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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Form of government in which the monarch has absolute power}}
{{Original research|date=September 2020}}
{{Monarchism|expanded = types}}
{{Basic forms of government}}'''Absolute monarchy'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldie |first1=Mark |last2=Wokler |first2=Robert |author-link2=Robert Wokler |date=2006-08-31 |title=The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521374224 |page=523 |chapter=Philosophical kingship and enlightened despotism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFNHyh9WY3AC&pg=PA523 |access-date=13 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Leopardi |first1=Giacomo |author-link1=Giacomo Leopardi |title=Zibaldone |year=2013 |orig-year=1898 |publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux |isbn=978-0374296827 |page=1438 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzCpxEYO6JwC&pg=PA1438}}</ref> is a form of [[monarchy]] in which the monarch rules in his or her own right or power. In an absolute monarchy, the king or queen is by no means limited and has absolute power.<ref name="Harris 2009">{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Nathanial |year=2009 |title=Systems of Government Monarchy |publisher=Evans Brothers |isbn=978-0-237-53932-0 |lang=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5SKJanyblIC}}</ref> These are often [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary monarchies]]. On the other hand, in [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchies]], in which the authority of the head of state is also bound or restricted by the constitution, a legislature, or unwritten customs, the king or queen is not the only one to decide, and his or her entourage also exercises power, mainly the prime minister.<ref name="Harris 2009"/>
Absolute monarchy originally emerged in Europe after the social upheaval of the [[Black Death]] and [[Renaissance]], and represented a reaction by monarchs to create a centralised state against the counter-balancing forces of medieval society ([[Feudalism|feudal]] fragmentation, [[Medieval commune|municipal corporations]], etc.). Originally associated with the prestigious [[Burgundian State|Duchy of Burgundy]], it later spread as a model to centralize the varied territories of the [[Monarchy of Spain|Kingdom of Spain]] and the [[Absolute monarchy in France|Kingdom of France]]. The absolutist system of government saw its high point during the late 16th and the 17th century, associated with a more autocratic form of rule under figures such as [[Louis XIV|Louis XIV of France]] and [[Philip II of Spain]]. Attempting to establish an absolutist government along European lines, [[Charles I of England]] viewed [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] as unnecessary, which would ultimately lead to the [[English Civil War]] (1642–51) and [[Execution of Charles I|his execution]]. Absolutism declined substantially, first following the [[French Revolution]], and later after [[World War I]], both of which led to the popularization of theories of government based on the notion of [[popular sovereignty]]. It did however provide a foundation for the newer political theories and movements that emerged to oppose liberal-democracy, such as [[Legitimists|Legitimism]] and [[Carlism]] in the early 19th century, or "[[integral nationalism]]" in the early 20th century.
Absolute monarchies include [[Brunei]], [[Eswatini]],<ref name="swazi-abs">{{cite news|title=Swaziland profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14095303|work=BBC News|date=2018-09-03}}</ref> [[Oman]],<ref name="oman-abs">{{cite news |title=Q&A: Elections to Oman's consultative Council |date=2011-10-13 |website=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15288960}}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref name="Cavendish78" /> [[Vatican City]],<ref name="vaticancity">{{cite web |title=Organi dello Stato |trans-title=State Departments |publisher=[[Vatican State]] |website=vaticanstate.va |url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/organi-dello-stato.html |access-date=2014-01-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102165340/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/organi-dello-stato.html |archive-date=2013-11-02}}<br />
{{cite web |title=State Departments |publisher=[[Vatican State]] |website=vaticanstate.va |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/state-government/state-departments/state-departments-1.html |access-date=2019-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411154311/https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/state-government/state-departments/state-departments-1.html |archive-date=2020-04-11}}</ref> and the individual emirates composing the [[United Arab Emirates]], which itself is a [[federation]] of such monarchies – a [[federal monarchy]].<ref name="qat-abs">{{cite news |last1=Stephens |first1=Michael |date=2013-01-07 |title=Qatar: Regional backwater to global player |website=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20890765}}</ref><ref name=:0>{{cite news |title=Vatican to emirates, monarchs keep the reins in modern world |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-02/education/29495629_1_monarchy-absolute-power-head |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016094408/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-02/education/29495629_1_monarchy-absolute-power-head |archive-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
==Historical examples of absolute monarchies==
{{forms of government map}}
=== Outside Europe ===
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Secretary Pompeo Meets with the Sultan of Oman Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (49565463757) (cropped).jpg
| footer = [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman bin Abdulaziz]] and [[Haitham bin Tariq]] are the absolute monarchs of [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Oman]], respectively.
}}
In the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Sultan]] wielded absolute power over the state and was considered a [[Padishah]] meaning "Great King" by his people. Many sultans wielded absolute power through heavenly mandates reflected in their title, such as "Shadow of God on Earth". In [[ancient Mesopotamia]], many rulers of [[Assyria]], [[Babylonia]] and [[Sumer]] were absolute monarchs as well.
Throughout [[Imperial China]], many [[Emperor of China|emperors]] and one empress ([[Wu Zetian]]) wielded absolute power through the [[Mandate of Heaven]]. In [[pre-Columbian America]], the [[Inca Empire]] was ruled by a [[Sapa Inca]], who was considered the son of [[Inti]], the sun god and absolute ruler over the people and nation. Korea under the [[Joseon dynasty]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Sang-hun |last=Choi |date=27 October 2017 |title=Interior Space and Furniture of Joseon Upper-class Houses |publisher=Ewha Womans University Press |page=16 |quote=Joseon was an absolute monarchy |isbn=9788973007202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWNNWVwaUpMC&q=joseon+dynasty+absolute+monarchy&pg=PA16 |via=Google Books}}</ref> and short-lived [[Korean Empire|empire]] was also an absolute monarchy.
===Europe===
{{Main|Absolutism (European history)}}
Throughout much of European history, the [[divine right of kings]] was the theological justification for absolute monarchy. Many European monarchs claimed [[Tsarist autocracy|supreme autocratic power]] by divine right, and that their subjects had no rights to limit their power.
Throughout the [[Age of Enlightenment]], the concept of the divine right to power and democratic ideals were given serious merit.
The [[Revolutions of 1848]], known in some countries as the ''Springtime of the Peoples''<ref>{{cite book |author=Merriman, John |year=1996 |title=A History of Modern Europe: From the French Revolution to the present |page=715}}</ref> or the ''Springtime of Nations'', were a series of [[political upheaval]]s throughout [[Europe]] in 1848. It remains the most widespread [[revolutionary wave]] in [[European history]]. By the 19th century, divine right was regarded as an obsolete theory in most countries in the [[Western world]], except in Russia where it was still given credence as the official justification for the Tsar's power until [[February Revolution]] in 1917 and in the [[Vatican City]] where it remains today.
====Kingdoms of England and Scotland====
[[James VI and I]] and his son [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] tried to import the principle of [[divine right of kings|divine right]] into Scotland and England. Charles I's attempt to enforce [[episcopal polity]] on the [[Church of Scotland]] led to rebellion by the [[Covenanter]]s and the [[Bishops' Wars]], then fears that Charles I was attempting to establish absolutist government along European lines was a major cause of the [[English Civil War]], despite the fact that he did rule this way for 11 years starting in 1629, after dissolving the [[Parliament of England]] for a time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Charles I of England |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Charles_I_of_England/ |access-date=17 April 2023 |work=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref>
====Denmark–Norway====
{{Further|Denmark–Norway}}
Absolutism was underpinned by a written constitution for the first time in Europe in 1665 {{lang-da|Kongeloven|lit=[[King's Law]]|label=none}} of [[Denmark–Norway]], which ordered that the Monarch: {{Blockquote|shall from this day forth be revered and considered the most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects, standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person, neither in spiritual nor temporal matters, except God alone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kongeloven af 1665 |publisher=Danske konger |language=da |url=http://danskekonger.dk/kilder/kongeloven |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330135036/http://danskekonger.dk/kilder/kongeloven |archive-date=2012-03-30}}</ref><ref>A partial English translation of the law can be found in<br/>{{cite journal |first=Ernst |last=Ekman |year=1957 |title=The Danish Royal Law of 1665 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=102–107|doi=10.1086/237987 |s2cid=145652129 }}</ref>}} This law consequently authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power. Most important was the abolition of the [[Rigsraad|Council of the Realm]] in Denmark. Absolute monarchy lasted until [[1814 in Norway]], and [[1848 in Denmark]].
====Habsburgs====
{{See|House of Habsburg}}
{{Expand section|date=August 2021}}
====Hungary====
{{See|King of Hungary|Kingdom of Hungary}}
{{Expand section|date=August 2021}}
====France====
{{Main|Absolute monarchy in France}}
[[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|[[Louis XIV]] of France|256x256px]]
[[Louis XIV of France]] (1638–1715) is often said to have proclaimed {{lang-fr|L'état, c'est moi!|lit=I am the State!|label=none}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.history.com/topics/france/louis-xiv|title=Louis XIV|work=HISTORY|access-date=2018-10-05|language=en}}</ref> Although often criticized for his extravagances, such as the [[Palace of Versailles]], he reigned over France for a long period, some historians consider him an absolute monarch, while some other historians{{who|date=October 2018}} have questioned whether Louis' reign should be considered 'absolute', given the reality of the balance of power between the monarch and the nobility, as well as parliaments.<ref>Mettam, R. ''Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France'', Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.</ref>{{Request quotation|date=October 2018}}
The king of France concentrated legislative, executive, and judicial powers in his person. He was the supreme judicial authority. He could condemn people to death without the right of appeal. It was both his duty to punish offenses and stop them from being committed. From his judicial authority followed his power both to make laws and to annul them.<ref>Mousnier, R. ''The Institutions of France under the Absolute Monarchy, 1598-2012 V1.'' Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979.</ref>
====Prussia====
{{Further|Prussia}}
In [[Brandenburg-Prussia]], the concept of absolute monarch took a notable turn from the above with its emphasis on the monarch as the "first servant of the state", but it also echoed many of the important characteristics of absolutism. [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William]] (r. 1640–1688), known as the Great Elector, used the uncertainties of the final stages of the [[Thirty Years' War]]{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} to consolidate his territories into the dominant kingdom in northern Germany, whilst increasing his power over his subjects. His actions largely originated the militaristic streak of the [[Hohenzollern]]s.
Frederick William enjoyed support from the nobles, who enabled the Great Elector to undermine the Diet of Brandenburg and other representative assemblies. The leading families saw their future in cooperation with the central government and worked to establish absolutist power.
The most significant indicator of the nobles' success was the establishment of two tax rates – one for the cities and the other for the countryside – to the great advantage of the latter, which the nobles ruled. The nobles served in the upper levels of the elector's army and bureaucracy, but they also won new prosperity for themselves. The support of the Elector enabled the imposition of serfdom and the consolidation of land holdings into vast estates which provided for their wealth.
They became known as [[Junker]]s (from the German for young lord, ''junger Herr''). Frederick William faced resistance from representative assemblies and long-independent cities in his realm. City leaders often revolted at the imposition of Electorate authority. The last notable effort was the uprising of the city of [[Königsberg]] which allied with the Estates General of Prussia to refuse to pay taxes. Frederick William crushed this revolt in 1662, by marching into the city with thousands of troops. A similar approach was used with the towns of Cleves.<ref>''The Western Experience'', Seventh Edition, Boston: [[McGraw-Hill]], 1999.</ref>
====Russia====
{{Further|Russian Empire}}
Until 1905, the [[Tsar]]s and [[Emperor of All Russia|Emperors]] of [[Russia]] governed as absolute monarchs. [[Ivan IV|Ivan the Terrible]] was known for his reign of terror through [[oprichnina]]. [[Peter I of Russia|Peter I the Great]] reduced the power of the [[Boyar|Russian nobility]] and strengthened the central power of the monarch, establishing a bureaucracy and a [[police state]]. This tradition of absolutism, known as [[Tsarist autocracy]], was expanded by [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II the Great]] and her descendants. Although [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] made some reforms and established an independent judicial system, Russia did not have a representative assembly or a constitution until the [[Russian Revolution of 1905|1905 Revolution]]. However, the concept of absolutism was so ingrained in Russia that the [[Russian Constitution of 1906]] still described the monarch as an autocrat. Russia became the last [[Europe]]an country (excluding [[Vatican City]]) to abolish absolutism, and it was the only one to do so as late as the 20th century (the [[Ottoman Empire]] drafted [[Ottoman constitution of 1876|its first constitution]] in 1876).
====Sweden====
{{Further|Swedish Empire}}
The form of government instituted in [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]] under King [[Charles XI of Sweden|Charles XI]] and passed on to his son, [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]] is commonly referred to as absolute monarchy; however, the Swedish monarch was never absolute in the sense that he wielded [[arbitrary power]]. The monarch still ruled under the law and could only legislate in agreement with the [[Riksdag of the Estates]]; rather, the absolutism introduced was the monarch's ability to run the government unfettered by the [[Privy Council of Sweden|privy council]], contrary to earlier practice. The absolute rule of Charles XI was instituted by the crown and the Riksdag in order to carry out the [[Reduction (Sweden)|Great Reduction]] which would have been made impossible by the privy council which comprised the high nobility.
After the death of Charles XII in 1718, the system of absolute rule was largely blamed for the ruination of the realm in the [[Great Northern War]], and the reaction tipped the balance of power to the other extreme end of the spectrum, ushering in the [[Age of Liberty]]. After half a century of largely unrestricted parliamentary rule proved just as ruinous, King [[Gustav III of Sweden|Gustav III]] seized back royal power in the [[Revolution of 1772|coup d'état of 1772]], and later once again abolished the privy council under the [[Union and Security Act]] in 1789, which, in turn, was rendered void in 1809 when [[Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden|Gustav IV Adolf]] was deposed in a coup and the [[Instrument of Government (1809)|constitution of 1809]] was put in its place. The years between 1789 and 1809, then, are also referred to as a period of absolute monarchy.
==Contemporary trends==
Many nations formerly with absolute monarchies, such as [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]], and [[Morocco]], have moved towards [[constitutional monarchy]]. However, in these cases the monarch still retains tremendous power, even to the extent that by some measures, parliament's influence on political life is viewed as negligible.{{efn|"By 1985 the legislature appeared to have become more firmly established and recognized as a body in which notables representing authentic forces in the political spectrum could address national issues and problems. But it had not gained real autonomy or a direct role in the shaping of government policies." [...] "In spite of its formally defined role in the lawmaking and budgetary processes, the parliament had not established itself as an independent branch of government, owing to the restrictions on its constitutional authority and the dominating influence of the king. The fact that the king has been able to govern for long periods by ''zahir'' after dissolving the legislative body has further underscored the marginality of the chamber." — J.R. Tartter (1986)<ref>{{cite book |last=Tartter |first=Jean R. |date=1986 |chapter=Government and politics |editor1-last=Nelson |editor1-first=Harold D. |title=Morocco, a country study |publisher=Foreign Area Studies: The American University |pages=246–247 |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/ |series=Area Handbook |oclc=12749718|via=}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tusalem |first1=Rollin F. |date=16 September 2021 |title=Bringing the legislature back in: Examining the structural effects of national legislatures on effective democratic governance |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=291–315 |doi=10.1017/gov.2021.32 |s2cid=240505261 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2021.32 |language=en |issn=0017-257X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rafayah |first1=Shakir |date=29 January 2022 |title=What role for political parties in Jordan? |magazine=Arab Weekly |lang=en |url=https://thearabweekly.com/what-role-political-parties-jordan |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>
In [[Bhutan]], the government moved from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy following planned parliamentary elections to the [[Tshogdu]] in 2003, and the [[2008 Bhutanese National Assembly election|election of a National Assembly in 2008]].
[[Nepal]] had several swings between constitutional rule and direct rule related to the [[Nepalese Civil War]], the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|Maoist insurgency]], and the 2001 [[Nepalese royal massacre]], with the [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepalese monarchy]] being abolished on 28 May 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Gopal |date=2008-05-29 |title=Nepal abolishes centuries-old Hindu monarchy |lang=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nepal-king-idUSISL5996320080529 |access-date=2020-12-01}}</ref>
In [[Tonga]], the [[King of Tonga|king]] had majority control of the [[Legislative Assembly of Tonga|Legislative Assembly]] until 2010.<ref>[http://parliament.gov.to/constitution1.htm Constitution of Tonga] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119232721/http://parliament.gov.to/constitution1.htm|date=2008-11-19}}, s. 61</ref>
[[Liechtenstein]] has moved towards expanding the power of the monarch: the [[Prince of Liechtenstein]] was given expanded powers after a [[2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum|referendum]] amending the [[Constitution of Liechtenstein]] in 2003, which led the BBC to describe the prince as an "absolute monarch again".<ref name="Liechtenstein">{{cite news |title=Liechtenstein prince wins powers |date=2003-03-16 |website=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2853991.stm |access-date=2015-10-26}}</ref>
==Current absolute monarchies==
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes subnational monarchy}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Realm !! Image !! Monarch
! Born !! Age !! Reign Since !! Reign Length !! Succession !! class=unsortable| Ref(s)
<!--Do not add Afghanistan. "Emir" simply means "leader" in Arabic and does not necessarily refer to a monarch. Per WP:NOR, countries can only be added with a reliable source plainly stating the country is a monarchy.-->
|-
|{{flag|Brunei|name=Nation of Brunei, Abode of Peace}}
|[[File:Hassanal Bolkiah, October 2021.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Hassanal Bolkiah|[[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan]] [[Hassanal Bolkiah]]}}
|{{Birth date|1946|7|15|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1946|7|15|age=no}}
|{{dts|4 October 1967}}||{{ayd|1967|10|04}}|| [[Succession to the Bruneian throne|Hereditary]]||<ref name="brunei">{{Cite web
|author=Government of Brunei
|title=Prime Minister
|work=The Royal Ark
|publisher=Office of the Prime Minister
|url=http://www.pmo.gov.bn/pmo1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=82
|access-date=12 November 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007033949/http://www.pmo.gov.bn/pmo1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=82
|archive-date=7 October 2011
}}</ref>
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Sharjah|name=Emirate of Sharjah}}
|[[File:London Book Fair Simon Master Chairman's Award - son Altesse Sheikh Dr. Sultan Bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, winner 2017 - London Book Fair 2017 (cropped).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Sharjah|Ruler]] [[Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi]]}}
|{{Birth date|1939|7|2|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1939|7|2|age=no}}
|{{dts|25 January 1972}}||{{ayd|1972|01|25}}||[[Al Qasimi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Fujairah|name=Emirate of Fujairah}}
|[[File:No image.svg|100px|link=|alt=]]||{{sort|Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Fujairah|Ruler]] [[Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi]]}}
|{{Birth date|1949|2|22|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1949|2|22|age=no}}
|18 September 1974||{{ayd|1974|9|18}}||[[Al Sharqi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Ajman|name=Emirate of Ajman}}
| ||{{sort|Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Ajman|Ruler]] [[Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III]]}}
|{{Birth year|1931}}
|{{age in years|1931}} years
|{{dts|6 September 1981}}||{{ayd|1981|9|6}}||[[Al Nuaimi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
|-
|{{flag|Eswatini|name=Kingdom of Eswatini}}
|[[File:King Mswati III 2014.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Mswati III|[[Ngwenyama]] [[Mswati III]]}}
|{{Birth date|1968|4|19|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1968|4|19|age=no}}
|{{dts|25 April 1986}}||{{ayd|1986|04|25}}||[[Succession to the Swazi throne|Hereditary and elective]]||<ref>{{Citation
| last = Simelane
| first = H.S.
| contribution = Swaziland: Mswati III, Reign of
| year = 2005
| title = Encyclopedia of African history
| editor-last = Shillington
| editor-first = Kevin
| volume = 3
| pages = 1528–30
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| id = 9781579584559}}</ref>
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Dubai|name=Emirate of Dubai}}
|[[File:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (15-02-2021).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Dubai|Ruler]] [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]}}
|{{Birth date|1949|7|15|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1949|7|15|age=no}}
|{{dts|4 January 2006}}||{{ayd|2006|01|04}}||[[House of Maktoum|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Umm al-Quwain|name=Emirate of Umm al-Quwain}}
|[[File:No image.svg|100px|link=|alt=]]||{{sort|Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Ruler]] [[Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla]]}}
|{{Birth date|1952|10|1|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1952|10|1|age=no}}
|{{dts|2 January 2009}}||{{ayd|2009|1|2}}||[[Al Mualla|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Ras al-Khaimah|name=Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah}}
|[[File:Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr al Qasimi.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ruler]] [[Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi]]}}
|{{Birth date|1956|2|10|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1956|2|10|age=no}}
|{{dts|27 October 2010}}||{{ayd|2010|10|27}}||[[Al Qasimi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
|-
|{{flag|Vatican City|name=Vatican City State}}
|[[File:Pope Francis Korea Haemi Castle 19.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Francis|[[List of popes|Supreme Pontiff]] [[Pope Francis|Francis]]}}
|{{Birth date|1936|12|17|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1936|12|17|age=no}}
|{{dts|13 March 2013}}||{{ayd|2013|03|13}}||[[Papal conclave|Elective]]|| <ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina's Jorge Mario Bergoglio elected Pope |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21777494 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}}
|[[File:Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Salman bin Abdul‘aziz|[[King of Saudi Arabia#Kings of Saudi Arabia (1932–present)|King]] [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman bin Abdul‘aziz]]}}
|{{Birth date|1935|12|31|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1935|12|31|age=no}}
|{{dts|23 January 2015}}||{{ayd|2015|01|23}}|| [[Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne|Hereditary and elective]]||<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah dies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30945324 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 January 2015 |access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Oman|name=Sultanate of Oman}}
|[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with the Sultan of Oman Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (49565463757) (cropped).jpg#/media/File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with the Sultan of Oman Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (49565463757) (cropped).jpg|100px]]||[[List of rulers of Oman#Sultans|Sultan]] [[Haitham bin Tariq Al Said]]
|{{Birth date|1954|10|11|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1954|10|11|age=no}}
|{{dts|11 January 2020}}
|{{ayd|2020|01|11}}
|[[List of rulers of Oman|Hereditary]]||<ref>{{Cite web
|author=Sultan Qaboos Centre for Islamic Culture
|title=About H.M the Sultan
|publisher=Government of Oman, Diwan of the Royal Court
|url=http://sqcic.gov.om/HM.html
|access-date=12 November 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118223700/http://sqcic.gov.om/HM.html
|archive-date=18 January 2012
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| author = Nyrop, Richard F
| title = Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States
| publisher = Wildside Press LLC
| year = 2008
| page = 341
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BPX0h_wbFtEC
| isbn = 978-1-4344-6210-7}}</ref>
|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
|{{flag|Abu Dhabi|name=Emirate of Abu Dhabi}}
|[[File:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 2022.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Ruler]] [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]}}
|{{Birth date|1961|3|11|df=yes}}
|{{age in years and days|1961|3|11|age=no}}
|{{dts|13 May 2022}}||{{ayd|2022|05|13}}||[[House of Nahyan|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs">{{cite journal |last1=Walters |first1=Timothy |last2=Barwind |first2=Jack A. |title=Media and Modernity in the United Arab Emirates: Searching for the Beat of a Different Drummer |journal=Free Speech Yearbook |date=January 2004 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1080/08997225.2004.10556311 |s2cid=108530356 |quote=Seven absolute monarchs exercise political power over a federation established in 1971.}}</ref>
|}
=== Saudi Arabia ===
{{Main|Politics of Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabia]] is an absolute monarchy, and according to the [[Basic Law of Saudi Arabia]] adopted by Royal Decree in 1992, the King must comply with [[Shari'a]] (Islamic law) and the [[Qur'an]].<ref name=Cavendish78>{{cite book |title=World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula |last=Cavendish |first=Marshall |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/78 78] |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |url=https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/78 }}</ref> The Qur'an and the body of the [[Sunnah]] (traditions of the Islamic [[Prophets in Islam|prophet]], [[Muhammad]]) are declared to be the Kingdom's Constitution, but no written modern constitution has ever been promulgated for Saudi Arabia, which remains the only Arab nation where no national elections have ever taken place since its founding.<ref name= Gerhard>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of world constitutions, Volume 1 |last=Robbers |first=Gerhard |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8160-6078-8 |page=791}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Qatar elections to be held in 2013 - Emir |work=BBC News |date=November 2011 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15537725 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106200756/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15537725 |access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=2012-01-06 }}</ref> No political parties or national elections are permitted.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf |title=The Economist Democracy Index 2010 |author=The Economist Intelligence Unit |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=Cavendish78/> The Saudi government is the world's most authoritarian regime in 2023 measured by the electoral democracy score of the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21.</ref>
==Scholarship==
There is a considerable variety of opinion by historians on the extent of absolutism among European monarchs. Some, such as [[Perry Anderson]], argue that quite a few monarchs achieved levels of absolutist control over their states, while historians such as Roger Mettam dispute the very concept of absolutism.<ref>Mettam, Roger. ''Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France'', 1991.</ref> In general, historians who disagree with the appellation of ''absolutism'' argue that most monarchs labeled as ''absolutist'' exerted no greater power over their subjects than any other ''non-absolutist'' rulers, and these historians tend to emphasize the differences between the absolutist [[rhetoric]] of monarchs and the realities of the effective use of power by these absolute monarchs. Renaissance historian [[William J. Bouwsma|William Bouwsma]] summed up this contradiction:
{{blockquote|Nothing so clearly indicates the limits of royal power as the fact that governments were perennially in financial trouble, unable to tap the wealth of those ablest to pay, and likely to stir up a costly revolt whenever they attempted to develop an adequate income.<ref>Bouwsma, William J., in Kimmel, Michael S. ''Absolutism and Its Discontents: State and Society in Seventeenth-Century France and England''. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1988, 15</ref>|William Bouwsma}}
[[Anthropology]], [[sociology]], and [[ethology]] as well as various other disciplines such as [[political science]] attempt to explain the rise of absolute monarchy ranging from extrapolation generally, to certain [[The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon|Marxist explanations]] in terms of the [[class struggle]] as the underlying dynamic of human historical development generally and absolute monarchy in particular.
In the 17th century, French legal theorist [[Jean Domat]] defended the concept of absolute monarchy in works such as ''"On Social Order and Absolute Monarchy"'', citing absolute monarchy as preserving natural order as [[God]] intended.<ref>{{cite web |author=Domat, Jean |author-link=Jean Domat |date=18 April 2009 |title=On Defense of Absolute Monarchy |series=Cornell College Student Symposium |place=Mount Vernon, IA |publisher=[[Cornell College]] |url=http://symposium.cornellcollege.edu/2009/04/18/jean-domat-on-defense-of-absolute-monarchy/}}</ref> Other intellectual figures who supported absolute monarchy include [[Thomas Hobbes]] and [[Charles Maurras]].
==See also==
{{Portal|Monarchy}}
{{div col begin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Autocracy]]
* [[Authoritarianism]]
* [[Constitutional monarchy]]
* [[Criticism of monarchy]]
* [[Democracy]]
* [[Despotism]]
* [[Dictatorship]]
* [[Enlightened absolutism]]
* [[Jacques Bossuet]]
* [[Monarchomachs]]
* [[Presidential system]]
* [[Theonomy]]
* [[Thomas Hobbes]]
* [[Totalitarianism]]
* [[Tyranny]]
{{div col end}}
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|25em}}
==Further reading==
* [[Perry Anderson|Anderson, Perry]]. (1961, 1974). ''Lineages of the Absolutist State''. London: Verso.
* Beloff, Max. ''The Age of Absolutism 1660-1815''.
* [[Jerome Blum|Blum, Jerome]], et al. (1970). ''The European World'', vol 1, pp 267–466.
* [[Jerome Blum|Blum, Jerome]], et al. (1951). ''[[Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century]]''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
* Kimmel, Michael S. (1988). ''Absolutism and Its Discontents: State and society in seventeenth-century France and England''. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
* Méttam, Roger. (1988). ''Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France''. New York: Blackwell Publishers.
* Miller, John (ed.) (1990). ''Absolutism in Seventeenth-Century Europe''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Wilson, Peter H. (2000). ''Absolutism in Central Europe''. New York: Routledge.
* Zmohra, Hillay. (2001). ''Monarchy, Aristocracy, and the State in Europe – 1300–1800''. New York: Routledge.
{{Authoritarian types of rule}}
{{Political ideologies |state=expanded}}
{{History of Europe}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Absolute Monarchy}}
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Authoritarianism]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Form of government in which the monarch has absolute power}}
{{Original research|date=September 2020}}
{{Monarchism|expanded = types}}
{{Basic forms of government}}'''Absolute monarchy'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldie |first1=Mark |last2=Wokler |first2=Robert |author-link2=Robert Wokler |date=2006-08-31 |title=The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521374224 |page=523 |chapter=Philosophical kingship and enlightened despotism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFNHyh9WY3AC&pg=PA523 |access-date=13 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Leopardi |first1=Giacomo |author-link1=Giacomo Leopardi |title=Zibaldone |year=2013 |orig-year=1898 |publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux |isbn=978-0374296827 |page=1438 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzCpxEYO6JwC&pg=PA1438}}</ref> is a form of [[monarchy]] in which the monarch rules in his or her own right or power. In an absolute monarchy, the king or queen is by no means limited and has absolute power.<ref name="Harris 2009">{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Nathanial |year=2009 |title=Systems of Government Monarchy |publisher=Evans Brothers |isbn=978-0-237-53932-0 |lang=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5SKJanyblIC}}</ref> These are often [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary monarchies]]. On the other hand, in [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchies]], in which the authority of the head of state is also bound or restricted by the constitution, a legislature, or unwritten customs, the king or queen is not the only one to decide, and his or her entourage also exercises power, mainly the prime minister.<ref name="Harris 2009"/>
Absolute monarchy originally emerged in Europe after the social upheaval of the [[Black Death]] and [[Renaissance]], and represented a reaction by monarchs to create a centralised state against the counter-balancing forces of medieval society ([[Feudalism|feudal]] fragmentation, [[Medieval commune|municipal corporations]], etc.). Originally associated with the prestigious [[Burgundian State|Duchy of Burgundy]], it later spread as a model to centralize the varied territories of the [[Monarchy of Spain|Kingdom of Spain]] and the [[Absolute monarchy in France|Kingdom of France]]. The absolutist system of government saw its high point during the late 16th and the 17th century, associated with a more autocratic form of rule under figures such as [[Louis XIV|Louis XIV of France]] and [[Philip II of Spain]]. Attempting to establish an absolutist government along European lines, [[Charles I of England]] viewed [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] as unnecessary, which would ultimately lead to the [[English Civil War]] (1642–51) and [[Execution of Charles I|his execution]]. Absolutism declined substantially, first following the [[French Revolution]], and later after [[World War I]], both of which led to the popularization of theories of government based on the notion of [[popular sovereignty]]. It did however provide a foundation for the newer political theories and movements that emerged to oppose liberal-democracy, such as [[Legitimists|Legitimism]] and [[Carlism]] in the early 19th century, or "[[integral nationalism]]" in the early 20th century.
Absolute monarchies include [[Brunei]], [[Eswatini]],<ref name="swazi-abs">{{cite news|title=Swaziland profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14095303|work=BBC News|date=2018-09-03}}</ref> [[Oman]],<ref name="oman-abs">{{cite news |title=Q&A: Elections to Oman's consultative Council |date=2011-10-13 |website=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15288960}}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref name="Cavendish78" /> [[Vatican City]],<ref name="vaticancity">{{cite web |title=Organi dello Stato |trans-title=State Departments |publisher=[[Vatican State]] |website=vaticanstate.va |url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/organi-dello-stato.html |access-date=2014-01-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102165340/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/organi-dello-stato.html |archive-date=2013-11-02}}<br />
{{cite web |title=State Departments |publisher=[[Vatican State]] |website=vaticanstate.va |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/state-government/state-departments/state-departments-1.html |access-date=2019-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411154311/https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/state-government/state-departments/state-departments-1.html |archive-date=2020-04-11}}</ref> and the individual emirates composing the [[United Arab Emirates]], which itself is a [[federation]] of such monarchies – a [[federal monarchy]].<ref name="qat-abs">{{cite news |last1=Stephens |first1=Michael |date=2013-01-07 |title=Qatar: Regional backwater to global player |website=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20890765}}</ref><ref name=:0>{{cite news |title=Vatican to emirates, monarchs keep the reins in modern world |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-02/education/29495629_1_monarchy-absolute-power-head |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016094408/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-02/education/29495629_1_monarchy-absolute-power-head |archive-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
==Historical examples of absolute monarchies==
{{forms of government map}}
=== Outside Europe ===
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Secretary Pompeo Meets with the Sultan of Oman Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (49565463757) (cropped).jpg
| footer = [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman bin Abdulaziz]] and [[Haitham bin Tariq]] are the absolute monarchs of [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Oman]], respectively.
}}
In the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[Sultan]] wielded absolute power over the state and was considered a [[Padishah]] meaning "Great King" by his people. Many sultans wielded absolute power through heavenly mandates reflected in their title, such as "Shadow of God on Earth". In [[ancient Mesopotamia]], many rulers of [[Assyria]], [[Babylonia]] and [[Sumer]] were absolute monarchs as well.
Throughout [[Imperial China]], many [[Emperor of China|emperors]] and one empress ([[Wu Zetian]]) wielded absolute power through the [[Mandate of Heaven]]. In [[pre-Columbian America]], the [[Inca Empire]] was ruled by a [[Sapa Inca]], who was considered the son of [[Inti]], the sun god and absolute ruler over the people and nation. Korea under the [[Joseon dynasty]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Sang-hun |last=Choi |date=27 October 2017 |title=Interior Space and Furniture of Joseon Upper-class Houses |publisher=Ewha Womans University Press |page=16 |quote=Joseon was an absolute monarchy |isbn=9788973007202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWNNWVwaUpMC&q=joseon+dynasty+absolute+monarchy&pg=PA16 |via=Google Books}}</ref> and short-lived [[Korean Empire|empire]] was also an absolute monarchy.
===Europe===
{{Main|Absolutism (European history)}}
Throughout much of European history, the [[divine right of kings]] was the theological justification for absolute monarchy. Many European monarchs claimed [[Tsarist autocracy|supreme autocratic power]] by divine right, and that their subjects had no rights to limit their power.
Throughout the [[Age of Enlightenment]], the concept of the divine right to power and democratic ideals were given serious merit.
The [[Revolutions of 1848]], known in some countries as the ''Springtime of the Peoples''<ref>{{cite book |author=Merriman, John |year=1996 |title=A History of Modern Europe: From the French Revolution to the present |page=715}}</ref> or the ''Springtime of Nations'', were a series of [[political upheaval]]s throughout [[Europe]] in 1848. It remains the most widespread [[revolutionary wave]] in [[European history]]. By the 19th century, divine right was regarded as an obsolete theory in most countries in the [[Western world]], except in Russia where it was still given credence as the official justification for the Tsar's power until [[February Revolution]] in 1917 and in the [[Vatican City]] where it remains today.
====Kingdoms of England and Scotland====
[[James VI and I]] and his son [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] tried to import the principle of [[divine right of kings|divine right]] into Scotland and England. Charles I's attempt to enforce [[episcopal polity]] on the [[Church of Scotland]] led to rebellion by the [[Covenanter]]s and the [[Bishops' Wars]], then fears that Charles I was attempting to establish absolutist government along European lines was a major cause of the [[English Civil War]], despite the fact that he did rule this way for 11 years starting in 1629, after dissolving the [[Parliament of England]] for a time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Charles I of England |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Charles_I_of_England/ |access-date=17 April 2023 |work=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref>
====Denmark–Norway====
{{Further|Denmark–Norway}}
Absolutism was underpinned by a written constitution for the first time in Europe in 1665 {{lang-da|Kongeloven|lit=[[King's Law]]|label=none}} of [[Denmark–Norway]], which ordered that the Monarch: {{Blockquote|shall from this day forth be revered and considered the most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects, standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person, neither in spiritual nor temporal matters, except God alone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kongeloven af 1665 |publisher=Danske konger |language=da |url=http://danskekonger.dk/kilder/kongeloven |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330135036/http://danskekonger.dk/kilder/kongeloven |archive-date=2012-03-30}}</ref><ref>A partial English translation of the law can be found in<br/>{{cite journal |first=Ernst |last=Ekman |year=1957 |title=The Danish Royal Law of 1665 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=102–107|doi=10.1086/237987 |s2cid=145652129 }}</ref>}} This law consequently authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power. Most important was the abolition of the [[Rigsraad|Council of the Realm]] in Denmark. Absolute monarchy lasted until [[1814 in Norway]], and [[1848 in Denmark]].
====Habsburgs====
{{See|House of Habsburg}}
{{Expand section|date=August 2021}}
====Hungary====
{{See|King of Hungary|Kingdom of Hungary}}
{{Expand section|date=August 2021}}
====France====
{{Main|Absolute monarchy in France}}
[[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|[[Louis XIV]] of France|256x256px]]
[[Louis XIV of France]] (1638–1715) is often said to have proclaimed {{lang-fr|L'état, c'est moi!|lit=I am the State!|label=none}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.history.com/topics/france/louis-xiv|title=Louis XIV|work=HISTORY|access-date=2018-10-05|language=en}}</ref> Although often criticized for his extravagances, such as the [[Palace of Versailles]], he reigned over France for a long period, some historians consider him an absolute monarch, while some other historians{{who|date=October 2018}} have questioned whether Louis' reign should be considered 'absolute', given the reality of the balance of power between the monarch and the nobility, as well as parliaments.<ref>Mettam, R. ''Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France'', Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.</ref>{{Request quotation|date=October 2018}}
The king of France concentrated legislative, executive, and judicial powers in his person. He was the supreme judicial authority. He could condemn people to death without the right of appeal. It was both his duty to punish offenses and stop them from being committed. From his judicial authority followed his power both to make laws and to annul them.<ref>Mousnier, R. ''The Institutions of France under the Absolute Monarchy, 1598-2012 V1.'' Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979.</ref>
====Prussia====
{{Further|Prussia}}
In [[Brandenburg-Prussia]], the concept of absolute monarch took a notable turn from the above with its emphasis on the monarch as the "first servant of the state", but it also echoed many of the important characteristics of absolutism. [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William]] (r. 1640–1688), known as the Great Elector, used the uncertainties of the final stages of the [[Thirty Years' War]]{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} to consolidate his territories into the dominant kingdom in northern Germany, whilst increasing his power over his subjects. His actions largely originated the militaristic streak of the [[Hohenzollern]]s.
Frederick William enjoyed support from the nobles, who enabled the Great Elector to undermine the Diet of Brandenburg and other representative assemblies. The leading families saw their future in cooperation with the central government and worked to establish absolutist power.
The most significant indicator of the nobles' success was the establishment of two tax rates – one for the cities and the other for the countryside – to the great advantage of the latter, which the nobles ruled. The nobles served in the upper levels of the elector's army and bureaucracy, but they also won new prosperity for themselves. The support of the Elector enabled the imposition of serfdom and the consolidation of land holdings into vast estates which provided for their wealth.
They became known as [[Junker]]s (from the German for young lord, ''junger Herr''). Frederick William faced resistance from representative assemblies and long-independent cities in his realm. City leaders often revolted at the imposition of Electorate authority. The last notable effort was the uprising of the city of [[Königsberg]] which allied with the Estates General of Prussia to refuse to pay taxes. Frederick William crushed this revolt in 1662, by marching into the city with thousands of troops. A similar approach was used with the towns of Cleves.<ref>''The Western Experience'', Seventh Edition, Boston: [[McGraw-Hill]], 1999.</ref>
====Russia====
{{Further|Russian Empire}}
Until 1905, the [[Tsar]]s and [[Emperor of All Russia|Emperors]] of [[Russia]] governed as absolute monarchs. [[Ivan IV|Ivan the Terrible]] was known for his reign of terror through [[oprichnina]]. [[Peter I of Russia|Peter I the Great]] reduced the power of the [[Boyar|Russian nobility]] and strengthened the central power of the monarch, establishing a bureaucracy and a [[police state]]. This tradition of absolutism, known as [[Tsarist autocracy]], was expanded by [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II the Great]] and her descendants. Although [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] made some reforms and established an independent judicial system, Russia did not have a representative assembly or a constitution until the [[Russian Revolution of 1905|1905 Revolution]]. However, the concept of absolutism was so ingrained in Russia that the [[Russian Constitution of 1906]] still described the monarch as an autocrat. Russia became the last [[Europe]]an country (excluding [[Vatican City]]) to abolish absolutism, and it was the only one to do so as late as the 20th century (the [[Ottoman Empire]] drafted [[Ottoman constitution of 1876|its first constitution]] in 1876).
====Sweden====
{{Further|Swedish Empire}}
The form of government instituted in [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]] under King [[Charles XI of Sweden|Charles XI]] and passed on to his son, [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]] is commonly referred to as absolute monarchy; however, the Swedish monarch was never absolute in the sense that he wielded [[arbitrary power]]. The monarch still ruled under the law and could only legislate in agreement with the [[Riksdag of the Estates]]; rather, the absolutism introduced was the monarch's ability to run the government unfettered by the [[Privy Council of Sweden|privy council]], contrary to earlier practice. The absolute rule of Charles XI was instituted by the crown and the Riksdag in order to carry out the [[Reduction (Sweden)|Great Reduction]] which would have been made impossible by the privy council which comprised the high nobility.
After the death of Charles XII in 1718, the system of absolute rule was largely blamed for the ruination of the realm in the [[Great Northern War]], and the reaction tipped the balance of power to the other extreme end of the spectrum, ushering in the [[Age of Liberty]]. After half a century of largely unrestricted parliamentary rule proved just as ruinous, King [[Gustav III of Sweden|Gustav III]] seized back royal power in the [[Revolution of 1772|coup d'état of 1772]], and later once again abolished the privy council under the [[Union and Security Act]] in 1789, which, in turn, was rendered void in 1809 when [[Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden|Gustav IV Adolf]] was deposed in a coup and the [[Instrument of Government (1809)|constitution of 1809]] was put in its place. The years between 1789 and 1809, then, are also referred to as a period of absolute monarchy.
==Contemporary trends==
Many nations formerly with absolute monarchies, such as [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]], and [[Morocco]], have moved towards [[constitutional monarchy]]. However, in these cases the monarch still retains tremendous power, even to the extent that by some measures, parliament's influence on political life is viewed as negligible.{{efn|"By 1985 the legislature appeared to have become more firmly established and recognized as a body in which notables representing authentic forces in the political spectrum could address national issues and problems. But it had not gained real autonomy or a direct role in the shaping of government policies." [...] "In spite of its formally defined role in the lawmaking and budgetary processes, the parliament had not established itself as an independent branch of government, owing to the restrictions on its constitutional authority and the dominating influence of the king. The fact that the king has been able to govern for long periods by ''zahir'' after dissolving the legislative body has further underscored the marginality of the chamber." — J.R. Tartter (1986)<ref>{{cite book |last=Tartter |first=Jean R. |date=1986 |chapter=Government and politics |editor1-last=Nelson |editor1-first=Harold D. |title=Morocco, a country study |publisher=Foreign Area Studies: The American University |pages=246–247 |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/ |series=Area Handbook |oclc=12749718|via=}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tusalem |first1=Rollin F. |date=16 September 2021 |title=Bringing the legislature back in: Examining the structural effects of national legislatures on effective democratic governance |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=291–315 |doi=10.1017/gov.2021.32 |s2cid=240505261 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2021.32 |language=en |issn=0017-257X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rafayah |first1=Shakir |date=29 January 2022 |title=What role for political parties in Jordan? |magazine=Arab Weekly |lang=en |url=https://thearabweekly.com/what-role-political-parties-jordan |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>
In [[Bhutan]], the government moved from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy following planned parliamentary elections to the [[Tshogdu]] in 2003, and the [[2008 Bhutanese National Assembly election|election of a National Assembly in 2008]].
[[Nepal]] had several swings between constitutional rule and direct rule related to the [[Nepalese Civil War]], the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|Maoist insurgency]], and the 2001 [[Nepalese royal massacre]], with the [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepalese monarchy]] being abolished on 28 May 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Gopal |date=2008-05-29 |title=Nepal abolishes centuries-old Hindu monarchy |lang=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nepal-king-idUSISL5996320080529 |access-date=2020-12-01}}</ref>
In [[Tonga]], the [[King of Tonga|king]] had majority control of the [[Legislative Assembly of Tonga|Legislative Assembly]] until 2010.<ref>[http://parliament.gov.to/constitution1.htm Constitution of Tonga] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119232721/http://parliament.gov.to/constitution1.htm|date=2008-11-19}}, s. 61</ref>
[[Liechtenstein]] has moved towards expanding the power of the monarch: the [[Prince of Liechtenstein]] was given expanded powers after a [[2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum|referendum]] amending the [[Constitution of Liechtenstein]] in 2003, which led the BBC to describe the prince as an "absolute monarch again".<ref name="Liechtenstein">{{cite news |title=Liechtenstein prince wins powers |date=2003-03-16 |website=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2853991.stm |access-date=2015-10-26}}</ref>
'''=SUCK MY BALLS''' ''''''
==Scholarship==
There is a considerable variety of opinion by historians on the extent of absolutism among European monarchs. Some, such as [[Perry Anderson]], argue that quite a few monarchs achieved levels of absolutist control over their states, while historians such as Roger Mettam dispute the very concept of absolutism.<ref>Mettam, Roger. ''Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France'', 1991.</ref> In general, historians who disagree with the appellation of ''absolutism'' argue that most monarchs labeled as ''absolutist'' exerted no greater power over their subjects than any other ''non-absolutist'' rulers, and these historians tend to emphasize the differences between the absolutist [[rhetoric]] of monarchs and the realities of the effective use of power by these absolute monarchs. Renaissance historian [[William J. Bouwsma|William Bouwsma]] summed up this contradiction:
{{blockquote|Nothing so clearly indicates the limits of royal power as the fact that governments were perennially in financial trouble, unable to tap the wealth of those ablest to pay, and likely to stir up a costly revolt whenever they attempted to develop an adequate income.<ref>Bouwsma, William J., in Kimmel, Michael S. ''Absolutism and Its Discontents: State and Society in Seventeenth-Century France and England''. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1988, 15</ref>|William Bouwsma}}
[[Anthropology]], [[sociology]], and [[ethology]] as well as various other disciplines such as [[political science]] attempt to explain the rise of absolute monarchy ranging from extrapolation generally, to certain [[The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon|Marxist explanations]] in terms of the [[class struggle]] as the underlying dynamic of human historical development generally and absolute monarchy in particular.
In the 17th century, French legal theorist [[Jean Domat]] defended the concept of absolute monarchy in works such as ''"On Social Order and Absolute Monarchy"'', citing absolute monarchy as preserving natural order as [[God]] intended.<ref>{{cite web |author=Domat, Jean |author-link=Jean Domat |date=18 April 2009 |title=On Defense of Absolute Monarchy |series=Cornell College Student Symposium |place=Mount Vernon, IA |publisher=[[Cornell College]] |url=http://symposium.cornellcollege.edu/2009/04/18/jean-domat-on-defense-of-absolute-monarchy/}}</ref> Other intellectual figures who supported absolute monarchy include [[Thomas Hobbes]] and [[Charles Maurras]].
==See also==
{{Portal|Monarchy}}
{{div col begin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Autocracy]]
* [[Authoritarianism]]
* [[Constitutional monarchy]]
* [[Criticism of monarchy]]
* [[Democracy]]
* [[Despotism]]
* [[Dictatorship]]
* [[Enlightened absolutism]]
* [[Jacques Bossuet]]
* [[Monarchomachs]]
* [[Presidential system]]
* [[Theonomy]]
* [[Thomas Hobbes]]
* [[Totalitarianism]]
* [[Tyranny]]
{{div col end}}
==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|25em}}
==Further reading==
* [[Perry Anderson|Anderson, Perry]]. (1961, 1974). ''Lineages of the Absolutist State''. London: Verso.
* Beloff, Max. ''The Age of Absolutism 1660-1815''.
* [[Jerome Blum|Blum, Jerome]], et al. (1970). ''The European World'', vol 1, pp 267–466.
* [[Jerome Blum|Blum, Jerome]], et al. (1951). ''[[Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century]]''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
* Kimmel, Michael S. (1988). ''Absolutism and Its Discontents: State and society in seventeenth-century France and England''. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
* Méttam, Roger. (1988). ''Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France''. New York: Blackwell Publishers.
* Miller, John (ed.) (1990). ''Absolutism in Seventeenth-Century Europe''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Wilson, Peter H. (2000). ''Absolutism in Central Europe''. New York: Routledge.
* Zmohra, Hillay. (2001). ''Monarchy, Aristocracy, and the State in Europe – 1300–1800''. New York: Routledge.
{{Authoritarian types of rule}}
{{Political ideologies |state=expanded}}
{{History of Europe}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Absolute Monarchy}}
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Authoritarianism]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -86,126 +86,5 @@
[[Liechtenstein]] has moved towards expanding the power of the monarch: the [[Prince of Liechtenstein]] was given expanded powers after a [[2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum|referendum]] amending the [[Constitution of Liechtenstein]] in 2003, which led the BBC to describe the prince as an "absolute monarch again".<ref name="Liechtenstein">{{cite news |title=Liechtenstein prince wins powers |date=2003-03-16 |website=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2853991.stm |access-date=2015-10-26}}</ref>
-==Current absolute monarchies==
-{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes subnational monarchy}}
-{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
-|-
-! Realm !! Image !! Monarch
-! Born !! Age !! Reign Since !! Reign Length !! Succession !! class=unsortable| Ref(s)
-<!--Do not add Afghanistan. "Emir" simply means "leader" in Arabic and does not necessarily refer to a monarch. Per WP:NOR, countries can only be added with a reliable source plainly stating the country is a monarchy.-->
-|-
-|{{flag|Brunei|name=Nation of Brunei, Abode of Peace}}
-|[[File:Hassanal Bolkiah, October 2021.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Hassanal Bolkiah|[[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan]] [[Hassanal Bolkiah]]}}
-|{{Birth date|1946|7|15|df=yes}}
-|{{age in years and days|1946|7|15|age=no}}
-|{{dts|4 October 1967}}||{{ayd|1967|10|04}}|| [[Succession to the Bruneian throne|Hereditary]]||<ref name="brunei">{{Cite web
- |author=Government of Brunei
- |title=Prime Minister
- |work=The Royal Ark
- |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister
- |url=http://www.pmo.gov.bn/pmo1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=82
- |access-date=12 November 2011
- |url-status=dead
- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007033949/http://www.pmo.gov.bn/pmo1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=82
- |archive-date=7 October 2011
-}}</ref>
-|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
-|{{flag|Sharjah|name=Emirate of Sharjah}}
-|[[File:London Book Fair Simon Master Chairman's Award - son Altesse Sheikh Dr. Sultan Bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, winner 2017 - London Book Fair 2017 (cropped).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Sharjah|Ruler]] [[Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi]]}}
-|{{Birth date|1939|7|2|df=yes}}
-|{{age in years and days|1939|7|2|age=no}}
-|{{dts|25 January 1972}}||{{ayd|1972|01|25}}||[[Al Qasimi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
-|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
-|{{flag|Fujairah|name=Emirate of Fujairah}}
-|[[File:No image.svg|100px|link=|alt=]]||{{sort|Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Fujairah|Ruler]] [[Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi]]}}
-|{{Birth date|1949|2|22|df=yes}}
-|{{age in years and days|1949|2|22|age=no}}
-|18 September 1974||{{ayd|1974|9|18}}||[[Al Sharqi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
-|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
-|{{flag|Ajman|name=Emirate of Ajman}}
-| ||{{sort|Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Ajman|Ruler]] [[Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III]]}}
-|{{Birth year|1931}}
-|{{age in years|1931}} years
-|{{dts|6 September 1981}}||{{ayd|1981|9|6}}||[[Al Nuaimi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
-|-
-|{{flag|Eswatini|name=Kingdom of Eswatini}}
-|[[File:King Mswati III 2014.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Mswati III|[[Ngwenyama]] [[Mswati III]]}}
-|{{Birth date|1968|4|19|df=yes}}
-|{{age in years and days|1968|4|19|age=no}}
-|{{dts|25 April 1986}}||{{ayd|1986|04|25}}||[[Succession to the Swazi throne|Hereditary and elective]]||<ref>{{Citation
- | last = Simelane
- | first = H.S.
- | contribution = Swaziland: Mswati III, Reign of
- | year = 2005
- | title = Encyclopedia of African history
- | editor-last = Shillington
- | editor-first = Kevin
- | volume = 3
- | pages = 1528–30
- | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
- | id = 9781579584559}}</ref>
-|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
-|{{flag|Dubai|name=Emirate of Dubai}}
-|[[File:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (15-02-2021).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Dubai|Ruler]] [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]}}
-|{{Birth date|1949|7|15|df=yes}}
-|{{age in years and days|1949|7|15|age=no}}
-|{{dts|4 January 2006}}||{{ayd|2006|01|04}}||[[House of Maktoum|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
-|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
-|{{flag|Umm al-Quwain|name=Emirate of Umm al-Quwain}}
-|[[File:No image.svg|100px|link=|alt=]]||{{sort|Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Ruler]] [[Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla]]}}
-|{{Birth date|1952|10|1|df=yes}}
-|{{age in years and days|1952|10|1|age=no}}
-|{{dts|2 January 2009}}||{{ayd|2009|1|2}}||[[Al Mualla|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
-|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
-|{{flag|Ras al-Khaimah|name=Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah}}
-|[[File:Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr al Qasimi.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ruler]] [[Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi]]}}
-|{{Birth date|1956|2|10|df=yes}}
-|{{age in years and days|1956|2|10|age=no}}
-|{{dts|27 October 2010}}||{{ayd|2010|10|27}}||[[Al Qasimi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />
-|-
-|{{flag|Vatican City|name=Vatican City State}}
-|[[File:Pope Francis Korea Haemi Castle 19.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Francis|[[List of popes|Supreme Pontiff]] [[Pope Francis|Francis]]}}
-|{{Birth date|1936|12|17|df=yes}}
-|{{age in years and days|1936|12|17|age=no}}
-|{{dts|13 March 2013}}||{{ayd|2013|03|13}}||[[Papal conclave|Elective]]|| <ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina's Jorge Mario Bergoglio elected Pope |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21777494 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref>
-|-
-|{{flag|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}}
-|[[File:Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Salman bin Abdul‘aziz|[[King of Saudi Arabia#Kings of Saudi Arabia (1932–present)|King]] [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman bin Abdul‘aziz]]}}
-|{{Birth date|1935|12|31|df=yes}}
-|{{age in years and days|1935|12|31|age=no}}
-|{{dts|23 January 2015}}||{{ayd|2015|01|23}}|| [[Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne|Hereditary and elective]]||<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah dies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30945324 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 January 2015 |access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref>
-|-
-|{{flag|Oman|name=Sultanate of Oman}}
-|[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with the Sultan of Oman Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (49565463757) (cropped).jpg#/media/File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with the Sultan of Oman Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (49565463757) (cropped).jpg|100px]]||[[List of rulers of Oman#Sultans|Sultan]] [[Haitham bin Tariq Al Said]]
-|{{Birth date|1954|10|11|df=yes}}
-|{{age in years and days|1954|10|11|age=no}}
-|{{dts|11 January 2020}}
-|{{ayd|2020|01|11}}
-|[[List of rulers of Oman|Hereditary]]||<ref>{{Cite web
- |author=Sultan Qaboos Centre for Islamic Culture
- |title=About H.M the Sultan
- |publisher=Government of Oman, Diwan of the Royal Court
- |url=http://sqcic.gov.om/HM.html
- |access-date=12 November 2011
- |url-status=dead
- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118223700/http://sqcic.gov.om/HM.html
- |archive-date=18 January 2012
-}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
- | author = Nyrop, Richard F
- | title = Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States
- | publisher = Wildside Press LLC
- | year = 2008
- | page = 341
- | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BPX0h_wbFtEC
- | isbn = 978-1-4344-6210-7}}</ref>
-|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
-|{{flag|Abu Dhabi|name=Emirate of Abu Dhabi}}
-|[[File:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 2022.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Ruler]] [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]}}
-|{{Birth date|1961|3|11|df=yes}}
-|{{age in years and days|1961|3|11|age=no}}
-|{{dts|13 May 2022}}||{{ayd|2022|05|13}}||[[House of Nahyan|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs">{{cite journal |last1=Walters |first1=Timothy |last2=Barwind |first2=Jack A. |title=Media and Modernity in the United Arab Emirates: Searching for the Beat of a Different Drummer |journal=Free Speech Yearbook |date=January 2004 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1080/08997225.2004.10556311 |s2cid=108530356 |quote=Seven absolute monarchs exercise political power over a federation established in 1971.}}</ref>
-|}
-
-=== Saudi Arabia ===
-{{Main|Politics of Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabia]] is an absolute monarchy, and according to the [[Basic Law of Saudi Arabia]] adopted by Royal Decree in 1992, the King must comply with [[Shari'a]] (Islamic law) and the [[Qur'an]].<ref name=Cavendish78>{{cite book |title=World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula |last=Cavendish |first=Marshall |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/78 78] |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |url=https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/78 }}</ref> The Qur'an and the body of the [[Sunnah]] (traditions of the Islamic [[Prophets in Islam|prophet]], [[Muhammad]]) are declared to be the Kingdom's Constitution, but no written modern constitution has ever been promulgated for Saudi Arabia, which remains the only Arab nation where no national elections have ever taken place since its founding.<ref name= Gerhard>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of world constitutions, Volume 1 |last=Robbers |first=Gerhard |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8160-6078-8 |page=791}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Qatar elections to be held in 2013 - Emir |work=BBC News |date=November 2011 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15537725 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106200756/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15537725 |access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=2012-01-06 }}</ref> No political parties or national elections are permitted.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf |title=The Economist Democracy Index 2010 |author=The Economist Intelligence Unit |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=Cavendish78/> The Saudi government is the world's most authoritarian regime in 2023 measured by the electoral democracy score of the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21.</ref>
+'''=SUCK MY BALLS''' ''''''
==Scholarship==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 25184 |
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8 => '|{{flag|Brunei|name=Nation of Brunei, Abode of Peace}}',
9 => '|[[File:Hassanal Bolkiah, October 2021.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Hassanal Bolkiah|[[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan]] [[Hassanal Bolkiah]]}}',
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22 => '}}</ref>',
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24 => '|{{flag|Sharjah|name=Emirate of Sharjah}}',
25 => '|[[File:London Book Fair Simon Master Chairman's Award - son Altesse Sheikh Dr. Sultan Bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, winner 2017 - London Book Fair 2017 (cropped).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Sharjah|Ruler]] [[Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi]]}}',
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30 => '|{{flag|Fujairah|name=Emirate of Fujairah}}',
31 => '|[[File:No image.svg|100px|link=|alt=]]||{{sort|Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Fujairah|Ruler]] [[Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi]]}}',
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34 => '|18 September 1974||{{ayd|1974|9|18}}||[[Al Sharqi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />',
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36 => '|{{flag|Ajman|name=Emirate of Ajman}}',
37 => '| ||{{sort|Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Ajman|Ruler]] [[Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III]]}}',
38 => '|{{Birth year|1931}}',
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40 => '|{{dts|6 September 1981}}||{{ayd|1981|9|6}}||[[Al Nuaimi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />',
41 => '|-',
42 => '|{{flag|Eswatini|name=Kingdom of Eswatini}}',
43 => '|[[File:King Mswati III 2014.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Mswati III|[[Ngwenyama]] [[Mswati III]]}}',
44 => '|{{Birth date|1968|4|19|df=yes}}',
45 => '|{{age in years and days|1968|4|19|age=no}}',
46 => '|{{dts|25 April 1986}}||{{ayd|1986|04|25}}||[[Succession to the Swazi throne|Hereditary and elective]]||<ref>{{Citation',
47 => ' | last = Simelane',
48 => ' | first = H.S.',
49 => ' | contribution = Swaziland: Mswati III, Reign of',
50 => ' | year = 2005',
51 => ' | title = Encyclopedia of African history',
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53 => ' | editor-first = Kevin',
54 => ' | volume = 3',
55 => ' | pages = 1528–30',
56 => ' | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn',
57 => ' | id = 9781579584559}}</ref>',
58 => '|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"',
59 => '|{{flag|Dubai|name=Emirate of Dubai}}',
60 => '|[[File:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (15-02-2021).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Dubai|Ruler]] [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]}}',
61 => '|{{Birth date|1949|7|15|df=yes}}',
62 => '|{{age in years and days|1949|7|15|age=no}}',
63 => '|{{dts|4 January 2006}}||{{ayd|2006|01|04}}||[[House of Maktoum|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />',
64 => '|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"',
65 => '|{{flag|Umm al-Quwain|name=Emirate of Umm al-Quwain}}',
66 => '|[[File:No image.svg|100px|link=|alt=]]||{{sort|Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Ruler]] [[Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla]]}}',
67 => '|{{Birth date|1952|10|1|df=yes}}',
68 => '|{{age in years and days|1952|10|1|age=no}}',
69 => '|{{dts|2 January 2009}}||{{ayd|2009|1|2}}||[[Al Mualla|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />',
70 => '|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"',
71 => '|{{flag|Ras al-Khaimah|name=Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah}}',
72 => '|[[File:Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr al Qasimi.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ruler]] [[Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi]]}}',
73 => '|{{Birth date|1956|2|10|df=yes}}',
74 => '|{{age in years and days|1956|2|10|age=no}}',
75 => '|{{dts|27 October 2010}}||{{ayd|2010|10|27}}||[[Al Qasimi|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs" />',
76 => '|-',
77 => '|{{flag|Vatican City|name=Vatican City State}}',
78 => '|[[File:Pope Francis Korea Haemi Castle 19.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Francis|[[List of popes|Supreme Pontiff]] [[Pope Francis|Francis]]}}',
79 => '|{{Birth date|1936|12|17|df=yes}}',
80 => '|{{age in years and days|1936|12|17|age=no}}',
81 => '|{{dts|13 March 2013}}||{{ayd|2013|03|13}}||[[Papal conclave|Elective]]|| <ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina's Jorge Mario Bergoglio elected Pope |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21777494 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref>',
82 => '|-',
83 => '|{{flag|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}}',
84 => '|[[File:Salman of Saudi Arabia - 2020 (49563590728) (cropped).jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Salman bin Abdul‘aziz|[[King of Saudi Arabia#Kings of Saudi Arabia (1932–present)|King]] [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman bin Abdul‘aziz]]}}',
85 => '|{{Birth date|1935|12|31|df=yes}}',
86 => '|{{age in years and days|1935|12|31|age=no}}',
87 => '|{{dts|23 January 2015}}||{{ayd|2015|01|23}}|| [[Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne|Hereditary and elective]]||<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah dies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30945324 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 January 2015 |access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref>',
88 => '|-',
89 => '|{{flag|Oman|name=Sultanate of Oman}}',
90 => '|[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with the Sultan of Oman Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (49565463757) (cropped).jpg#/media/File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with the Sultan of Oman Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (49565463757) (cropped).jpg|100px]]||[[List of rulers of Oman#Sultans|Sultan]] [[Haitham bin Tariq Al Said]]',
91 => '|{{Birth date|1954|10|11|df=yes}}',
92 => '|{{age in years and days|1954|10|11|age=no}}',
93 => '|{{dts|11 January 2020}}',
94 => '|{{ayd|2020|01|11}}',
95 => '|[[List of rulers of Oman|Hereditary]]||<ref>{{Cite web',
96 => ' |author=Sultan Qaboos Centre for Islamic Culture',
97 => ' |title=About H.M the Sultan',
98 => ' |publisher=Government of Oman, Diwan of the Royal Court',
99 => ' |url=http://sqcic.gov.om/HM.html',
100 => ' |access-date=12 November 2011',
101 => ' |url-status=dead',
102 => ' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118223700/http://sqcic.gov.om/HM.html',
103 => ' |archive-date=18 January 2012',
104 => '}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book',
105 => ' | author = Nyrop, Richard F',
106 => ' | title = Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States',
107 => ' | publisher = Wildside Press LLC',
108 => ' | year = 2008',
109 => ' | page = 341',
110 => ' | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BPX0h_wbFtEC',
111 => ' | isbn = 978-1-4344-6210-7}}</ref>',
112 => '|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"',
113 => '|{{flag|Abu Dhabi|name=Emirate of Abu Dhabi}}',
114 => '|[[File:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 2022.jpg|100px]]||{{sort|Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|[[List of rulers of individual Emirates of the United Arab Emirates#List of rulers of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Ruler]] [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]}}',
115 => '|{{Birth date|1961|3|11|df=yes}}',
116 => '|{{age in years and days|1961|3|11|age=no}}',
117 => '|{{dts|13 May 2022}}||{{ayd|2022|05|13}}||[[House of Nahyan|Hereditary]]||<ref name="UAE monarchs">{{cite journal |last1=Walters |first1=Timothy |last2=Barwind |first2=Jack A. |title=Media and Modernity in the United Arab Emirates: Searching for the Beat of a Different Drummer |journal=Free Speech Yearbook |date=January 2004 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1080/08997225.2004.10556311 |s2cid=108530356 |quote=Seven absolute monarchs exercise political power over a federation established in 1971.}}</ref>',
118 => '|}',
119 => '',
120 => '=== Saudi Arabia ===',
121 => '{{Main|Politics of Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabia]] is an absolute monarchy, and according to the [[Basic Law of Saudi Arabia]] adopted by Royal Decree in 1992, the King must comply with [[Shari'a]] (Islamic law) and the [[Qur'an]].<ref name=Cavendish78>{{cite book |title=World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula |last=Cavendish |first=Marshall |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/78 78] |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |url=https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/78 }}</ref> The Qur'an and the body of the [[Sunnah]] (traditions of the Islamic [[Prophets in Islam|prophet]], [[Muhammad]]) are declared to be the Kingdom's Constitution, but no written modern constitution has ever been promulgated for Saudi Arabia, which remains the only Arab nation where no national elections have ever taken place since its founding.<ref name= Gerhard>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of world constitutions, Volume 1 |last=Robbers |first=Gerhard |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8160-6078-8 |page=791}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Qatar elections to be held in 2013 - Emir |work=BBC News |date=November 2011 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15537725 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106200756/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15537725 |access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=2012-01-06 }}</ref> No political parties or national elections are permitted.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf |title=The Economist Democracy Index 2010 |author=The Economist Intelligence Unit |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=Cavendish78/> The Saudi government is the world's most authoritarian regime in 2023 measured by the electoral democracy score of the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21.</ref>'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of government in which the monarch has absolute power</div>
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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heraldic royal crown"><img alt="Heraldic royal crown" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/100px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/150px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Central concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdication_system" title="Abdication system">Abdication system</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Absolute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Chinese Legalist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">Crowned republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">Popular</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">Coregency</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Triarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">Universal</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<p><b>Philosophers</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Cr%C3%A9tineau-Joly" title="Jacques Crétineau-Joly">Crétineau-Joly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Youwei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedro_Mu%C3%B1oz_Seca" title="Pedro Muñoz Seca">Seca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Works</b>
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Les_Six_livres_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Six livres de la République">Les Six livres de la République</a></i></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Mazarin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Ruffo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi" title="Ercole Consalvi">Consalvi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu">Plessis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Castillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Mella</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bertand_Renouvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertand Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Popescu-Tăriceanu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augustus#Octavian_becomes_Augustus" title="Augustus">Birth of the Roman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Foundation of the Ottoman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Birth of the Dutch Republic</a></li>
<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triumvirate_of_1813" title="Triumvirate of 1813">Establishment of the Dutch monarchy</a></li>
<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li>
<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li>
<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li></ul></div></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/5_October_1910_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5 October 1910 Revolution">5 October 1910 Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil</a></li>
<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Birth of the Italian Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li>
<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul></div></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Polity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Court_appointment" title="Court appointment">Appointment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State" title="Great Officers of State">Great Officers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_household" title="Royal household">Household</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camarilla" title="Camarilla">Camarilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">Courtier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy council</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crown_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crown Council (disambiguation)">Crown Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5d" title="Riksråd">Riksråd</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalist</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_dynasties" title="Lists of dynasties">Lists</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Family</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Descent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_family_trees" title="List of family trees">Family trees</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_bastard" title="Royal bastard">Illegitimate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">Figurehead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">Kingmaker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">List of monarchies</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_current_monarchies" title="List of current monarchies">Current</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_former_monarchies" title="List of former monarchies">Former</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">Non-sovereign</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm" title="Peer of the realm">Realm</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heads_of_former_ruling_families" title="Heads of former ruling families">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Rank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Realm</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">Regnal number</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">Sovereign</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Style</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Succession</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-king" title="Anti-king">Anti-king</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">Crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurper</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1045330069"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by many)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by one)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Absolute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">Semi-presidential</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td>
</tr></tbody></table>
<hr /></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li>
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<span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Absolute monarchy</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> is a form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> in which the monarch rules in his or her own right or power. In an absolute monarchy, the king or queen is by no means limited and has absolute power.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_2009-3">[3]</a></sup> These are often <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchies</a>. On the other hand, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchies</a>, in which the authority of the head of state is also bound or restricted by the constitution, a legislature, or unwritten customs, the king or queen is not the only one to decide, and his or her entourage also exercises power, mainly the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_2009-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Absolute monarchy originally emerged in Europe after the social upheaval of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and represented a reaction by monarchs to create a centralised state against the counter-balancing forces of medieval society (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> fragmentation, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">municipal corporations</a>, etc.). Originally associated with the prestigious <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Duchy of Burgundy</a>, it later spread as a model to centralize the varied territories of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Kingdom of France</a>. The absolutist system of government saw its high point during the late 16th and the 17th century, associated with a more autocratic form of rule under figures such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV of France</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>. Attempting to establish an absolutist government along European lines, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> viewed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> as unnecessary, which would ultimately lead to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1642–51) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">his execution</a>. Absolutism declined substantially, first following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and later after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, both of which led to the popularization of theories of government based on the notion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a>. It did however provide a foundation for the newer political theories and movements that emerged to oppose liberal-democracy, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> in the early 19th century, or "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">integral nationalism</a>" in the early 20th century.
</p><p>Absolute monarchies include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-swazi-abs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swazi-abs-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-oman-abs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oman-abs-5">[5]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish78_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish78-6">[6]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vaticancity_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaticancity-7">[7]</a></sup> and the individual emirates composing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, which itself is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> of such monarchies – a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">federal monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-qat-abs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qat-abs-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_examples_of_absolute_monarchies"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical examples of absolute monarchies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Outside_Europe"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Outside Europe</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Kingdoms_of_England_and_Scotland"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Kingdoms of England and Scotland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Denmark–Norway"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Denmark–Norway</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Habsburgs"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Habsburgs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Hungary"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Hungary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Prussia"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Prussia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Russia"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Russia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sweden"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Sweden</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Contemporary_trends"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary trends</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Scholarship"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Scholarship</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_examples_of_absolute_monarchies">Historical examples of absolute monarchies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical examples of absolute monarchies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Forms_of_government_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forms_of_government_2021.svg/350px-Forms_of_government_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forms_of_government_2021.svg/525px-Forms_of_government_2021.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forms_of_government_2021.svg/700px-Forms_of_government_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>World's states colored by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a><sup>1</sup></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:small;"><b>Map legend</b></span></div> <table align="center" width="100%" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #ABD5F5; background-color:#F1F5FC; margin-top:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:center"></div> <table cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td width="50%"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#3355dd; color:#3355dd;">    </span> Full <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republics</a><sup>2</sup> </span></span></td><td width="50%"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#f0e847; color:#f0e847;">    </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential republics</a><sup>2</sup> </span></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#66bb66; color:#66bb66;">    </span> Republics with an executive president or directory elected by or nominated by the legislature that may or may not be subject to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliamentary_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary confidence">parliamentary confidence</a> </span></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ff9a33; color:#ff9a33;">    </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republics</a><sup>2</sup> </span></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#e75353; color:#e75353;">    </span> Parliamentary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchies</a> where royalty does not hold significant power </span></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ee1af9; color:#ee1af9;">    </span> Parliamentary constitutional monarchies which have a separate head of government but where royalty holds significant executive and/or legislative power </span></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#801a80; color:#801a80;">    </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Absolute monarchies</a> </span></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#aa6f33; color:#aa6f33;">    </span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party states</a> </span></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#6b8e23; color:#6b8e23;">    </span> Countries where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended (e.g. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military juntas</a>) </span></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#808080; color:#808080;">    </span> Countries that do not fit any of the above systems (e.g. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional governments</a>/unclear political situations) </span></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#b9b9b9; color:#b9b9b9;">    </span> Overseas possessions, colonies, and places without governments </span></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"></span></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><span style="font-size:small;"></span></td><td><span style="font-size:small;"></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <sup>1</sup> This map was compiled according to the Wikipedia <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">list of countries by system of government</a></i>. See there for sources.<br /> <sup>2</sup> This map presents only the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> form of government, and not the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> degree of democracy. Some countries which are <i>de jure</i> republics are <i>de facto</i> authoritarian regimes. For a measure of the degree of democracy in countries around the world, see the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a></i> or <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a></i>. </li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;font-size:105%;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Forms_of_government_map" title="Template:Forms of government map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Forms_of_government_map" title="Template talk:Forms of government map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forms_of_government_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forms of government map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Outside_Europe">Outside Europe</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outside Europe">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia_-_2020_(49563590728)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia_-_2020_%2849563590728%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/122px-Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia_-_2020_%2849563590728%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia_-_2020_%2849563590728%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/183px-Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia_-_2020_%2849563590728%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia_-_2020_%2849563590728%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/244px-Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia_-_2020_%2849563590728%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Sultan_of_Oman_Haitham_bin_Tariq_Al_Said_(49565463757)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Sultan_of_Oman_Haitham_bin_Tariq_Al_Said_%2849565463757%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/162px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Sultan_of_Oman_Haitham_bin_Tariq_Al_Said_%2849565463757%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Sultan_of_Oman_Haitham_bin_Tariq_Al_Said_%2849565463757%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/243px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Sultan_of_Oman_Haitham_bin_Tariq_Al_Said_%2849565463757%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Sultan_of_Oman_Haitham_bin_Tariq_Al_Said_%2849565463757%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/324px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Sultan_of_Oman_Haitham_bin_Tariq_Al_Said_%2849565463757%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman bin Abdulaziz</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq" title="Haitham bin Tariq">Haitham bin Tariq</a> are the absolute monarchs of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, respectively.</div></div></div></div>
<p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> wielded absolute power over the state and was considered a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a> meaning "Great King" by his people. Many sultans wielded absolute power through heavenly mandates reflected in their title, such as "Shadow of God on Earth". In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamia">ancient Mesopotamia</a>, many rulers of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> were absolute monarchs as well.
</p><p>Throughout <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>, many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperors</a> and one empress (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a>) wielded absolute power through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pre-Columbian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian America">pre-Columbian America</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> was ruled by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a>, who was considered the son of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a>, the sun god and absolute ruler over the people and nation. Korea under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> and short-lived <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">empire</a> was also an absolute monarchy.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Europe">Europe</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">Absolutism (European history)</a></div>
<p>Throughout much of European history, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a> was the theological justification for absolute monarchy. Many European monarchs claimed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">supreme autocratic power</a> by divine right, and that their subjects had no rights to limit their power.
</p><p>Throughout the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, the concept of the divine right to power and democratic ideals were given serious merit.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, known in some countries as the <i>Springtime of the Peoples</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> or the <i>Springtime of Nations</i>, were a series of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_upheaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Political upheaval">political upheavals</a> throughout <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in 1848. It remains the most widespread <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">revolutionary wave</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_history" class="mw-redirect" title="European history">European history</a>. By the 19th century, divine right was regarded as an obsolete theory in most countries in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, except in Russia where it was still given credence as the official justification for the Tsar's power until <a href="/enwiki/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in 1917 and in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> where it remains today.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Kingdoms_of_England_and_Scotland">Kingdoms of England and Scotland</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kingdoms of England and Scotland">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> and his son <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> tried to import the principle of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a> into Scotland and England. Charles I's attempt to enforce <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal polity</a> on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> led to rebellion by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanters</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a>, then fears that Charles I was attempting to establish absolutist government along European lines was a major cause of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, despite the fact that he did rule this way for 11 years starting in 1629, after dissolving the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
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<h4><span id="Denmark.E2.80.93Norway"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Denmark–Norway">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></div><p>
Absolutism was underpinned by a written constitution for the first time in Europe in 1665 <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Kongeloven</i></span>, '<a href="/enwiki/wiki/King%27s_Law" title="King's Law">King's Law</a>' of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, which ordered that the Monarch: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>shall from this day forth be revered and considered the most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects, standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person, neither in spiritual nor temporal matters, except God alone.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p> This law consequently authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power. Most important was the abolition of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rigsraad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigsraad">Council of the Realm</a> in Denmark. Absolute monarchy lasted until <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1814_in_Norway" title="1814 in Norway">1814 in Norway</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1848_in_Denmark" title="1848 in Denmark">1848 in Denmark</a>.
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Habsburgs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Hungary">Hungary</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="France">France</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: France">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy in France</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/180px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/270px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/360px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> (1638–1715) is often said to have proclaimed <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'état, c'est moi!</i></span>, 'I am the State!'.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Although often criticized for his extravagances, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, he reigned over France for a long period, some historians consider him an absolute monarch, while some other historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have questioned whether Louis' reign should be considered 'absolute', given the reality of the balance of power between the monarch and the nobility, as well as parliaments.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (October 2018)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The king of France concentrated legislative, executive, and judicial powers in his person. He was the supreme judicial authority. He could condemn people to death without the right of appeal. It was both his duty to punish offenses and stop them from being committed. From his judicial authority followed his power both to make laws and to annul them.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Prussia">Prussia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prussia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a></div>
<p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>, the concept of absolute monarch took a notable turn from the above with its emphasis on the monarch as the "first servant of the state", but it also echoed many of the important characteristics of absolutism. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_William_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a> (r. 1640–1688), known as the Great Elector, used the uncertainties of the final stages of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to consolidate his territories into the dominant kingdom in northern Germany, whilst increasing his power over his subjects. His actions largely originated the militaristic streak of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hohenzollern" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollern">Hohenzollerns</a>.
</p><p>Frederick William enjoyed support from the nobles, who enabled the Great Elector to undermine the Diet of Brandenburg and other representative assemblies. The leading families saw their future in cooperation with the central government and worked to establish absolutist power.
</p><p>The most significant indicator of the nobles' success was the establishment of two tax rates – one for the cities and the other for the countryside – to the great advantage of the latter, which the nobles ruled. The nobles served in the upper levels of the elector's army and bureaucracy, but they also won new prosperity for themselves. The support of the Elector enabled the imposition of serfdom and the consolidation of land holdings into vast estates which provided for their wealth.
</p><p>They became known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junkers</a> (from the German for young lord, <i>junger Herr</i>). Frederick William faced resistance from representative assemblies and long-independent cities in his realm. City leaders often revolted at the imposition of Electorate authority. The last notable effort was the uprising of the city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> which allied with the Estates General of Prussia to refuse to pay taxes. Frederick William crushed this revolt in 1662, by marching into the city with thousands of troops. A similar approach was used with the towns of Cleves.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Russia">Russia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div>
<p>Until 1905, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsars</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emperor_of_All_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of All Russia">Emperors</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> governed as absolute monarchs. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivan_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV">Ivan the Terrible</a> was known for his reign of terror through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oprichnina" title="Oprichnina">oprichnina</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter I the Great</a> reduced the power of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">Russian nobility</a> and strengthened the central power of the monarch, establishing a bureaucracy and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a>. This tradition of absolutism, known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a>, was expanded by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II the Great</a> and her descendants. Although <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> made some reforms and established an independent judicial system, Russia did not have a representative assembly or a constitution until the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">1905 Revolution</a>. However, the concept of absolutism was so ingrained in Russia that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Russian Constitution of 1906">Russian Constitution of 1906</a> still described the monarch as an autocrat. Russia became the last <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> country (excluding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>) to abolish absolutism, and it was the only one to do so as late as the 20th century (the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> drafted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">its first constitution</a> in 1876).
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Sweden">Sweden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></div>
<p>The form of government instituted in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> under King <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a> and passed on to his son, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a> is commonly referred to as absolute monarchy; however, the Swedish monarch was never absolute in the sense that he wielded <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arbitrary_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary power">arbitrary power</a>. The monarch still ruled under the law and could only legislate in agreement with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag of the Estates</a>; rather, the absolutism introduced was the monarch's ability to run the government unfettered by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">privy council</a>, contrary to earlier practice. The absolute rule of Charles XI was instituted by the crown and the Riksdag in order to carry out the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reduction_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction (Sweden)">Great Reduction</a> which would have been made impossible by the privy council which comprised the high nobility.
</p><p>After the death of Charles XII in 1718, the system of absolute rule was largely blamed for the ruination of the realm in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, and the reaction tipped the balance of power to the other extreme end of the spectrum, ushering in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a>. After half a century of largely unrestricted parliamentary rule proved just as ruinous, King <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav III of Sweden">Gustav III</a> seized back royal power in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolution_of_1772" title="Revolution of 1772">coup d'état of 1772</a>, and later once again abolished the privy council under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_and_Security_Act" title="Union and Security Act">Union and Security Act</a> in 1789, which, in turn, was rendered void in 1809 when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden">Gustav IV Adolf</a> was deposed in a coup and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1809)" title="Instrument of Government (1809)">constitution of 1809</a> was put in its place. The years between 1789 and 1809, then, are also referred to as a period of absolute monarchy.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporary_trends">Contemporary trends</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contemporary trends">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Many nations formerly with absolute monarchies, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, have moved towards <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. However, in these cases the monarch still retains tremendous power, even to the extent that by some measures, parliament's influence on political life is viewed as negligible.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[a]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, the government moved from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy following planned parliamentary elections to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tshogdu" title="Tshogdu">Tshogdu</a> in 2003, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2008_Bhutanese_National_Assembly_election" title="2008 Bhutanese National Assembly election">election of a National Assembly in 2008</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> had several swings between constitutional rule and direct rule related to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Maoist insurgency</a>, and the 2001 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal massacre</a>, with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepalese monarchy</a> being abolished on 28 May 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Tonga">king</a> had majority control of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Tonga" title="Legislative Assembly of Tonga">Legislative Assembly</a> until 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> has moved towards expanding the power of the monarch: the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Liechtenstein">Prince of Liechtenstein</a> was given expanded powers after a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2003_Liechtenstein_constitutional_referendum" title="2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum">referendum</a> amending the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="Constitution of Liechtenstein">Constitution of Liechtenstein</a> in 2003, which led the BBC to describe the prince as an "absolute monarch again".<sup id="cite_ref-Liechtenstein_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liechtenstein-25">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>'<i>=SUCK MY BALLS<b> '</b></i>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Scholarship">Scholarship</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scholarship">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>There is a considerable variety of opinion by historians on the extent of absolutism among European monarchs. Some, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Perry Anderson</a>, argue that quite a few monarchs achieved levels of absolutist control over their states, while historians such as Roger Mettam dispute the very concept of absolutism.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup> In general, historians who disagree with the appellation of <i>absolutism</i> argue that most monarchs labeled as <i>absolutist</i> exerted no greater power over their subjects than any other <i>non-absolutist</i> rulers, and these historians tend to emphasize the differences between the absolutist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> of monarchs and the realities of the effective use of power by these absolute monarchs. Renaissance historian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_J._Bouwsma" title="William J. Bouwsma">William Bouwsma</a> summed up this contradiction:
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nothing so clearly indicates the limits of royal power as the fact that governments were perennially in financial trouble, unable to tap the wealth of those ablest to pay, and likely to stir up a costly revolt whenever they attempted to develop an adequate income.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William Bouwsma</cite></div></blockquote>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a> as well as various other disciplines such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> attempt to explain the rise of absolute monarchy ranging from extrapolation generally, to certain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon">Marxist explanations</a> in terms of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> as the underlying dynamic of human historical development generally and absolute monarchy in particular.
</p><p>In the 17th century, French legal theorist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Domat" title="Jean Domat">Jean Domat</a> defended the concept of absolute monarchy in works such as <i>"On Social Order and Absolute Monarchy"</i>, citing absolute monarchy as preserving natural order as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> intended.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> Other intellectual figures who supported absolute monarchy include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Bossuet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Bossuet">Jacques Bossuet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchomachs" title="Monarchomachs">Monarchomachs</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"By 1985 the legislature appeared to have become more firmly established and recognized as a body in which notables representing authentic forces in the political spectrum could address national issues and problems. But it had not gained real autonomy or a direct role in the shaping of government policies." [...] "In spite of its formally defined role in the lawmaking and budgetary processes, the parliament had not established itself as an independent branch of government, owing to the restrictions on its constitutional authority and the dominating influence of the king. The fact that the king has been able to govern for long periods by <i>zahir</i> after dissolving the legislative body has further underscored the marginality of the chamber." — J.R. Tartter (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoldieWokler2006" class="citation book cs1">Goldie, Mark; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Wokler" title="Robert Wokler">Wokler, Robert</a> (2006-08-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eFNHyh9WY3AC&pg=PA523">"Philosophical kingship and enlightened despotism"</a>. <i>The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 523. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521374224" title="Special:BookSources/9780521374224"><bdi>9780521374224</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophical+kingship+and+enlightened+despotism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Eighteenth-Century+Political+Thought&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-08-31&rft.isbn=9780521374224&rft.aulast=Goldie&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Wokler%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeFNHyh9WY3AC%26pg%3DPA523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLeopardi2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi, Giacomo</a> (2013) [1898]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xzCpxEYO6JwC&pg=PA1438"><i>Zibaldone</i></a>. Farrar Straus Giroux. p. 1438. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374296827" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374296827"><bdi>978-0374296827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zibaldone&rft.pages=1438&rft.pub=Farrar+Straus+Giroux&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0374296827&rft.aulast=Leopardi&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxzCpxEYO6JwC%26pg%3DPA1438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Harris_2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_2009_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_2009_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2009" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Nathanial (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5SKJanyblIC"><i>Systems of Government Monarchy</i></a>. Evans Brothers. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-237-53932-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-237-53932-0"><bdi>978-0-237-53932-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systems+of+Government+Monarchy&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-237-53932-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Nathanial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5SKJanyblIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-swazi-abs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swazi-abs_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14095303">"Swaziland profile"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2018-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Swaziland+profile&rft.date=2018-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-14095303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-oman-abs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oman-abs_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15288960">"Q&A: Elections to Oman's consultative Council"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 2011-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Elections+to+Oman%27s+consultative+Council&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-15288960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cavendish78-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish78_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Cavendish78</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-vaticancity-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vaticancity_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102165340/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/organi-dello-stato.html">"Organi dello Stato"</a> [State Departments]. <i>vaticanstate.va</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican State">Vatican State</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/organi-dello-stato.html">the original</a> on 2013-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vaticanstate.va&rft.atitle=Organi+dello+Stato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticanstate.va%2Fcontent%2Fvaticanstate%2Fen%2Fstato-e-governo%2Forgani-dello-stato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span><br />
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411154311/https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/state-government/state-departments/state-departments-1.html">"State Departments"</a>. <i>vaticanstate.va</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vatican_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican State">Vatican State</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/state-government/state-departments/state-departments-1.html">the original</a> on 2020-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vaticanstate.va&rft.atitle=State+Departments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticanstate.va%2Fen%2Fstate-government%2Fstate-departments%2Fstate-departments-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-qat-abs-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qat-abs_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2013" class="citation news cs1">Stephens, Michael (2013-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20890765">"Qatar: Regional backwater to global player"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Qatar%3A+Regional+backwater+to+global+player&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-20890765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016094408/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-02/education/29495629_1_monarchy-absolute-power-head">"Vatican to emirates, monarchs keep the reins in modern world"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-02/education/29495629_1_monarchy-absolute-power-head">the original</a> on 2013-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Vatican+to+emirates%2C+monarchs+keep+the+reins+in+modern+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2011-05-02%2Feducation%2F29495629_1_monarchy-absolute-power-head&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2017" class="citation book cs1">Choi, Sang-hun (27 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWNNWVwaUpMC&q=joseon+dynasty+absolute+monarchy&pg=PA16"><i>Interior Space and Furniture of Joseon Upper-class Houses</i></a>. Ewha Womans University Press. p. 16. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788973007202" title="Special:BookSources/9788973007202"><bdi>9788973007202</bdi></a> – via Google Books. <q>Joseon was an absolute monarchy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interior+Space+and+Furniture+of+Joseon+Upper-class+Houses&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Ewha+Womans+University+Press&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft.isbn=9788973007202&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Sang-hun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWNNWVwaUpMC%26q%3Djoseon%2Bdynasty%2Babsolute%2Bmonarchy%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman,_John1996" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, John (1996). <i>A History of Modern Europe: From the French Revolution to the present</i>. p. 715.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Europe%3A+From+the+French+Revolution+to+the+present&rft.pages=715&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Merriman%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Charles_I_of_England/">"Charles I of England"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Charles+I+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FCharles_I_of_England%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330135036/http://danskekonger.dk/kilder/kongeloven">"Kongeloven af 1665"</a> (in Danish). Danske konger. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danskekonger.dk/kilder/kongeloven">the original</a> on 2012-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kongeloven+af+1665&rft.pub=Danske+konger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdanskekonger.dk%2Fkilder%2Fkongeloven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A partial English translation of the law can be found in<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEkman1957" class="citation journal cs1">Ekman, Ernst (1957). "The Danish Royal Law of 1665". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 102–107. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F237987">10.1086/237987</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145652129">145652129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Danish+Royal+Law+of+1665&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=102-107&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F237987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145652129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ekman&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/france/louis-xiv">"Louis XIV"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Louis+XIV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Ffrance%2Flouis-xiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mettam, R. <i>Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France</i>, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mousnier, R. <i>The Institutions of France under the Absolute Monarchy, 1598-2012 V1.</i> Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Western Experience</i>, Seventh Edition, Boston: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>, 1999.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTartter1986" class="citation book cs1">Tartter, Jean R. (1986). "Government and politics". In Nelson, Harold D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/"><i>Morocco, a country study</i></a>. Area Handbook. Foreign Area Studies: The American University. pp. 246–247. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12749718">12749718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Government+and+politics&rft.btitle=Morocco%2C+a+country+study&rft.series=Area+Handbook&rft.pages=246-247&rft.pub=Foreign+Area+Studies%3A+The+American+University&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12749718&rft.aulast=Tartter&rft.aufirst=Jean+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTusalem2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tusalem, Rollin F. (16 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2021.32">"Bringing the legislature back in: Examining the structural effects of national legislatures on effective democratic governance"</a>. <i>Government and Opposition</i>. <b>58</b> (2): 291–315. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2021.32">10.1017/gov.2021.32</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-257X">0017-257X</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240505261">240505261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=Bringing+the+legislature+back+in%3A+Examining+the+structural+effects+of+national+legislatures+on+effective+democratic+governance&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-315&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240505261%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0017-257X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fgov.2021.32&rft.aulast=Tusalem&rft.aufirst=Rollin+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2Fgov.2021.32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRafayah2022" class="citation news cs1">Rafayah, Shakir (29 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thearabweekly.com/what-role-political-parties-jordan">"What role for political parties in Jordan?"</a>. <i>Arab Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Weekly&rft.atitle=What+role+for+political+parties+in+Jordan%3F&rft.date=2022-01-29&rft.aulast=Rafayah&rft.aufirst=Shakir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthearabweekly.com%2Fwhat-role-political-parties-jordan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2008" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Gopal (2008-05-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nepal-king-idUSISL5996320080529">"Nepal abolishes centuries-old Hindu monarchy"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Nepal+abolishes+centuries-old+Hindu+monarchy&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-nepal-king-idUSISL5996320080529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parliament.gov.to/constitution1.htm">Constitution of Tonga</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081119232721/http://parliament.gov.to/constitution1.htm">Archived</a> 2008-11-19 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, s. 61</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Liechtenstein-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liechtenstein_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2853991.stm">"Liechtenstein prince wins powers"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 2003-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Liechtenstein+prince+wins+powers&rft.date=2003-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2853991.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mettam, Roger. <i>Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France</i>, 1991.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bouwsma, William J., in Kimmel, Michael S. <i>Absolutism and Its Discontents: State and Society in Seventeenth-Century France and England</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1988, 15</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDomat,_Jean2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Domat" title="Jean Domat">Domat, Jean</a> (18 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://symposium.cornellcollege.edu/2009/04/18/jean-domat-on-defense-of-absolute-monarchy/">"On Defense of Absolute Monarchy"</a>. Cornell College Student Symposium. Mount Vernon, IA: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornell_College" title="Cornell College">Cornell College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Defense+of+Absolute+Monarchy&rft.place=Mount+Vernon%2C+IA&rft.series=Cornell+College+Student+Symposium&rft.pub=Cornell+College&rft.date=2009-04-18&rft.au=Domat%2C+Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsymposium.cornellcollege.edu%2F2009%2F04%2F18%2Fjean-domat-on-defense-of-absolute-monarchy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbsolute+monarchy" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Absolute_monarchy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson, Perry</a>. (1961, 1974). <i>Lineages of the Absolutist State</i>. London: Verso.</li>
<li>Beloff, Max. <i>The Age of Absolutism 1660-1815</i>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerome_Blum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Blum">Blum, Jerome</a>, et al. (1970). <i>The European World</i>, vol 1, pp 267–466.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerome_Blum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Blum">Blum, Jerome</a>, et al. (1951). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lord_and_Peasant_in_Russia_from_the_Ninth_to_the_Nineteenth_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century">Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century</a></i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</li>
<li>Kimmel, Michael S. (1988). <i>Absolutism and Its Discontents: State and society in seventeenth-century France and England</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.</li>
<li>Méttam, Roger. (1988). <i>Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France</i>. New York: Blackwell Publishers.</li>
<li>Miller, John (ed.) (1990). <i>Absolutism in Seventeenth-Century Europe</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</li>
<li>Wilson, Peter H. (2000). <i>Absolutism in Central Europe</i>. New York: Routledge.</li>
<li>Zmohra, Hillay. (2001). <i>Monarchy, Aristocracy, and the State in Europe – 1300–1800</i>. New York: Routledge.</li></ul>
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<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Absolute monarchy</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">Éminence grise</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soft_tyranny" title="Soft tyranny">Soft tyranny</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Political radicalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Rightism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technocracy_movement" title="Technocracy movement">Technocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>
<li>Bulgarian Empire
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Absolute monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Europe#From_revolution_to_imperialism_(1789–1914)" title="History of Europe">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020-22)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184558#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119549757">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119549757">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="absolutní monarchie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph139151&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1698246423' |