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{{Infobox writer
| name = Ninšatapada
| occupation = high priestess of [[Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea|Meslamtaea]]
| period = [[Old Babylonian period]]
| notable_works = Letter to [[Rim-Sîn I]]
| language = [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]
| relatives = [[Sîn-kāšid]]
}}
'''Ninšatapada''' (also romanized as '''Ninshatapada'''{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=370}}) was a [[Mesopotamia]]n princess from the [[Old Babylonian Empire|Old Babylonian]] dynasty of [[Uruk]]. She is known from a letter addressed to [[Rim-Sîn I]], in which she implores him to restore her to her former position as a high priestess of [[Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea|Meslamtaea]]. It was incorporated into the curriculum of Mesopotamian [[Eduba|scribal schools]].
==Overview==
Ninšatapada was a princess from the [[Old Babylonian Empire|Old Babylonian]] dynasty of [[Uruk]].{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=307}} Her father was [[Sîn-kāšid]], who reigned over this city in the nineteenth century BCE.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=197}} She was most likely born when he was still young, in the third quarter of said century.{{sfn|Wasserman|Bloch|2023|p=193}} Since no information about her grandfather is known, and her father originally served as the governor (''[[šakkanakku]]m'') of Durum, which was fortified by [[Ishme-Dagan]], it has been suggested that her family might have hailed from [[Isin]].{{sfn|Wagensonner|2022|pp=260-261}}
She was the high priestess (''nin-dingir'') of [[Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea|Meslamtaea]].{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=197}}{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}} It is uncertain which king of Uruk was responsible for her appointment, though [[William W. Hallo]] argued it is plausible it was her father.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=375}} The appointment of princesses to similar priestly positions was a tradition going back to the [[Akkadian Empire|Sargonic period]].{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=370}} She resided in Durum,{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=375}} modern Umm al-Wawiya.{{sfn|Wagensonner|2022|p=260}} A letter attributed to her links her a [[É (temple)|temple]] located in this city dedicated jointly to Lugalirra and Meslamtaea named E-Meslam, which might be either an abbreviation of E-Meslam-melamilla ("E-Meslam which bears radiance"), which according to an inscription of her father was dedicated only to the latter of these two gods, or alternatively the name of a complex of temples.{{sfn|George|1993|p=127}}
After Durum was conquered by [[Rim-Sîn I]] of [[Larsa]], Ninšatapada was exiled,{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=375}} but she was likely restored to her position later on.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=376}} Nathan Wasserman and Yigal Bloch note that this makes it possible to assume that struggles between Old Babylonian dynasties were limited to the spheres of politics and military, and not religion.{{sfn|Wasserman|Bloch|2023|p=193}}
Next to [[Enheduanna]], Ninšatapada is one of the two only female historical figures mentioned in the Old Babylonian corpus of [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] literary texts.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=196}}
==Works==
It is assumed that one of the letters belonging to the [[text corpus]] known as the "Royal Correspondence of [[Larsa]]" was authored by Ninšatapada.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=307}} However, her authorship is not entirely certain, and an alternate proposal is that the letter was composed as propaganda by scribes serving the royal court of Larsa.{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}} It was written in [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]].{{sfn|Hallo|2009|pp=325-326}} It is 58 lines long.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=370}} Six copies most likely to be dated to the eighteenth century BCE are known, with two coming from [[Nippur]] and four being of unknown provenance.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=428}} An additional exemplar has been discovered during excavations in [[Me-Turan]].{{sfn|Cavigneaux|2000|p=253}}
The letter is written in first person.{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}} It is centered on Ninšatapada's appeal to [[Rim-Sîn I]] to restore her to her priestly position.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=198}} She describes herself as a female scribe (''munus dub-sar''), daughter of [[Sîn-kāšid]] and servant of Rim-Sîn I.{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|pp=100-101}} She praises the latter king for sparing the population of conquered [[Uruk]] and letting the city live in peace, but also laments that she was exiled from Durum, where she formerly lived.{{sfn|Wagensonner|2022|p=261}} It is not known to what degree the letter reflects historical events.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=198}} William W. Hallo argues that it accurately describes the period following the conquest of Durum, and that it was written between 1801 and 1799 BCE, after a four or five year period of exile, when the author by own admission reached old age.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|pp=375-376}} Dating the letter to around 1800 BCE is also tentatively accepted by Charles Halton and Saana Svärd.{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}}
Comparisons have been made between Ninšatapada's characterization of herself with a similar composition in which [[Enheduanna]] presents herself as a "righteous sufferer".{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=198}} A comparable letter addressed to [[Zimri-Lim]] is also known.{{sfn|Wagensonner|2022|p=261}} Furthermore, many of the formulas used in Ninšatapada's composition find parallels in royal inscriptions and date formulas of kings of Larsa, which according to Hallo can be considered an example of [[literary allusion]].{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=370}}
The letter of Ninšatapada was incorporated in the curriculum of [[eduba|scribal schools]].{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}} Alhena Gadotti argues that it was meant to familiarize trainee scribes with a tradition of appointing royal daughters to religious positions, which they in same cases were able to retain after the end of their fathers’ reigns.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=199}} She assumes the copyists were meant to be introduced to the notion of a shared Mesopotamian heritage through the texts they worked with.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=204}} She notes Uruk was not a major political power at the time of the letter's composition and inclusion in the scribal school curriculum, but due to its long history it was considered culturally significant, similarly to [[Lagash]] and [[Ur]], also well represented in similar text corpora despite no longer being major powers in the Old Babylonian period.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|pp=198-199}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last=Cavigneaux|first=Antoine|editor1-last=Abusch|editor1-first=Tzvi|editor2-last=Toorn|editor2-first=Karel van der|title=Mesopotamian Magic: Textual, Historical and Interpretative Perspectives|chapter=A Scholar’s Library in Meturan? With an Edition of the Tablet H 72 (Textes de Tell Haddad VII)|pages=251–273|series=Ancient Magic and Divination|volume=1|publisher=Brill| date=2000|isbn=978-90-04-49629-3|doi=10.1163/9789004496293_018}}
*{{cite journal|last=Gadotti|first=Alhena|title=Portraits of the Feminine in Sumerian Literature|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|publisher=American Oriental Society|volume=131|issue=2|year=2011|issn=00030279|jstor=23044641|pages=195–206|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23044641|access-date=2023-10-27}}
*{{cite book|last=George|first=Andrew R.|title=House Most High: the Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia|publisher=Eisenbrauns|publication-place=Winona Lake|year=1993|isbn=0-931464-80-3|oclc=27813103}}
*{{cite book|last=Hallo|first=William W.|title=The World's Oldest Literature. Studies in Sumerian Belles-Lettres|series=Culture and History of the Ancient Near East|volume=35|publisher=Brill|date=2009|isbn=978-90-474-2727-8}}
*{{cite book|last1=Halton|first1=Charles|last2=Svärd|first2=Saana|title=Women's Writing of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Anthology of the Earliest Female Authors|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2017|isbn=978-1-107-28032-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Wagensonner|first=Klaus|title=The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume II|chapter=The Middle East after the Fall of Ur: Isin and Larsa|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/81559764|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2022|isbn=0-19-068757-6|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190687571.003.0014}}
*{{cite book|last=Wasserman|first1=Nathan|last2=Bloch|first2=Yigal|title=The Amorites: A Political History of Mesopotamia in the Early Second Millennium BCE|series=Culture and History of the Ancient Near East|volume=133|publisher=Brill|publication-place=Leiden, Boston|date=2023|isbn=978-90-04-54731-5}}
[[Category:19th-century BC people]]
[[Category:Babylonian women]]
[[Category:Ancient women poets]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,0 +1,44 @@
+{{short description|Ancient Mesopotamian princess and author}}
+{{Infobox writer
+| name = Ninšatapada
+| occupation = high priestess of [[Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea|Meslamtaea]]
+| period = [[Old Babylonian period]]
+| notable_works = Letter to [[Rim-Sîn I]]
+| language = [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]
+| relatives = [[Sîn-kāšid]]
+}}
+
+'''Ninšatapada''' (also romanized as '''Ninshatapada'''{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=370}}) was a [[Mesopotamia]]n princess from the [[Old Babylonian Empire|Old Babylonian]] dynasty of [[Uruk]]. She is known from a letter addressed to [[Rim-Sîn I]], in which she implores him to restore her to her former position as a high priestess of [[Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea|Meslamtaea]]. It was incorporated into the curriculum of Mesopotamian [[Eduba|scribal schools]].
+
+==Overview==
+Ninšatapada was a princess from the [[Old Babylonian Empire|Old Babylonian]] dynasty of [[Uruk]].{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=307}} Her father was [[Sîn-kāšid]], who reigned over this city in the nineteenth century BCE.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=197}} She was most likely born when he was still young, in the third quarter of said century.{{sfn|Wasserman|Bloch|2023|p=193}} Since no information about her grandfather is known, and her father originally served as the governor (''[[šakkanakku]]m'') of Durum, which was fortified by [[Ishme-Dagan]], it has been suggested that her family might have hailed from [[Isin]].{{sfn|Wagensonner|2022|pp=260-261}}
+
+She was the high priestess (''nin-dingir'') of [[Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea|Meslamtaea]].{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=197}}{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}} It is uncertain which king of Uruk was responsible for her appointment, though [[William W. Hallo]] argued it is plausible it was her father.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=375}} The appointment of princesses to similar priestly positions was a tradition going back to the [[Akkadian Empire|Sargonic period]].{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=370}} She resided in Durum,{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=375}} modern Umm al-Wawiya.{{sfn|Wagensonner|2022|p=260}} A letter attributed to her links her a [[É (temple)|temple]] located in this city dedicated jointly to Lugalirra and Meslamtaea named E-Meslam, which might be either an abbreviation of E-Meslam-melamilla ("E-Meslam which bears radiance"), which according to an inscription of her father was dedicated only to the latter of these two gods, or alternatively the name of a complex of temples.{{sfn|George|1993|p=127}}
+
+After Durum was conquered by [[Rim-Sîn I]] of [[Larsa]], Ninšatapada was exiled,{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=375}} but she was likely restored to her position later on.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=376}} Nathan Wasserman and Yigal Bloch note that this makes it possible to assume that struggles between Old Babylonian dynasties were limited to the spheres of politics and military, and not religion.{{sfn|Wasserman|Bloch|2023|p=193}}
+
+Next to [[Enheduanna]], Ninšatapada is one of the two only female historical figures mentioned in the Old Babylonian corpus of [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] literary texts.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=196}}
+
+==Works==
+It is assumed that one of the letters belonging to the [[text corpus]] known as the "Royal Correspondence of [[Larsa]]" was authored by Ninšatapada.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=307}} However, her authorship is not entirely certain, and an alternate proposal is that the letter was composed as propaganda by scribes serving the royal court of Larsa.{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}} It was written in [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]].{{sfn|Hallo|2009|pp=325-326}} It is 58 lines long.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=370}} Six copies most likely to be dated to the eighteenth century BCE are known, with two coming from [[Nippur]] and four being of unknown provenance.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=428}} An additional exemplar has been discovered during excavations in [[Me-Turan]].{{sfn|Cavigneaux|2000|p=253}}
+
+The letter is written in first person.{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}} It is centered on Ninšatapada's appeal to [[Rim-Sîn I]] to restore her to her priestly position.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=198}} She describes herself as a female scribe (''munus dub-sar''), daughter of [[Sîn-kāšid]] and servant of Rim-Sîn I.{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|pp=100-101}} She praises the latter king for sparing the population of conquered [[Uruk]] and letting the city live in peace, but also laments that she was exiled from Durum, where she formerly lived.{{sfn|Wagensonner|2022|p=261}} It is not known to what degree the letter reflects historical events.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=198}} William W. Hallo argues that it accurately describes the period following the conquest of Durum, and that it was written between 1801 and 1799 BCE, after a four or five year period of exile, when the author by own admission reached old age.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|pp=375-376}} Dating the letter to around 1800 BCE is also tentatively accepted by Charles Halton and Saana Svärd.{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}}
+
+Comparisons have been made between Ninšatapada's characterization of herself with a similar composition in which [[Enheduanna]] presents herself as a "righteous sufferer".{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=198}} A comparable letter addressed to [[Zimri-Lim]] is also known.{{sfn|Wagensonner|2022|p=261}} Furthermore, many of the formulas used in Ninšatapada's composition find parallels in royal inscriptions and date formulas of kings of Larsa, which according to Hallo can be considered an example of [[literary allusion]].{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=370}}
+
+The letter of Ninšatapada was incorporated in the curriculum of [[eduba|scribal schools]].{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}} Alhena Gadotti argues that it was meant to familiarize trainee scribes with a tradition of appointing royal daughters to religious positions, which they in same cases were able to retain after the end of their fathers’ reigns.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=199}} She assumes the copyists were meant to be introduced to the notion of a shared Mesopotamian heritage through the texts they worked with.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=204}} She notes Uruk was not a major political power at the time of the letter's composition and inclusion in the scribal school curriculum, but due to its long history it was considered culturally significant, similarly to [[Lagash]] and [[Ur]], also well represented in similar text corpora despite no longer being major powers in the Old Babylonian period.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|pp=198-199}}
+
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+===Bibliography===
+*{{cite book|last=Cavigneaux|first=Antoine|editor1-last=Abusch|editor1-first=Tzvi|editor2-last=Toorn|editor2-first=Karel van der|title=Mesopotamian Magic: Textual, Historical and Interpretative Perspectives|chapter=A Scholar’s Library in Meturan? With an Edition of the Tablet H 72 (Textes de Tell Haddad VII)|pages=251–273|series=Ancient Magic and Divination|volume=1|publisher=Brill| date=2000|isbn=978-90-04-49629-3|doi=10.1163/9789004496293_018}}
+*{{cite journal|last=Gadotti|first=Alhena|title=Portraits of the Feminine in Sumerian Literature|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|publisher=American Oriental Society|volume=131|issue=2|year=2011|issn=00030279|jstor=23044641|pages=195–206|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23044641|access-date=2023-10-27}}
+*{{cite book|last=George|first=Andrew R.|title=House Most High: the Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia|publisher=Eisenbrauns|publication-place=Winona Lake|year=1993|isbn=0-931464-80-3|oclc=27813103}}
+*{{cite book|last=Hallo|first=William W.|title=The World's Oldest Literature. Studies in Sumerian Belles-Lettres|series=Culture and History of the Ancient Near East|volume=35|publisher=Brill|date=2009|isbn=978-90-474-2727-8}}
+*{{cite book|last1=Halton|first1=Charles|last2=Svärd|first2=Saana|title=Women's Writing of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Anthology of the Earliest Female Authors|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2017|isbn=978-1-107-28032-8}}
+*{{cite book|last=Wagensonner|first=Klaus|title=The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume II|chapter=The Middle East after the Fall of Ur: Isin and Larsa|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/81559764|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2022|isbn=0-19-068757-6|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190687571.003.0014}}
+*{{cite book|last=Wasserman|first1=Nathan|last2=Bloch|first2=Yigal|title=The Amorites: A Political History of Mesopotamia in the Early Second Millennium BCE|series=Culture and History of the Ancient Near East|volume=133|publisher=Brill|publication-place=Leiden, Boston|date=2023|isbn=978-90-04-54731-5}}
+
+[[Category:19th-century BC people]]
+[[Category:Babylonian women]]
+[[Category:Ancient women poets]]
' |
New page size (new_size) | 8611 |
Old page size (old_size) | 0 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 8611 |
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4 => '| period = [[Old Babylonian period]]',
5 => '| notable_works = Letter to [[Rim-Sîn I]]',
6 => '| language = [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]',
7 => '| relatives = [[Sîn-kāšid]]',
8 => '}}',
9 => '',
10 => ''''Ninšatapada''' (also romanized as '''Ninshatapada'''{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=370}}) was a [[Mesopotamia]]n princess from the [[Old Babylonian Empire|Old Babylonian]] dynasty of [[Uruk]]. She is known from a letter addressed to [[Rim-Sîn I]], in which she implores him to restore her to her former position as a high priestess of [[Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea|Meslamtaea]]. It was incorporated into the curriculum of Mesopotamian [[Eduba|scribal schools]].',
11 => '',
12 => '==Overview==',
13 => 'Ninšatapada was a princess from the [[Old Babylonian Empire|Old Babylonian]] dynasty of [[Uruk]].{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=307}} Her father was [[Sîn-kāšid]], who reigned over this city in the nineteenth century BCE.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=197}} She was most likely born when he was still young, in the third quarter of said century.{{sfn|Wasserman|Bloch|2023|p=193}} Since no information about her grandfather is known, and her father originally served as the governor (''[[šakkanakku]]m'') of Durum, which was fortified by [[Ishme-Dagan]], it has been suggested that her family might have hailed from [[Isin]].{{sfn|Wagensonner|2022|pp=260-261}}',
14 => '',
15 => 'She was the high priestess (''nin-dingir'') of [[Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea|Meslamtaea]].{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=197}}{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}} It is uncertain which king of Uruk was responsible for her appointment, though [[William W. Hallo]] argued it is plausible it was her father.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=375}} The appointment of princesses to similar priestly positions was a tradition going back to the [[Akkadian Empire|Sargonic period]].{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=370}} She resided in Durum,{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=375}} modern Umm al-Wawiya.{{sfn|Wagensonner|2022|p=260}} A letter attributed to her links her a [[É (temple)|temple]] located in this city dedicated jointly to Lugalirra and Meslamtaea named E-Meslam, which might be either an abbreviation of E-Meslam-melamilla ("E-Meslam which bears radiance"), which according to an inscription of her father was dedicated only to the latter of these two gods, or alternatively the name of a complex of temples.{{sfn|George|1993|p=127}}',
16 => '',
17 => 'After Durum was conquered by [[Rim-Sîn I]] of [[Larsa]], Ninšatapada was exiled,{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=375}} but she was likely restored to her position later on.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=376}} Nathan Wasserman and Yigal Bloch note that this makes it possible to assume that struggles between Old Babylonian dynasties were limited to the spheres of politics and military, and not religion.{{sfn|Wasserman|Bloch|2023|p=193}}',
18 => '',
19 => 'Next to [[Enheduanna]], Ninšatapada is one of the two only female historical figures mentioned in the Old Babylonian corpus of [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] literary texts.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=196}} ',
20 => '',
21 => '==Works==',
22 => 'It is assumed that one of the letters belonging to the [[text corpus]] known as the "Royal Correspondence of [[Larsa]]" was authored by Ninšatapada.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=307}} However, her authorship is not entirely certain, and an alternate proposal is that the letter was composed as propaganda by scribes serving the royal court of Larsa.{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}} It was written in [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]].{{sfn|Hallo|2009|pp=325-326}} It is 58 lines long.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=370}} Six copies most likely to be dated to the eighteenth century BCE are known, with two coming from [[Nippur]] and four being of unknown provenance.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=428}} An additional exemplar has been discovered during excavations in [[Me-Turan]].{{sfn|Cavigneaux|2000|p=253}}',
23 => '',
24 => 'The letter is written in first person.{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}} It is centered on Ninšatapada's appeal to [[Rim-Sîn I]] to restore her to her priestly position.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=198}} She describes herself as a female scribe (''munus dub-sar''), daughter of [[Sîn-kāšid]] and servant of Rim-Sîn I.{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|pp=100-101}} She praises the latter king for sparing the population of conquered [[Uruk]] and letting the city live in peace, but also laments that she was exiled from Durum, where she formerly lived.{{sfn|Wagensonner|2022|p=261}} It is not known to what degree the letter reflects historical events.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=198}} William W. Hallo argues that it accurately describes the period following the conquest of Durum, and that it was written between 1801 and 1799 BCE, after a four or five year period of exile, when the author by own admission reached old age.{{sfn|Hallo|2009|pp=375-376}} Dating the letter to around 1800 BCE is also tentatively accepted by Charles Halton and Saana Svärd.{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}}',
25 => '',
26 => 'Comparisons have been made between Ninšatapada's characterization of herself with a similar composition in which [[Enheduanna]] presents herself as a "righteous sufferer".{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=198}} A comparable letter addressed to [[Zimri-Lim]] is also known.{{sfn|Wagensonner|2022|p=261}} Furthermore, many of the formulas used in Ninšatapada's composition find parallels in royal inscriptions and date formulas of kings of Larsa, which according to Hallo can be considered an example of [[literary allusion]].{{sfn|Hallo|2009|p=370}} ',
27 => '',
28 => 'The letter of Ninšatapada was incorporated in the curriculum of [[eduba|scribal schools]].{{sfn|Halton|Svärd|2017|p=100}} Alhena Gadotti argues that it was meant to familiarize trainee scribes with a tradition of appointing royal daughters to religious positions, which they in same cases were able to retain after the end of their fathers’ reigns.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=199}} She assumes the copyists were meant to be introduced to the notion of a shared Mesopotamian heritage through the texts they worked with.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|p=204}} She notes Uruk was not a major political power at the time of the letter's composition and inclusion in the scribal school curriculum, but due to its long history it was considered culturally significant, similarly to [[Lagash]] and [[Ur]], also well represented in similar text corpora despite no longer being major powers in the Old Babylonian period.{{sfn|Gadotti|2011|pp=198-199}}',
29 => '',
30 => '==References==',
31 => '{{reflist}}',
32 => '===Bibliography===',
33 => '*{{cite book|last=Cavigneaux|first=Antoine|editor1-last=Abusch|editor1-first=Tzvi|editor2-last=Toorn|editor2-first=Karel van der|title=Mesopotamian Magic: Textual, Historical and Interpretative Perspectives|chapter=A Scholar’s Library in Meturan? With an Edition of the Tablet H 72 (Textes de Tell Haddad VII)|pages=251–273|series=Ancient Magic and Divination|volume=1|publisher=Brill| date=2000|isbn=978-90-04-49629-3|doi=10.1163/9789004496293_018}}',
34 => '*{{cite journal|last=Gadotti|first=Alhena|title=Portraits of the Feminine in Sumerian Literature|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|publisher=American Oriental Society|volume=131|issue=2|year=2011|issn=00030279|jstor=23044641|pages=195–206|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23044641|access-date=2023-10-27}}',
35 => '*{{cite book|last=George|first=Andrew R.|title=House Most High: the Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia|publisher=Eisenbrauns|publication-place=Winona Lake|year=1993|isbn=0-931464-80-3|oclc=27813103}}',
36 => '*{{cite book|last=Hallo|first=William W.|title=The World's Oldest Literature. Studies in Sumerian Belles-Lettres|series=Culture and History of the Ancient Near East|volume=35|publisher=Brill|date=2009|isbn=978-90-474-2727-8}}',
37 => '*{{cite book|last1=Halton|first1=Charles|last2=Svärd|first2=Saana|title=Women's Writing of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Anthology of the Earliest Female Authors|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2017|isbn=978-1-107-28032-8}}',
38 => '*{{cite book|last=Wagensonner|first=Klaus|title=The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume II|chapter=The Middle East after the Fall of Ur: Isin and Larsa|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/81559764|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2022|isbn=0-19-068757-6|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190687571.003.0014}}',
39 => '*{{cite book|last=Wasserman|first1=Nathan|last2=Bloch|first2=Yigal|title=The Amorites: A Political History of Mesopotamia in the Early Second Millennium BCE|series=Culture and History of the Ancient Near East|volume=133|publisher=Brill|publication-place=Leiden, Boston|date=2023|isbn=978-90-04-54731-5}}',
40 => '',
41 => '[[Category:19th-century BC people]]',
42 => '[[Category:Babylonian women]]',
43 => '[[Category:Ancient women poets]]'
] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Mesopotamian princess and author</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Ninšatapada</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">high priestess of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lugal-irra_and_Meslamta-ea" title="Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea">Meslamtaea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Babylonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian period">Old Babylonian period</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Letter to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rim-S%C3%AEn_I" title="Rim-Sîn I">Rim-Sîn I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Ninšatapada</b> (also romanized as <b>Ninshatapada</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370-1">[1]</a></sup>) was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> princess from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a> dynasty of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. She is known from a letter addressed to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rim-S%C3%AEn_I" title="Rim-Sîn I">Rim-Sîn I</a>, in which she implores him to restore her to her former position as a high priestess of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lugal-irra_and_Meslamta-ea" title="Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea">Meslamtaea</a>. It was incorporated into the curriculum of Mesopotamian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eduba" title="Eduba">scribal schools</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nin%C5%A1atapada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Overview"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Ninšatapada was a princess from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a> dynasty of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009307_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009307-2">[2]</a></sup> Her father was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a>, who reigned over this city in the nineteenth century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011197_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011197-3">[3]</a></sup> She was most likely born when he was still young, in the third quarter of said century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWassermanBloch2023193_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWassermanBloch2023193-4">[4]</a></sup> Since no information about her grandfather is known, and her father originally served as the governor (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%A0akkanakku" class="mw-redirect" title="Šakkanakku">šakkanakkum</a></i>) of Durum, which was fortified by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a>, it has been suggested that her family might have hailed from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022260–261_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022260–261-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>She was the high priestess (<i>nin-dingir</i>) of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lugal-irra_and_Meslamta-ea" title="Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea">Meslamtaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011197_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011197-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100-6">[6]</a></sup> It is uncertain which king of Uruk was responsible for her appointment, though <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">William W. Hallo</a> argued it is plausible it was her father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375-7">[7]</a></sup> The appointment of princesses to similar priestly positions was a tradition going back to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Sargonic period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370-1">[1]</a></sup> She resided in Durum,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375-7">[7]</a></sup> modern Umm al-Wawiya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022260_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022260-8">[8]</a></sup> A letter attributed to her links her a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89_(temple)" title="É (temple)">temple</a> located in this city dedicated jointly to Lugalirra and Meslamtaea named E-Meslam, which might be either an abbreviation of E-Meslam-melamilla ("E-Meslam which bears radiance"), which according to an inscription of her father was dedicated only to the latter of these two gods, or alternatively the name of a complex of temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993127_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993127-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>After Durum was conquered by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rim-S%C3%AEn_I" title="Rim-Sîn I">Rim-Sîn I</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, Ninšatapada was exiled,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375-7">[7]</a></sup> but she was likely restored to her position later on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009376_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009376-10">[10]</a></sup> Nathan Wasserman and Yigal Bloch note that this makes it possible to assume that struggles between Old Babylonian dynasties were limited to the spheres of politics and military, and not religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWassermanBloch2023193_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWassermanBloch2023193-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Next to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enheduanna" title="Enheduanna">Enheduanna</a>, Ninšatapada is one of the two only female historical figures mentioned in the Old Babylonian corpus of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> literary texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011196_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011196-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nin%C5%A1atapada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Works"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>It is assumed that one of the letters belonging to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">text corpus</a> known as the "Royal Correspondence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>" was authored by Ninšatapada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009307_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009307-2">[2]</a></sup> However, her authorship is not entirely certain, and an alternate proposal is that the letter was composed as propaganda by scribes serving the royal court of Larsa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100-6">[6]</a></sup> It was written in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009325–326_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009325–326-12">[12]</a></sup> It is 58 lines long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370-1">[1]</a></sup> Six copies most likely to be dated to the eighteenth century BCE are known, with two coming from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> and four being of unknown provenance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009428_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009428-13">[13]</a></sup> An additional exemplar has been discovered during excavations in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Me-Turan" title="Me-Turan">Me-Turan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneaux2000253_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneaux2000253-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>The letter is written in first person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100-6">[6]</a></sup> It is centered on Ninšatapada's appeal to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rim-S%C3%AEn_I" title="Rim-Sîn I">Rim-Sîn I</a> to restore her to her priestly position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198-15">[15]</a></sup> She describes herself as a female scribe (<i>munus dub-sar</i>), daughter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> and servant of Rim-Sîn I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100–101_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100–101-16">[16]</a></sup> She praises the latter king for sparing the population of conquered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and letting the city live in peace, but also laments that she was exiled from Durum, where she formerly lived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022261_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022261-17">[17]</a></sup> It is not known to what degree the letter reflects historical events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198-15">[15]</a></sup> William W. Hallo argues that it accurately describes the period following the conquest of Durum, and that it was written between 1801 and 1799 BCE, after a four or five year period of exile, when the author by own admission reached old age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375–376_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375–376-18">[18]</a></sup> Dating the letter to around 1800 BCE is also tentatively accepted by Charles Halton and Saana Svärd.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Comparisons have been made between Ninšatapada's characterization of herself with a similar composition in which <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enheduanna" title="Enheduanna">Enheduanna</a> presents herself as a "righteous sufferer".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198-15">[15]</a></sup> A comparable letter addressed to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> is also known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022261_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022261-17">[17]</a></sup> Furthermore, many of the formulas used in Ninšatapada's composition find parallels in royal inscriptions and date formulas of kings of Larsa, which according to Hallo can be considered an example of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Literary_allusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary allusion">literary allusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The letter of Ninšatapada was incorporated in the curriculum of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eduba" title="Eduba">scribal schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100-6">[6]</a></sup> Alhena Gadotti argues that it was meant to familiarize trainee scribes with a tradition of appointing royal daughters to religious positions, which they in same cases were able to retain after the end of their fathers’ reigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011199_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011199-19">[19]</a></sup> She assumes the copyists were meant to be introduced to the notion of a shared Mesopotamian heritage through the texts they worked with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011204_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011204-20">[20]</a></sup> She notes Uruk was not a major political power at the time of the letter's composition and inclusion in the scribal school curriculum, but due to its long history it was considered culturally significant, similarly to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, also well represented in similar text corpora despite no longer being major powers in the Old Babylonian period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198–199_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198–199-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nin%C5%A1atapada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009370_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallo2009">Hallo 2009</a>, p. 370.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009307-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009307_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009307_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallo2009">Hallo 2009</a>, p. 307.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011197-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011197_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011197_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGadotti2011">Gadotti 2011</a>, p. 197.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWassermanBloch2023193-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWassermanBloch2023193_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWassermanBloch2023193_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWassermanBloch2023">Wasserman & Bloch 2023</a>, p. 193.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022260–261-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022260–261_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagensonner2022">Wagensonner 2022</a>, pp. 260–261.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaltonSvärd2017">Halton & Svärd 2017</a>, p. 100.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallo2009">Hallo 2009</a>, p. 375.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022260-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022260_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagensonner2022">Wagensonner 2022</a>, p. 260.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993127-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993127_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p. 127.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009376-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009376_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallo2009">Hallo 2009</a>, p. 376.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011196-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011196_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGadotti2011">Gadotti 2011</a>, p. 196.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009325–326-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009325–326_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallo2009">Hallo 2009</a>, pp. 325–326.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009428-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009428_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallo2009">Hallo 2009</a>, p. 428.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneaux2000253-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneaux2000253_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCavigneaux2000">Cavigneaux 2000</a>, p. 253.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGadotti2011">Gadotti 2011</a>, p. 198.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100–101-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaltonSvärd2017100–101_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaltonSvärd2017">Halton & Svärd 2017</a>, pp. 100–101.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022261-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022261_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagensonner2022261_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagensonner2022">Wagensonner 2022</a>, p. 261.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375–376-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo2009375–376_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallo2009">Hallo 2009</a>, pp. 375–376.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011199-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011199_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGadotti2011">Gadotti 2011</a>, p. 199.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011204-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011204_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGadotti2011">Gadotti 2011</a>, p. 204.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198–199-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGadotti2011198–199_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGadotti2011">Gadotti 2011</a>, pp. 198–199.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nin%C5%A1atapada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliography"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFCavigneaux2000" class="citation book cs1">Cavigneaux, Antoine (2000). "A Scholar's Library in Meturan? With an Edition of the Tablet H 72 (Textes de Tell Haddad VII)". In Abusch, Tzvi; Toorn, Karel van der (eds.). <i>Mesopotamian Magic: Textual, Historical and Interpretative Perspectives</i>. Ancient Magic and Divination. Vol. 1. Brill. pp. 251–273. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004496293_018">10.1163/9789004496293_018</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49629-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49629-3"><bdi>978-90-04-49629-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Scholar%E2%80%99s+Library+in+Meturan%3F+With+an+Edition+of+the+Tablet+H+72+%28Textes+de+Tell+Haddad+VII%29&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+Magic%3A+Textual%2C+Historical+and+Interpretative+Perspectives&rft.series=Ancient+Magic+and+Divination&rft.pages=251-273&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004496293_018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-49629-3&rft.aulast=Cavigneaux&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANin%C5%A1atapada" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGadotti2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gadotti, Alhena (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23044641">"Portraits of the Feminine in Sumerian Literature"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. American Oriental Society. <b>131</b> (2): 195–206. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23044641">23044641</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Portraits+of+the+Feminine+in+Sumerian+Literature&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-206&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23044641%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=00030279&rft.aulast=Gadotti&rft.aufirst=Alhena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23044641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANin%C5%A1atapada" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1993" class="citation book cs1">George, Andrew R. (1993). <i>House Most High: the Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia</i>. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931464-80-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-931464-80-3"><bdi>0-931464-80-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27813103">27813103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House+Most+High%3A+the+Temples+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.place=Winona+Lake&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27813103&rft.isbn=0-931464-80-3&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANin%C5%A1atapada" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHallo2009" class="citation book cs1">Hallo, William W. (2009). <i>The World's Oldest Literature. Studies in Sumerian Belles-Lettres</i>. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 35. Brill. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2727-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2727-8"><bdi>978-90-474-2727-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Oldest+Literature.+Studies+in+Sumerian+Belles-Lettres&rft.series=Culture+and+History+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2727-8&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANin%C5%A1atapada" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHaltonSvärd2017" class="citation book cs1">Halton, Charles; Svärd, Saana (2017). <i>Women's Writing of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Anthology of the Earliest Female Authors</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-28032-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-28032-8"><bdi>978-1-107-28032-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Writing+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia.+An+Anthology+of+the+Earliest+Female+Authors&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-28032-8&rft.aulast=Halton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Sv%C3%A4rd%2C+Saana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANin%C5%A1atapada" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWagensonner2022" class="citation book cs1">Wagensonner, Klaus (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/81559764">"The Middle East after the Fall of Ur: Isin and Larsa"</a>. <i>The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume II</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190687571.003.0014">10.1093/oso/9780190687571.003.0014</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-068757-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-068757-6"><bdi>0-19-068757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Middle+East+after+the+Fall+of+Ur%3A+Isin+and+Larsa&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Volume+II&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190687571.003.0014&rft.isbn=0-19-068757-6&rft.aulast=Wagensonner&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F81559764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANin%C5%A1atapada" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWassermanBloch2023" class="citation book cs1">Wasserman, Nathan; Bloch, Yigal (2023). <i>The Amorites: A Political History of Mesopotamia in the Early Second Millennium BCE</i>. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 133. Leiden, Boston: Brill. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-54731-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-54731-5"><bdi>978-90-04-54731-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amorites%3A+A+Political+History+of+Mesopotamia+in+the+Early+Second+Millennium+BCE&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=Culture+and+History+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-90-04-54731-5&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Bloch%2C+Yigal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANin%C5%A1atapada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1698361479' |