mumbai of the [[Western Railway zone]], a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]], was renamed [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] in 1996 <ref>{{cite news |last1=Times |first1=Maharashtra |date=2017 |title=Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus |newspaper=Times of India |issue=30 June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms |access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>. International Airport in Mumbai is named [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] <ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2011 |title=Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion |newspaper=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/politics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html |access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref>. Indian Prime Minister in 2022 unveiled New insignia of [[Indian Navy]] inspired by seal of Shivaji <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-02 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils Indian Navy’s new ensign |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modi-unveils-indian-navys-new-ensign/article65839843.ece |access-date=2023-08-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>. '
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0 => 'Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Sultanate of Golkonda]], [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] and the [[Colonial India|European colonial powers]]. Shivaji used the difficult terrain of Western Ghats to his advantage. He captured and built new Hill Forts in Sahyadri Mountain range which proved very difficult for invading forces to capture, particularly Mughal armies. Shivaji perfected and used Guerilla Warfare to great success against much larger armies of Mughals and Deccan Sultanates. Shivaji built a formidable Navy which kept English Navy in check. Shivaji's exploits and potential of Maratha nation threatened Mughals so much that Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzib]] started a campaign to conquer Marathas shortly after Shivaji's Death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=M. N. |date=1976 |title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=221–235 |doi=10.2307/2053980 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref> This campaign, better known as [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], was a strategic defeat for Mughals. Aurangzeb failed to crush Marathas, and this campaign had a ruinous effect on Mughal Treasury and Army.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=Eric |date=24 Jun 2020 |title=The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680-1707 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711?journalCode=fswi20 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies}}</ref> Shortly after Aurangzeb's death, Marathas marched northwards, and soon confined Mughals to city of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Capper |first=John |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Delhi, the Capital of India |date=1997 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1282-2 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> ',
1 => 'The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent this [[Rajput]] general, Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I]] with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<ref name="Gordon93">{{cite book|author = Steward Gordon|title = The Marathas 1600–1818, Part 2, Volume 4| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| year = 1993|pages = 71–75}}</ref> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and their siege forces investing Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<ref name="Gordon93" />',
2 => '== Expansion of the Maratha Empire after Shivaji ==',
3 => '{{See also|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}',
4 => '[[File:Maratha Empire in 1758.png|right|thumb|Maratha Empire at its peak in 1758]]',
5 => 'Shivaji left behind a state always at odds with the Mughals. Soon after his death, in 1681, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South to capture territories held by the Marathas, the Bijapur-based Adilshahi and [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi of Golkonda]] respectively. He was successful in obliterating the Sultanates but could not subdue the Marathas after spending 27 years in the Deccan. The period saw the capture, torture, and execution of Sambhaji in 1689, and the Marathas offering strong resistance under the leadership of Sambhaji's successor, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] and then Rajaram's widow [[Tarabai]]. Territories changed hands repeatedly between the Mughals and the Marathas. Better known as [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]], this campaign had a ruinous effect on Mughal Empire. According to contemporary sources, about 2.5 million of Aurangzeb's army were killed during the Mughal–Maratha Wars (100,000 annually during a quarter-century), while 2 million civilians in war-torn lands died due to drought, [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[Famine in India|famine]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=White |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q5w9qmd1UeMC&pg=PP113&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Mughal&f=false |title=Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements |date=2011-10-20 |publisher=Canongate Books |isbn=978-0-85786-125-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |date=2007-09-17 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |language=en}}</ref> The conflict ended in [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|defeat for the Mughals in 1707.]]<ref name="John Clark Marshman">{{cite book |author=[[John Clark Marshman]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmT_Tv-VGUC&pg=PA93 |title=History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-108-02104-3 |page=93}}</ref>',
6 => '',
7 => '[[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]], a grandson of Shivaji and son of [[Sambhaji]], was kept prisoner by [[Aurangzeb]] during the 27-year period conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] and later his descendants, as [[Peshwa]]s (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] and grandson, Peshwa [[Balaji Bajirao]]. At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from [[Tamil Nadu]]{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=204}} in the south, to [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|Peshawar]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) in the north, and [[Expeditions in Bengal|Bengal]], in the east. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] to [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, [[Maratha Resurrection|Marathas regained influence]] in North India during the rule of [[Madhavrao Peshwa]].<ref name="Sen1994">{{cite book|author=Sailendra N. Sen|title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PR7|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-578-0|pages=6–7}}</ref>',
8 => '',
9 => 'In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, creating the [[Maratha Confederacy]].{{Sfn|Pearson, Shivaji and Mughal decline|1976|p=226}} They became known as [[Gaekwad]]s of [[Vadodara|Baroda]], the [[Holkar]]s of [[Indore]] and [[Malwa]], the [[Scindia]]s of [[Gwalior]] and [[Bhonsale]]s of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]]. In 1775, the [[East India Company]] intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, which resulted in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]. The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Anglo-Maratha]] wars (1805–1818), which left the company the dominant power in most of India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jeremy Black |date=2006 |title=A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-99039-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC&q=9780275990398}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Percival Spear|author-link=Percival Spear |date=1990 |orig-year=First published 1965 |title=A History of India |volume=2 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=129 |isbn=978-0-14-013836-8}}</ref>',
10 => '',
11 => '{{Clear}}',
12 => '',
13 => '== Legacy ==',
14 => '',
15 => '{{Further|Shivaji in popular culture}}',
16 => '',
17 => 'Shivaji was well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character.{{Sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=74}} He was recognized as a national hero during the Indian Independence Movement.<ref name="ChandraMukherjee2016">{{cite book|author1=Bipan Chandra|author2=Mridula Mukherjee|author3=Aditya Mukherjee|author4=K N Panikkar|author5= Sucheta Mahajan|title=India's Struggle for Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC&pg=PT107|date=9 August 2016|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-183-3|pages=107–}}</ref> ',
18 => '=== Early depictions ===',
19 => '=== Reimagining ===',
20 => '[[File:Bronze Statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle.jpg|thumb|right|A miniature Bronze statue of Shivaji Maharaj in the collection of the [[Aundh, Satara|Shri Bhavani Museum of Aundh]]]]',
21 => 'In the mid-19th century, Marathi social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule]] wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the shudras and [[Dalit]]s. Phule sought to use the Shivaji legends to undermine the Brahmins he accused of hijacking the narrative, and uplift the lower classes; his 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.<ref name="Chakravarti2014">{{cite book|author=Uma Chakravarti|title=Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|date=27 October 2014|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-83074-63-1|pages=79–}}</ref> At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Bombay, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.<ref name="Kurtz">{{cite book|author=Donald V. Kurtz |title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA63 |year=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09828-2 |pages=63–}}</ref>',
22 => 'In 1919, [[Jadunath Sarkar|Sarkar]] published the seminal ''Shivaji and His Times'', hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since [[James Grant Duff]]'s 1826 ''A History of the Mahrattas''. A respected scholar, Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.<ref name="Deshpande2007">{{cite book|author=Prachi Deshpande|title=Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12486-7|pages=136–|quote=Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the “chauvinism” he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas}}</ref> Likewise, though supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the [[Hindus|Hindu raja]] Chandrao More and his clan.<ref name="Bayly2011">{{cite book|author=C. A. Bayly|title=Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282|date=10 November 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50518-5|pages=282–}}</ref>',
23 => '=== Inspiration ===',
24 => '[[File:Killa, Konavade.jpg|thumb|A replica of [[Raigad Fort]] built by children on occasion of Diwali as a tribute to Shivaji.]]',
25 => 'As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following a public outcry from Pune intellectuals, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as a great nationalist.<ref>{{cite book|author=Girja Kumar |title=The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA431 |year=1997 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0525-2 |page=431}}</ref>',
26 => '',
27 => 'In 1966, the [[Shiv Sena]] ({{Literal translation|Army of Shivaji}}) political party was formed to promote the interests of Marathi speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power for locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda and icons of the party.<ref name="Naipaul2011">{{cite book|first=V. S. |last=Naipaul |author-link=V. S. Naipaul |title=India: A Wounded Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT65|year=2011|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-78934-1|page=65}}</ref>',
28 => 'In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains an important figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the [[Marathi people]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=KUBER |first=GIRISH |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245346175 |title=RENAISSANCE STATE : the unwritten story of the making of maharashtra. |date=2021 |publisher=HARPERCOLLINS INDIA |isbn=978-93-90327-39-3 |location=[S.l.] |pages=69–78 |oclc=1245346175}}</ref> Shivaji is upheld by regional political parties and also by the Maratha caste dominated [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}}',
29 => 'In the late 20th century, [[Babasaheb Purandare]] became one of the most significant author in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the ''Shiv-Shahir'' ({{Literal translation|Bard of Shivaji}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ|year=1952|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=121|quote=Will the Minister of EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE AND CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian P.E.N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=P.E.N. All-India Centre.|page=32|quote=Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.}}</ref> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overemphasising the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}} and his [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms|title=Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests|author=Krishna Kumar|date=20 August 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>',
30 => 'In September 2022, prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] unveiled the new [[Indian Naval Ensign]] to replace the St. George's Cross design used from 2004, which includes a [[navy blue]]-[[Gold (color)|gold]] octagon bearing naval crest in the fly.<ref name="Lion Ensign">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/colonial-st-georges-cross-dropped-for-chhatrapati-shivajis-seal-on-indian-navys-new-flag/1112742/|title=Colonial St. George's Cross dropped for Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's seal on Indian Navy's new flag|website=theprint.in|date=2 September 2022}}</ref> The octagon is an emulation of a royal seal of Shivaji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/was-shivaji-the-first-indian-ruler-to-build-the-navy#read-more|title=Was Shivaji The 'First Indian Ruler' to Build the Navy?|website=www.thequint.com|date=20 February 2018}}</ref>',
31 => '=== Controversy ===',
32 => '=== Commemorations ===',
33 => 'The headquarters in Mumbai of the [[Western Railway zone]] a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]], formerly called Victoria Terminus, was ',
34 => 'renamed [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] in 1996 <ref>{{cite news |last1=Times |first1=Maharashtra |date=2017 |title=Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus |newspaper=Times of India |issue=30 June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms |access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>. International Airport in Mumbai is named [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] <ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2011 |title=Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion |newspaper=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/politics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html |access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref>. Indian Prime Minister in 2022 unveiled New insignia of [[Indian Navy]] inspired by seal of Shivaji <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-02 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils Indian Navy’s new ensign |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modi-unveils-indian-navys-new-ensign/article65839843.ece |access-date=2023-08-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>. '
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian king and founder of the Maratha Empire (r. 1674–80)</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivaji_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shivaji (disambiguation)">Shivaji (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; font-size: 125%">Shivaji I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Shakakarta<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222-1">[1]</a></sup><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith#Other" title="Defender of the Faith">Haindava Dharmoddharak</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chandra1982_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra1982-2">[2]</a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/440px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Shivaji (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680s</span>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">1st <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1674–1680</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li>6 June 1674 (first)</li>
<li>24 September 1674 (second)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peshwa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moropant_Trimbak_Pingle" title="Moropant Trimbak Pingle">Moropant Trimbak Pingle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">19 February 1630<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivneri_Fort" title="Shivneri Fort">Shivneri Fort</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a> (present-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 April 1680 (aged 50)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahad" title="Mahad">Mahad</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> (present-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sai_Bhonsale" title="Sai Bhonsale">Sai Bhonsale</a></div>
<div class="marriage-line-margin2px">​</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1640; died 1659)<wbr />​</div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1650)<wbr />​</div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putalabai" title="Putalabai">Putalabai</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1653)<wbr />​</div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakvarbai" title="Sakvarbai">Sakvarbai</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1656)<wbr />​</div>
<ul><li>Kashibai Jadhav<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260-3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Bhonsle" title="House of Bhonsle">Bhonsle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahaji" title="Shahaji">Shahaji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jijabai" title="Jijabai">Jijabai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_I_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shivaji I's signature"><img alt="Shivaji I's signature" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shivaji_I_signature.png/125px-Shivaji_I_signature.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shivaji_I_signature.png/188px-Shivaji_I_signature.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shivaji_I_signature.png/250px-Shivaji_I_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Shivaji I</b> (<i>Shivaji Shahaji Bhosale</i>; <small>Marathi pronunciation: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="mr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">[ʃiʋaːd͡ʒiˑ bʱoˑs(ə)leˑ]</a></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>), also referred to as <b>Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj</b>, was an Indian ruler and a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha clan">Maratha clan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-6">[6]</a></sup> Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the declining <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adilshahi_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adilshahi sultanate">Adilshahi sultanate</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a> which formed the genesis of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>. In 1674, he was formally crowned the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></i> of his realm at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golkonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Golkonda">Sultanate of Golkonda</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Sultanate of Bijapur</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">European colonial powers</a>. Shivaji used the difficult terrain of Western Ghats to his advantage. He captured and built new Hill Forts in Sahyadri Mountain range which proved very difficult for invading forces to capture, particularly Mughal armies. Shivaji perfected and used Guerilla Warfare to great success against much larger armies of Mughals and Deccan Sultanates. Shivaji built a formidable Navy which kept English Navy in check.
</p><p>Shivaji's exploits and potential of Maratha nation threatened Mughals so much that Mughal Emperor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzib</a> started a campaign to conquer Marathas shortly after Shivaji's Death <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>. This campaign, better known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_Wars" title="Mughal–Maratha Wars">Mughal–Maratha Wars</a>, was a strategic defeat for Mughals. Aurangzeb failed to crush Marathas, and this campaign had a ruinous effect on Mughal Treasury and Army.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Shortly after Aurangzeb's death, Marathas marched northwards, and soon confined Mughals to city of Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions, court conventions and promoted the usage of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> languages, replacing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> in court and administration.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a></sup> Praised for his chivalrous treatment of Women by his enemies, Shivaji employed people of all castes in his administration and army.
</p><p>Shivaji's legacy has varied by observer and time. Contemporary English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, and Italian writers praised his exploits and stratagems. Mughal depictions of Shivaji were mostly negative, although most authors praised his chivalrous treatment of women. At the beginning of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, Indian nationalists elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279-81_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279-81-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhra Tilak</a> painted him as a "opponent of the oppressor". For <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a>, he was a hero of Shudras.
</p><p>In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he is an important figure in the state's history, and an integral part of identity of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background_and_context"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background and context</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Conflict_with_Bijapur_sultanate"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Conflict with Bijapur sultanate</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Combat_with_Afzal_Khan"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Combat with Afzal Khan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Siege_of_Panhala"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Siege of Panhala</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Battle_of_Pavan_Khind"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Battle of Pavan Khind</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Conflict_with_the_Mughals"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Conflict with the Mughals</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Attacks_on_Shaista_Khan_and_Surat"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Treaty_of_Purandar"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Treaty of Purandar</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Arrest_in_Agra_and_escape"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Arrest in Agra and escape</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Peace_with_the_Mughals"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Peace with the Mughals</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Reconquest"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reconquest</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Battles_of_Umrani_and_Nesari"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Battles of Umrani and Nesari</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Coronation"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Coronation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Conquest_of_southern_India"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Conquest of southern India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Issue"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Issue</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Death_and_succession"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Death and succession</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Aurangzeb's_Campaign_Against_Marathas_And_Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Aurangzeb's Campaign Against Marathas And Aftermath</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Governance"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Governance</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Ashta_Pradhan_Mandal"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ashta Pradhan Mandal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Promotion_of_Marathi_and_Sanskrit"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Religious_policy"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religious policy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Ramdas"><span class="tocnumber">11.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ramdas</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Seal"><span class="tocnumber">11.4</span> <span class="toctext">Seal</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Shivaji's_mode_of_warfare"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Shivaji's mode of warfare</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Hill_forts"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hill forts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Navy"><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Navy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Depictions_And_Interpretations_Of_Shivaji"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Depictions And Interpretations Of Shivaji</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Contemporaneous_View"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporaneous View</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Early_Depictions"><span class="tocnumber">13.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early Depictions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Nineteenth_Century"><span class="tocnumber">13.3</span> <span class="toctext">Nineteenth Century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#During_Independence_Movement"><span class="tocnumber">13.4</span> <span class="toctext">During Independence Movement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Post_Independence"><span class="tocnumber">13.5</span> <span class="toctext">Post Independence</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Political_Parties"><span class="tocnumber">13.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Political Parties</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Controversies_Related_To_Shivaji's_Depiction"><span class="tocnumber">13.6</span> <span class="toctext">Controversies Related To Shivaji's Depiction</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Commemorations"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Commemorations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">15.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">15.2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">15.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_life_of_Shivaji" title="Early life of Shivaji">Early life of Shivaji</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhonsle#origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle § origin</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg/220px-Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg/330px-Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg/440px-Shahaji_and_Shivaji_at_Jejuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Young Shivaji (right) meets his father <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahaji" title="Shahaji">Shahaji</a> (left).</figcaption></figure>
<p>Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivneri">Shivneri</a>, near the city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Junnar" title="Junnar">Junnar</a>, which is now in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pune_district" title="Pune district">Pune district</a>. Scholars disagree on his date of birth. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a> lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shiv_Jayanti" title="Shiv Jayanti">Shivaji Jayanti</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[a]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sen2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-21">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup> Shivaji was named after a local deity, the goddess Shivai Devi.<s></s><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192019-23">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup> Shivaji's father <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahaji_Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahaji Bhonsle">Shahaji Bhonsle</a> was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> general who served the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Sultanates">Deccan Sultanates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton2005_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton2005-25">[24]</a></sup> His mother was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jijabai" title="Jijabai">Jijabai</a> the daughter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lakhuji_Jadhavrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhuji Jadhavrao">Lakhuji Jadhavrao</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhkhed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhkhed">Sindhkhed</a>, a Mughal-aligned <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">sardar</a> claiming descent from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Seuna</a> royal family of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Devagiri">Devagiri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metha2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metha2004-26">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Menon2011_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon2011-27">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji belonged to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> family of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle</a> clan.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulkarni1963_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni1963-28">[27]</a></sup> His paternal grandfather <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maloji_Bhosale" title="Maloji Bhosale">Maloji</a> (1552–1597) was an influential general of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a>, and was awarded the epithet of "Raja". He was given <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">deshmukhi</a></i> rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan and Indapur for military expenses. He was also given Fort Shivneri for his family's residence (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1590</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salma314_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salma314-30">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the time of Shivaji's birth, power in the Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmednagar</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda</a>. Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nizam_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam Shahi dynasty">Nizamshahi</a> of Ahmadnagar, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adilshah</a> of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a></i> (fiefdom) at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> and his small army.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton2005_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton2005-25">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Background_and_context">Background and context</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and context">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:MainEntranceGate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MainEntranceGate.jpg/220px-MainEntranceGate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MainEntranceGate.jpg/330px-MainEntranceGate.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MainEntranceGate.jpg/440px-MainEntranceGate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivneri_Fort" title="Shivneri Fort">Shivneri Fort</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg/220px-JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg/330px-JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg/440px-JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Map of Southern India <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1605</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1636, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adil Shahi sultanate</a> of Bijapur invaded the kingdoms to its south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-6">[6]</a></sup> The sultanate had recently become a tributary state of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam200233–35_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam200233–35-31">[30]</a></sup> It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was a chieftain in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maratha uplands</a> of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of rewards of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a></i> land in the conquered territories, the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shahaji was a rebel from brief Mughal service. Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by the Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army and Shivaji and his mother Jijabai had to move from fort to fort.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1636, Shahaji joined in the service of Bijapur and obtained <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Poona</a> as a grant. Shahaji, being deployed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> by the Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dadoji_Kondadeo" title="Dadoji Kondadeo">Dadoji Kondadeo</a> as Poona's administrator. Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> Kondadeo died in 1647 and Shivaji took over its administration. One of his first acts directly challenged the Bijapuri government.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conflict_with_Bijapur_sultanate">Conflict with Bijapur sultanate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conflict with Bijapur sultanate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji took the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna Fort</a>, taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the Bijapur court due to the ailment of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammed_Adil_Shah,_Sultan_of_Bijapur" title="Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur">Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah</a>,
and seized the large treasure he found there.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-35">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199361_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199361-36">[35]</a></sup> In the following two years, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purandar_Fort" title="Purandar Fort">Purandar</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kondhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondhana">Kondhana</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chakan_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakan Fort">Chakan</a>. He also brought areas east of Pune around <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supa,_Parner" title="Supa, Parner">Supa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baramati" title="Baramati">Baramati</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indapur" title="Indapur">Indapur</a> under his direct control. He used the treasure found at Torna to build a new fort named <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad_Fort" title="Rajgad Fort">Rajgad</a>.That fort served as the seat of his government for over a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-35">[34]</a></sup> After this, Shivaji turned west to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> and took possession of the important town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalyan" title="Kalyan">Kalyan</a>. Bijapur government took note of these happenings and sought to take action. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a fellow Maratha sardar called, Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapur government, in a bid to contain Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shahaji was released in 1649 after the capture of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gingee_Fort" title="Gingee Fort">Jinji</a> secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During the period of 1649–1655 Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192041–42_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192041–42-38">[37]</a></sup> Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mor%C3%A8_(clan)" title="Morè (clan)">
Chandrarao More</a>, a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawali,_Maharashtra" title="Jawali, Maharashtra">
Javali</a>, near the present-day hill station of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahabaleshwar" title="Mahabaleshwar">Mahabaleshwar</a>, from him.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup> The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into South and South-west Maharashtra. In addition to the Bhonsle and the More families, many others including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawant" title="Sawant">Sawant</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawantwadi_State" title="Sawantwadi State">Sawantwadi</a>, Ghorpade of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mudhol_State" title="Mudhol State">Mudhol</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nimbalkar" title="Nimbalkar">Nimbalkar</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phaltan" title="Phaltan">Phaltan</a>, Shirke, Mane and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohite" title="Mohite">Mohite</a> also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">Deshmukhi</a> rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families such as forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon2007-40">[39]</a></sup>
Shahaji in his later years had an ambivalent attitude to his son, and disavowed his rebellious activities.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup> He told the Bijapuris to do whatever they wanted with Shivaji. Shahaji died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Combat_with_Afzal_Khan">Combat with Afzal Khan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Combat with Afzal Khan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg/220px-Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg/330px-Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg/440px-Death_of_Afzal_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>An early-20th-century painting by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawlaram_Haldankar" title="Sawlaram Haldankar">Sawlaram Haldankar</a> of Shivaji fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pratapgad_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg/260px-Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg/390px-Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg/520px-Pratapgad_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a> fort</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Bijapur sultanate was displeased at their losses to Shivaji's forces, which their vassal Shahaji disavowed. After a peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of the young <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ali Adil Shah II">Ali Adil Shah II</a> as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199366_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199366-42">[41]</a></sup> In 1657 the sultan, or more likely his mother and regent, sent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afzal_Khan_(general)" title="Afzal Khan (general)">Afzal Khan</a>, a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulja_Bhavani_Temple" title="Tulja Bhavani Temple">Tulja Bhavani Temple</a>, holy to Shivaji's family, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vithoba_Temple" title="Vithoba Temple">Vithoba temple</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a>, a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards1995_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards1995-43">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015183–184_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015183–184-44">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a> fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly2000_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly2000-46">[45]</a></sup> The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private, outside the fort, for negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy2012_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2012-47">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence201417_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence201417-48">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192070_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192070-49">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[b]</a></sup> wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bagh_nakh" title="Bagh nakh">bagh nakh</a></i> (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period196022_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period196022-52">[50]</a></sup> The precise transpirings are not recoverable to historical certainty and remains enmeshed with legends in Maratha sources; however, they agree upon the fact that the protagonists landed themselves in a physical struggle which would prove fatal for Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[c]</a></sup> Khan's dagger failed to pierce Shivaji's armour, but Shivaji had him disemboweled; he then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960-55">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the ensuing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">Battle of Pratapgarh</a> fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a>'s forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075-56">[53]</a></sup> After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075-56">[53]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Siege_of_Panhala">Siege of Panhala</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Siege of Panhala">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji's army marched towards the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a>, seizing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhala_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhala fort">Panhala fort</a>, and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rustam_Zaman" title="Rustam Zaman">Rustam Zaman</a> and Fazl Khan in 1659.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192078_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192078-57">[54]</a></sup> In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhala_Fort" title="Panhala Fort">Panhala</a> in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajapur,_Maharashtra" title="Rajapur, Maharashtra">Rajapur</a> to increase his efficacy, and also hired some English artillerymen to assist in his bombardment of the fort, conspicuously flying a flag used by the English. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would retaliate by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the factors, imprisoning them until mid-1663.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920266_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920266-58">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;<sup id="cite_ref-Ali1996_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali1996-59">[56]</a></sup> Shivaji retook Panhala in 1673.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011283_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011283-60">[57]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle_of_Pavan_Khind">Battle of Pavan Khind</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Pavan Khind">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">Battle of Pavan Khind</a></div><p> Shivaji escaped from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baji_Prabhu_Deshpande" title="Baji Prabhu Deshpande">Baji Prabhu Deshpande</a> of Bandal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">Deshmukh</a>, along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vishalgad" title="Vishalgad">Vishalgad</a> fort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957-61">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the ensuing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">Battle of Pavan Khind</a>, the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,<sup id="cite_ref-Kulkarni1963_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni1963-28">[27]</a></sup> signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 13 July 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-KulkarniIndia1992_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulkarniIndia1992-62">[59]</a></sup> <i>Ghod Khind</i> (<i>khind</i> meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed <i>Paavan Khind</i> ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there.<sup id="cite_ref-KulkarniIndia1992_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulkarniIndia1992-62">[59]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conflict_with_the_Mughals">Conflict with the Mughals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conflict with the Mughals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, the son of the Mughal Emperor and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of the Deccan, in conquering Bijapur in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages under his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192055–56_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192055–56-63">[60]</a></sup> Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmednagar" title="Ahmednagar">Ahmednagar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a></sup> This was followed by raids in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Junnar" title="Junnar">Junnar</a>, with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hun_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun (coin)">hun</a></i> in cash and 200 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192057_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192057-65">[62]</a></sup> Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battle of succession with his brothers for the Mughal throne following the illness of the emperor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192060_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192060-66">[63]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Attacks_on_Shaista_Khan_and_Surat">Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chakan" title="Battle of Chakan">Battle of Chakan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" title="Battle of Surat">Battle of Surat</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg/220px-Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg/330px-Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Shaistekhan_Surprised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>A 20th century depiction of Shivaji's surprise attack on Mughal general Shaista Khan in Pune by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M.V._Dhurandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="M.V. Dhurandhar">M.V. Dhurandhar</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Upon the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaista_Khan" title="Shaista Khan">Shaista Khan</a>, with an army numbering over 150,000 along with a powerful artillery division in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chakan,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakan, Maharashtra">Chakan</a>, besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a></sup> Shaista Khan pressed his advantage of having a larger, better provisioned and heavily armed Mughal army and made inroads into some of the Maratha territory, seizing the city of Pune and establishing his residence at Shivaji's palace of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lal_Mahal" title="Lal Mahal">Lal Mahal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Shaista Khan's camp.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a></sup> He, along with his 400 men, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a></sup> In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son, several of his wives, servants and soldiers were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a></sup> The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2009543_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2009543-72">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" title="Battle of Surat">sacked the port city of Surat</a>, a wealthy Mughal trading centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005491_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005491-73">[70]</a></sup> On 13
February 1665, he also conducted a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">naval raid</a> on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> held <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basrur" title="Basrur">Basrur</a> in present day Karnataka, and gained a large booty.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Treaty_of_Purandar">Treaty of Purandar</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treaty of Purandar">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Purandar_(1665)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Purandar (1665)">Treaty of Purandar (1665)</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg/220px-Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg/330px-Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg/440px-Jai_Singh_and_Shivaji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Raja <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jai_Singh_I" title="Jai Singh I">Jai Singh</a> of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Purandar_(1665)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Purandar (1665)">Treaty of Purandar</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent this <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> general, Mirza Raja <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jai_Singh_I" title="Jai Singh I">Jai Singh I</a> with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon93_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-76">[73]</a></sup> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and their siege forces investing Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon93_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-76">[73]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Purandar_(1665)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Purandar (1665)">Treaty of Purandar</a>, signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pagoda_(coin)" title="Pagoda (coin)">hun</a> to the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258-77">[74]</a></sup> Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan as a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mansabdar" title="Mansabdar">mansabdar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077-78">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199374_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199374-79">[76]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arrest_in_Agra_and_escape">Arrest in Agra and escape</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arrest in Agra and escape">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg/220px-Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg/330px-Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg/440px-Raja_Shivaji_at_Aurangzeb%27s_Darbar-_M_V_Dhurandhar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>20th century depiction by M.V. Dhurandhar of Raja Shivaji at the court of Mughal Badshah, Aurangzeb.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb's planned to send Shivaji to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, in the court, on 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, men he had already defeated in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a></sup> Shivaji took offence and stormed out of court,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199378_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199378-81">[78]</a></sup> and was promptly placed under house arrest. Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, guaranteed custody of Shivaji and his son.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, tried to influence Aurangzeb's decision.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a></sup>
Meanwhile, Shivaji hatched a plan to free himself. He sent most of his men back home and asked Ram Singh to withdraw his guarantees to the emperor for the safe custody of himself and his son and surrendered himself to Mughal forces.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-84">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a></sup> Shivaji then pretended to be ill and began sending out large baskets packed with sweets to be given to the Brahmins and poor as penance.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a></sup> On 17 August 1666, by putting himself in one of the large baskets and his son Sambhaji in another, Shivaji escaped and left Agra.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[d]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Peace_with_the_Mughals">Peace with the Mughals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Peace with the Mughals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098-95">[91]</a></sup> During the period between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mansabdar" title="Mansabdar">Mughal mansabdar</a> with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji with general <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prataprao_Gujar" title="Prataprao Gujar">Prataprao Gujar</a> to serve with the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Prince Mu'azzam</a>. Sambhaji was also granted territory in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berar_Sultanate" title="Berar Sultanate">Berar</a> for revenue collection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920185_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920185-96">[92]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> also permitted Shivaji to attack the decaying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adil Shahi</a>; the weakened Sultan <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_II" title="Ali Adil Shah II">Ali Adil Shah II</a> sued for peace and granted the rights of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardeshmukhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardeshmukhi">sardeshmukhi</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chauth" title="Chauth">chauthai</a></i> to Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas1993231_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas1993231-97">[93]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reconquest">Reconquest</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reconquest">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg/220px-Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg/330px-Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg/440px-Shivaji_Rijksmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="3172" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch</a> painting depicting Shivaji <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670. At that time Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and may even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-Deopujari1973_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deopujari1973-98">[94]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460-99">[95]</a></sup> Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461-100">[96]</a></sup> The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover the money lent to him a few years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174-101">[97]</a></sup> In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and recovered a major portion of the territories surrendered to them in a span of four months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175-102">[98]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji sacked Surat for a second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mawara-un-Nahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawara-un-Nahr">Mawara-un-Nahr</a> who was returning from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals resumed hostilities with the Marathas, sending a force under Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat, but were defeated in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189-103">[99]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393-104">[100]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Battles_of_Umrani_and_Nesari">Battles of Umrani and Nesari</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battles of Umrani and Nesari">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 1674, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prataprao_Gujar" title="Prataprao Gujar">Prataprao Gujar</a>, the commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces, was sent to push back the invading force led by the Bijapuri general, Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233-105">[101]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji sent a displeased letter to Prataprao, refusing him audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by his commander's rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind. Prataprao was killed in combat; Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_Chhatrapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaram Chhatrapati">Rajaram</a>, to Prataprao's daughter. Prataprao was succeeded by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hambirrao_Mohite" title="Hambirrao Mohite">Hambirrao Mohite</a>, as the new <i>sarnaubat</i> (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a> was newly built by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiroji_Indulkar" title="Hiroji Indulkar">Hiroji Indulkar</a> as a capital of the nascent Maratha kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Malavika_1999_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malavika_1999-106">[102]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Coronation">Coronation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Coronation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg/280px-The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg/420px-The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg/560px-The_Coronation_Durbar_with_over_100_characters_depicted_in_attendance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>20th century depiction of the Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance by M.V. Dhurandhar</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Deccan,_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj,_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg/220px-Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg/330px-Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg/440px-Deccan%2C_ritratto_di_chhatrapati_shivaji_maharaj%2C_bijapur_1675_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="3726" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Shivaji I c.1675</figcaption></figure>
<p>Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacking a formal title, he was still technically a Mughal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindar</a> or the son of a Bijapuri <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">jagirdar</a>, with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. A kingly title could address this and also prevent any challenges by other Maratha leaders, to whom he was technically equal.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[e]</a></sup> it would also provide the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Hindu Marathas</a> with a fellow Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240-109">[104]</a></sup>
</p><p>The preparation for the proposed coronation began in 1673. However, some controversial problems delayed the coronation by almost a year.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a></sup> Controversy erupted amongst the Brahmins of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kshatriya</a> (warrior) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a> in Hindu society.<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi1999_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi1999-111">[106]</a></sup> Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorised him as being of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">shudra</a> (cultivator) varna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388-112">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BaviskarAttwood2013_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaviskarAttwood2013-113">[108]</a></sup> They noted that Shivaji had never had a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred thread">sacred thread</a> ceremony, and did not wear the thread, which a kshatriya would.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388-112">[107]</a></sup> Shivaji summoned <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaga_Bhatt" title="Gaga Bhatt">Gaga Bhatt</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">pandit</a> of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sisodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisodia">Sisodias</a>, and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one in need of the ceremonies befitting his rank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmythoflokamanya00richpage7_7]_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmythoflokamanya00richpage7_7]-114">[109]</a></sup> To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the Vedic rites expected of a kshatriya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321-115">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Godsmark2018_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godsmark2018-116">[111]</a></sup> However, following historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to Rajput, and specifically Sisodia ancestry may be interpreted as being anything from tenuous at best, to inventive in a more extreme reading.<sup id="cite_ref-Varma_&_Saberwal_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varma_&_Saberwal-117">[112]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 28 May, Shivaji performed penance for not observing Kshatriya rites by his ancestors' and himself for so long. Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatt with the sacred thread.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244-118">[113]</a></sup> On insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatt dropped the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji in a modified form of the life of the twice-born, instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmins. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins, deliberate or accidental, committed in his own lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245-119">[114]</a></sup> He was weighed separately against seven metals including gold, silver and several other articles like fine linen, camphor, salt, sugar etc. All these metals and articles along with a lakh of hun were distributed among the Brahmins. But even this failed to satisfy the greed of the Brahmins. Two of the learned Brahmins pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had burnt cities involving the death of Brahmins, cows, women and children and he could be cleansed of this sin for a price of Rs. 8,000, and Shivaji paid this amount.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245-119">[114]</a></sup> Total expenditure made for feeding the assemblage, general alms giving, throne and ornaments approached 1.5 million Rupees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252-120">[115]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji was crowned king of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> (<i>Hindawi Swaraj</i>) in a lavish ceremony on 6 June 1674 at Raigad fort.<sup id="cite_ref-Pillai2018_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pillai2018-121">[116]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barua2005_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barua2005-122">[117]</a></sup> In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> it was on the 13th day (<i>trayodashi</i>) of the first fortnight of the month of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jyeshtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyeshtha">Jyeshtha</a></i> in the year 1596.<sup id="cite_ref-RauArchives1980_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RauArchives1980-123">[118]</a></sup> Gaga Bhatt officiated, pouring water from a gold vessel filled with the waters of the seven sacred rivers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krishna_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna river">Krishna</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before Jijabai and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920-124">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a></sup> Shivaji was entitled <i>Shakakarta</i> ("founder of an era")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222-1">[1]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></i> ("<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a>"). He also took the title of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Father_of_the_Faithful" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of the Faithful">Haindava Dharmodhhaarak</a></i> (protector of the Hindu faith)<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra1982_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra1982-2">[2]</a></sup> and Kshatriya Kulavantas.<sup id="cite_ref-Sardesai2002_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sardesai2002-126">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kulkarnee1975_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarnee1975-127">[122]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh1998_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh1998-128">[123]</a></sup> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></i> is one of the four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varnas</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[f]</a></sup> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">kulavantas</i></span> means the 'head of the <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">kula</i></span>, or race'.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma1978_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma1978-130">[124]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji's mother Jijabai died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a tantrik priest, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. This second coronation on 24 September 1674 had a dual-use, mollifying those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by performing a less-contestable additional ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-Srivastava1964_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srivastava1964-131">[125]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Branch1975_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch1975-132">[126]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharma1951_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma1951-133">[127]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conquest_of_southern_India">Conquest of southern India</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conquest of southern India">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tanjore_Maratha_Kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tanjore_Maratha_Kingdom.jpg/220px-Tanjore_Maratha_Kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Tanjore_Maratha_Kingdom.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thanjavur_Maratha_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Maratha kingdom">Tanjavur Maratha Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a> (October), capturing Bijapuri <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponda,_Goa" title="Ponda, Goa">Ponda</a> (April 1675), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karwar" title="Karwar">Karwar</a> (mid-year), and Kolhapur (July).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017-134">[128]</a></sup> In November, the Maratha navy skirmished with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddis</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janjira_State" title="Janjira State">Janjira</a>, but failed to dislodge them.<sup id="cite_ref-(India)1967_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(India)1967-135">[129]</a></sup> Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a civil war that had broken out between the Deccanis and the Afghans at Bijapur, Shivaji raided <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athani_(Karnataka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athani (Karnataka)">Athani</a> in April 1676.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258-136">[130]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the run-up to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-Kruijtzer2009_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruijtzer2009-137">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a></sup> His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> for a month and entered into a treaty with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qutubshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutubshah">Qutubshah</a> of the Golkonda sultanate, agreeing to reject his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals. In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276-139">[133]</a></sup> Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vellore" title="Vellore">Vellore</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gingee" title="Gingee">Gingee</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Jr.2010_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jr.2010-140">[134]</a></sup> the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290-141">[135]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venkoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkoji">Venkoji</a> (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohite_(clan)" title="Mohite (clan)">Mohite</a>), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> plateau. Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji and also convinced her husband to distance himself from Muslim advisors. In the end, Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahaji" title="Shahaji">Shahji</a>'s memorial (<i>samadhi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251-142">[136]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jayapal1997_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayapal1997-143">[137]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Issue">Issue</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Issue">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th width="20%">Name
</th>
<th width="100">Mother
</th>
<th>Lifespan
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Sakhubai Nimbalkar
</td>
<td rowspan="4"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sai_Bhonsale" title="Sai Bhonsale">Sai Bhonsale</a>
</td>
<td>1651 - Unknown
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ranubai Jadhav
</td>
<td>1653 - Unknown
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ambikabai Mahadik
</td>
<td>1655 - Unknown
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji I</a>
</td>
<td>14 May 1657 - 11 March 1689
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Deepabai
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai</a>
</td>
<td>Unknown
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a>
</td>
<td>24 February 1670 - 3 March 1700
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kamlabai
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakvarbai" title="Sakvarbai">Sakvarbai</a>
</td>
<td>Unknown
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death and succession">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sambhaji_Maharaj.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_Maharaj.JPG/220px-Sambhaji_Maharaj.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_Maharaj.JPG/330px-Sambhaji_Maharaj.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_Maharaj.JPG/440px-Sambhaji_Maharaj.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a>, Shivaji's elder son who succeeded him</figcaption></figure>
<p>The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated. Shivaji confined his son to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhala" title="Panhala">Panhala</a> in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> for a year. Sambhaji then returned home, unrepentant, and was again confined to Panhala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200547_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200547-144">[138]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji died around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 50,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278-145">[139]</a></sup> on the eve of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a>. The cause of Shivaji's death is disputed. British records states that Shivaji died of bloody flux being sick for 12 days.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[g]</a></sup> In a contemporary work in Portuguese, the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded cause of death of Shivaji is anthrax.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-149">[142]</a></sup> However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabhasad_Bakhar" title="Sabhasad Bakhar">Sabhasad Bakhar</a>, the biography of Shivaji has mentioned fever as the cause of death of Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-150">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-149">[142]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putalabai" title="Putalabai">Putalabai</a>, the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a></i> by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200547_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200547-144">[138]</a></sup> There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai</a> had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_Chhatrapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaram Chhatrapati">Rajaram</a> on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201753_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201753-151">[144]</a></sup>
</p><p>After Shivaji's death, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai</a> made plans with various ministers of the administration to crown her son <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram</a> rather than her stepson <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a>. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a> after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200548_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200548-152">[145]</a></sup> Rajaram, his mother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai</a> and wife <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jankibai" title="Jankibai">Janki Bai</a> were imprisoned, and Soyrabai executed on charges of conspiracy that October.<sup id="cite_ref-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004-153">[146]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="Aurangzeb.27s_Campaign_Against_Marathas_And_Aftermath"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Aurangzeb's_Campaign_Against_Marathas_And_Aftermath">Aurangzeb's Campaign Against Marathas And Aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aurangzeb's Campaign Against Marathas And Aftermath">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_Wars" title="Mughal–Maratha Wars">Mughal–Maratha Wars</a></div>
<p>Soon after Shivaji's death, in 1681, Aurangzeb launched an offensive in the South to capture territories held by the Marathas, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adil Shahi</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Qutb Shahi</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golconda" title="Golconda">Golconda</a> respectively. He was successful in obliterating the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adil Shahi</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Qutb Shahi</a> dynasties, but could not subdue the Marathas. Better known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_Wars" title="Mughal–Maratha Wars">Mughal–Maratha Wars</a>, this campaign nominally increased the size of Mughal Empire, but ended in a strategic defeat and had a ruinous effect on Mughal Empire. Aurangzeb spent 27 years in Deccan, but ultimately failed to achieve his objective of conquering Marathas, drained Mughal Treasury, and damaged strength and morale of Mughal Army almost irreparably. According to contemporary sources, about 2.5 million of Aurangzeb's army were killed during the Mughal–Maratha Wars (100,000 annually during a quarter-century), while 2 million civilians in war-torn lands died due to drought, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Famine_in_India" title="Famine in India">famine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a></sup> The conflict ended in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_Wars" title="Mughal–Maratha Wars">defeat for the Mughals in 1707.</a><sup id="cite_ref-John_Clark_Marshman_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Clark_Marshman-156">[149]</a></sup>
</p><p>This period saw the capture, torture, and execution of Sambhaji in 1689, and the Marathas offering strong resistance under the leadership of Sambhaji's successor, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_Chhatrapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaram Chhatrapati">Rajaram</a> and then Rajaram's widow <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarabai" title="Tarabai">Tarabai</a>. Territories changed hands repeatedly between the Mughals and the Marathas.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chattrapati_Shahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattrapati Shahu">Shahu</a>, a grandson of Shivaji and son of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a>, was kept prisoner by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> during the 27-year period conflict. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. Early in his reign, he appointed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaji_Vishwanath" title="Balaji Vishwanath">Balaji Vishwanath</a> and later his descendants, as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwas</a> (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a> and grandson, Peshwa <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaji_Bajirao" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaji Bajirao">Balaji Bajirao</a>.
</p><p>In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaekwad" title="Gaekwad">Gaekwads</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Baroda</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holkar" title="Holkar">Holkars</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Scindias</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhonsale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsale">Bhonsales</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nagpur_kingdom" title="Nagpur kingdom">Nagpur</a>, thus creating <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson,_Shivaji_and_Mughal_decline1976226_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson,_Shivaji_and_Mughal_decline1976226-157">[150]</a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2><p>
Shivaji's biggest legacy was creation of Maratha Empire which, for all purposes, destroyed military and economic strength and prestige of the Mughal Empire. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Maratha_Empire_in_1758.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Maratha_Empire_in_1758.png/220px-Maratha_Empire_in_1758.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Maratha_Empire_in_1758.png/330px-Maratha_Empire_in_1758.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Maratha_Empire_in_1758.png/440px-Maratha_Empire_in_1758.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Maratha Empire at its peak in 1758</figcaption></figure><p>Soon after Aurangzeb's defeat, Marathas started to capture Mughal Territories. By 1734, Marathas were firmly established in Malwa. By 1737 Marathas had carried out raids as far as Bundlekhand, Rajputana, Doab, and defeated an imperial army outside walls of Delhi <sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a></sup>. Facing defeat in 1738, Nizam, acting on authority of Mughal Emperor, recognised Marathas as rulers of Malwa and sovereign of all territories between Narmada and Chambal <sup id="cite_ref-Gordon93_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-76">[73]</a></sup>. In 1751, a treaty between Raghuji Bhonsle and Alivardi Khan effectively made Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa Maratha provinces <sup id="cite_ref-Gordon93_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-76">[73]</a></sup>. Marathas steadily continued their northward march. Stewart Gordon writes <sup id="cite_ref-Gordon93_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-76">[73]</a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>In the 1750s, the "frontier" extended north to Delhi. In this period, the Mughal government directly controlled little territory further than fifty miles from the capital. Even this was fiercely fought over. Jats and Rohillas disputed for the territory; factions fought for the throne, and the Afghan king, Ahmad Shah Abdali, periodically descended on the capital.
</p><p>...
</p><p>
For the Marathas, probably the two most significant events of the whole chaotic period in Delhi were a treaty in 1752, which made them protector of the Mughal throne (and gave them the right to collect chauth in the Punjab), and the civil war of 1753, by which the Maratha nominee ended up on the Mughal throne.- (Cambridge History of India Vol. 2 Part 4 pp138 - 139)</p></blockquote><p>At its peak, the Maratha empire stretched from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005204_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005204-159">[152]</a></sup> in the south, to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_conquest_of_North-west_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha conquest of North-west India">Peshawar</a> (modern-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>) in the north, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Expeditions_in_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Expeditions in Bengal">Bengal</a>, in the east. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Abdali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Shah Abdali">Ahmed Shah Abdali</a> of the Afghan <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>, which halted their imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Resurrection" title="Maratha Resurrection">Marathas regained influence</a> in North India during the rule of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madhavrao_Peshwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhavrao Peshwa">Madhavrao Peshwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen1994_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen1994-160">[153]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha</a> wars (1805–1818), which left the company the dominant power in most of India.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Governance">Governance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ashta_Pradhan_Mandal">Ashta Pradhan Mandal</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ashta Pradhan Mandal">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashta_Pradhan" title="Ashta Pradhan">Ashta Pradhan</a></div>
<p>The Council of Eight Ministers, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashta_Pradhan" title="Ashta Pradhan">Ashta Pradhan</a> Mandal, was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-163">[156]</a></sup> It consisted of eight ministers who regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters. The eight ministers were as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-150">[143]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;">
<caption>Ashta Pradhan Mandal
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Minister
</th>
<th>Duty
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> or Prime Minister
</td>
<td>General Administration
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Amatya or Finance Minister
</td>
<td>Maintaining Public accounts
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Mantri or Chronicler
</td>
<td>Maintaining Court records
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Summant or Dabir or Foreign Secretary
</td>
<td>All matters related to relationships with other states
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Sachiv or Shurn Nawis or Home Secretary
</td>
<td>Managing correspondence of the king
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Panditrao or Ecclesiastical Head
</td>
<td>Religious matters
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Nyayadhis or Chief Justice
</td>
<td>Civil and Military justice
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Senapati/Sari Naubat or Commander-in-Chief
</td>
<td>All matters related to army of the king
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Except the Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all other ministers held military commands, their civil duties often being performed by deputies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-150">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-163">[156]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Promotion_of_Marathi_and_Sanskrit">Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions. Shivaji's reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a tool of systematic description and understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a></sup> Shivaji's royal seal was in Sanskrit. Shivaji commissioned one of his officials to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to production of ‘Rājavyavahārakośa’, the thesaurus of state usage in 1677.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religious policy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Shivaji is known for his liberal and tolerant religious policies. While Hindus were relieved to practice their religion freely under a Hindu ruler, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421-165">[158]</a></sup> When <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> imposed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> tax on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">non-Muslims</a> on 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote a strict letter to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> criticising his tax policy. He wrote:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In strict justice, the Jizya is not at all lawful. If you imagine piety in oppressing and terrorising the Hindus, you ought to first levy the tax on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rana_Raj_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rana Raj Singh">Raj Singh I</a>, who is the head of Hindus. But to oppress ants and flies is not at all valour nor spirit. If you believe in Quran, God is the lord of all men and not just of Muslims only. Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of contrast. They are used by the true Divine Painter for blending the colours and filling in the outlines. If it is a mosque, the call to prayer is chanted in remembrance of God. If it is a temple, the bells are rung in yearning for God alone. To show bigotry to any man's religion and practices is to alter the words of the Holy Book.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957250_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957250-167">[160]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p>
Noting that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kavi_Bhushan" title="Kavi Bhushan">Kavi Bhushan</a> stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and all would have been circumcised.<sup id="cite_ref-Society1963_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society1963-168">[161]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>However, Gijs Kruijtzer, in his book Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India argues that the roots of modern communalism (the antagonism between “communities” of Hindus and Muslims) first appeared in the decade 1677–1687, in the interplay between Shivaji and the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (though Shivaji died in 1680).<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> friar who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Shivaji left the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."<sup id="cite_ref-Pissurlencar1975_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pissurlencar1975-170">[163]</a></sup>
</p><p>
Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. He was tolerant to different religions and believed in syncretism. He urged Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had little trouble forming alliances with the surrounding Muslim nations even against Hindu powers. He also did not join forces with other Hindu powers, such as the Rajputs, to fight the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[h]</a></sup> In his own army, Muslim leaders appear quite early. The first Pathan unit was formed in 1656. His naval admiral, Darya Sarang,<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a></sup> was a Muslim.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji%27s_letter_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji"><img alt="Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg/149px-Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg/223px-Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg/297px-Shivaji%27s_letter_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji
</p>
</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Writings of Modi Script. line 2 is from the time of Shivaji"><img alt="Writings of Modi Script. line 2 is from the time of Shivaji" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg/200px-Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg/300px-Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg/400px-Samples_of_MoDi_writing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3523" data-file-height="2083" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Writings of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi Script</a>. line 2 is from the time of Shivaji
</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Ramdas">Ramdas</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ramdas">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sajjangad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sajjangad.jpg/220px-Sajjangad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sajjangad.jpg/330px-Sajjangad.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sajjangad.jpg/440px-Sajjangad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sajjangad" title="Sajjangad">Sajjangad</a>, where Ramdas was invited by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj">Shivaji</a> Raje to reside</figcaption></figure>
<p>Shivaji was a contemporary of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a>. Historian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stewart_N._Gordon" title="Stewart N. Gordon">Stewart Gordon</a> concludes about their relationship:
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Older Maratha histories asserted that Shivaji was a close follower of Ramdas, a Brahmin teacher, who guided him in an orthodox Hindu path; recent research has shown that Shivaji did not meet or know Ramdas until late in his life. Rather, Shivaji followed his own judgement throughout his remarkable career.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon2007_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon2007-40">[39]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Seal">Seal</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Seal">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji%27s_seal,_enlarged.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg/220px-Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg/330px-Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg/440px-Shivaji%27s_seal%2C_enlarged.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Royal seal of Shivaji</figcaption></figure>
<p>Seals were means to confer authenticity on official documents. Shahaji and Jijabai had Persian seals. But Shivaji, right from beginning, used Sanskrit for his seal.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a></sup> The seal proclaims: "This seal of Shiva, son of Shah, shines forth for the welfare of the people and is meant to command increasing respect from the universe like the first phase of the moon."<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[166]</a></sup>
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<h2><span id="Shivaji.27s_mode_of_warfare"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Shivaji's_mode_of_warfare">Shivaji's mode of warfare</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Shivaji's mode of warfare">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Shivaji maintained a small but effective standing army. The core of Shivaji's army consisted of peasants of the Maratha and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kunbi" title="Kunbi">Kunbi</a> castes.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a></sup> Shivaji was aware of the limitations of his army. He realised that conventional warfare methods were inadequate to confront the big, well-trained cavalry of the Mughals which was equipped with field artillery. As a result, Shivaji adopted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerilla tactics</a> which became known as 'Ganimi Kawa'.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a></sup> Shivaji was a master of guerrilla warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a></sup> His strategies consistently perplexed and defeated armies sent against him. He realized that the most vulnerable point of the large, slow-moving armies of the time was supply. He utilised knowledge of the local terrain and the superior mobility of his light cavalry to cut off supplies to the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[170]</a></sup> Shivaji refused to confront in pitched battles. Instead, he lured the enemies in difficult hills and jungles of his own choosing, catching them at a disadvantage and routing them.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-179">[171]</a></sup> Shivaji didn't stick to a particular tactic but used several methods to undermine his enemies as required by circumstances, like sudden raids, sweeps and ambushes and use of psychological pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-179">[171]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> and his generals because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[172]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolpert1994_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolpert1994-181">[173]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tinker1990_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tinker1990-182">[174]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise of the Maratha Empire. His strategy rested on leveraging his ground forces, naval forces, and series of forts across his territory. The Maval infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced with Telangi musketeers from Karnataka), supported by Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile form of warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[175]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hill_forts">Hill forts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hill forts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg/220px-Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg/330px-Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg/440px-Suvela_Machi_from_Balekilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad#Suvela_Machee_(south_east)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Suvela Machi</a>, view of southern sub-plateaux, as seen from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad#Bale_Killa_(centre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Ballekilla</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Rajgad</a></figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivaji%27s_forts" title="Shivaji's forts">Shivaji's forts</a></div>
<p>Hill forts played a key role in Shivaji's strategy. He captured important forts at Murambdev (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Rajgad</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna</a>, Kondhana (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinhagad" title="Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purandar_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Purandar fort">Purandar</a>. He also rebuilt or repaired many forts in advantageous locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321-184">[176]</a></sup> In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts; the number "111" is reported in some accounts, but it is likely the actual number "did not exceed 18."<sup id="cite_ref-Naravane1995_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naravane1995-185">[177]</a></sup> The historian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Jadunath Sarkar</a> assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408-186">[178]</a></sup> Each was placed under three officers of equal status, lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The officers acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414-187">[179]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Navy">Navy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Navy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Navy" title="Maratha Navy">Maratha Navy</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG/220px-Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG/330px-Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG/440px-Sindhudurg_watchtower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhudurg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhudurg">Sindudurg Fort</a> provided anchorages for Shivaji's Navy</figcaption></figure>
<p>Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the Konkan coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galivat" class="mw-redirect" title="Galivat">galivats</a> from the Portuguese shipyards of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Bassein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy2011_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2011-188">[180]</a></sup> Marathi chronicles state that at its height his fleet counted some 400 warships, though contemporary English chronicles counter that the number never exceeded 160.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059-189">[181]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanhoji_Angre" title="Kanhoji Angre">Kanhoji Angre</a> was the chief of the Maratha Navy.
</p><p>With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates") as well as Muslim mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059-189">[181]</a></sup> Noting the power of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Shastry1981_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shastry1981-190">[182]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them, and built his first marine fort at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhudurg_Fort" title="Sindhudurg Fort">Sindhudurg</a>, which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy.<sup id="cite_ref-RoyLorge2014_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyLorge2014-191">[183]</a></sup> The navy itself was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">coastal navy</a>, focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas, and not intended to go far out to sea.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Misra1986_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misra1986-193">[185]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Depictions_And_Interpretations_Of_Shivaji">Depictions And Interpretations Of Shivaji</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Depictions And Interpretations Of Shivaji">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg/220px-Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg/330px-Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg/440px-Shivaji_Maharaj_and_Baji_Prabhu_at_Pawan_Khind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>An early-20th-century painting by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M._V._Dhurandhar" title="M. V. Dhurandhar">M. V. Dhurandhar</a> of Shivaji and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baji_Prabhu_Deshpande" title="Baji Prabhu Deshpande">Baji Prabhu</a> at Pawan Khind</figcaption></figure>
<p>Shivaji was well known for his strong religious and warrior code of ethics and exemplary character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192074_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192074-194">[186]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporaneous_View">Contemporaneous View</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Contemporaneous View">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese and Italian writers.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a></sup> Contemporary English writers compared him with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a></sup> The French traveller <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francois_Bernier" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois Bernier">Francois Bernier</a> wrote in his <i>Travels in Mughal India</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[189]</a></sup>
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<blockquote><p>I forgot to mention that during pillage of Sourate, Seva-Gy, the Holy Seva-Gi! respected the habitation of the Reverend Father Ambrose, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> missionary. 'The Frankish Padres are good men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' He spared also the house of a deceased Delale or Gentile broker, of the Dutch, because assured that he had been very charitable while alive.</p></blockquote>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "-ji". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as <span data-sort-value="ar !"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafir</a> bi jahannum raft</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>'the infidel went to Hell').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201754_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201754-198">[190]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Depictions">Early Depictions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Early Depictions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Earliest depictions of Shivaji by authors not affiliated with Maratha court in Maharashtra are to be found in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakhar" title="Bakhar">Bakhar</a>s. These Bakhars depict Shivaji as an almost divine figure, an ideal Hindu King who overthrew Muslim dominion. Current academic consensus is that while these Bakhars are important to judge how Shivaji was viewed in his times, they must be correlated with other sources to decide Historical truth. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabhasad_Bakhar" title="Sabhasad Bakhar">Sabhasad Bakhar</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/91_Kalami_Bakhar" title="91 Kalami Bakhar">91 Kalami Bakhar</a> are considered most reliable of all Bakhars by scholars. <sup id="cite_ref-Gordon93_76-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-76">[73]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nineteenth_Century">Nineteenth Century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Nineteenth Century">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3><p>
James Grant Duff, a British administrator, published his 3 Volume work on History of Marathas in 1863 <sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[191]</a></sup>. This work is mostly a chronological sequence of events and more of a political history with little to no insight about other aspects of Maharashtra's history <sup id="cite_ref-Gordon93_76-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-76">[73]</a></sup>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg/220px-Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg/330px-Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg/440px-Bronze_Statue_of_Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Raje_Bhosle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A miniature Bronze statue of Shivaji Maharaj in the collection of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aundh,_Satara" title="Aundh, Satara">Shri Bhavani Museum of Aundh</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In the mid-19th century, Marathi social reformer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a> wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the shudras and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a>. Phule's 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakravarti2014_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakravarti2014-200">[192]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1895, Indian nationalist leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lokmanya_Tilak" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokmanya Tilak">Lokmanya Tilak</a> organised what was to be an annual festival to mark the birthday of Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81-201">[193]</a></sup> He portrayed Shivaji as the "opponent of the oppressor", with possible negative implications concerning the colonial government.<sup id="cite_ref-Pati2011_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pati2011-202">[194]</a></sup> Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975107_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975107-203">[195]</a></sup> These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of dacoits...?"<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a></sup>
</p><p>One of the first commentators to reappraise the critical British view of Shivaji was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M._G._Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="M. G. Ranade">M. G. Ranade</a>, whose <i>Rise of the Maratha Power</i> (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting Power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians."<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[197]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1919, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar</a> published the seminal <i>Shivaji and His Times</i>, hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Grant_Duff" title="James Grant Duff">James Grant Duff</a>'s 1826 <i>A History of the Mahrattas</i>. Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-Deshpande2007_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deshpande2007-206">[198]</a></sup> Likewise, though supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afzal_Khan_(general)" title="Afzal Khan (general)">Afzal Khan</a> as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu raja</a> Chandrao More and his clan.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayly2011_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayly2011-207">[199]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dennis_Kincaid" title="Dennis Kincaid">Dennis Kincaid</a>, a British civil servant in India in 1937 published <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Rebel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Grand Rebel (page does not exist)">The Grand Rebel</a> <sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a></sup>. This book portrays Shivaji as a heroic rebel and a master strategist fighting a much larger Mughal Army <sup id="cite_ref-Gordon93_76-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon93-76">[73]</a></sup>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="During_Independence_Movement">During Independence Movement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: During Independence Movement">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." Following a public outcry from Pune intellectuals, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> leader T. R. Deogirikar noted that Nehru had admitted he was wrong regarding Shivaji, and now endorsed Shivaji as a great nationalist<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-ChandraMukherjee2016_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChandraMukherjee2016-210">[202]</a></sup>.
</p><p>At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Mumbai, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtz_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtz-211">[203]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post_Independence">Post Independence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Post Independence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg/220px-Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg/330px-Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg/440px-Shivaji_Maharaj_Raigad2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Shivaji at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Killa,_Konavade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg/220px-Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg/330px-Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg/440px-Killa%2C_Konavade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A replica of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a> built by children on occasion of Diwali as a tribute to Shivaji.</figcaption></figure><p>In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains an important figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[204]</a></sup>
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_Parties">Political Parties</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Political Parties">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In 1966, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shiv_Sena" title="Shiv Sena">Shiv Sena</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>'Army of Shivaji') political party was formed to promote the interests of Marathi speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power for locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda and icons of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-Naipaul2011_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naipaul2011-213">[205]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shivaji is upheld as a Hero by regional political parties and also by the Maratha caste dominated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">Nationalist Congress Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011164_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011164-214">[206]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Controversies_Related_To_Shivaji.27s_Depiction"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversies_Related_To_Shivaji's_Depiction">Controversies Related To Shivaji's Depiction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Controversies Related To Shivaji's Depiction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the late 20th century, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babasaheb_Purandare" title="Babasaheb Purandare">Babasaheb Purandare</a> became one of the most significant author in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the <i>Shiv-Shahir</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>'Bard of Shivaji').<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a></sup> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overemphasising the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011164_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011164-214">[206]</a></sup> and his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maharashtra_Bhushan" title="Maharashtra Bhushan">Maharashtra Bhushan</a> award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1993, the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Illustrated_Weekly_of_India" title="The Illustrated Weekly of India">Illustrated Weekly</a></i> published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims <i>per se</i>, and that his style of governance was influenced by that of the Mughal Empire. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice" and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shiv_Sena" title="Shiv Sena">Shiv Sena</a> called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found the <i>Illustrated Weekly</i> had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[211]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2003, American academic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_W._Laine" class="mw-redirect" title="James W. Laine">James W. Laine</a> published his book <i>Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India</i> to, what <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ananya_Vajpeyi" title="Ananya Vajpeyi">Ananya Vajpeyi</a> terms, a regime of "cultural policing by militant Marathas".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-220">[212]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a></sup> As a result of this publication, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhandarkar_Oriental_Research_Institute" title="Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute">Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</a> in Pune where Laine had researched was attacked by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji_Brigade" title="Sambhaji Brigade">Sambhaji Brigade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a></sup> Laine was even threatened to be arrested<sup id="cite_ref-:5_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-220">[212]</a></sup> and the book was banned in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> in January 2004, but the ban was lifted by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" title="Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a> in 2007, and in July 2010 the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> upheld the lifting of the ban.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a></sup> This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[218]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Commemorations">Commemorations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Commemorations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg/220px-Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg/330px-Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg/440px-Emperor_of_Maratha_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Shivaji opposite the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gateway_of_India" title="Gateway of India">Gateway of India</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Mumbai" title="South Mumbai">South Mumbai</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Shivaji's statues and monuments are found almost in every town and city in Maharashtra, as well as in different places across India.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[219]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[220]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[221]</a></sup>
</p><p>The headquarters in Mumbai of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Railway_zone" title="Western Railway zone">Western Railway zone</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, was renamed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a> in 1996 <sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a></sup>. International Airport in Mumbai is named <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport</a> <sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[224]</a></sup>. Indian Prime Minister in 2022 unveiled New insignia of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> inspired by seal of Shivaji <sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a></sup>.
</p><p>Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's station <a href="/enwiki/wiki/INS_Shivaji" title="INS Shivaji">INS Shivaji</a> <sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a></sup> and numerous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a> <sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[227]</a></sup>. In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building a replica fort with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> in memory of Shivaji.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[228]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[229]</a></sup>
</p><p>A proposal to build a giant memorial called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shiv_Smarak" title="Shiv Smarak">Shiv Smarak</a> was approved in 2016 which is to be located near Mumbai on a small island in the Arabian Sea. It will be 210 meters tall, making it the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">world's largest statue</a> when completed in possibly 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[230]</a></sup> In August 2021, the project was stalled since January 2019 due to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, only the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetry</a> survey complete while the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">geotechnical survey</a> was underway. Consequently, state PWD proposed extending project completion date by a year from 18 October 2021 to 18 October 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-connect2_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-connect2-239">[231]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on multiple committees of historians and experts, the Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his birthdate. This <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> date of that period (1 March 1630 of today's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>) corresponds<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> birth date from contemporary records.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ApteParanjpe1927_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApteParanjpe1927-17">[17]</a></sup> Other suggested dates include 6 April 1627 or dates near this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Sib_Pada_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sib_Pada-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A decade earlier, Afzal Khan, in a parallel situation, had arrested a Hindu general during a truce ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jadunath Sarkar after weighing all recorded evidence in this behalf, has settled the point "that Afzal Khan struck the first blow" and that "Shivaji committed.... a preventive murder. It was a case of a diamond cut diamond." The conflict between Shivaji and Bijapur was essentially political in nature, and not communal.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As per Stewart Gordon, there is no proof for this, and Shivaji probably bribed the guards. But other Maratha Historians including A. R. Kulkarni and G. B. Mehendale disagree with Gordon. Jadunath Sarkar probed more deeply into this and put forth a large volume of evidence from Rajasthani letters and Persian Akhbars. With the help of this new material, Sarkar presented a graphic account of Shivajï's visit to Aurangzeb at Agra and his escape. Kulkarni agrees with Sarkar.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most of the great Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Jasper2003215_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Jasper2003215-107">[103]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Varna</i> is sometimes also termed <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varnashrama_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Varnashrama Dharma">Varnashrama Dharma</a></i></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As for the cause of his death, the Bombay Council’s letter dated 28 April 1680 says: “We have certain news that Shivaji Rajah is dead. It is now
23 days since he deceased, it is said of a bloody flux, being sick 12
days.” A contemporaneous Portuguese document states that Shivaji died
of anthrax. However, none of these sources provides sufficient details to
draw a definite conclusion. The Sabhasad Chronicle states that the King
died of fever, while some versions of the A.K. Chronicle state that he died
of “navjvar” (possibly typhoid).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehendale20111147_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehendale20111147-146">[140]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. Over and over, he espoused tolerance and syncretism. He even called on Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had no difficulty in allying with the Muslim states which surrounded him – Bijapur, Golconda, and the Mughals – even against Hindu powers, such as the nayaks of the Karnatic. Further, he did not ally with other Hindu powers, such as the Rajputs, rebelling against the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-171">[164]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957222_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSardesai1957">Sardesai 1957</a>, p. 222.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Chandra1982-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chandra1982_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandra1982_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra1982" class="citation book cs1">Satish Chandra (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRM1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 140. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-90396-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-90396-4"><bdi>978-0-333-90396-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+Society%2C+the+Jagirdari+Crisis%2C+and+the+Village&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-333-90396-4&rft.au=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRM1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920260_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 260.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Laine1996" class="citation book cs1">James Laine (1996). Anne Feldhaus (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&q=sabhasad+shivaji+rajaram+bakhar&pg=PA97"><i>Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion</i></a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 183. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2837-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2837-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-2837-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+women+in+Maharashtrian+literature+and+religion&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2837-5&rft.au=James+Laine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooV3Rz9zQvQC%26q%3Dsabhasad%2Bshivaji%2Brajaram%2Bbakhar%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dates are given according to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf">Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2011103–104_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobb2011">Robb 2011</a>, pp. 103–104.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGovind_Ranade1900" class="citation book cs1">Govind Ranade, Mahadev (1900). <i>Rise of the Maratha Power</i>. India: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+of+the+Maratha+Power&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Govind+Ranade&rft.aufirst=Mahadev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1976" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, M. N. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980">"Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 221–235. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2053980">10.2307/2053980</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Shivaji+and+the+Decline+of+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-235&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2053980&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=M.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2053980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2020" class="citation journal cs1">Osborne, Eric (24 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711?journalCode=fswi20">"The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680-1707"</a>. <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=The+Ulcer+of+the+Mughal+Empire%3A+Mughals+and+Marathas%2C+1680-1707&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2020.1764711%3FjournalCode%3Dfswi20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCapper1997" class="citation book cs1">Capper, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Delhi, the Capital of India</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 28. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1282-2"><bdi>978-81-206-1282-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delhi%2C+the+Capital+of+India&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1282-2&rft.aulast=Capper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaqqBPS1TDUgC%26pg%3DPA28%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2011" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (14 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA60"><i>Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 60. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4904-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4904-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+Knowledge+in+Early+Modern+Asia%3A+Explorations+in+the+Intellectual+History+of+India+and+Tibet%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011-03-14&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D740AqMUW8WQC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279-81-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279-81_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolpert1962">Wolpert 1962</a>, p. 79-81.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChakraborty2021" class="citation book cs1">Chakraborty, Ayusman (14 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RC5AEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT32">"The founder of Hindu nationalism? The representation of Shivaji in Philip Meadows Taylor's novel <i>Tara</i>"</a>. In Biswas, Debajyoti; Ryan, John Charles (eds.). <i>Nationalism in India: Texts and Contexts</i>. Routledge. p. 32. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-045282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-045282-2"><bdi>978-1-00-045282-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+founder+of+Hindu+nationalism%3F+The+representation+of+Shivaji+in+Philip+Meadows+Taylor%27s+novel+Tara&rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+India%3A+Texts+and+Contexts&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-09-14&rft.isbn=978-1-00-045282-2&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=Ayusman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRC5AEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFApteMahajaniVahia2003" class="citation journal cs1">Apte, Mohan; Mahajani, Parag; Vahia, M. N. (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf">"Possible errors in historical dates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Science</i>. <b>84</b> (1): 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Possible+errors+in+historical+dates&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2003-01&rft.aulast=Apte&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft.au=Mahajani%2C+Parag&rft.au=Vahia%2C+M.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tifr.res.in%2F~vahia%2Fshivaji.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2007" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, A. R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003539370"><i>Jedhe Shakavali Kareena</i></a>. Diamond Publications. p. 7. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89959-35-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89959-35-7"><bdi>978-81-89959-35-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jedhe+Shakavali+Kareena&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Diamond+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-89959-35-7&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F003539370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKavindra_Parmanand_Nevaskar1927" class="citation book cs1">Kavindra Parmanand Nevaskar (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat"><i>Shri Shivbharat</i></a>. Sadashiv Mahadev Divekar. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat/page/n140">51</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shri+Shivbharat&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Sadashiv+Mahadev+Divekar&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Kavindra+Parmanand+Nevaskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShriShivbharat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ApteParanjpe1927-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ApteParanjpe1927_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFD.V_Apte_and_M.R._Paranjpe1927" class="citation book cs1">D.V Apte and M.R. Paranjpe (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/32857"><i>Birth-Date of Shivaji</i></a>. The Maharashtra Publishing House. pp. 6–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth-Date+of+Shivaji&rft.pages=6-17&rft.pub=The+Maharashtra+Publishing+House&rft.date=1927&rft.au=D.V+Apte+and+M.R.+Paranjpe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.gipe.ac.in%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F10973%2F32857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sib_Pada-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sib_Pada_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSiba_Pada_Sen1973" class="citation book cs1">Siba Pada Sen (1973). <i>Historians and historiography in modern India</i>. Institute of Historical Studies. p. 106. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0900-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0900-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0900-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historians+and+historiography+in+modern+India&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Institute+of+Historical+Studies&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0900-0&rft.au=Siba+Pada+Sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFN._Jayapalan2001" class="citation book cs1">N. Jayapalan (2001). <i>History of India</i>. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 211. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1"><bdi>978-81-7156-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-928-1&rft.au=N.+Jayapalan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-sen2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSailendra_Sen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sailendra Sen (2013). <i>A Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>. Primus Books. pp. 196–199. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4"><bdi>978-9-38060-734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pages=196-199&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-38060-734-4&rft.au=Sailendra+Sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/HolidayList-2016.pdf">"Public Holidays"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>maharashtra.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maharashtra.gov.in&rft.atitle=Public+Holidays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fpdf%2FHolidayList-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192019-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192019_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 19.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLaine2003" class="citation book cs1">Laine, James W. (13 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__pQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972643-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972643-1"><bdi>978-0-19-972643-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji%3A+Hindu+King+in+Islamic+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-02-13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972643-1&rft.aulast=Laine&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__pQEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Eaton2005-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton2005_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton2005_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (17 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC&pg=PA128"><i>A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–221. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25484-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25484-7"><bdi>978-0-521-25484-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Deccan%2C+1300%E2%80%931761%3A+Eight+Indian+Lives&rft.pages=128-221&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25484-7&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNNgdBWoYKoC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Metha2004-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metha2004_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFArun_Metha2004" class="citation book cs1">Arun Metha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0IwAQAAIAAJ"><i>History of medieval India</i></a>. ABD Publishers. p. 278. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85771-95-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85771-95-3"><bdi>978-81-85771-95-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+medieval+India&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=ABD+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-85771-95-3&rft.au=Arun+Metha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0IwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Menon2011-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menon2011_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKalyani_Devaki_Menon2011" class="citation book cs1">Kalyani Devaki Menon (6 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TLRCtw-zvoC&pg=PA44"><i>Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 44–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0279-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-0279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Nationalism%3A+Women+of+the+Hindu+Right+in+India&rft.pages=44-&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0279-3&rft.au=Kalyani+Devaki+Menon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TLRCtw-zvoC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kulkarni1963-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kulkarni1963_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kulkarni1963_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFV._B._Kulkarni1963" class="citation book cs1">V. B. Kulkarni (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nU8_AAAAMAAJ"><i>Shivaji: The Portrait of a Patriot</i></a>. Orient Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji%3A+The+Portrait+of+a+Patriot&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1963&rft.au=V.+B.+Kulkarni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnU8_AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marathi book Shivkaal (Times of Shivaji) by Dr V G Khobrekar, Publisher: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, First edition 2006. Chapter 1</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Salma314-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salma314_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSalma_Ahmed_Farooqui2011" class="citation book cs1">Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA314"><i>A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</i></a>. Dorling Kindersley India. pp. 314–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=314-&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.au=Salma+Ahmed+Farooqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam200233–35-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam200233–35_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSubrahmanyam2002">Subrahmanyam 2002</a>, p. 33–35.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA59"><i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03316-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1952" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Jadunath (1952). <i>Shivaji and his times</i> (5th ed.). Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan Private Limited. p. 19. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125040262" title="Special:BookSources/9788125040262"><bdi>9788125040262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+and+his+times&rft.place=Hyderabad&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan+Private+Limited&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=9788125040262&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA61"><i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03316-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto3-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2000" class="citation book cs1">Mahajan, V. D. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956763986"><i>India since 1526</i></a> (17th ed., rev. & enl ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand. p. 198. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-1145-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-219-1145-1"><bdi>81-219-1145-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956763986">956763986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+since+1526&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=198&rft.edition=17th+ed.%2C+rev.+%26+enl&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956763986&rft.isbn=81-219-1145-1&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=V.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F956763986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199361-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199361_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, p. 61.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221–226.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192041–42-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192041–42_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, pp. 41–42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2019" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP198"><i>India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765</i></a>. Penguin UK. p. 198. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7"><bdi>978-0-14-196655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196655-7&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIF6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gordon2007-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2007_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2007_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Gordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Stewart Gordon (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9"><i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03316-9&rft.au=Stewart+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, S. (1993). The Marathas 1600–1818 (The New Cambridge History of India). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521268837 page=69 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www-cambridge-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/77CF65447181F279BA73A6A5D6B1E048/9781139055666c3_p59-90_CBO.pdf/shivaji_163080_and_the_maratha_polity.pdf">[1]</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199366-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199366_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, p. 66.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Richards1995-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards1995_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Richards1995" class="citation book cs1">John F. Richards (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208"><i>The Mughal Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 208–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=208-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56603-2&rft.au=John+F.+Richards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHyVh29gy4QC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015183–184-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015183–184_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015">Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur 2015</a>, pp. 183–184.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2012" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (2012). <i>Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-57684-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-57684-0"><bdi>978-1-139-57684-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+the+Ethics+of+Warfare+in+South+Asia%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-57684-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Eraly2000-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eraly2000_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Eraly2000" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Eraly (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&pg=PT550"><i>Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 550. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-128-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-128-6"><bdi>978-93-5118-128-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Spring%3A+The+Lives+and+Times+of+Great+Mughals&rft.pages=550&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-128-6&rft.au=Abraham+Eraly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyVW0STaGBcC%26pg%3DPT550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Roy2012-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2012_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKaushik_Roy2012" class="citation book cs1">Kaushik Roy (15 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202"><i>Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-57684-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-57684-0"><bdi>978-1-139-57684-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+the+Ethics+of+Warfare+in+South+Asia%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=202-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-139-57684-0&rft.au=Kaushik+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1IgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence201417-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence201417_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence2014">Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence 2014</a>, p. 17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192070-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192070_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 70.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA67"><i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03316-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period196022-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period196022_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2008" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, Prof A. R. (1 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30"><i>The Marathas</i></a>. Diamond Publications. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-073-6"><bdi>978-81-8483-073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas&rft.pub=Diamond+Publications&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft.isbn=978-81-8483-073-6&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=Prof+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN45LDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192075_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 75.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192078-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192078_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 78.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920266-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920266_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 266.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ali1996-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ali1996_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAli1996" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA124"><i>The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 124. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0485-1"><bdi>978-81-250-0485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Dispersal+in+the+Deccan%3A+From+Medieval+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0485-1&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Shanti+Sadiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3CPc22nMqIC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011283-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011283_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011">Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011</a>, p. 283.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSardesai1957">Sardesai 1957</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-KulkarniIndia1992-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KulkarniIndia1992_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KulkarniIndia1992_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShripad_Dattatraya_Kulkarni1992" class="citation book cs1">Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_m1AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Struggle for Hindu supremacy</i></a>. Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma). p. 90. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-900113-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-900113-5-8"><bdi>978-81-900113-5-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Hindu+supremacy&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Shri+Bhagavan+Vedavyasa+Itihasa+Samshodhana+Mandira+%28Bhishma%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-900113-5-8&rft.au=Shripad+Dattatraya+Kulkarni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_m1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192055–56-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192055–56_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, pp. 55–56.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFS.R._Sharma1999" class="citation book cs1">S.R. Sharma (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wC27JDyApwC"><i>Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material, Volume 2</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 59. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-818-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-818-5"><bdi>978-81-7156-818-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+empire+in+India%3A+a+systematic+study+including+source+material%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-818-5&rft.au=S.R.+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wC27JDyApwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192057-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192057_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 57.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192060-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192060_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 60.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lmotObeC3zUC"><i>Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings</i></a>. Superintendent Government Printing, India. 1929. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Historical+Records+Commission%3A+Proceedings+of+Meetings&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Superintendent+Government+Printing%2C+India&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlmotObeC3zUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAanand_Aadeesh2011" class="citation book cs1">Aanand Aadeesh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69"><i>Shivaji the Great Liberator</i></a>. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 69. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-102-1"><bdi>978-81-8430-102-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+the+Great+Liberator&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-8430-102-1&rft.au=Aanand+Aadeesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZMkBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA71"><i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 71. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03316-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMahmudMahmud1988" class="citation book cs1">Mahmud, Sayyid Fayyaz; Mahmud, S. F. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9xtuAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Concise History of Indo-Pakistan</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 158. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577385-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577385-9"><bdi>978-0-19-577385-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Indo-Pakistan&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577385-9&rft.aulast=Mahmud&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Fayyaz&rft.au=Mahmud%2C+S.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xtuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1993" class="citation book cs1">Richards, John F. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA209"><i>The Mughal Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56603-2&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHyVh29gy4QC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2009543-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2009543_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2009">Mehta 2009</a>, p. 543.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005491-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005491_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 491.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShejwalkar1942" class="citation journal cs1">Shejwalkar, T.S. (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929309">"Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute"</a>. <b>4</b>. Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune: 135–146. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929309">42929309</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Post-Graduate+and+Research+Institute&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=135-146&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42929309%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shejwalkar&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42929309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/feb/15/mega-event-to-mark-karnataka-port-town-basrurs-liberation-from-portuguese-by-shivaji-2264393.html">"Mega event to mark Karnataka port town Basrur's liberation from Portuguese by Shivaji"</a>. <i>New Indian Express</i>. 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Mega+event+to+mark+Karnataka+port+town+Basrur%27s+liberation+from+Portuguese+by+Shivaji&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fkarnataka%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F15%2Fmega-event-to-mark-karnataka-port-town-basrurs-liberation-from-portuguese-by-shivaji-2264393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gordon93-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_76-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_76-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_76-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon93_76-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1993" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (1993). <i>The Marathas 1600–1818, Part 2, Volume 4</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1, 3–4, 71–75, 114, 115–125, 133, 138–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818%2C+Part+2%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=1%2C+3-4%2C+71-75%2C+114%2C+115-125%2C+133%2C+138-139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960258_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 258.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192077_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 77.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199374-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199374_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, p. 74.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1994" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yBlKh1Pwof0C"><i>Marathas, Marauders, and State Formation in Eighteenth-century India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 206. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563386-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563386-3"><bdi>978-0-19-563386-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marathas%2C+Marauders%2C+and+State+Formation+in+Eighteenth-century+India&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563386-3&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyBlKh1Pwof0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199378-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199378_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, p. 78.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJain2011" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Meenakshi (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YlMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA299"><i>THE INDIA THEY SAW (VOL-3)</i></a>. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 299, 300. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-108-3"><bdi>978-81-8430-108-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+INDIA+THEY+SAW+%28VOL-3%29&rft.pages=299%2C+300&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-8430-108-3&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Meenakshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYlMkBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA76"><i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03316-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1994" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA132"><i>A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0333-5"><bdi>978-81-250-0333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Jaipur%3A+C.+1503%E2%80%931938&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0333-5&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0oPIo9TXKcC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMehta" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PA547"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</i></a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 547. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3"><bdi>978-81-207-1015-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=547&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.isbn=978-81-207-1015-3&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-TsMl0vSc0gC%26pg%3DPA547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDatta2003" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Nonica (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indian History: Ancient and medieval</i></a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) and Popular Prakashan, Mumbai. p. 263. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-067-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-067-2"><bdi>978-81-7991-067-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History%3A+Ancient+and+medieval&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+%28India%29+and+Popular+Prakashan%2C+Mumbai&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-067-2&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Nonica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQxuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2021" class="citation book cs1">Patel, Sachi K. (1 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCM_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40"><i>Politics and Religion in Eighteenth-Century India: Jaisingh II and the Rise of Public Theology in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism</i></a>. Routledge. p. 40. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-045142-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-045142-9"><bdi>978-1-00-045142-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Religion+in+Eighteenth-Century+India%3A+Jaisingh+II+and+the+Rise+of+Public+Theology+in+Gau%E1%B8%8D%C4%ABya+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-00-045142-9&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Sachi+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCM_EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSabharwal2000" class="citation book cs1">Sabharwal, Gopa (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sghuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Indian Millennium, AD 1000–2000</i></a>. Penguin Books. p. 235. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029521-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029521-4"><bdi>978-0-14-029521-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Millennium%2C+AD+1000%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029521-4&rft.aulast=Sabharwal&rft.aufirst=Gopa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsghuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2007" class="citation book cs1">Mahajan, V. D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&pg=RA2-PA190"><i>History of Medieval India</i></a>. S. Chand Publishing. p. 190. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-219-0364-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-219-0364-6"><bdi>978-81-219-0364-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=S.+Chand+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-219-0364-6&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=V.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMWSQuf4oSIC%26pg%3DRA2-PA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2008" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, Prof A. R. (1 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34"><i>The Marathas</i></a>. Diamond Publications. p. 34. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-073-6"><bdi>978-81-8483-073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Diamond+Publications&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft.isbn=978-81-8483-073-6&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=Prof+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN45LDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2000" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (14 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xAASBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT163"><i>Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-318-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-318-9"><bdi>978-81-8475-318-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenge+and+Reconciliation%3A+Understanding+South+Asian+History&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2000-10-14&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-318-9&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxAASBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSarDesai2018" class="citation book cs1">SarDesai, D. R. (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k6HsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202"><i>India: The Definitive History</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97950-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97950-7"><bdi>978-0-429-97950-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Definitive+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97950-7&rft.aulast=SarDesai&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk6HsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni1996" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, A. R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZNBPgAACAAJ"><i>Marathas And The Maratha Country: Vol. I: Medieval Maharashtra: Vol. Ii: Medieval Maratha Country: Vol. Iii: The Marathas (1600–1648) (3 Vols.)</i></a>. Books & Books. p. 70. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85016-51-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85016-51-1"><bdi>978-81-85016-51-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marathas+And+The+Maratha+Country%3A+Vol.+I%3A+Medieval+Maharashtra%3A+Vol.+Ii%3A+Medieval+Maratha+Country%3A+Vol.+Iii%3A+The+Marathas+%281600%E2%80%931648%29+%283+Vols.%29&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Books+%26+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-85016-51-1&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZNBPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192098_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 98.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920185-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920185_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 185.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas1993231-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas1993231_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, p. 231.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Deopujari1973-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deopujari1973_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurlidhar_Balkrishna_Deopujari1973" class="citation book cs1">Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8MAAAAIAAJ"><i>Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War</i></a>. Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+and+the+Maratha+Art+of+War&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Vidarbha+Samshodhan+Mandal&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Murlidhar+Balkrishna+Deopujari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiF8MAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000460_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000">Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne 2000</a>, p. 460.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000461_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000">Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne 2000</a>, p. 461.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920173–174_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, pp. 173–174.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920175_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 175.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920189_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 189.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920393_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 393.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920230–233_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, pp. 230–233.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Malavika_1999-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malavika_1999_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMalavika_Vartak1999" class="citation journal cs1">Malavika Vartak (May 1999). "Shivaji Maharaj: Growth of a Symbol". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>34</b> (19): 1126–1134. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4407933">4407933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Shivaji+Maharaj%3A+Growth+of+a+Symbol&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=1126-1134&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4407933%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Malavika+Vartak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Jasper2003215-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Jasper2003215_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel_Jasper2003">Daniel Jasper 2003</a>, p. 215.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920239–240_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, pp. 239–240.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1993" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/489626023"><i>The New Cambridge history of India. II, The Indian States and the transition to colonialism. 4, The Marathas, 1600–1818</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. p. 87. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7"><bdi>978-0-521-26883-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/489626023">489626023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+history+of+India.+II%2C+The+Indian+States+and+the+transition+to+colonialism.+4%2C+The+Marathas%2C+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489626023&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26883-7&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F489626023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gandhi1999-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi1999_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1999" class="citation book cs1">Rajmohan Gandhi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA110"><i>Revenge and Reconciliation</i></a>. Penguin Books India. pp. 110–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029045-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029045-5"><bdi>978-0-14-029045-5</bdi></a>. <q>On the ground that Shivaji was merely a Maratha and not a kshatriya by caste, Maharashtra's Brahmins had refused to conduct a sacred coronation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenge+and+Reconciliation&rft.pages=110-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029045-5&rft.au=Rajmohan+Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVqP54UEe4QC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon,_The_Marathas199388_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993">Gordon, The Marathas 1993</a>, p. 88.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BaviskarAttwood2013-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BaviskarAttwood2013_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFB._S._BaviskarD._W._Attwood2013" class="citation book cs1">B. S. Baviskar; D. W. Attwood (30 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395"><i>Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India</i></a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 395–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1865-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1865-7"><bdi>978-81-321-1865-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside-Outside%3A+Two+Views+of+Social+Change+in+Rural+India&rft.pages=395-&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.isbn=978-81-321-1865-7&rft.au=B.+S.+Baviskar&rft.au=D.+W.+Attwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVQtBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmythoflokamanya00richpage7_7]-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmythoflokamanya00richpage7_7]_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975">Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya 1975</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/7">7</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011321_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011">Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011</a>, p. 321.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Godsmark2018-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Godsmark2018_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Godsmark2018" class="citation book cs1">Oliver Godsmark (29 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CCpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40"><i>Citizenship, Community and Democracy in India: From Bombay to Maharashtra, c. 1930–1960</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 40–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-18821-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-18821-0"><bdi>978-1-351-18821-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship%2C+Community+and+Democracy+in+India%3A+From+Bombay+to+Maharashtra%2C+c.+1930%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=40-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft.isbn=978-1-351-18821-0&rft.au=Oliver+Godsmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCCpKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Varma_&_Saberwal-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Varma_&_Saberwal_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFVarmaSaberwal2005" class="citation book cs1">Varma, Supriya; Saberwal, Satish (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S8EoAAAAYAAJ"><i>Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 250. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566915-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566915-2"><bdi>978-0-19-566915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+in+Motion%3A+Religion+and+Society+in+History&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566915-2&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=Supriya&rft.au=Saberwal%2C+Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS8EoAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920244_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 244.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920245_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 245.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920252_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 252.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pillai2018-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pillai2018_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFManu_S_Pillai2018" class="citation book cs1">Manu S Pillai (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq5oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9"><i>Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji</i></a>. Juggernaut Books. p. xvi. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86228-73-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86228-73-4"><bdi>978-93-86228-73-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebel+Sultans%3A+The+Deccan+from+Khilji+to+Shivaji&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Juggernaut+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-93-86228-73-4&rft.au=Manu+S+Pillai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRq5oDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Barua2005-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barua2005_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBarua2005" class="citation book cs1">Barua, Pradeep (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA42"><i>The State at War in South Asia</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 42. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-1344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+at+War+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIIQhuAOGaIC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RauArchives1980-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RauArchives1980_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMallavarapu_Venkata_Siva_Prasada_Rau_(Andhra_Pradesh_Archives)1980" class="citation book cs1">Mallavarapu Venkata Siva Prasada Rau (Andhra Pradesh Archives) (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXtmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Archival organization and records management in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India</i></a>. Published under the authority of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh by the Director of State Archives (Andhra Pradesh State Archives). p. 393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archival+organization+and+records+management+in+the+state+of+Andhra+Pradesh%2C+India&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=Published+under+the+authority+of+the+Govt.+of+Andhra+Pradesh+by+the+Director+of+State+Archives+%28Andhra+Pradesh+State+Archives%29&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Mallavarapu+Venkata+Siva+Prasada+Rau+%28Andhra+Pradesh+Archives%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXtmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6vUoAAAAYAAJ&q=50,000+people+shivaji+coronation"><i>Yuva Bharati</i></a> (Volume 1 ed.). Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee. 1974. p. 13. <q>About 50,000 people witnessed the coronation ceremony and arrangements were made for their boarding and lodging.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yuva+Bharati&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=Volume+1&rft.pub=Vivekananda+Rock+Memorial+Committee&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6vUoAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D50%2C000%2Bpeople%2Bshivaji%2Bcoronation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sardesai2002-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sardesai2002_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFH._S._Sardesai2002" class="citation book cs1">H. S. Sardesai (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA431"><i>Shivaji, the Great Maratha</i></a>. Cosmo Publications. p. 431. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-286-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7755-286-7"><bdi>978-81-7755-286-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji%2C+the+Great+Maratha&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7755-286-7&rft.au=H.+S.+Sardesai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdeHZAUDHzYwC%26pg%3DPA431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kulkarnee1975-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kulkarnee1975_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNarayan_H._Kulkarnee1975" class="citation book cs1">Narayan H. Kulkarnee (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faodAAAAMAAJ&q=kshatriya+Kulawatans"><i>Chhatrapati Shivaji, Architect of Freedom: An Anthology</i></a>. Chhatrapati Shivaji Smarak Samiti.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chhatrapati+Shivaji%2C+Architect+of+Freedom%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=Chhatrapati+Shivaji+Smarak+Samiti&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Narayan+H.+Kulkarnee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfaodAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkshatriya%2BKulawatans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Singh1998-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh1998_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFU._B._Singh1998" class="citation book cs1">U. B. Singh (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S30xOPtnzZYC&pg=PA92"><i>Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947</i></a>. APH Publishing. p. 92. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-928-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-928-3"><bdi>978-81-7024-928-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+System+in+India%3A+Vedic+Age+to+1947&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-7024-928-3&rft.au=U.+B.+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS30xOPtnzZYC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sharma1978-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma1978_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTej_Ram_Sharma1978" class="citation book cs1">Tej Ram Sharma (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC&pg=PA72"><i>Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 72. GGKEY:RYD56P78DL9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+and+Geographical+Names+in+the+Gupta+Inscriptions&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Tej+Ram+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWcnnB-Lx2MAC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Srivastava1964-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Srivastava1964_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAshirbadi_Lal_Srivastava1964" class="citation book cs1">Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ"><i>The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D.</i></a> Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 701. <q>Shivaji was obliged to undergo a second coronation ceremony on 4th October 1674, on the suggestion of a well-known Tantrik priest, named Nishchal Puri Goswami, who said that Gaga Bhatta had performed the ceremony at an inauspicious hour and neglected to propitiate the spirits adored in the Tantra. That was why, he said, the queen mother Jija Bai had died within twelve days of the ceremony and similar other mishaps had occurred.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India%2C+1000+A.D.-1707+A.D.&rft.pages=701&rft.pub=Shiva+Lal+Agarwala&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Ashirbadi+Lal+Srivastava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdw9AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Branch1975-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Branch1975_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIndian_Institute_of_Public_Administration._Maharashtra_Regional_Branch1975" class="citation book cs1">Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ytQgAAAAMAAJ"><i>Shivaji and swarajya</i></a>. Orient Longman. p. 61. <q>one to establish that Shivaji belonged to the Kshatriya clan and that he could be crowned a Chhatrapati and the other to show that he was not entitled to the Vedic form of recitations at the time of the coronation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+and+swarajya&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Indian+Institute+of+Public+Administration.+Maharashtra+Regional+Branch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DytQgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sharma1951-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma1951_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShripad_Rama_Sharma1951" class="citation book cs1">Shripad Rama Sharma (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAUdAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Making of Modern India: From A. D. 1526 to the Present Day</i></a>. Orient Longmans. p. 223. <q>The coronation was performed at first according to the Vedic rites, then according to the Tantric. Shivaji was anxious to satisfy all sections of his subjects. There was some doubt about his Kshatriya origin (see note at the end of this chapter). This was of more than academic interest to his contemporaries, especially Brahmans [Brahmins]. Traditionally considered the highest caste in the Hindu social hierarchy. the Brahmans would submit to Shivaji, and officiate at his coronation, only if his</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+India%3A+From+A.+D.+1526+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Shripad+Rama+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAUdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192017_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-(India)1967-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-(India)1967_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMaharashtra_(India)1967" class="citation book cs1">Maharashtra (India) (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXtEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period</i></a>. Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharashtra+State+Gazetteers%3A+Maratha+period&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Government+Printing%2C+Stationery+and+Publications%2C+Maharashtra+State&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Maharashtra+%28India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXtEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920258_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 258.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kruijtzer2009-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kruijtzer2009_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGijs_Kruijtzer2009" class="citation book cs1">Gijs Kruijtzer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTJa0usl80C"><i>Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 153–190. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-068-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-068-0"><bdi>978-90-8728-068-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xenophobia+in+Seventeenth-Century+India&rft.pages=153-190&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-8728-068-0&rft.au=Gijs+Kruijtzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTTJa0usl80C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kulkarni, A. R. (1990). "Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom". <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute</i>. <b>49</b>: 221–226. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930290">42930290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Maratha+Policy+Towards+the+Adil+Shahi+Kingdom&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=221-226&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42930290%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960276_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 276.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jr.2010-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jr.2010_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEverett_Jenkins_Jr.2010" class="citation book cs1">Everett Jenkins Jr. (12 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA201"><i>The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 201–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0889-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0889-1"><bdi>978-1-4766-0889-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Diaspora+%28Volume+2%2C+1500%E2%80%931799%29%3A+A+Comprehensive+Chronology+of+the+Spread+of+Islam+in+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=201-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1&rft.au=Everett+Jenkins+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSYkCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960290_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 290.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957251_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSardesai1957">Sardesai 1957</a>, p. 251.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jayapal1997-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jayapal1997_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMaya_Jayapal1997" class="citation book cs1">Maya Jayapal (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEluAAAAMAAJ"><i>Bangalore: the story of a city</i></a>. Eastwest Books (Madras). p. 20. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86852-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86852-09-5"><bdi>978-81-86852-09-5</bdi></a>. <q>Shivaji's and Ekoji's armies met in battle on 26 November 1677, and Ekoji was defeated. By the treaty he signed, Bangalore and the adjoining areas were given to Shivaji, who then made them over to Ekoji's wife Deepabai to be held by her, with the proviso that Ekoji had to ensure that Shahaji's Memorial was well tended.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangalore%3A+the+story+of+a+city&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Eastwest+Books+%28Madras%29&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-86852-09-5&rft.au=Maya+Jayapal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200547-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200547_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200547_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960278_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960">Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960</a>, p. 278.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehendale20111147-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehendale20111147_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehendale2011">Mehendale 2011</a>, p. 1147.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPissurlencar" class="citation book cs1">Pissurlencar, Pandurang Sakharam. <i>Portuguese-Mahratta Relations</i>. Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese-Mahratta+Relations&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Maharashtra+State+Board+for+Literature+and+Culture&rft.aulast=Pissurlencar&rft.aufirst=Pandurang+Sakharam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMehendale2011" class="citation book cs1">Mehendale, Gajanan Bhaskar (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801376912"><i>Shivaji his life and times</i></a>. India: Param Mitra Publications. p. 1147. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80875-17-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80875-17-0"><bdi>978-93-80875-17-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801376912">801376912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+his+life+and+times&rft.place=India&rft.pages=1147&rft.pub=Param+Mitra+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F801376912&rft.isbn=978-93-80875-17-0&rft.aulast=Mehendale&rft.aufirst=Gajanan+Bhaskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F801376912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_150-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2000" class="citation book cs1">Mahajan, V. D. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956763986"><i>India since 1526</i></a> (17th ed., rev. & enl ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand. p. 203. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-1145-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-219-1145-1"><bdi>81-219-1145-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956763986">956763986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+since+1526&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=203&rft.edition=17th+ed.%2C+rev.+%26+enl&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956763986&rft.isbn=81-219-1145-1&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=V.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F956763986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201753-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201753_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTruschke2017">Truschke 2017</a>, p. 53.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta200548-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta200548_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 48.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SharmaLāʼibrerī2004_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSunita_Sharma,_K̲h̲udā_Bak̲h̲sh_Oriyanṭal_Pablik_Lāʼibrerī2004" class="citation book cs1">Sunita Sharma, K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2kaAAAAYAAJ"><i>Veil, sceptre, and quill: profiles of eminent women, 16th- 18th centuries</i></a>. Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library. p. 139. <q>By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of Raigad, along with his mother Soyra Bai and his wife Janki Bai. Soyra Bai was put to death on charge of conspiracy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veil%2C+sceptre%2C+and+quill%3A+profiles+of+eminent+women%2C+16th-+18th+centuries&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Khuda+Bakhsh+Oriental+Public+Library&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Sunita+Sharma%2C+K%CC%B2h%CC%B2ud%C4%81+Bak%CC%B2h%CC%B2sh+Oriyan%E1%B9%ADal+Pablik+L%C4%81%CA%BCibrer%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2kaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1">White, Matthew (20 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q5w9qmd1UeMC&pg=PP113&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Mughal&f=false"><i>Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements</i></a>. Canongate Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85786-125-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85786-125-2"><bdi>978-0-85786-125-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atrocitology%3A+Humanity%27s+100+Deadliest+Achievements&rft.pub=Canongate+Books&rft.date=2011-10-20&rft.isbn=978-0-85786-125-2&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5w9qmd1UeMC%26pg%3DPP113%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DMughal%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2007" class="citation book cs1">Eraly, Abraham (17 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&newbks=0&hl=en"><i>Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7"><bdi>978-93-5118-093-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+Of+The+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Great+Moghuls&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-093-7&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7kPQs8llvkC%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-John_Clark_Marshman-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Clark_Marshman_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Clark_Marshman2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Clark_Marshman" title="John Clark Marshman">John Clark Marshman</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmT_Tv-VGUC&pg=PA93"><i>History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-02104-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-02104-3"><bdi>978-1-108-02104-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India+from+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Close+of+the+East+India+Company%27s+Government&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-108-02104-3&rft.au=John+Clark+Marshman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbmT_Tv-VGUC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson,_Shivaji_and_Mughal_decline1976226-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson,_Shivaji_and_Mughal_decline1976226_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearson,_Shivaji_and_Mughal_decline1976">Pearson, Shivaji and Mughal decline 1976</a>, p. 226.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1967" class="citation book cs1">Potter, George Richard (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA564&dq=the+marathas+occupied+delhi+without+difficulty&hl=en"><i>The New Cambridge Modern History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 549, 563.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pages=549%2C+563&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=George+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BY9AAAAIAAJ%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPA564%26dq%3Dthe%2Bmarathas%2Boccupied%2Bdelhi%2Bwithout%2Bdifficulty%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005204-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta2005204_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta2005">Mehta 2005</a>, p. 204.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sen1994-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sen1994_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSailendra_N._Sen1994" class="citation book cs1">Sailendra N. Sen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PR7"><i>Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. pp. 6–7. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-578-0"><bdi>978-81-7154-578-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Maratha+relations+during+the+administration+of+Warren+Hastings+1772%E2%80%931785&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-578-0&rft.au=Sailendra+N.+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4hHNz7T-AEC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Black2006" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Black (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC&q=9780275990398"><i>A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present</i></a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99039-8"><bdi>978-0-275-99039-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Britain%3A+from+1775+to+the+Present&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99039-8&rft.au=Jeremy+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNVtQY4sXYMC%26q%3D9780275990398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPercival_Spear1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Percival_Spear" title="Percival Spear">Percival Spear</a> (1990) [First published 1965]. <i>A History of India</i>. Vol. 2. Penguin Books. p. 129. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013836-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013836-8"><bdi>978-0-14-013836-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013836-8&rft.au=Percival+Spear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38366">Ashta Pradhan</a> at the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2011" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (14 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA50"><i>Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 50. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4904-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4904-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forms+of+Knowledge+in+Early+Modern+Asia%3A+Explorations+in+the+Intellectual+History+of+India+and+Tibet%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011-03-14&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D740AqMUW8WQC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920421_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 421.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGier2014" class="citation book cs1">Gier, Nicholas F. (20 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9223-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9223-8"><bdi>978-0-7391-9223-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Religious+Violence%3A+An+Asian+Perspective&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8&rft.aulast=Gier&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0LBhBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESardesai1957250-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESardesai1957250_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSardesai1957">Sardesai 1957</a>, p. 250.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Society1963-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Society1963_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Oriental_Society1963" class="citation book cs1">American Oriental Society (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K684AAAAIAAJ"><i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i></a>. American Oriental Society. p. 476<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society.&rft.date=1963&rft.au=American+Oriental+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK684AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gijs Kruijtzer, <i>Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India</i> (Leiden University Press, 2009).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pissurlencar1975-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pissurlencar1975_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPanduronga_S._S._Pissurlencar1975" class="citation book cs1">Panduronga S. S. Pissurlencar (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdoBAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Portuguese and the Marathas: Translation of Articles of the Late Dr. Pandurang S. Pissurlenkar's Portugueses E Maratas in Portuguese Language</i></a>. State Board for Literature and Culture, Government of Maharashtra. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+and+the+Marathas%3A+Translation+of+Articles+of+the+Late+Dr.+Pandurang+S.+Pissurlenkar%27s+Portugueses+E+Maratas+in+Portuguese+Language&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=State+Board+for+Literature+and+Culture%2C+Government+of+Maharashtra&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Panduronga+S.+S.+Pissurlencar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdoBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto1-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&dq=n+his+own+army+Muslim+leaders+appear+quite+early,+and+the+first+Pathan+unit+joined+in+1656.+His+naval+commander+was,+of+course,+a+Muslim&pg=PA81"><i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03316-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C%26dq%3Dn%2Bhis%2Bown%2Barmy%2BMuslim%2Bleaders%2Bappear%2Bquite%2Bearly%2C%2Band%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2BPathan%2Bunit%2Bjoined%2Bin%2B1656.%2BHis%2Bnaval%2Bcommander%2Bwas%2C%2Bof%2Bcourse%2C%2Ba%2BMuslim%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2008" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, Prof A. R. (1 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ&dq=Darya+Sarang+shivaji&pg=PT143"><i>Medieval Maratha Country</i></a>. Diamond Publications. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-072-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8483-072-9"><bdi>978-81-8483-072-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Maratha+Country&rft.pub=Diamond+Publications&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft.isbn=978-81-8483-072-9&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=Prof+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOY5LDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DDarya%2BSarang%2Bshivaji%26pg%3DPT143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2007" class="citation book cs1">Eraly, Abraham (17 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT545"><i>Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7"><bdi>978-93-5118-093-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+Of+The+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Great+Moghuls&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-093-7&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7kPQs8llvkC%26pg%3DPT545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2015" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (3 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oh7ICQAAQBAJ&pg=PT149"><i>Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58691-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58691-3"><bdi>978-1-317-58691-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Pre-British+India+%E2%80%93+1500BCE+to+1740CE&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58691-3&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doh7ICQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBarua2005" class="citation book cs1">Barua, Pradeep (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=Shivaji,+realizing+that+he+could+not+defeat+the+imperial+armies+inhttps://books.google.co.in/books&pg=PA40"><i>The State at War in South Asia</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1344-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-1344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+at+War+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIIQhuAOGaIC%26dq%3DShivaji%2C%2Brealizing%2Bthat%2Bhe%2Bcould%2Bnot%2Bdefeat%2Bthe%2Bimperial%2Barmies%2Binhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2013" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Paul (25 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRRZ3Zeb4NsC&pg=PA481"><i>Masters of the Battlefield: Great Commanders from the Classical Age to the Napoleonic Era</i></a>. OUP USA. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534235-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534235-2"><bdi>978-0-19-534235-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+the+Battlefield%3A+Great+Commanders+from+the+Classical+Age+to+the+Napoleonic+Era&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534235-2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRRZ3Zeb4NsC%26pg%3DPA481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA81"><i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03316-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03316-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKantak1993" class="citation book cs1">Kantak, M. R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&q=Shivaji&pg=PA8"><i>The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-696-1"><bdi>978-81-7154-696-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Anglo-Maratha+War%2C+1774%E2%80%931783%3A+A+Military+Study+of+Major+Battles&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-696-1&rft.aulast=Kantak&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcdXnVOKKkssC%26q%3DShivaji%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBhave2000" class="citation book cs1">Bhave, Y. G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kVk6msxUcC&pg=PR7"><i>From the Death of Shivaji to the Death of Aurangzeb: The Critical Years</i></a>. Northern Book Centre. p. 7. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-100-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-100-7"><bdi>978-81-7211-100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Death+of+Shivaji+to+the+Death+of+Aurangzeb%3A+The+Critical+Years&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-100-7&rft.aulast=Bhave&rft.aufirst=Y.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5kVk6msxUcC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wolpert1994-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert1994_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_A._Wolpert1994" class="citation book cs1">Stanley A. Wolpert (1994). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp"><i>An Introduction to India</i></a></span>. Penguin Books India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-016870-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-016870-9"><bdi>978-0-14-016870-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+India&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-016870-9&rft.au=Stanley+A.+Wolpert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoin00wolp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tinker1990-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tinker1990_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Tinker1990" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Tinker (1990). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink"><i>South Asia: A Short History</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1287-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1287-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-1287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1287-4&rft.au=Hugh+Tinker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthasiashorthi0000tink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKantak1993" class="citation book cs1">Kantak, M. R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&pg=PA18"><i>The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. p. 9. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-696-1"><bdi>978-81-7154-696-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Anglo-Maratha+War%2C+1774%E2%80%931783%3A+A+Military+Study+of+Major+Battles&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-696-1&rft.aulast=Kantak&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcdXnVOKKkssC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagadi198321_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagadi1983">Pagadi 1983</a>, p. 21.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Naravane1995-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naravane1995_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFM._S._Naravane1995" class="citation book cs1">M. S. Naravane (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIrfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Forts of Maharashtra</i></a>. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 14. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-696-1"><bdi>978-81-7024-696-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forts+of+Maharashtra&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=APH+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7024-696-1&rft.au=M.+S.+Naravane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsIrfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920408_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 408.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920414_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 414.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Roy2011-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2011_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKaushik_Roy2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaushik Roy (30 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA17"><i>War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 17–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79087-4"><bdi>978-1-136-79087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+South+Asia%2C+1740%E2%80%931849&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.isbn=978-1-136-79087-4&rft.au=Kaushik+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzp0FbTniNaYC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059_189-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib192059_189-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920">Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920</a>, p. 59.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Shastry1981-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shastry1981_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBhagamandala_Seetharama_Shastry1981" class="citation book cs1">Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AsYcAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in Indo-Portuguese History</i></a>. IBH Prakashana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Indo-Portuguese+History&rft.pub=IBH+Prakashana&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Bhagamandala+Seetharama+Shastry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAsYcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RoyLorge2014-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoyLorge2014_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKaushik_RoyPeter_Lorge2014" class="citation book cs1">Kaushik Roy; Peter Lorge (17 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183"><i>Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 183–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58710-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58710-1"><bdi>978-1-317-58710-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Indian+Warfare+%E2%80%93+From+the+Classical+Age+to+1870&rft.pages=183-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58710-1&rft.au=Kaushik+Roy&rft.au=Peter+Lorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D627fBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://optimizeias.com/new-naval-ensign-the-naval-prowess-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-that-has-always-inspired-the-indian-navy/">"New Naval Ensign: The naval prowess of Chhatrapati Shivaji that has always inspired the Indian Navy - Optimize IAS"</a>. 3 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Naval+Ensign%3A+The+naval+prowess+of+Chhatrapati+Shivaji+that+has+always+inspired+the+Indian+Navy+-+Optimize+IAS&rft.date=2022-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foptimizeias.com%2Fnew-naval-ensign-the-naval-prowess-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-that-has-always-inspired-the-indian-navy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Misra1986-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Misra1986_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRaj_Narain_Misra1986" class="citation book cs1">Raj Narain Misra (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NhVz7mZCisC&pg=PA13"><i>Indian Ocean and India's Security</i></a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 13–. GGKEY:CCJCT3CW16S.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Ocean+and+India%27s+Security&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Raj+Narain+Misra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NhVz7mZCisC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192074-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times192074_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 74.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSen1928" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Surendra (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.500042/2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies#page/n15/mode/1up"><i>Foreign Biographies of Shivaji</i></a>. Vol. II. London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. ltd. pp. xiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Biographies+of+Shivaji&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=London%2C+K.+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner+%26+co.+ltd.&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Surendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.500042%2F2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies%23page%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna1940" class="citation book cs1">Krishna, Bal (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/shivajithegreat035466mbp#page/n28/mode/1up"><i>Shivaji The Great</i></a>. The Arya Book Depot Kolhapur. pp. 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+The+Great&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=The+Arya+Book+Depot+Kolhapur&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Bal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fshivajithegreat035466mbp%23page%2Fn28%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSurendra_Nath_Sen1977" class="citation book cs1">Surendra Nath Sen (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89sJAQAAIAAJ"><i>Foreign Biographies of Shivaji</i></a>. K. P. Bagchi. pp. 14, 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Biographies+of+Shivaji&rft.pages=14%2C+139&rft.pub=K.+P.+Bagchi&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Surendra+Nath+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89sJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruschke201754-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruschke201754_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTruschke2017">Truschke 2017</a>, p. 54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ahistoryofmarathasbygrantduffvol1"><i>A HISTORY OF MARATHAS BY GRANT DUFF VOL 1</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+HISTORY+OF+MARATHAS+BY+GRANT+DUFF+VOL+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryofmarathasbygrantduffvol1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Chakravarti2014-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chakravarti2014_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFUma_Chakravarti2014" class="citation book cs1">Uma Chakravarti (27 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79"><i>Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai</i></a>. Zubaan. pp. 79–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83074-63-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83074-63-1"><bdi>978-93-83074-63-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rewriting+History%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Pandita+Ramabai&rft.pages=79-&rft.pub=Zubaan&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft.isbn=978-93-83074-63-1&rft.au=Uma+Chakravarti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TenDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196279–81_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolpert1962">Wolpert 1962</a>, pp. 79–81.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pati2011-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pati2011_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBiswamoy_Pati2011" class="citation book cs1">Biswamoy Pati (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U4TWzCkjrm4C&pg=PA101"><i>Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Popular Readings</i></a>. Primus Books. p. 101. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-18-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-18-4"><bdi>978-93-80607-18-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bal+Gangadhar+Tilak%3A+Popular+Readings&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-18-4&rft.au=Biswamoy+Pati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU4TWzCkjrm4C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975107-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975107_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975">Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya 1975</a>, p. 107.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indo-British Review</i></a>. Indo-British Historical Society. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-British+Review&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Indo-British+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCA1uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMcLain2009" class="citation book cs1">McLain, Karline (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA121"><i>India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 121. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22052-3"><bdi>978-0-253-22052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Immortal+Comic+Books%3A+Gods%2C+Kings%2C+and+Other+Heroes&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22052-3&rft.aulast=McLain&rft.aufirst=Karline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4-Su0whKa0C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Deshpande2007-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deshpande2007_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPrachi_Deshpande2007" class="citation book cs1">Prachi Deshpande (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136"><i>Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 136–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12486-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12486-7"><bdi>978-0-231-12486-7</bdi></a>. <q>Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the "chauvinism" he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creative+Pasts%3A+Historical+Memory+and+Identity+in+Western+India%2C+1700%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=136-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12486-7&rft.au=Prachi+Deshpande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D96qrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bayly2011-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bayly2011_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFC._A._Bayly2011" class="citation book cs1">C. A. Bayly (10 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282"><i>Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50518-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+Liberties%3A+Indian+Thought+in+the+Age+of+Liberalism+and+Empire&rft.pages=282-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50518-5&rft.au=C.+A.+Bayly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GLAWY6L8fIC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Kincaid1937" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Kincaid (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283296"><i>The Grand Rebel</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Rebel&rft.date=1937&rft.au=Dennis+Kincaid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.283296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGirja_Kumar1997" class="citation book cs1">Girja Kumar (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&pg=PA431"><i>The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 431. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0525-2"><bdi>978-81-241-0525-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+on+Trial%3A+Fundamentalism+and+Censorship+in+India&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0525-2&rft.au=Girja+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn-KUICFfA00C%26pg%3DPA431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ChandraMukherjee2016-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChandraMukherjee2016_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBipan_ChandraMridula_MukherjeeAditya_MukherjeeK_N_Panikkar2016" class="citation book cs1">Bipan Chandra; Mridula Mukherjee; Aditya Mukherjee; K N Panikkar; Sucheta Mahajan (9 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC&pg=PT107"><i>India's Struggle for Independence</i></a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. pp. 107–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-183-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-183-3"><bdi>978-81-8475-183-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Struggle+for+Independence&rft.pages=107-&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2016-08-09&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-183-3&rft.au=Bipan+Chandra&rft.au=Mridula+Mukherjee&rft.au=Aditya+Mukherjee&rft.au=K+N+Panikkar&rft.au=Sucheta+Mahajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0q7xH06NrFkC%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kurtz-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtz_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_V._Kurtz1993" class="citation book cs1">Donald V. Kurtz (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA63"><i>Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 63–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09828-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09828-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09828-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contradictions+and+Conflict%3A+A+Dialectical+Political+Anthropology+of+a+University+in+Western+India&rft.pages=63-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09828-2&rft.au=Donald+V.+Kurtz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0X5DquN8LkIC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKUBER2021" class="citation book cs1">KUBER, GIRISH (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245346175"><i>RENAISSANCE STATE : the unwritten story of the making of maharashtra</i></a>. [S.l.]: HARPERCOLLINS INDIA. pp. 69–78. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-90327-39-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-90327-39-3"><bdi>978-93-90327-39-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245346175">1245346175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RENAISSANCE+STATE+%3A+the+unwritten+story+of+the+making+of+maharashtra.&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=69-78&rft.pub=HARPERCOLLINS+INDIA&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245346175&rft.isbn=978-93-90327-39-3&rft.aulast=KUBER&rft.aufirst=GIRISH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1245346175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Naipaul2011-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naipaul2011_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNaipaul2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">Naipaul, V. S.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT65"><i>India: A Wounded Civilization</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 65. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78934-1"><bdi>978-0-307-78934-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+Wounded+Civilization&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-78934-1&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYeWbmq7pkIC%26pg%3DPT65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaine2011164-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011164_214-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaine2011164_214-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaine2011">Laine 2011</a>, p. 164.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ"><i>Lok Sabha Debates</i></a>. Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1952. p. 121. <q>Will the Minister of EDUCATION, SOCIAL WELFARE AND CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lok+Sabha+Debates&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Lok+Sabha+Secretariat&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhlZPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Indian P.E.N.</i></a> P.E.N. All-India Centre. 1964. p. 32. <q>Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+P.E.N.&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=P.E.N.+All-India+Centre.&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLtjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_Kumar2015" class="citation news cs1">Krishna Kumar (20 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms">"Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Writer+Babasaheb+Purandare+receives+%27Maharashtra+Bhushan%27+despite+protests&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.au=Krishna+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fwriter-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests%2Farticleshow%2F48551741.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2001" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA22"><i>Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 22. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08840-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08840-3"><bdi>0-691-08840-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wages+of+Violence%3A+Naming+and+Identity+in+Postcolonial+Bombay&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-691-08840-3&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Blom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-y3iNt0djbQC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKaurMazzarella2009" class="citation book cs1">Kaur, Raminder; Mazzarella, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QOWRn_i1kcC&pg=PA1"><i>Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 1. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35335-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35335-1"><bdi>978-0-253-35335-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Censorship+in+South+Asia%3A+Cultural+Regulation+from+Sedition+to+Seduction&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35335-1&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Raminder&rft.au=Mazzarella%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QOWRn_i1kcC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:5-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_220-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_220-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3561499.stm">"India seeks to arrest US scholar"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 March 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=India+seeks+to+arrest+US+scholar&rft.date=2004-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F3561499.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFVajpeyi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Vajpeyi, Ananya (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/025764300402000207">"The Past and its Passions: Writing History in Hard Times"</a>. <i>Studies in History</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 317–329. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F025764300402000207">10.1177/025764300402000207</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0257-6430">0257-6430</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162555504">162555504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History&rft.atitle=The+Past+and+its+Passions%3A+Writing+History+in+Hard+Times&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317-329&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162555504%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0257-6430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F025764300402000207&rft.aulast=Vajpeyi&rft.aufirst=Ananya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F025764300402000207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Maratha-activists-vandalise-Bhandarkar-Institute/articleshow/407226.cms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Maratha' activists vandalise Bhandarkar Institute"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 6 January 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Maratha%27+activists+vandalise+Bhandarkar+Institute&rft.date=2004-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpune%2FMaratha-activists-vandalise-Bhandarkar-Institute%2Farticleshow%2F407226.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/where-the-stream-of-reason-lost-its-way/73400/">"Where The Stream Of Reason Lost Its Way..."</a> <i>Financial Express</i>. 12 January 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Where+The+Stream+Of+Reason+Lost+Its+Way...&rft.date=2004-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Farchive%2Fwhere-the-stream-of-reason-lost-its-way%2F73400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811082818/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/india/28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court">"Supreme Court lifts ban on James Laine's book on Shivaji"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 9 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/india/28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court">the original</a> on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+lifts+ban+on+James+Laine%27s+book+on+Shivaji&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2010-07-09%2Findia%2F28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100710/1545431.html">"Protests over James Laine's book across Mumbai"</a>. webindia123.com. 10 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protests+over+James+Laine%27s+book+across+Mumbai&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.webindia123.com%2Fnews%2FArticles%2FIndia%2F20100710%2F1545431.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRahul_Chandawarkar2010" class="citation news cs1">Rahul Chandawarkar (10 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_hard-liners-slam-state-supreme-court-decision-on-laine-s-shivaji-book_1407732">"Hard-liners slam state, Supreme Court decision on Laine's Shivaji book"</a>. <i>DNA India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA+India&rft.atitle=Hard-liners+slam+state%2C+Supreme+Court+decision+on+Laine%27s+Shivaji+book&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft.au=Rahul+Chandawarkar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2Freport_hard-liners-slam-state-supreme-court-decision-on-laine-s-shivaji-book_1407732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106235945/http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/">"comments : Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/comments/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660/">the original</a> on 6 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=comments+%3A+Modi+unveils+Shivaji+statue+at+Limbayat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fcomments%2Fmodi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat%2F974660%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928023003/http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5">"New Shivaji statue faces protests"</a>. Pune Mirror. 16 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20120516201205160833063629266b10c/New-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html?pageno=5">the original</a> on 28 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Shivaji+statue+faces+protests&rft.pub=Pune+Mirror&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punemirror.in%2Farticle%2F2%2F20120516201205160833063629266b10c%2FNew-Shivaji-statue-faces-protests.html%3Fpageno%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928043424/http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm">"Kalam unveils Shivaji statue"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 29 April 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Kalam+unveils+Shivaji+statue&rft.date=2003-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2003%2F04%2F29%2Fstories%2F2003042907691200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTimes2017" class="citation news cs1">Times, Maharashtra (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms">"Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus"</a>. <i>Times of India</i>. No. 30 June<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Mumbai+Railway+station+renamed+to+Chhatrapati+Shivaji+Maharaj+Terminus&rft.issue=30+June&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=Maharashtra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2Fmumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus%2Farticleshow%2F59390999.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/">"Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Chhatrapati+Shivaji+Terminus+%26%23x28%3Bformerly+Victoria+Terminus%26%23x29%3B&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F945%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/politics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html">"Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion"</a>. <i>Business Standard</i>. 25 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Politics+over+Shivaji+statue+delays+Mumbai+airport+expansion&rft.date=2011-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Feconomy-policy%2Fpolitics-over-shivaji-statue-delays-mumbai-airport-expansion-111062500010_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modi-unveils-indian-navys-new-ensign/article65839843.ece">"Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils Indian Navy's new ensign"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 2 September 2022. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+Narendra+Modi+unveils+Indian+Navy%E2%80%99s+new+ensign&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fprime-minister-narendra-modi-unveils-indian-navys-new-ensign%2Farticle65839843.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718031536/http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment">"INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training"</a>. Indian Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment">the original</a> on 18 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INS+Shivaji+%28Engineering+Training+Establishment%29+%3A+Training&rft.pub=Indian+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiannavy.nic.in%2Ftraining%2Fnavy-training%2Fins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Watermarked%20paper/CHHATRAPATI%20SHIVAJI%20MAHARAJ">"Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj"</a>. Indianpost.com. 21 April 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chhatrapati+Shivaji+Maharaj&rft.pub=Indianpost.com&rft.date=1980-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianpost.com%2Fviewstamp.php%2FPaper%2FWatermarked%2520paper%2FCHHATRAPATI%2520SHIVAJI%2520MAHARAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080547/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas">"Shivaji killas express pure reverence"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 29 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas">the original</a> on 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Shivaji+killas+express+pure+reverence&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2010-10-29%2Fpune%2F28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLaine2003" class="citation book cs1">Laine, James W. (13 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__pQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972643-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972643-1"><bdi>978-0-19-972643-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji%3A+Hindu+King+in+Islamic+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-02-13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972643-1&rft.aulast=Laine&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__pQEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNina_Golgowski2018" class="citation web cs1">Nina Golgowski (31 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/india-now-boasts-world-apos-190059518.html">"India Now Boasts The World's Tallest Statue, And It's Twice Lady Liberty's Size"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yahoo!_News" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=India+Now+Boasts+The+World%27s+Tallest+Statue%2C+And+It%27s+Twice+Lady+Liberty%27s+Size&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft.au=Nina+Golgowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Findia-now-boasts-world-apos-190059518.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-connect2-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-connect2_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/contract-for-shivaji-memorial-project-pwd-proposes-extension-of-one-year-to-firm-without-cost-escalation-7466001/">"Contract for Shivaji Memorial Project, PWD proposes extension of one year to firm without cost escalation"</a>. <i>indianexpress.com</i>. 23 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indianexpress.com&rft.atitle=Contract+for+Shivaji+Memorial+Project%2C+PWD+proposes+extension+of+one+year+to+firm+without+cost+escalation&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fmumbai%2Fcontract-for-shivaji-memorial-project-pwd-proposes-extension-of-one-year-to-firm-without-cost-escalation-7466001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAsherTalbot2006" class="citation cs2">Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC"><i>India Before Europe</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80904-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Before+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80904-7&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+B.&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvaGuaJIJgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCashman,_The_Myth_of_the_Lokamanya1975" class="citation cs2">Cashman, Richard I (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich"><i>The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02407-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02407-6"><bdi>978-0-520-02407-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Lokamanya%3A+Tilak+and+Mass+Politics+in+Maharashtra&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02407-6&rft.aulast=Cashman&rft.aufirst=Richard+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythoflokamanya00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEaton,_The_Sufis_of_Bijapur2015" class="citation cs2">Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172"><i>The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6815-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6815-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-6815-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufis+of+Bijapur%2C+1300%E2%80%931700%3A+Social+Roles+of+Sufis+in+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2F9BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEraly,_Emperors_of_the_Peacock_Throne2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_Eraly" title="Abraham Eraly">Eraly, Abraham</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA441"><i>Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100143-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100143-2"><bdi>978-0-14-100143-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+of+the+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Great+Mughals&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100143-2&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04ellRQx4nMC%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqui,_A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_India2011" class="citation cs2">Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA321"><i>A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</i></a>, Pearson Education India, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3202-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.aulast=Farooqui&rft.aufirst=Salma+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGier,_The_Origins_of_Religious_Violence2014" class="citation cs2">Gier, Nicholas F. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective</i></a>, Lexington Books, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9223-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9223-8"><bdi>978-0-7391-9223-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Religious+Violence%3A+An+Asian+Perspective&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8&rft.aulast=Gier&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0LBhBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_The_Marathas1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stewart_N._Gordon" title="Stewart N. Gordon">Gordon, Stewart</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C"><i>The Marathas 1600–1818</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7"><bdi>978-0-521-26883-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26883-7&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHK-BhVXOU4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHaig_&_Burn,_The_Mughal_Period1960" class="citation cs2">Haig, Wolseley; Burn, Richard (1960) [first published 1937], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA258"><i>The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughal Period</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+India%2C+Volume+IV%3A+The+Mughal+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Haig&rft.aufirst=Wolseley&rft.au=Burn%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoI8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKamdar2018" class="citation cs2">Kamdar, Mira (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrNSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>India in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know</i></a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 41–, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997360-6"><bdi>978-0-19-997360-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+21st+Century%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know&rft.pages=41-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997360-6&rft.aulast=Kamdar&rft.aufirst=Mira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrNSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKnipe2015" class="citation cs2">Knipe, David M. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40"><i>Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition</i></a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 40–, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026673-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026673-8"><bdi>978-0-19-026673-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Voices%3A+Intimate+Narratives+of+a+Living+Andhra+Tradition&rft.pages=40-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026673-8&rft.aulast=Knipe&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8oUSBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLaine2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_W._Laine" class="mw-redirect" title="James W. Laine">Laine, James W.</a> (2011), "Resisting My Attackers; Resisting My Defenders", in Schmalz, Matthew N.; Gottschalk, Peter (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-dP0p-TcnPUC"><i>Engaging South Asian Religions: Boundaries, Appropriations, and Resistances</i></a>, Albany: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, pp. 153–172, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3323-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3323-3"><bdi>978-1-4384-3323-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resisting+My+Attackers%3B+Resisting+My+Defenders&rft.btitle=Engaging+South+Asian+Religions%3A+Boundaries%2C+Appropriations%2C+and+Resistances&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=153-172&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3323-3&rft.aulast=Laine&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-dP0p-TcnPUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMehta2009" class="citation cs2">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2009) [1984], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</i></a>, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-1015-3"><bdi>978-81-207-1015-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-207-1015-3&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-TsMl0vSc0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMehta2005" class="citation cs2">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813</i></a>, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-54-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-54-6"><bdi>978-1-932705-54-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Modern+India%3A+Volume+One%3A+1707%E2%80%931813&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-932705-54-6&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1wUgKKzawoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRavishankar2018" class="citation cs2">Ravishankar, Chinya V. (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vi9uDwAAQBAJ"><i>Sons of Sarasvati: Late Exemplars of the Indian Intellectual Tradition</i></a>, State University of New York Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7185-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7185-3"><bdi>978-1-4384-7185-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sons+of+Sarasvati%3A+Late+Exemplars+of+the+Indian+Intellectual+Tradition&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-7185-3&rft.aulast=Ravishankar&rft.aufirst=Chinya+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvi9uDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2011" class="citation cs2">Robb, Peter (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sf5eAQAAQBAJ"><i>A History of India</i></a>, Macmillan, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34424-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34424-2"><bdi>978-0-230-34424-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34424-2&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsf5eAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2015" class="citation cs2">Roy, Kaushik (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ"><i>Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32128-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32128-6"><bdi>978-1-317-32128-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Manpower%2C+Armies+and+Warfare+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-32128-6&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq5JECgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2013" class="citation cs2">Roy, Tirthankar (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dQcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33"><i>An Economic History of Early Modern India</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04787-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04787-0"><bdi>978-1-135-04787-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+Early+Modern+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-04787-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tirthankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3dQcAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPagadi1983" class="citation cs2">Pagadi, Setumadhava Rao (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShivajiSetumadhavaraoSPagadi1983"><i>Shivaji</i></a>, National Book Trust, India</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Pagadi&rft.aufirst=Setumadhava+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShivajiSetumadhavaraoSPagadi1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a> (1920) [1919], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich"><i>Shivaji and His Times</i></a> (Second ed.), London: Longmans, Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+and+His+Times&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshivajihistimes00sarkrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar,_History_of_Aurangzib1920" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a> (1920), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3NHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77"><i>History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources</i></a>, Longmans, Green and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Aurangzib%3A+Based+on+Original+Sources&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3NHAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSardesai1957" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Govind_Sakharam_Sardesai" title="Govind Sakharam Sardesai">Sardesai, Govind Sakharam</a> (1957) [1946], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1DAAAAYAAJ"><i>New History of the Marathas: Shivaji and his line (1600–1707)</i></a>, Phoenix Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+History+of+the+Marathas%3A+Shivaji+and+his+line+%281600%E2%80%931707%29&rft.pub=Phoenix+Publications&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Sardesai&rft.aufirst=Govind+Sakharam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzG1DAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStein1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, Burton</a> (1987), <i>Vijayanagara (The New Cambridge History of India)</i>, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26693-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26693-9"><bdi>0-521-26693-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vijayanagara+%28The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+and+New+York%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-26693-9&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam2002" class="citation cs2">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgSMPKVh7f8C"><i>The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89226-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89226-1"><bdi>978-0-521-89226-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Commerce%3A+Southern+India+1500%E2%80%931650&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89226-1&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjgSMPKVh7f8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTruschke2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audrey_Truschke" title="Audrey Truschke">Truschke, Audrey</a> (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ"><i>Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-0259-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurangzeb%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+India%27s+Most+Controversial+King&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5&rft.aulast=Truschke&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUUkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert1962" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanley_A._Wolpert" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley A. Wolpert">Wolpert, Stanley A.</a> (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=De_ftH3bm-MC&pg=PA1"><i>Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tilak+and+Gokhale%3A+Revolution+and+Reform+in+the+Making+of+Modern+India&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDe_ftH3bm-MC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFZakaria2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rafique_Zakaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafique Zakaria">Zakaria, Rafiq</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKY_L_eAayUC"><i>Communal Rage In Secular India</i></a>, Popular Prakashan, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-070-2"><bdi>978-81-7991-070-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communal+Rage+In+Secular+India&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-070-2&rft.aulast=Zakaria&rft.aufirst=Rafiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKY_L_eAayUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Jasper2003" class="citation journal cs1">Daniel Jasper (2003). "Commemorating the 'golden age' of Shivaji in Maharashtra, India, and the development of Maharashtrian public politics". <i>Journal of Political and Military Sociology</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 215–230. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45293740">45293740</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152003918">152003918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+and+Military+Sociology&rft.atitle=Commemorating+the+%27golden+age%27+of+Shivaji+in+Maharashtra%2C+India%2C+and+the+development+of+Maharashtrian+public+politics&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-230&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45293740%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152003918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Daniel+Jasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFB._K._Apte1974–1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bhalchandra_Krishna_Apte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhalchandra Krishna Apte (page does not exist)">B. K. Apte</a>, ed. (1974–1975). <i>Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume</i>. Bombay: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Bombay">University of Bombay</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chhatrapati+Shivaji%3A+Coronation+Tercentenary+Commemoration+Volume&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=University+of+Bombay&rft.date=1974%2F1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPearson,_Shivaji_and_Mughal_decline1976" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, M. N. (1976b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980">"Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journal_of_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Asian Studies">Journal of Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>35</b> (2): 221–235. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2053980">10.2307/2053980</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980">2053980</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162482005">162482005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Shivaji+and+the+Decline+of+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-235&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162482005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2053980%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2053980&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=M.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2053980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJames_W._Laine2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_W._Laine" class="mw-redirect" title="James W. Laine">James W. Laine</a> (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shivajihinduking0000lain"><i>Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514126-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514126-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514126-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji%3A+Hindu+King+in+Islamic+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514126-9&rft.au=James+W.+Laine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshivajihinduking0000lain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShivaji" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Shivaji&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sivaji" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sivaji">Shivaji</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Shivaji" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Shivaji">Shivaji</a> at Wikiquote</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Society/History/By_Region/Asia/South_Asia/Personalities/Sivaji">Shivaji</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Shivaji </div><div><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Bhonsle" title="House of Bhonsle">House of Bhonsle</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1627/1630</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 3 April 1680</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles
</th></tr>
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<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">new state formed</div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> </b><br />1674–1680
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/18px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/28px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/37px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/21px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/32px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg/42px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="222" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Royalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Royalty">Royalty</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Shivaji" title="Template talk:Shivaji"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Shivaji&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shivaji" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shivaji</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhonsle#Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Origin</a> </span> and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_life_of_Shivaji" title="Early life of Shivaji">Early life</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancestry and family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maloji_Bhosale" title="Maloji Bhosale">Maloji Bhosale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahaji" title="Shahaji">Shahaji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jijabai" title="Jijabai">Jijabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarabai" title="Tarabai">Tarabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhattrapati_Shahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhattrapati Shahu">Shahu I</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/100px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/150px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/200px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comrades</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dadoji_Konddev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadoji Konddev">Dadoji Konddev</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baji_Prabhu_Deshpande" title="Baji Prabhu Deshpande">Baji Prabhu Deshpande</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanaji_Malusare" title="Tanaji Malusare">Tanaji Malusare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firangoji_Narsala" title="Firangoji Narsala">Firangoji Narsala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netaji_Palkar" title="Netaji Palkar">Netaji Palkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prataprao_Gujar" title="Prataprao Gujar">Prataprao Gujar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hambirao_Mohite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hambirao Mohite">Hambirao Mohite</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">Pratapgarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kolhapur" title="Battle of Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">Pavan Khind</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chakan" title="Battle of Chakan">Chakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" title="Battle of Surat">Surat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Purandar" title="Battle of Purandar">Purandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sinhagad" title="Battle of Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kalyan" title="Battle of Kalyan">Kalyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sangamner" title="Battle of Sangamner">Sangamner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivaji%27s_forts" title="Shivaji's forts">Forts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karnala_Fort" title="Karnala Fort">Karnala Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhala_Fort" title="Panhala Fort">Panhala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purandar_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Purandar fort"> Purandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgad">Rajgad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sajjangad" title="Sajjangad">Sajjangad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivneri">Shivneri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhudurg_Fort" title="Sindhudurg Fort">Sindhudurg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinhagad" title="Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vishalgad" title="Vishalgad">Vishalgad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivaji_in_popular_culture" title="Shivaji in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30x27px&#124;link=Bhagwa_Dhwaj_Maratha_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:MarathaEmpire" title="Template:MarathaEmpire"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:MarathaEmpire" title="Template talk:MarathaEmpire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:MarathaEmpire&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30x27px&#124;link=Bhagwa_Dhwaj_Maratha_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhagwa_Dhwaj" title="Bhagwa Dhwaj"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Maratha_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="280" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapatis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shivaji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_I" title="Rajaram I">Rajaram I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarabai" title="Tarabai">Tarabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahu_I" title="Shahu I">Shahu I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajaram_II_of_Satara" title="Rajaram II of Satara">Rajaram II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahu_II_of_Satara" title="Shahu II of Satara">Shahu II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratap_Singh,_Raja_of_Satara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratap Singh, Raja of Satara">Pratap Singh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moropant_Trimbak_Pingle" title="Moropant Trimbak Pingle">Moropant Trimbak Pingle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moreshvar_Pingale" title="Moreshvar Pingale">Moreshvar Pingale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramchandra_Pant_Amatya" title="Ramchandra Pant Amatya">Ramchandra Pant Amatya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahiroji_Pingale" title="Bahiroji Pingale">Bahiroji Pingale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaji_Vishwanath" title="Balaji Vishwanath">Balaji Vishwanath</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baji_Rao_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Baji Rao I">Baji Rao I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaji_Baji_Rao" title="Balaji Baji Rao">Balaji Baji Rao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madhavrao_I" title="Madhavrao I">Madhavrao Ballal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narayan_Rao" title="Narayan Rao">Narayan Rao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raghunathrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madhavrao_II" title="Madhavrao II">Sawai Madhavrao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baji_Rao_II" title="Baji Rao II">Baji Rao II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amrut_Rao" title="Amrut Rao">Amrut Rao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nana_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana Sahib">Nana Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhat_family" title="Bhat family">Bhat family</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amatya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amatya">Amatya</a> & <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratinidhi" title="Pratinidhi">Pratinidhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramchandra_Pant_Amatya" title="Ramchandra Pant Amatya">Ramchandra Pant Amatya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pralhad_Niraji" title="Pralhad Niraji">Pralhad Niraji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parshuram_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi">Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi</a> (<i>hereditary</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shripatrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi">Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jagjivanrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi">Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahilyabai_Holkar" title="Ahilyabai Holkar">Ahilyabai Holkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anandibai" title="Anandibai">Anandibai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gopikabai" title="Gopikabai">Gopikabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jankibai" title="Jankibai">Jankibai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jijabai" title="Jijabai">Jijabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashibai" title="Kashibai">Kashibai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lakshmibai" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmibai">Lakshmibai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mastani" title="Mastani">Mastani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parvatibai" title="Parvatibai">Parvatibai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Putalabai" title="Putalabai">Putalabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramabai_Peshwa" title="Ramabai Peshwa">Ramabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sai_Bhosale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sai Bhosale">Saibai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakvarbai" title="Sakvarbai">Sakvarbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soyarabai" title="Soyarabai">Soyarabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umabai_Dabhade" title="Umabai Dabhade">Umabai Dabhade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baka_Bai" title="Baka Bai">Baka Bai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulsi_Bai_Holkar" title="Tulsi Bai Holkar">Tulsi Bai Holkar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maratha Confederacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Bhonsle of Nagpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaekwad_dynasty" title="Gaekwad dynasty">Gaekwad of Baroda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Scindia of Gwalior</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holkar" title="Holkar">Holkar of Indore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patwardhan_dynasty" title="Patwardhan dynasty">Patwardhan dynasty</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battles_involving_the_Maratha_Empire" title="Battles involving the Maratha Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh" title="Battle of Pratapgarh">Pratapgarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kolhapur" title="Battle of Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pavan_Khind" title="Battle of Pavan Khind">Pavan Khind</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Umberkhind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Umberkhind (page does not exist)">Umberkhind</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chakan" title="Battle of Chakan">Chakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Surat" title="Battle of Surat">Surat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Purandar" title="Battle of Purandar">Purandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sinhagad" title="Battle of Sinhagad">Sinhagad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Salher" title="Battle of Salher">Salher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kalyan" title="Battle of Kalyan">Kalyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Bhupalgarh" title="Battle of Bhupalgarh">Bhupalgarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sangamner" title="Battle of Sangamner">Sangamner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Raigarh_(1689)" title="Battle of Raigarh (1689)">Raigarh (1689)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Satara" title="Battle of Satara">Satara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Khelna" title="Battle of Khelna">Khelna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Raigarh_(1703-1704)" title="Battle of Raigarh (1703-1704)">Raigarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Torna" title="Battle of Torna">Torna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Palkhed" title="Battle of Palkhed">Palkhed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Malwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malwa">Malwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mandsaur" title="Battle of Mandsaur">Mandsaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1737)" title="Battle of Delhi (1737)">1st Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Bhopal" title="Battle of Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Vasai" title="Battle of Vasai">Vasai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1741)" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)">1st Trichinopoly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Battle_of_Katwa" title="First Battle of Katwa">Katwa (1st)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1743)" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)">2nd Trichinopoly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Katwa" title="Second Battle of Katwa">Katwa (2nd)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_invasions_of_Bengal" title="Maratha invasions of Bengal">Invasions of Bengal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Burdwan" title="Battle of Burdwan">Burdwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Narela" title="Battle of Narela">Narela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Battle of Delhi (1757)">2nd Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha_conquest_of_North-west_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha conquest of North-west India">North-west India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1758)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1758)">Peshawar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Lahore_(1759)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lahore (1759)">Lahore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Udgir" title="Battle of Udgir">Udgir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">3rd Panipat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Alegaon" title="Battle of Alegaon">Alegaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Rakshasbhuvan" title="Battle of Rakshasbhuvan">Rakshabhuvan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capture_of_Delhi,_1771" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Delhi, 1771">Capture of Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pachgaon" title="Battle of Pachgaon">Pachgaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Saunshi" title="Battle of Saunshi">Saunshi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Wadgaon" title="Battle of Wadgaon">Wadgaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Adoni" title="Siege of Adoni">Adoni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Badami" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Badami">Badami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Savanur" title="Battle of Savanur">Savanur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gajendragad" title="Gajendragad">Gajendragad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Bahadur_Benda" title="Siege of Bahadur Benda">Bahadur Benda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Lalsot" title="Battle of Lalsot">Lalsot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Chaksana" title="Battle of Chaksana">Chaksana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Patan" title="Battle of Patan">Patan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kharda" title="Battle of Kharda">Kharda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Poona" title="Battle of Poona">Poona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1803)" title="Battle of Delhi (1803)">3rd Delhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Assaye" title="Battle of Assaye">Assaye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Laswari" title="Battle of Laswari">Laswari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Farrukhabad" title="Battle of Farrukhabad">Farrukhabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Bharatpur_(1805)" title="Siege of Bharatpur (1805)">Bharatpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Khadki" title="Battle of Khadki">Khadki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Koregaon" title="Battle of Koregaon">Koregaon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mahidpur" title="Battle of Mahidpur">Mahidpur</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha-Mughal_War_of_27_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years">Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Mysore War">Maratha–Mysore War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adilshahi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Qutbshahi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangad_Fort" title="Mangad Fort">Mangad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhala_Fort" title="Panhala Fort">Panhala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pratapgad" title="Pratapgad">Pratapgad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purandar_Fort" title="Purandar Fort"> Purandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad_Fort" title="Rajgad Fort">Rajgad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaniwar_Wada" title="Shaniwar Wada">Shaniwar Wada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivneri_Fort" title="Shivneri Fort">Shivneri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhudurg_Fort" title="Sindhudurg Fort">Sindhudurg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajgad_Fort" title="Rajgad Fort">Rajgad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torna_Fort" title="Torna Fort">Torna</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shivrai" title="Shivrai">Shivrai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239505#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239505#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239505#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/7612/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066774616">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/50467615">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14472266t">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14472266t">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118820974">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268016505171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50023241">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35496832">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record245036">Greece</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069820155">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/161319">Vatican</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/db179758-0a08-4c8e-b224-9209230b2d77">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/974494">Trove</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074181661">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1691694371' |