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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|16th-century English translator, poet, and playwright}}
{{distinguish|George Peel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
'''George Peele''' (baptised 25 July 1556 – buried 9 November 1596) was an [[England|English]] translator, poet, and [[dramatist]], who is most noted for his supposed but not universally accepted collaboration with [[William Shakespeare]] on the play ''[[Titus Andronicus]]''. Many anonymous Elizabethan plays have been attributed to him, but his reputation rests mainly on ''[[The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First|Edward I]]'', ''[[The Old Wives' Tale (play)|The Old Wives' Tale]]'', ''[[The Battle of Alcazar]]'', ''The Arraignment of Paris'', and ''[[David and Bethsabe]]''. ''[[The Troublesome Reign of King John|The Troublesome Reign of John, King of England]]'', the immediate source for Shakespeare's ''[[King John (play)|King John]]'', has been published under his name.
==Life==
Peele was christened on 25 July 1556 at [[St James Garlickhythe]] in the [[City of London]]. His father, James Peele (died 30 December 1585), who appears to have belonged to a [[Devon]]shire family, was clerk of [[Christ's Hospital]], a school which was then situated in central London, and wrote two treatises on [[bookkeeping]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} ''The Maner and Fourme How to Kepe a Perfecte Reconyng'' (1553) and ''The Pathe Waye to Perfectnes'' (1569).<ref>David H. Horne. ''The Life and Dramatic Works of George Peele, Volume I: The Life and Minor Works of George Peele''. Charles Tyler Prouty, general editor. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952, 7–8</ref> The latter depicts James Peele in a woodcut on the title page.<ref>Horne, 8</ref> No contemporary likeness of George is known, although he was said to be short-legged, dark complected, red haired, and squinting, although not necessarily from reliable sources.<ref>Horne, 45–46, citing William Gager and the ''Jests''.</ref> George's mother, Anne, died on 1 July 1580, and his father married Christian Widers (d. 1597 in [[St Christopher le Stocks]], a church since demolished) on 3 November 1580. She became a nurse on the Hospital payroll, where she remained five years after James Peele's death, when she married Ralph Boswell.<ref>Horne, 20</ref> His siblings included Anne (died 10 January 1568/9), Isabel, Judith (died 16 April 1582) and James (born 3 January 1563/4). Anne married John Alford on 14 May 1565 and had one son, Robert (9 October 1567 – c. 12 March 1654/5). Judith married John Jackman on 19 June 1575 and had three children, Susan (born 3 June 1576), William (30 April 1577 – 1 July 1577) and Sarah (died 25 May 1578).<ref>Horne, 21</ref> On 5 February 1568/9 Isabel married Mathew Shakespeare, with whom she had eight children.<ref>Horne, 21</ref> Many scholars believe that this was a cousin of [[William Shakespeare]], but this has not been verified.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-26 |title=New evidence supports claim that William Shakespeare's 'Dark Lady' may |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/new-evidence-supports-claim-that-william-shakespeare-s-dark-lady-may-have-been-a-clerkenwell-prostitute-8082166.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> James Peele also wrote the Ironmongers' Pageants of 1566 and 1569, which may have led to George's writing of two Lord Mayor's pageants.
George Peele was educated at Christ's Hospital, and entered [[Pembroke College, Oxford|Broadgates Hall]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], in 1571. In 1574 he removed to [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]], taking his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree in 1577, and proceeding [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge)|M.A.]] in 1579. In that year, the governors of Christ's Hospital requested their clerk to "discharge his house of his son, George Peele."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He went up to [[London]] about 1580, the year he married his first wife, 16-year-old heiress Ann Cooke, the only child of Hugh Christian, who was also known by the surnames Cooke, Alettor, Elector, and Nelettor (his brother, Daniel, used Alettor).<ref>Horne, 49, 51.</ref><ref name=PF>{{cite web |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/george-peele |title=George Peele |publisher=[[Poetry Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.theatrehistory.com/british/peele001.html George Peele: A biographical sketch]"</ref> Christian had died a few months before the marriage, and lawsuits over his estate were not settled for years, draining the inheritance.<ref name=PF/>
In 1583, when Albertus Alasco ([[Albert Laski]]), a [[Poland|Polish]] nobleman, was entertained at Christ Church, Peele was entrusted with the arrangement of two [[Latin language|Latin]] plays by [[William Gager]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1580–1619) presented on the occasion. He was also complimented by Gager for an English verse translation of one of the ''Iphigenias'' of [[Euripides]]. In 1585 he was employed to write the ''Device of the Pageant borne before [[Wolstan Dixie|Woolston Dixie]]'', and in 1591 he devised the pageant in honour of another [[Lord Mayor]], Sir [[William Webbe (mayor)|William Webbe]]. This was the ''Descensus Astraeae'' (printed in the ''[[Harleian Miscellany]]'', 1808), in which [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] is honoured as ''Astraea''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
[[Robert Greene (16th century)|Robert Greene]], at the end of his pamphlet ''[[Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit]]'', exhorts Peele to repentance, saying that Peele, like Greene himself, has "been driven to extreme shifts for a living." Anecdotes of his reckless life were emphasized by the use of his name in connection with the apocryphal ''Merrie conceited Jests of George Peele'' (printed in 1607). Many of the stories had circulated before in other [[Jest book|jestbooks]], unattached to Peele's name, but there are personal touches that may be biographical.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The book provided source material for the play ''[[The Puritan]],'' one of the works of the [[Shakespeare Apocrypha]]. This is largely dismissed by Peele biographer David H. Horne.<ref>David H. Horne. '' The Life and Minor Works of George Peele''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952.</ref> "In the minds of at least some of those who have voiced such views a process of [[circular reasoning]] must have unconsciously taken place: Meres' statement that Peele died by the pox means that Peele was dissipated, since the hero of the ''Jests'' is dissipated. His acquaintanceship with Greene, who was dissipated, bears this out. therefore, because he was acquainted with Greene and died of the pox, the evidence of the ''Jests'' to the effect that he was dissipated may be accepted as authentic."<ref>Horne, 113.</ref> He notes that jest books on famous subjects were common, including [[William Shakespeare]], [[Ben Jonson]], [[Colley Cibber]], [[Thomas Killigrew]], [[James Quin]], [[David Garrick]], [[Laurence Sterne]], [[William Congreve]], [[Lord Sandwich]], [[Lord Chesterfield]], [[Samuel Johnson]], [[Falstaff]], [[Tristram Shandy]], and [[Polly Peachum]].<ref>Horne, 115</ref> He shows that most were derived from ''Merry Tales and Quick Answers'',<ref>Horne, 117</ref> while the few jests unique to the volume follow similar patterns to traditional jests with merely the details changed.<ref>Horne, 118–126</ref> "Peele was a product of the middle London," Horne writes, "but his recurrent courtly themes of war and pastoralism show that in his work he aspired to the highest. It is ironical that his present reputation should have dropped him to the lowest<ref>Horne, 127</ref> ... But why is it that although Ben Jonson killed a man and was in prison many times, his reputation does not seem to have suffered? Let us not single out Peele for opprobrium unless we are prepared to maintain that all of Greene's acquaintances, and men like Jonson, were immersed in sin."<ref>Horne, 129</ref> Horne then attacks W.M. Creizenach's view that ''David and Bethsabe'' is the "product of a crapulous morality dating from the last years of the poet's dissolute life" as having a questionable basis— "Peele was in most respects like his fellow Elizabethans, morally neither better or worse, aesthetically more perceptive; in technical skill equal to his fellow poets; in the sweetness of his piping superior to all but Marlowe, Spenser, and Shakespeare."<ref>Horne, 131</ref>
Peele may have married a second time, to Mary Gates or Yates. It is not possible to state definitively that the George Peele who married Mary Gates is the dramatist, as another George Peele, a boxmaker who died in 1604, was living in London at the time. There is not enough information in the record to determine for certain to which George Peele she was actually married. Frank S. Hook, who edited a 1961 edition of ''Edward I'',<ref>George Peele. ''The Life and Dramatic Works of George Peele, Volume II: Edward I'' edited by Frank S. Hook/''The Battle of Alcazar'' edited by John Yoklavich. General Editor Charles Tyler Prouty. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1961, 5</ref> suggests that David H. Horne's speculation in the first volume of the same edition is correct in believing this is the same George Peele based on a fictitious incident in the play's first scene:
<blockquote>Peele may be more interested in what should be done than in what actually has been done. The emphasis on generosity to soldiers and veterans is in ironic contrast to the way the fighting forces in the Netherlands were actually treated. Leicester's reports, summarized in the ''Calendar of State Papers (Foreign)'' show amply the suffering of soldiers; they were not paid on time, and their living conditions were deplorable. Likewise, the Acts of Privy Council for the period after 1590, when soldiers began returning from Willoughby's expedition to France, demonstrate the care of wounded veterans was becoming an increasingly embarrassing problem for Elizabeth's government. Read in light of these contemporary documents, this scene takes on a bitterly ironic note.</blockquote>
In the scene, Edward I establishes a "colledge<!--sic-->" for wounded soldiers, something he did not do in real life, nor was this something Elizabeth did, although in 1587, the Earl of Leicester had done so in Elizabeth's name, at the Galthius.<ref>Hook, 4</ref> While it must be said that Hook and Horne are writing for the same edition with Charles Tyler Prouty as general editor, this ties directly with Horne's supposition <ref>Horne, 99ff.</ref> that this is the same George Peele, for the George Peele who married Mary Gates was the widow of the former Master-Gunner of Berghen-op-Zoom, Lawrence Gates, and Mary and George Peele entered a lengthy legal battle to collect Mary's war widow salary. One wonders why Peele would have added such a fictitious moment to ''Edward I'' were he not the George Peele trying to collect these funds. This involved a three-year litigation against Thomas Gurlyn, who was a buyer of soldiers' uncollected wages, who countersued Mary on allegations that she had forged Lawrence Gates's will.<ref>Horne, 103.</ref> The record does not show whether Gurlyn, who stalled payment, ever actually paid what he owed to the Peeles, despite Peele obtaining a verdict against him.<ref>Horne, 104</ref> Horne speculates that evidence of Peele's sickness in a letter to Lord Burghley indicates that he was probably unable to work and thus pay legal fees.<ref>Horne, 104</ref> Horne also speculates that Peele himself may have been a soldier.<ref>Horne, 100</ref>
==Death==
Peele died "of the pox," according to [[Francis Meres]], and was buried on 9 November 1596 in [[St James's Church, Clerkenwell]]. One of the eight boarding houses at the modern [[Horsham]] campus of [[Christ's Hospital]] is now named Peele after George Peele, and as a commemoration to the work of the Peele family with the ancient foundation of the Christ's Hospital school.
==Plays==
* ''[[Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes]]'' (1577) (attributed)
* ''The Arraignment of [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]]'' (1581)
* ''[[The Troublesome Reign of King John]]'' (1589)
* ''[[Mucedorus]]'' (1590) (attributed)
* ''[[The Battle of Alcazar]]'' (1591)
* ''[[Titus Andronicus]]'' (1592) (attributed; co-written with [[Shakespeare]])
* ''[[The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First]]'' (1593)
* ''[[David and Bethsabe|The Love of King David and Fair Bethsabe]]'' (1594)
* ''[[The Old Wives' Tale (play)|The Old Wives' Tale]]'' (1595)
His pastoral comedy ''The Arraignment of [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]]'' was presented by the [[Children of the Chapel]] Royal before Queen Elizabeth<ref>"[http://www.englishverse.com/poets/peele_george George Peele (1558?–1597)]"</ref> perhaps as early as 1581, and was printed anonymously in 1584.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In the play, Paris is asked by [[Zeus|Jupiter]] to decide which goddesses, Juno, Pallas or Venus should be awarded the golden apple. He awards this to [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] who carries Paris away, leaving his wife Oenone disconsolate. Juno and Pallas arraign Paris before the gods of partiality in his judgement. The case is then referred to [[Diana (goddess)|Diana]], with whom the final decision rests. She gives the apple to none of the competitors but to a [[nymph]] called Eliza, 'our Zabeta fayre', a reference to Queen Elizabeth I.<ref>Montrose, Louis Adrian. "Gifts and Reasons: The Contexts of Peele's ''Araygnement of Paris''." ''ELH'', Vol. 47, No. 3 (Autumn, 1980) 433–61.</ref><ref>The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 6th Edition. Edited by Margaret Drabble, Oxford University Press, 2000 Pp36</ref>
His play ''[[Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First]]'' was printed in 1593. This chronicle history is an advance on the old chronicle plays, and marks a step towards the [[Shakespeare]]an historical drama.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Peele may have written or contributed to the bloody tragedy ''[[Titus Andronicus]]'', which was published as the work of Shakespeare. [[Titus Andronicus (authorship question)|This theory]] is in part due to Peele's predilection for gore, as evidenced in ''[[The Battle of Alcazar]]'' (acted 1588–1589, printed 1594), published anonymously, which is attributed with much probability to him.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} ''[[The Old Wives Tale (play)|The Old Wives' Tale]]'' (printed 1595) was followed by ''The Love of King David and fair Bethsabe'' (written ca. 1588, printed 1599), which is notable as an example of [[Elizabethan drama]] drawn entirely from [[Scriptural]] sources. [[Frederick Gard Fleay|F. G. Fleay]] sees in it a political [[satire]], and identifies Elizabeth and [[Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester|Leicester]] as [[David]] and [[Bathsheba]], [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] as [[Absalom]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
''[[Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes]]'' (printed 1599) has been attributed to Peele, but on insufficient grounds.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Other plays attributed to Peele include ''[[The Life and Death of Jack Straw|Jack Straw]]'' (ca. 1587), ''[[The Wisdom of Doctor Dodypoll]]'' (printed 1600), ''[[The Maid's Metamorphosis]]'' (printed 1600), and ''Wily Beguiled'' (printed 1606) – though the scholarly consensus has judged these attributions to be insufficiently supported by evidence. Indeed, individual scholars have repeatedly resorted to Peele in their attempts to grapple with Elizabethan plays of uncertain authorship. Plays that have been assigned to (or blamed on) Peele include ''[[Locrine]]'', ''[[The Troublesome Reign of King John]],'' and Parts 1 and 2 of Shakespeare's ''Henry VI'' trilogy, in addition to ''[[Titus Andronicus]]''. ''[[Edward III (play)|Edward III]]'' was attributed to Peele by Tucker Brooke in 1908. While the attribution of the entire play to Peele is no longer accepted, [[Brian Vickers (literary scholar)|Sir Brian Vickers]] demonstrated using metrical and other analysis that Peele wrote the first act and the first two scenes in Act II of ''Titus Andronicus'', with Shakespeare responsible for the rest.<ref>Vickers, Brian. ''Shakespeare, Co-Author.'' (2004) Oxford UP, 154.</ref>
==Minor works==
[[File:Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland (3773672044).jpg|thumbnail|right|Peele wrote a poem ''The Honour of the Garter'', dedicated to [[Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland|Henry Percy]] and for the occasion of his admission to the [[Order of the Garter]], on 26 June 1593.]]
Among his [[occasional poems]] are ''The Honour of the Garter'', which has a prologue containing Peele's judgments on his contemporaries, and ''Polyhymnia'' (1590), a [[blank verse]] description of the ceremonies attending the retirement of the queen's champion, Sir [[Henry Lee of Ditchley|Henry Lee]]. This is concluded by the lyric poem, ''A Farewell to Arms''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} This was written for the retirement ceremony in 1590 of Queen Elizabeth I's champion knight in which he pledges undying loyalty to the queen, addressed as "Goddess". It was quoted by [[William Makepeace Thackeray|Thackeray]] in the seventy-sixth chapter of ''The Newcomes'' and notably served as the title of [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s novel of the same name. To ''[[The Phoenix Nest]]'' in 1593 he contributed ''The Praise of Chastity''.
==Reputation==
Peele belonged to the group of university scholars who, in Greene's phrase, "spent their wits in making playes." Greene went on to say that he was "in some things rarer, in nothing inferior," to [[Christopher Marlowe]] and [[Thomas Nashe]].{{sfn|Loughlin|Bell|Brace|2011|p=1037}} This praise was not unfounded. The credit given to Greene and Marlowe for the increased dignity of English dramatic diction, and for the new smoothness infused into blank verse, must certainly be shared by Peele.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The most familiar parts of Peele's work are, however, the songs in his plays—from ''The Old Wives' Tale'' and ''The Arraignment of Paris,'' and the song "A Farewell to Arms"—which are regularly anthologized.
{{quote
|author = George Peele
|title = "A Farewell to armes"
|source = ''Polhymnia'',<ref>[[Alexander Dyce|A. Dyce]], ''The Works of George Peele'', vol. II, {{p.|195}}, [[William Pickering (publisher)|Pickering]], [[London]], 1829.</ref> 17 November 1590.
|text = <poem>
My golden locks Time hath to silver turnd.
O Time too swift, O swiftness never ceasing!
My youth 'gainst time and age hath ever spurnd,
But spurnd in vain. Youth waneith by increasing.
Beauty, strength, youth, are flowers but fading seen,
Duty, faith, love, are roots, and ever green.
My Helmet now shall make a hive for bees
And lovers' sonnets turne to holy Psalms.
A man at Armes must now serve on his knees,
And feed on pray'rs, that are Age his alms.
But though from Court to Cottage I depart,
My Saint is sure of mine unspotted heart.
And when I saddest sits in homely cell,
I'll teach my Swaines this Carrol for a song.
Blest be the hearts that wish my Sovereigne well,
Curs'd be the souls that thinke her any wrong.
Goddess, vouchsafe this aged man his right
To be your Beadsman now that was your knight.
</poem>
}}
Professor [[Francis Barton Gummere]], in a critical essay prefixed to his edition of ''The Old Wives Tale'', puts in another claim for Peele. In the contrast between the romantic story and the realistic dialogue he sees the first instance of humour quite foreign to the comic business of earlier comedy. ''The Old Wives Tale'' is a play within a play, slight enough to be perhaps better described as an [[Entr'acte|interlude]]. Its background of rustic folklore gives it additional interest, and there is much fun poked at [[Gabriel Harvey]] and [[Richard Stanyhurst]]. Perhaps Huanebango, who parodies Harvey's [[hexameters]], and actually quotes him on one occasion, may be regarded as representing that arch-enemy of Greene and his friends.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
Peele's ''Works'' were edited by [[Alexander Dyce]] (1828, 1829–1839 and 1861), [[A. H. Bullen]] (2 vols., 1888), and by Charles Tyler Prouty (3 vols., 1952–1970). An examination of the metrical peculiarities of his work is to be found in Richard Lämmerhirt's ''Georg Peele, Untersuchungen über sein Leben und seine Werke'' (Rostock, 1882). See also Professor F.B. Gummere, in ''Representative English Comedies'' (1903); and an edition of ''The Battell of Alcazar'', printed for the [[Malone Society]] in 1907.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Peele, George |volume=21|pages=44–45}}
*{{DNB|wstitle=Peele, George}}
*{{cite web| url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poets/detail/george-peele| title=George Peele: Poetry Foundation}}
* Logan, Terence P.; Denzell S. Smith (1973). ''The Predecessors of Shakespeare: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama''. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE.
*{{cite book
|title = The Broadview Anthology of Sixteenth-Century Poetry and Prose
|editor1-last = Loughlin
|editor1-first = Marie
|editor2-last = Bell
|editor2-first = Sandra
|editor3-last = Brace
|editor3-first = Patricia
|series = Broadview anthologies of English literature
|publisher = [[Broadview Press]]
|year = 2011
|isbn = 9781551111629
}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
* Bevington, David, ed. (2017). [https://books.google.com/books/about/George_Peele.html?id=L7dBDgAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description George Peele]. Routledge. {{ISBN|9781351933919|1351933914}}
== External links ==
{{Sister project links | display=George Peele | author=yes | wikt=no | commons=no | n=no | q=George Peele | s=George Peele | b=no | voy=no | v=no | d=Q704626 | species=no | species_author=no | m=no | mw=no }}
* {{DNB|no-icon=|prescript=|wstitle=Peele, George}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Peele, George |volume= XVIII |last= |first= |author-link= | pages=457-458 |short=1}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=George Peele}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3564}}
{{Titus Andronicus}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peele, George}}
[[Category:1556 births]]<!-- 1558??? -->
[[Category:1596 deaths]]
[[Category:English Renaissance dramatists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Broadgates Hall, Oxford]]
[[Category:People educated at Christ's Hospital]]
[[Category:16th-century male writers]]
[[Category:16th-century English dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:University Wits]]
[[Category:Occasional poets]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|16th-century English translator, poet, and playwright}}
{{distinguish|George Peel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
'''George Peele''' (baptised 25 July 1556 – buried 9 November 1596) was an [[England|English]] translator, poet, and [[dramatist]], who is most noted for his supposed but not universally accepted collaboration with [[William Shakespeare]] on the play ''[[Titus Andronicus]]''. Many anonymous Elizabethan plays have been attributed to him, but his reputation rests mainly on ''[[The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First|Edward I]]'', ''[[The Old Wives' Tale (play)|The Old Wives' Tale]]'', ''[[The Battle of Alcazar]]'', ''The Arraignment of Paris'', and ''[[David and Bethsabe]]''. ''[[The Troublesome Reign of King John|The Troublesome Reign of John, King of England]]'', the immediate source for Shakespeare's ''[[King John (play)|King John]]'', has been published under his name.
==Life==
Peele was christened on 25 July 1556 at [[St James Garlickhythe]] in the [[City of London]]. His father, James Peele (died 30 December 1585), who appears to have belonged to a [[Devon]]shire family, was clerk of [[Christ's Hospital]], a school which was then situated in central London, and wrote two treatises on [[bookkeeping]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} ''The Maner and Fourme How to Kepe a Perfecte Reconyng'' (1553) and ''The Pathe Waye to Perfectnes'' (1569).<ref>David H. Horne. ''The Life and Dramatic Works of George Peele, Volume I: The Life and Minor Works of George Peele''. Charles Tyler Prouty, general editor. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952, 7–8</ref> The latter depicts James Peele in a woodcut on the title page.<ref>Horne, 8</ref> No contemporary likeness of George is known, although he was said to be short-legged, dark complected, red haired, and squinting, although not necessarily from reliable sources.<ref>Horne, 45–46, citing William Gager and the ''Jests''.</ref> George's mother, Anne, died on 1 July 1580, and his father married Christian Widers (d. 1597 in [[St Christopher le Stocks]], a church since demolished) on 3 November 1580. She became a nurse on the Hospital payroll, where she remained five years after James Peele's death, when she married Ralph Boswell.<ref>Horne, 20</ref> His siblings included Anne (died 10 January 1568/9), Isabel, Judith (died 16 April 1582) and James (born 3 January 1563/4). Anne married John Alford on 14 May 1565 and had one son, Robert (9 October 1567 – c. 12 March 1654/5). Judith married John Jackman on 19 June 1575 and had three children, Susan (born 3 June 1576), William (30 April 1577 – 1 July 1577) and Sarah (died 25 May 1578).<ref>Horne, 21</ref> On 5 February 1568/9 Isabel married Mathew Shakespeare, with whom she had eight children.<ref>Horne, 21</ref> Duncan Salkeld, a university lecturer at [[University of Chichester]], has suggested that while Matthew Shakespeare "may have been unrelated" to William Shakespeare, the listing of Matthew's marriage to Isabel Peele suggests a possible link, because Isabels' playwriting brother is thought by some to have collaborated on Shakespeare's ''Titus Andronicus''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-26 |title=New evidence supports claim that William Shakespeare's 'Dark Lady' may |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/new-evidence-supports-claim-that-william-shakespeare-s-dark-lady-may-have-been-a-clerkenwell-prostitute-8082166.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> James Peele also wrote the Ironmongers' Pageants of 1566 and 1569, which may have led to George's writing of two Lord Mayor's pageants.
George Peele was educated at Christ's Hospital, and entered [[Pembroke College, Oxford|Broadgates Hall]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], in 1571. In 1574 he removed to [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]], taking his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree in 1577, and proceeding [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge)|M.A.]] in 1579. In that year, the governors of Christ's Hospital requested their clerk to "discharge his house of his son, George Peele."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He went up to [[London]] about 1580, the year he married his first wife, 16-year-old heiress Ann Cooke, the only child of Hugh Christian, who was also known by the surnames Cooke, Alettor, Elector, and Nelettor (his brother, Daniel, used Alettor).<ref>Horne, 49, 51.</ref><ref name=PF>{{cite web |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/george-peele |title=George Peele |publisher=[[Poetry Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.theatrehistory.com/british/peele001.html George Peele: A biographical sketch]"</ref> Christian had died a few months before the marriage, and lawsuits over his estate were not settled for years, draining the inheritance.<ref name=PF/>
In 1583, when Albertus Alasco ([[Albert Laski]]), a [[Poland|Polish]] nobleman, was entertained at Christ Church, Peele was entrusted with the arrangement of two [[Latin language|Latin]] plays by [[William Gager]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1580–1619) presented on the occasion. He was also complimented by Gager for an English verse translation of one of the ''Iphigenias'' of [[Euripides]]. In 1585 he was employed to write the ''Device of the Pageant borne before [[Wolstan Dixie|Woolston Dixie]]'', and in 1591 he devised the pageant in honour of another [[Lord Mayor]], Sir [[William Webbe (mayor)|William Webbe]]. This was the ''Descensus Astraeae'' (printed in the ''[[Harleian Miscellany]]'', 1808), in which [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] is honoured as ''Astraea''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
[[Robert Greene (16th century)|Robert Greene]], at the end of his pamphlet ''[[Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit]]'', exhorts Peele to repentance, saying that Peele, like Greene himself, has "been driven to extreme shifts for a living." Anecdotes of his reckless life were emphasized by the use of his name in connection with the apocryphal ''Merrie conceited Jests of George Peele'' (printed in 1607). Many of the stories had circulated before in other [[Jest book|jestbooks]], unattached to Peele's name, but there are personal touches that may be biographical.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The book provided source material for the play ''[[The Puritan]],'' one of the works of the [[Shakespeare Apocrypha]]. This is largely dismissed by Peele biographer David H. Horne.<ref>David H. Horne. '' The Life and Minor Works of George Peele''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952.</ref> "In the minds of at least some of those who have voiced such views a process of [[circular reasoning]] must have unconsciously taken place: Meres' statement that Peele died by the pox means that Peele was dissipated, since the hero of the ''Jests'' is dissipated. His acquaintanceship with Greene, who was dissipated, bears this out. therefore, because he was acquainted with Greene and died of the pox, the evidence of the ''Jests'' to the effect that he was dissipated may be accepted as authentic."<ref>Horne, 113.</ref> He notes that jest books on famous subjects were common, including [[William Shakespeare]], [[Ben Jonson]], [[Colley Cibber]], [[Thomas Killigrew]], [[James Quin]], [[David Garrick]], [[Laurence Sterne]], [[William Congreve]], [[Lord Sandwich]], [[Lord Chesterfield]], [[Samuel Johnson]], [[Falstaff]], [[Tristram Shandy]], and [[Polly Peachum]].<ref>Horne, 115</ref> He shows that most were derived from ''Merry Tales and Quick Answers'',<ref>Horne, 117</ref> while the few jests unique to the volume follow similar patterns to traditional jests with merely the details changed.<ref>Horne, 118–126</ref> "Peele was a product of the middle London," Horne writes, "but his recurrent courtly themes of war and pastoralism show that in his work he aspired to the highest. It is ironical that his present reputation should have dropped him to the lowest<ref>Horne, 127</ref> ... But why is it that although Ben Jonson killed a man and was in prison many times, his reputation does not seem to have suffered? Let us not single out Peele for opprobrium unless we are prepared to maintain that all of Greene's acquaintances, and men like Jonson, were immersed in sin."<ref>Horne, 129</ref> Horne then attacks W.M. Creizenach's view that ''David and Bethsabe'' is the "product of a crapulous morality dating from the last years of the poet's dissolute life" as having a questionable basis— "Peele was in most respects like his fellow Elizabethans, morally neither better or worse, aesthetically more perceptive; in technical skill equal to his fellow poets; in the sweetness of his piping superior to all but Marlowe, Spenser, and Shakespeare."<ref>Horne, 131</ref>
Peele may have married a second time, to Mary Gates or Yates. It is not possible to state definitively that the George Peele who married Mary Gates is the dramatist, as another George Peele, a boxmaker who died in 1604, was living in London at the time. There is not enough information in the record to determine for certain to which George Peele she was actually married. Frank S. Hook, who edited a 1961 edition of ''Edward I'',<ref>George Peele. ''The Life and Dramatic Works of George Peele, Volume II: Edward I'' edited by Frank S. Hook/''The Battle of Alcazar'' edited by John Yoklavich. General Editor Charles Tyler Prouty. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1961, 5</ref> suggests that David H. Horne's speculation in the first volume of the same edition is correct in believing this is the same George Peele based on a fictitious incident in the play's first scene:
<blockquote>Peele may be more interested in what should be done than in what actually has been done. The emphasis on generosity to soldiers and veterans is in ironic contrast to the way the fighting forces in the Netherlands were actually treated. Leicester's reports, summarized in the ''Calendar of State Papers (Foreign)'' show amply the suffering of soldiers; they were not paid on time, and their living conditions were deplorable. Likewise, the Acts of Privy Council for the period after 1590, when soldiers began returning from Willoughby's expedition to France, demonstrate the care of wounded veterans was becoming an increasingly embarrassing problem for Elizabeth's government. Read in light of these contemporary documents, this scene takes on a bitterly ironic note.</blockquote>
In the scene, Edward I establishes a "colledge<!--sic-->" for wounded soldiers, something he did not do in real life, nor was this something Elizabeth did, although in 1587, the Earl of Leicester had done so in Elizabeth's name, at the Galthius.<ref>Hook, 4</ref> While it must be said that Hook and Horne are writing for the same edition with Charles Tyler Prouty as general editor, this ties directly with Horne's supposition <ref>Horne, 99ff.</ref> that this is the same George Peele, for the George Peele who married Mary Gates was the widow of the former Master-Gunner of Berghen-op-Zoom, Lawrence Gates, and Mary and George Peele entered a lengthy legal battle to collect Mary's war widow salary. One wonders why Peele would have added such a fictitious moment to ''Edward I'' were he not the George Peele trying to collect these funds. This involved a three-year litigation against Thomas Gurlyn, who was a buyer of soldiers' uncollected wages, who countersued Mary on allegations that she had forged Lawrence Gates's will.<ref>Horne, 103.</ref> The record does not show whether Gurlyn, who stalled payment, ever actually paid what he owed to the Peeles, despite Peele obtaining a verdict against him.<ref>Horne, 104</ref> Horne speculates that evidence of Peele's sickness in a letter to Lord Burghley indicates that he was probably unable to work and thus pay legal fees.<ref>Horne, 104</ref> Horne also speculates that Peele himself may have been a soldier.<ref>Horne, 100</ref>
==Death==
Peele died "of the pox," according to [[Francis Meres]], and was buried on 9 November 1596 in [[St James's Church, Clerkenwell]]. One of the eight boarding houses at the modern [[Horsham]] campus of [[Christ's Hospital]] is now named Peele after George Peele, and as a commemoration to the work of the Peele family with the ancient foundation of the Christ's Hospital school.
==Plays==
* ''[[Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes]]'' (1577) (attributed)
* ''The Arraignment of [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]]'' (1581)
* ''[[The Troublesome Reign of King John]]'' (1589)
* ''[[Mucedorus]]'' (1590) (attributed)
* ''[[The Battle of Alcazar]]'' (1591)
* ''[[Titus Andronicus]]'' (1592) (attributed; co-written with [[Shakespeare]])
* ''[[The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First]]'' (1593)
* ''[[David and Bethsabe|The Love of King David and Fair Bethsabe]]'' (1594)
* ''[[The Old Wives' Tale (play)|The Old Wives' Tale]]'' (1595)
His pastoral comedy ''The Arraignment of [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]]'' was presented by the [[Children of the Chapel]] Royal before Queen Elizabeth<ref>"[http://www.englishverse.com/poets/peele_george George Peele (1558?–1597)]"</ref> perhaps as early as 1581, and was printed anonymously in 1584.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In the play, Paris is asked by [[Zeus|Jupiter]] to decide which goddesses, Juno, Pallas or Venus should be awarded the golden apple. He awards this to [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] who carries Paris away, leaving his wife Oenone disconsolate. Juno and Pallas arraign Paris before the gods of partiality in his judgement. The case is then referred to [[Diana (goddess)|Diana]], with whom the final decision rests. She gives the apple to none of the competitors but to a [[nymph]] called Eliza, 'our Zabeta fayre', a reference to Queen Elizabeth I.<ref>Montrose, Louis Adrian. "Gifts and Reasons: The Contexts of Peele's ''Araygnement of Paris''." ''ELH'', Vol. 47, No. 3 (Autumn, 1980) 433–61.</ref><ref>The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 6th Edition. Edited by Margaret Drabble, Oxford University Press, 2000 Pp36</ref>
His play ''[[Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First]]'' was printed in 1593. This chronicle history is an advance on the old chronicle plays, and marks a step towards the [[Shakespeare]]an historical drama.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Peele may have written or contributed to the bloody tragedy ''[[Titus Andronicus]]'', which was published as the work of Shakespeare. [[Titus Andronicus (authorship question)|This theory]] is in part due to Peele's predilection for gore, as evidenced in ''[[The Battle of Alcazar]]'' (acted 1588–1589, printed 1594), published anonymously, which is attributed with much probability to him.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} ''[[The Old Wives Tale (play)|The Old Wives' Tale]]'' (printed 1595) was followed by ''The Love of King David and fair Bethsabe'' (written ca. 1588, printed 1599), which is notable as an example of [[Elizabethan drama]] drawn entirely from [[Scriptural]] sources. [[Frederick Gard Fleay|F. G. Fleay]] sees in it a political [[satire]], and identifies Elizabeth and [[Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester|Leicester]] as [[David]] and [[Bathsheba]], [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] as [[Absalom]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
''[[Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes]]'' (printed 1599) has been attributed to Peele, but on insufficient grounds.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Other plays attributed to Peele include ''[[The Life and Death of Jack Straw|Jack Straw]]'' (ca. 1587), ''[[The Wisdom of Doctor Dodypoll]]'' (printed 1600), ''[[The Maid's Metamorphosis]]'' (printed 1600), and ''Wily Beguiled'' (printed 1606) – though the scholarly consensus has judged these attributions to be insufficiently supported by evidence. Indeed, individual scholars have repeatedly resorted to Peele in their attempts to grapple with Elizabethan plays of uncertain authorship. Plays that have been assigned to (or blamed on) Peele include ''[[Locrine]]'', ''[[The Troublesome Reign of King John]],'' and Parts 1 and 2 of Shakespeare's ''Henry VI'' trilogy, in addition to ''[[Titus Andronicus]]''. ''[[Edward III (play)|Edward III]]'' was attributed to Peele by Tucker Brooke in 1908. While the attribution of the entire play to Peele is no longer accepted, [[Brian Vickers (literary scholar)|Sir Brian Vickers]] demonstrated using metrical and other analysis that Peele wrote the first act and the first two scenes in Act II of ''Titus Andronicus'', with Shakespeare responsible for the rest.<ref>Vickers, Brian. ''Shakespeare, Co-Author.'' (2004) Oxford UP, 154.</ref>
==Minor works==
[[File:Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland (3773672044).jpg|thumbnail|right|Peele wrote a poem ''The Honour of the Garter'', dedicated to [[Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland|Henry Percy]] and for the occasion of his admission to the [[Order of the Garter]], on 26 June 1593.]]
Among his [[occasional poems]] are ''The Honour of the Garter'', which has a prologue containing Peele's judgments on his contemporaries, and ''Polyhymnia'' (1590), a [[blank verse]] description of the ceremonies attending the retirement of the queen's champion, Sir [[Henry Lee of Ditchley|Henry Lee]]. This is concluded by the lyric poem, ''A Farewell to Arms''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} This was written for the retirement ceremony in 1590 of Queen Elizabeth I's champion knight in which he pledges undying loyalty to the queen, addressed as "Goddess". It was quoted by [[William Makepeace Thackeray|Thackeray]] in the seventy-sixth chapter of ''The Newcomes'' and notably served as the title of [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s novel of the same name. To ''[[The Phoenix Nest]]'' in 1593 he contributed ''The Praise of Chastity''.
==Reputation==
Peele belonged to the group of university scholars who, in Greene's phrase, "spent their wits in making playes." Greene went on to say that he was "in some things rarer, in nothing inferior," to [[Christopher Marlowe]] and [[Thomas Nashe]].{{sfn|Loughlin|Bell|Brace|2011|p=1037}} This praise was not unfounded. The credit given to Greene and Marlowe for the increased dignity of English dramatic diction, and for the new smoothness infused into blank verse, must certainly be shared by Peele.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The most familiar parts of Peele's work are, however, the songs in his plays—from ''The Old Wives' Tale'' and ''The Arraignment of Paris,'' and the song "A Farewell to Arms"—which are regularly anthologized.
{{quote
|author = George Peele
|title = "A Farewell to armes"
|source = ''Polhymnia'',<ref>[[Alexander Dyce|A. Dyce]], ''The Works of George Peele'', vol. II, {{p.|195}}, [[William Pickering (publisher)|Pickering]], [[London]], 1829.</ref> 17 November 1590.
|text = <poem>
My golden locks Time hath to silver turnd.
O Time too swift, O swiftness never ceasing!
My youth 'gainst time and age hath ever spurnd,
But spurnd in vain. Youth waneith by increasing.
Beauty, strength, youth, are flowers but fading seen,
Duty, faith, love, are roots, and ever green.
My Helmet now shall make a hive for bees
And lovers' sonnets turne to holy Psalms.
A man at Armes must now serve on his knees,
And feed on pray'rs, that are Age his alms.
But though from Court to Cottage I depart,
My Saint is sure of mine unspotted heart.
And when I saddest sits in homely cell,
I'll teach my Swaines this Carrol for a song.
Blest be the hearts that wish my Sovereigne well,
Curs'd be the souls that thinke her any wrong.
Goddess, vouchsafe this aged man his right
To be your Beadsman now that was your knight.
</poem>
}}
Professor [[Francis Barton Gummere]], in a critical essay prefixed to his edition of ''The Old Wives Tale'', puts in another claim for Peele. In the contrast between the romantic story and the realistic dialogue he sees the first instance of humour quite foreign to the comic business of earlier comedy. ''The Old Wives Tale'' is a play within a play, slight enough to be perhaps better described as an [[Entr'acte|interlude]]. Its background of rustic folklore gives it additional interest, and there is much fun poked at [[Gabriel Harvey]] and [[Richard Stanyhurst]]. Perhaps Huanebango, who parodies Harvey's [[hexameters]], and actually quotes him on one occasion, may be regarded as representing that arch-enemy of Greene and his friends.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
Peele's ''Works'' were edited by [[Alexander Dyce]] (1828, 1829–1839 and 1861), [[A. H. Bullen]] (2 vols., 1888), and by Charles Tyler Prouty (3 vols., 1952–1970). An examination of the metrical peculiarities of his work is to be found in Richard Lämmerhirt's ''Georg Peele, Untersuchungen über sein Leben und seine Werke'' (Rostock, 1882). See also Professor F.B. Gummere, in ''Representative English Comedies'' (1903); and an edition of ''The Battell of Alcazar'', printed for the [[Malone Society]] in 1907.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Peele, George |volume=21|pages=44–45}}
*{{DNB|wstitle=Peele, George}}
*{{cite web| url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poets/detail/george-peele| title=George Peele: Poetry Foundation}}
* Logan, Terence P.; Denzell S. Smith (1973). ''The Predecessors of Shakespeare: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama''. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE.
*{{cite book
|title = The Broadview Anthology of Sixteenth-Century Poetry and Prose
|editor1-last = Loughlin
|editor1-first = Marie
|editor2-last = Bell
|editor2-first = Sandra
|editor3-last = Brace
|editor3-first = Patricia
|series = Broadview anthologies of English literature
|publisher = [[Broadview Press]]
|year = 2011
|isbn = 9781551111629
}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
* Bevington, David, ed. (2017). [https://books.google.com/books/about/George_Peele.html?id=L7dBDgAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description George Peele]. Routledge. {{ISBN|9781351933919|1351933914}}
== External links ==
{{Sister project links | display=George Peele | author=yes | wikt=no | commons=no | n=no | q=George Peele | s=George Peele | b=no | voy=no | v=no | d=Q704626 | species=no | species_author=no | m=no | mw=no }}
* {{DNB|no-icon=|prescript=|wstitle=Peele, George}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Peele, George |volume= XVIII |last= |first= |author-link= | pages=457-458 |short=1}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=George Peele}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3564}}
{{Titus Andronicus}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peele, George}}
[[Category:1556 births]]<!-- 1558??? -->
[[Category:1596 deaths]]
[[Category:English Renaissance dramatists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Broadgates Hall, Oxford]]
[[Category:People educated at Christ's Hospital]]
[[Category:16th-century male writers]]
[[Category:16th-century English dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:University Wits]]
[[Category:Occasional poets]]' |
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==Life==
-Peele was christened on 25 July 1556 at [[St James Garlickhythe]] in the [[City of London]]. His father, James Peele (died 30 December 1585), who appears to have belonged to a [[Devon]]shire family, was clerk of [[Christ's Hospital]], a school which was then situated in central London, and wrote two treatises on [[bookkeeping]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} ''The Maner and Fourme How to Kepe a Perfecte Reconyng'' (1553) and ''The Pathe Waye to Perfectnes'' (1569).<ref>David H. Horne. ''The Life and Dramatic Works of George Peele, Volume I: The Life and Minor Works of George Peele''. Charles Tyler Prouty, general editor. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952, 7–8</ref> The latter depicts James Peele in a woodcut on the title page.<ref>Horne, 8</ref> No contemporary likeness of George is known, although he was said to be short-legged, dark complected, red haired, and squinting, although not necessarily from reliable sources.<ref>Horne, 45–46, citing William Gager and the ''Jests''.</ref> George's mother, Anne, died on 1 July 1580, and his father married Christian Widers (d. 1597 in [[St Christopher le Stocks]], a church since demolished) on 3 November 1580. She became a nurse on the Hospital payroll, where she remained five years after James Peele's death, when she married Ralph Boswell.<ref>Horne, 20</ref> His siblings included Anne (died 10 January 1568/9), Isabel, Judith (died 16 April 1582) and James (born 3 January 1563/4). Anne married John Alford on 14 May 1565 and had one son, Robert (9 October 1567 – c. 12 March 1654/5). Judith married John Jackman on 19 June 1575 and had three children, Susan (born 3 June 1576), William (30 April 1577 – 1 July 1577) and Sarah (died 25 May 1578).<ref>Horne, 21</ref> On 5 February 1568/9 Isabel married Mathew Shakespeare, with whom she had eight children.<ref>Horne, 21</ref> Many scholars believe that this was a cousin of [[William Shakespeare]], but this has not been verified.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-26 |title=New evidence supports claim that William Shakespeare's 'Dark Lady' may |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/new-evidence-supports-claim-that-william-shakespeare-s-dark-lady-may-have-been-a-clerkenwell-prostitute-8082166.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> James Peele also wrote the Ironmongers' Pageants of 1566 and 1569, which may have led to George's writing of two Lord Mayor's pageants.
+Peele was christened on 25 July 1556 at [[St James Garlickhythe]] in the [[City of London]]. His father, James Peele (died 30 December 1585), who appears to have belonged to a [[Devon]]shire family, was clerk of [[Christ's Hospital]], a school which was then situated in central London, and wrote two treatises on [[bookkeeping]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} ''The Maner and Fourme How to Kepe a Perfecte Reconyng'' (1553) and ''The Pathe Waye to Perfectnes'' (1569).<ref>David H. Horne. ''The Life and Dramatic Works of George Peele, Volume I: The Life and Minor Works of George Peele''. Charles Tyler Prouty, general editor. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952, 7–8</ref> The latter depicts James Peele in a woodcut on the title page.<ref>Horne, 8</ref> No contemporary likeness of George is known, although he was said to be short-legged, dark complected, red haired, and squinting, although not necessarily from reliable sources.<ref>Horne, 45–46, citing William Gager and the ''Jests''.</ref> George's mother, Anne, died on 1 July 1580, and his father married Christian Widers (d. 1597 in [[St Christopher le Stocks]], a church since demolished) on 3 November 1580. She became a nurse on the Hospital payroll, where she remained five years after James Peele's death, when she married Ralph Boswell.<ref>Horne, 20</ref> His siblings included Anne (died 10 January 1568/9), Isabel, Judith (died 16 April 1582) and James (born 3 January 1563/4). Anne married John Alford on 14 May 1565 and had one son, Robert (9 October 1567 – c. 12 March 1654/5). Judith married John Jackman on 19 June 1575 and had three children, Susan (born 3 June 1576), William (30 April 1577 – 1 July 1577) and Sarah (died 25 May 1578).<ref>Horne, 21</ref> On 5 February 1568/9 Isabel married Mathew Shakespeare, with whom she had eight children.<ref>Horne, 21</ref> Duncan Salkeld, a university lecturer at [[University of Chichester]], has suggested that while Matthew Shakespeare "may have been unrelated" to William Shakespeare, the listing of Matthew's marriage to Isabel Peele suggests a possible link, because Isabels' playwriting brother is thought by some to have collaborated on Shakespeare's ''Titus Andronicus''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-26 |title=New evidence supports claim that William Shakespeare's 'Dark Lady' may |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/new-evidence-supports-claim-that-william-shakespeare-s-dark-lady-may-have-been-a-clerkenwell-prostitute-8082166.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> James Peele also wrote the Ironmongers' Pageants of 1566 and 1569, which may have led to George's writing of two Lord Mayor's pageants.
George Peele was educated at Christ's Hospital, and entered [[Pembroke College, Oxford|Broadgates Hall]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], in 1571. In 1574 he removed to [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]], taking his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree in 1577, and proceeding [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge)|M.A.]] in 1579. In that year, the governors of Christ's Hospital requested their clerk to "discharge his house of his son, George Peele."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He went up to [[London]] about 1580, the year he married his first wife, 16-year-old heiress Ann Cooke, the only child of Hugh Christian, who was also known by the surnames Cooke, Alettor, Elector, and Nelettor (his brother, Daniel, used Alettor).<ref>Horne, 49, 51.</ref><ref name=PF>{{cite web |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/george-peele |title=George Peele |publisher=[[Poetry Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.theatrehistory.com/british/peele001.html George Peele: A biographical sketch]"</ref> Christian had died a few months before the marriage, and lawsuits over his estate were not settled for years, draining the inheritance.<ref name=PF/>
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0 => 'Peele was christened on 25 July 1556 at [[St James Garlickhythe]] in the [[City of London]]. His father, James Peele (died 30 December 1585), who appears to have belonged to a [[Devon]]shire family, was clerk of [[Christ's Hospital]], a school which was then situated in central London, and wrote two treatises on [[bookkeeping]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} ''The Maner and Fourme How to Kepe a Perfecte Reconyng'' (1553) and ''The Pathe Waye to Perfectnes'' (1569).<ref>David H. Horne. ''The Life and Dramatic Works of George Peele, Volume I: The Life and Minor Works of George Peele''. Charles Tyler Prouty, general editor. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952, 7–8</ref> The latter depicts James Peele in a woodcut on the title page.<ref>Horne, 8</ref> No contemporary likeness of George is known, although he was said to be short-legged, dark complected, red haired, and squinting, although not necessarily from reliable sources.<ref>Horne, 45–46, citing William Gager and the ''Jests''.</ref> George's mother, Anne, died on 1 July 1580, and his father married Christian Widers (d. 1597 in [[St Christopher le Stocks]], a church since demolished) on 3 November 1580. She became a nurse on the Hospital payroll, where she remained five years after James Peele's death, when she married Ralph Boswell.<ref>Horne, 20</ref> His siblings included Anne (died 10 January 1568/9), Isabel, Judith (died 16 April 1582) and James (born 3 January 1563/4). Anne married John Alford on 14 May 1565 and had one son, Robert (9 October 1567 – c. 12 March 1654/5). Judith married John Jackman on 19 June 1575 and had three children, Susan (born 3 June 1576), William (30 April 1577 – 1 July 1577) and Sarah (died 25 May 1578).<ref>Horne, 21</ref> On 5 February 1568/9 Isabel married Mathew Shakespeare, with whom she had eight children.<ref>Horne, 21</ref> Duncan Salkeld, a university lecturer at [[University of Chichester]], has suggested that while Matthew Shakespeare "may have been unrelated" to William Shakespeare, the listing of Matthew's marriage to Isabel Peele suggests a possible link, because Isabels' playwriting brother is thought by some to have collaborated on Shakespeare's ''Titus Andronicus''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-26 |title=New evidence supports claim that William Shakespeare's 'Dark Lady' may |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/new-evidence-supports-claim-that-william-shakespeare-s-dark-lady-may-have-been-a-clerkenwell-prostitute-8082166.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> James Peele also wrote the Ironmongers' Pageants of 1566 and 1569, which may have led to George's writing of two Lord Mayor's pageants.'
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0 => 'Peele was christened on 25 July 1556 at [[St James Garlickhythe]] in the [[City of London]]. His father, James Peele (died 30 December 1585), who appears to have belonged to a [[Devon]]shire family, was clerk of [[Christ's Hospital]], a school which was then situated in central London, and wrote two treatises on [[bookkeeping]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} ''The Maner and Fourme How to Kepe a Perfecte Reconyng'' (1553) and ''The Pathe Waye to Perfectnes'' (1569).<ref>David H. Horne. ''The Life and Dramatic Works of George Peele, Volume I: The Life and Minor Works of George Peele''. Charles Tyler Prouty, general editor. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952, 7–8</ref> The latter depicts James Peele in a woodcut on the title page.<ref>Horne, 8</ref> No contemporary likeness of George is known, although he was said to be short-legged, dark complected, red haired, and squinting, although not necessarily from reliable sources.<ref>Horne, 45–46, citing William Gager and the ''Jests''.</ref> George's mother, Anne, died on 1 July 1580, and his father married Christian Widers (d. 1597 in [[St Christopher le Stocks]], a church since demolished) on 3 November 1580. She became a nurse on the Hospital payroll, where she remained five years after James Peele's death, when she married Ralph Boswell.<ref>Horne, 20</ref> His siblings included Anne (died 10 January 1568/9), Isabel, Judith (died 16 April 1582) and James (born 3 January 1563/4). Anne married John Alford on 14 May 1565 and had one son, Robert (9 October 1567 – c. 12 March 1654/5). Judith married John Jackman on 19 June 1575 and had three children, Susan (born 3 June 1576), William (30 April 1577 – 1 July 1577) and Sarah (died 25 May 1578).<ref>Horne, 21</ref> On 5 February 1568/9 Isabel married Mathew Shakespeare, with whom she had eight children.<ref>Horne, 21</ref> Many scholars believe that this was a cousin of [[William Shakespeare]], but this has not been verified.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-26 |title=New evidence supports claim that William Shakespeare's 'Dark Lady' may |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/new-evidence-supports-claim-that-william-shakespeare-s-dark-lady-may-have-been-a-clerkenwell-prostitute-8082166.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> James Peele also wrote the Ironmongers' Pageants of 1566 and 1569, which may have led to George's writing of two Lord Mayor's pageants.'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">16th-century English translator, poet, and playwright</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Peel" title="George Peel">George Peel</a>.</div>
<p>
<b>George Peele</b> (baptised 25 July 1556 – buried 9 November 1596) was an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> translator, poet, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dramatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatist">dramatist</a>, who is most noted for his supposed but not universally accepted collaboration with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> on the play <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i>. Many anonymous Elizabethan plays have been attributed to him, but his reputation rests mainly on <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Famous_Chronicle_of_King_Edward_the_First" title="The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First">Edward I</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Old_Wives%27_Tale_(play)" title="The Old Wives' Tale (play)">The Old Wives' Tale</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Battle_of_Alcazar" title="The Battle of Alcazar">The Battle of Alcazar</a></i>, <i>The Arraignment of Paris</i>, and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_and_Bethsabe" title="David and Bethsabe">David and Bethsabe</a></i>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Troublesome_Reign_of_King_John" title="The Troublesome Reign of King John">The Troublesome Reign of John, King of England</a></i>, the immediate source for Shakespeare's <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_John_(play)" title="King John (play)">King John</a></i>, has been published under his name.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Plays"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Plays</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Minor_works"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Minor works</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Reputation"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Reputation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Peele&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Life"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Peele was christened on 25 July 1556 at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_James_Garlickhythe" title="St James Garlickhythe">St James Garlickhythe</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>. His father, James Peele (died 30 December 1585), who appears to have belonged to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devonshire</a> family, was clerk of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital" title="Christ's Hospital">Christ's Hospital</a>, a school which was then situated in central London, and wrote two treatises on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">bookkeeping</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a></sup> <i>The Maner and Fourme How to Kepe a Perfecte Reconyng</i> (1553) and <i>The Pathe Waye to Perfectnes</i> (1569).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The latter depicts James Peele in a woodcut on the title page.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> No contemporary likeness of George is known, although he was said to be short-legged, dark complected, red haired, and squinting, although not necessarily from reliable sources.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> George's mother, Anne, died on 1 July 1580, and his father married Christian Widers (d. 1597 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_Christopher_le_Stocks" title="St Christopher le Stocks">St Christopher le Stocks</a>, a church since demolished) on 3 November 1580. She became a nurse on the Hospital payroll, where she remained five years after James Peele's death, when she married Ralph Boswell.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> His siblings included Anne (died 10 January 1568/9), Isabel, Judith (died 16 April 1582) and James (born 3 January 1563/4). Anne married John Alford on 14 May 1565 and had one son, Robert (9 October 1567 – c. 12 March 1654/5). Judith married John Jackman on 19 June 1575 and had three children, Susan (born 3 June 1576), William (30 April 1577 – 1 July 1577) and Sarah (died 25 May 1578).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> On 5 February 1568/9 Isabel married Mathew Shakespeare, with whom she had eight children.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Duncan Salkeld, a university lecturer at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Chichester" title="University of Chichester">University of Chichester</a>, has suggested that while Matthew Shakespeare "may have been unrelated" to William Shakespeare, the listing of Matthew's marriage to Isabel Peele suggests a possible link, because Isabels' playwriting brother is thought by some to have collaborated on Shakespeare's <i>Titus Andronicus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> James Peele also wrote the Ironmongers' Pageants of 1566 and 1569, which may have led to George's writing of two Lord Mayor's pageants.
</p><p>George Peele was educated at Christ's Hospital, and entered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford" title="Pembroke College, Oxford">Broadgates Hall</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, in 1571. In 1574 he removed to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a>, taking his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> degree in 1577, and proceeding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Arts (Oxbridge)">M.A.</a> in 1579. In that year, the governors of Christ's Hospital requested their clerk to "discharge his house of his son, George Peele."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a></sup> He went up to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> about 1580, the year he married his first wife, 16-year-old heiress Ann Cooke, the only child of Hugh Christian, who was also known by the surnames Cooke, Alettor, Elector, and Nelettor (his brother, Daniel, used Alettor).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PF_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PF-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Christian had died a few months before the marriage, and lawsuits over his estate were not settled for years, draining the inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-PF_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PF-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1583, when Albertus Alasco (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Laski" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Laski">Albert Laski</a>), a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> nobleman, was entertained at Christ Church, Peele was entrusted with the arrangement of two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> plays by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Gager" title="William Gager">William Gager</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 1580–1619) presented on the occasion. He was also complimented by Gager for an English verse translation of one of the <i>Iphigenias</i> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>. In 1585 he was employed to write the <i>Device of the Pageant borne before <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolstan_Dixie" title="Wolstan Dixie">Woolston Dixie</a></i>, and in 1591 he devised the pageant in honour of another <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lord_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor">Lord Mayor</a>, Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Webbe_(mayor)" title="William Webbe (mayor)">William Webbe</a>. This was the <i>Descensus Astraeae</i> (printed in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harleian_Miscellany" class="mw-redirect" title="Harleian Miscellany">Harleian Miscellany</a></i>, 1808), in which <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth</a> is honoured as <i>Astraea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Greene_(16th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Greene (16th century)">Robert Greene</a>, at the end of his pamphlet <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greene%27s_Groats-Worth_of_Wit" title="Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit">Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit</a></i>, exhorts Peele to repentance, saying that Peele, like Greene himself, has "been driven to extreme shifts for a living." Anecdotes of his reckless life were emphasized by the use of his name in connection with the apocryphal <i>Merrie conceited Jests of George Peele</i> (printed in 1607). Many of the stories had circulated before in other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jest_book" title="Jest book">jestbooks</a>, unattached to Peele's name, but there are personal touches that may be biographical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a></sup> The book provided source material for the play <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Puritan" title="The Puritan">The Puritan</a>,</i> one of the works of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shakespeare_Apocrypha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare Apocrypha">Shakespeare Apocrypha</a>. This is largely dismissed by Peele biographer David H. Horne.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> "In the minds of at least some of those who have voiced such views a process of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">circular reasoning</a> must have unconsciously taken place: Meres' statement that Peele died by the pox means that Peele was dissipated, since the hero of the <i>Jests</i> is dissipated. His acquaintanceship with Greene, who was dissipated, bears this out. therefore, because he was acquainted with Greene and died of the pox, the evidence of the <i>Jests</i> to the effect that he was dissipated may be accepted as authentic."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> He notes that jest books on famous subjects were common, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colley_Cibber" title="Colley Cibber">Colley Cibber</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Killigrew" title="Thomas Killigrew">Thomas Killigrew</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Quin" title="James Quin">James Quin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Congreve" title="William Congreve">William Congreve</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lord_Sandwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Sandwich">Lord Sandwich</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lord_Chesterfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Chesterfield">Lord Chesterfield</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falstaff" class="mw-redirect" title="Falstaff">Falstaff</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tristram_Shandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristram Shandy">Tristram Shandy</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polly_Peachum" class="mw-redirect" title="Polly Peachum">Polly Peachum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> He shows that most were derived from <i>Merry Tales and Quick Answers</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> while the few jests unique to the volume follow similar patterns to traditional jests with merely the details changed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> "Peele was a product of the middle London," Horne writes, "but his recurrent courtly themes of war and pastoralism show that in his work he aspired to the highest. It is ironical that his present reputation should have dropped him to the lowest<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> ... But why is it that although Ben Jonson killed a man and was in prison many times, his reputation does not seem to have suffered? Let us not single out Peele for opprobrium unless we are prepared to maintain that all of Greene's acquaintances, and men like Jonson, were immersed in sin."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Horne then attacks W.M. Creizenach's view that <i>David and Bethsabe</i> is the "product of a crapulous morality dating from the last years of the poet's dissolute life" as having a questionable basis— "Peele was in most respects like his fellow Elizabethans, morally neither better or worse, aesthetically more perceptive; in technical skill equal to his fellow poets; in the sweetness of his piping superior to all but Marlowe, Spenser, and Shakespeare."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>Peele may have married a second time, to Mary Gates or Yates. It is not possible to state definitively that the George Peele who married Mary Gates is the dramatist, as another George Peele, a boxmaker who died in 1604, was living in London at the time. There is not enough information in the record to determine for certain to which George Peele she was actually married. Frank S. Hook, who edited a 1961 edition of <i>Edward I</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> suggests that David H. Horne's speculation in the first volume of the same edition is correct in believing this is the same George Peele based on a fictitious incident in the play's first scene:
</p>
<blockquote><p>Peele may be more interested in what should be done than in what actually has been done. The emphasis on generosity to soldiers and veterans is in ironic contrast to the way the fighting forces in the Netherlands were actually treated. Leicester's reports, summarized in the <i>Calendar of State Papers (Foreign)</i> show amply the suffering of soldiers; they were not paid on time, and their living conditions were deplorable. Likewise, the Acts of Privy Council for the period after 1590, when soldiers began returning from Willoughby's expedition to France, demonstrate the care of wounded veterans was becoming an increasingly embarrassing problem for Elizabeth's government. Read in light of these contemporary documents, this scene takes on a bitterly ironic note.</p></blockquote>
<p>In the scene, Edward I establishes a "colledge" for wounded soldiers, something he did not do in real life, nor was this something Elizabeth did, although in 1587, the Earl of Leicester had done so in Elizabeth's name, at the Galthius.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> While it must be said that Hook and Horne are writing for the same edition with Charles Tyler Prouty as general editor, this ties directly with Horne's supposition <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> that this is the same George Peele, for the George Peele who married Mary Gates was the widow of the former Master-Gunner of Berghen-op-Zoom, Lawrence Gates, and Mary and George Peele entered a lengthy legal battle to collect Mary's war widow salary. One wonders why Peele would have added such a fictitious moment to <i>Edward I</i> were he not the George Peele trying to collect these funds. This involved a three-year litigation against Thomas Gurlyn, who was a buyer of soldiers' uncollected wages, who countersued Mary on allegations that she had forged Lawrence Gates's will.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> The record does not show whether Gurlyn, who stalled payment, ever actually paid what he owed to the Peeles, despite Peele obtaining a verdict against him.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Horne speculates that evidence of Peele's sickness in a letter to Lord Burghley indicates that he was probably unable to work and thus pay legal fees.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> Horne also speculates that Peele himself may have been a soldier.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Peele&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Death"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Peele died "of the pox," according to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Meres" title="Francis Meres">Francis Meres</a>, and was buried on 9 November 1596 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_James%27s_Church,_Clerkenwell" title="St James's Church, Clerkenwell">St James's Church, Clerkenwell</a>. One of the eight boarding houses at the modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horsham" title="Horsham">Horsham</a> campus of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital" title="Christ's Hospital">Christ's Hospital</a> is now named Peele after George Peele, and as a commemoration to the work of the Peele family with the ancient foundation of the Christ's Hospital school.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Plays">Plays</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Peele&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Plays"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_Clyomon_and_Sir_Clamydes" title="Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes">Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes</a></i> (1577) (attributed)</li>
<li><i>The Arraignment of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></i> (1581)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Troublesome_Reign_of_King_John" title="The Troublesome Reign of King John">The Troublesome Reign of King John</a></i> (1589)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mucedorus" title="Mucedorus">Mucedorus</a></i> (1590) (attributed)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Battle_of_Alcazar" title="The Battle of Alcazar">The Battle of Alcazar</a></i> (1591)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i> (1592) (attributed; co-written with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Famous_Chronicle_of_King_Edward_the_First" title="The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First">The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First</a></i> (1593)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_and_Bethsabe" title="David and Bethsabe">The Love of King David and Fair Bethsabe</a></i> (1594)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Old_Wives%27_Tale_(play)" title="The Old Wives' Tale (play)">The Old Wives' Tale</a></i> (1595)</li></ul>
<p>His pastoral comedy <i>The Arraignment of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></i> was presented by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Children_of_the_Chapel" title="Children of the Chapel">Children of the Chapel</a> Royal before Queen Elizabeth<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> perhaps as early as 1581, and was printed anonymously in 1584.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a></sup> In the play, Paris is asked by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Jupiter</a> to decide which goddesses, Juno, Pallas or Venus should be awarded the golden apple. He awards this to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> who carries Paris away, leaving his wife Oenone disconsolate. Juno and Pallas arraign Paris before the gods of partiality in his judgement. The case is then referred to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diana_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana (goddess)">Diana</a>, with whom the final decision rests. She gives the apple to none of the competitors but to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a> called Eliza, 'our Zabeta fayre', a reference to Queen Elizabeth I.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>His play <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Famous_Chronicle_of_King_Edward_the_First" class="mw-redirect" title="Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First">Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First</a></i> was printed in 1593. This chronicle history is an advance on the old chronicle plays, and marks a step towards the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespearean</a> historical drama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a></sup> Peele may have written or contributed to the bloody tragedy <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i>, which was published as the work of Shakespeare. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_Andronicus_(authorship_question)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Andronicus (authorship question)">This theory</a> is in part due to Peele's predilection for gore, as evidenced in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Battle_of_Alcazar" title="The Battle of Alcazar">The Battle of Alcazar</a></i> (acted 1588–1589, printed 1594), published anonymously, which is attributed with much probability to him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Old_Wives_Tale_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Old Wives Tale (play)">The Old Wives' Tale</a></i> (printed 1595) was followed by <i>The Love of King David and fair Bethsabe</i> (written ca. 1588, printed 1599), which is notable as an example of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabethan_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan drama">Elizabethan drama</a> drawn entirely from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scriptural" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptural">Scriptural</a> sources. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_Gard_Fleay" title="Frederick Gard Fleay">F. G. Fleay</a> sees in it a political <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, and identifies Elizabeth and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_Earl_of_Leicester" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester">Leicester</a> as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bathsheba" title="Bathsheba">Bathsheba</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Absalom" title="Absalom">Absalom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_Clyomon_and_Sir_Clamydes" title="Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes">Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes</a></i> (printed 1599) has been attributed to Peele, but on insufficient grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a></sup> Other plays attributed to Peele include <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Life_and_Death_of_Jack_Straw" title="The Life and Death of Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a></i> (ca. 1587), <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wisdom_of_Doctor_Dodypoll" title="The Wisdom of Doctor Dodypoll">The Wisdom of Doctor Dodypoll</a></i> (printed 1600), <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Maid%27s_Metamorphosis" title="The Maid's Metamorphosis">The Maid's Metamorphosis</a></i> (printed 1600), and <i>Wily Beguiled</i> (printed 1606) – though the scholarly consensus has judged these attributions to be insufficiently supported by evidence. Indeed, individual scholars have repeatedly resorted to Peele in their attempts to grapple with Elizabethan plays of uncertain authorship. Plays that have been assigned to (or blamed on) Peele include <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Locrine" title="Locrine">Locrine</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Troublesome_Reign_of_King_John" title="The Troublesome Reign of King John">The Troublesome Reign of King John</a>,</i> and Parts 1 and 2 of Shakespeare's <i>Henry VI</i> trilogy, in addition to <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_III_(play)" title="Edward III (play)">Edward III</a></i> was attributed to Peele by Tucker Brooke in 1908. While the attribution of the entire play to Peele is no longer accepted, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brian_Vickers_(literary_scholar)" title="Brian Vickers (literary scholar)">Sir Brian Vickers</a> demonstrated using metrical and other analysis that Peele wrote the first act and the first two scenes in Act II of <i>Titus Andronicus</i>, with Shakespeare responsible for the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Minor_works">Minor works</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Peele&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Minor works"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Henry_Percy,_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland_(3773672044).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Henry_Percy%2C_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland_%283773672044%29.jpg/220px-Henry_Percy%2C_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland_%283773672044%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Henry_Percy%2C_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland_%283773672044%29.jpg/330px-Henry_Percy%2C_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland_%283773672044%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Henry_Percy%2C_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland_%283773672044%29.jpg/440px-Henry_Percy%2C_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland_%283773672044%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Peele wrote a poem <i>The Honour of the Garter</i>, dedicated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Percy,_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy</a> and for the occasion of his admission to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>, on 26 June 1593.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Among his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occasional_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Occasional poems">occasional poems</a> are <i>The Honour of the Garter</i>, which has a prologue containing Peele's judgments on his contemporaries, and <i>Polyhymnia</i> (1590), a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a> description of the ceremonies attending the retirement of the queen's champion, Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Lee_of_Ditchley" title="Henry Lee of Ditchley">Henry Lee</a>. This is concluded by the lyric poem, <i>A Farewell to Arms</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a></sup> This was written for the retirement ceremony in 1590 of Queen Elizabeth I's champion knight in which he pledges undying loyalty to the queen, addressed as "Goddess". It was quoted by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">Thackeray</a> in the seventy-sixth chapter of <i>The Newcomes</i> and notably served as the title of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>'s novel of the same name. To <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Phoenix_Nest" title="The Phoenix Nest">The Phoenix Nest</a></i> in 1593 he contributed <i>The Praise of Chastity</i>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reputation">Reputation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Peele&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Reputation"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Peele belonged to the group of university scholars who, in Greene's phrase, "spent their wits in making playes." Greene went on to say that he was "in some things rarer, in nothing inferior," to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Nashe" title="Thomas Nashe">Thomas Nashe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoughlinBellBrace20111037_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoughlinBellBrace20111037-31">[31]</a></sup> This praise was not unfounded. The credit given to Greene and Marlowe for the increased dignity of English dramatic diction, and for the new smoothness infused into blank verse, must certainly be shared by Peele.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a></sup> The most familiar parts of Peele's work are, however, the songs in his plays—from <i>The Old Wives' Tale</i> and <i>The Arraignment of Paris,</i> and the song "A Farewell to Arms"—which are regularly anthologized.
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem">
<p>My golden locks Time hath to silver turnd.<br />
O Time too swift, O swiftness never ceasing!<br />
My youth 'gainst time and age hath ever spurnd,<br />
But spurnd in vain. Youth waneith by increasing.<br />
Beauty, strength, youth, are flowers but fading seen,<br />
Duty, faith, love, are roots, and ever green.<br />
<br />
My Helmet now shall make a hive for bees<br />
And lovers' sonnets turne to holy Psalms.<br />
A man at Armes must now serve on his knees,<br />
And feed on pray'rs, that are Age his alms.<br />
But though from Court to Cottage I depart,<br />
My Saint is sure of mine unspotted heart.<br />
<br />
And when I saddest sits in homely cell,<br />
I'll teach my Swaines this Carrol for a song.<br />
Blest be the hearts that wish my Sovereigne well,<br />
Curs'd be the souls that thinke her any wrong.<br />
Goddess, vouchsafe this aged man his right<br />
To be your Beadsman now that was your knight.
</p>
</div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>George Peele, "A Farewell to armes", <i>Polhymnia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> 17 November 1590.</cite></div></blockquote>
<p>Professor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Barton_Gummere" title="Francis Barton Gummere">Francis Barton Gummere</a>, in a critical essay prefixed to his edition of <i>The Old Wives Tale</i>, puts in another claim for Peele. In the contrast between the romantic story and the realistic dialogue he sees the first instance of humour quite foreign to the comic business of earlier comedy. <i>The Old Wives Tale</i> is a play within a play, slight enough to be perhaps better described as an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Entr%27acte" title="Entr'acte">interlude</a>. Its background of rustic folklore gives it additional interest, and there is much fun poked at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabriel_Harvey" title="Gabriel Harvey">Gabriel Harvey</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Stanyhurst" title="Richard Stanyhurst">Richard Stanyhurst</a>. Perhaps Huanebango, who parodies Harvey's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hexameters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexameters">hexameters</a>, and actually quotes him on one occasion, may be regarded as representing that arch-enemy of Greene and his friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Peele's <i>Works</i> were edited by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Dyce" title="Alexander Dyce">Alexander Dyce</a> (1828, 1829–1839 and 1861), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A._H._Bullen" class="mw-redirect" title="A. H. Bullen">A. H. Bullen</a> (2 vols., 1888), and by Charles Tyler Prouty (3 vols., 1952–1970). An examination of the metrical peculiarities of his work is to be found in Richard Lämmerhirt's <i>Georg Peele, Untersuchungen über sein Leben und seine Werke</i> (Rostock, 1882). See also Professor F.B. Gummere, in <i>Representative English Comedies</i> (1903); and an edition of <i>The Battell of Alcazar</i>, printed for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malone_Society" title="Malone Society">Malone Society</a> in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Peele&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David H. Horne. <i>The Life and Dramatic Works of George Peele, Volume I: The Life and Minor Works of George Peele</i>. Charles Tyler Prouty, general editor. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952, 7–8</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 8</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 45–46, citing William Gager and the <i>Jests</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 20</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 21</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 21</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/new-evidence-supports-claim-that-william-shakespeare-s-dark-lady-may-have-been-a-clerkenwell-prostitute-8082166.html">"New evidence supports claim that William Shakespeare's 'Dark Lady' may"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 26 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=New+evidence+supports+claim+that+William+Shakespeare%27s+%27Dark+Lady%27+may&rft.date=2012-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftheatre-dance%2Fnews%2Fnew-evidence-supports-claim-that-william-shakespeare-s-dark-lady-may-have-been-a-clerkenwell-prostitute-8082166.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Peele" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 49, 51.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PF-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PF_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PF_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/george-peele">"George Peele"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poetry_Foundation" title="Poetry Foundation">Poetry Foundation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Peele&rft.pub=Poetry+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoets%2Fgeorge-peele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Peele" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatrehistory.com/british/peele001.html">George Peele: A biographical sketch</a>"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David H. Horne. <i> The Life and Minor Works of George Peele</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 113.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 115</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 117</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 118–126</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 127</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 129</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 131</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Peele. <i>The Life and Dramatic Works of George Peele, Volume II: Edward I</i> edited by Frank S. Hook/<i>The Battle of Alcazar</i> edited by John Yoklavich. General Editor Charles Tyler Prouty. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1961, 5</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hook, 4</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 99ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 103.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 104</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 104</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, 100</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishverse.com/poets/peele_george">George Peele (1558?–1597)</a>"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montrose, Louis Adrian. "Gifts and Reasons: The Contexts of Peele's <i>Araygnement of Paris</i>." <i>ELH</i>, Vol. 47, No. 3 (Autumn, 1980) 433–61.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 6th Edition. Edited by Margaret Drabble, Oxford University Press, 2000 Pp36</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickers, Brian. <i>Shakespeare, Co-Author.</i> (2004) Oxford UP, 154.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoughlinBellBrace20111037-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoughlinBellBrace20111037_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoughlinBellBrace2011">Loughlin, Bell & Brace 2011</a>, p. 1037.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Dyce" title="Alexander Dyce">A. Dyce</a>, <i>The Works of George Peele</i>, vol. II, p. 195, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Pickering_(publisher)" title="William Pickering (publisher)">Pickering</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 1829.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Peele&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliography"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Peele,_George" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peele, George">Peele, George</a>". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peele%2C+George&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=44-45&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Peele" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Peele,_George" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Peele, George">Peele, George</a>". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peele%2C+George&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Peele" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poets/detail/george-peele">"George Peele: Poetry Foundation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Peele%3A+Poetry+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoems-and-poets%2Fpoets%2Fdetail%2Fgeorge-peele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Peele" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Logan, Terence P.; Denzell S. Smith (1973). <i>The Predecessors of Shakespeare: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama</i>. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLoughlinBellBrace2011" class="citation book cs1">Loughlin, Marie; Bell, Sandra; Brace, Patricia, eds. (2011). <i>The Broadview Anthology of Sixteenth-Century Poetry and Prose</i>. Broadview anthologies of English literature. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadview_Press" title="Broadview Press">Broadview Press</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551111629" title="Special:BookSources/9781551111629"><bdi>9781551111629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Broadview+Anthology+of+Sixteenth-Century+Poetry+and+Prose&rft.series=Broadview+anthologies+of+English+literature&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781551111629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Peele" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Peele&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Further reading"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Bevington, David, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/George_Peele.html?id=L7dBDgAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description">George Peele</a>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351933919" title="Special:BookSources/9781351933919">9781351933919</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1351933914" title="Special:BookSources/1351933914">1351933914</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_Peele&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: External links"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<b>George Peele</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Peele" class="extiw" title="q:George Peele">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Peele" class="extiw" title="s:Author:George Peele">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704626" class="extiw" title="d:Q704626">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div>
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<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Peele,_George" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Peele, George">Peele, George</a>". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peele%2C+George&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Peele" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Peele, George"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Peele,_George">"Peele, George" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.). 1885. pp. 457–458.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peele%2C+George&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=457-458&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Peele" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Peele%2C%20George%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22George%20Peele%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Peele%2C%20George%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22George%20Peele%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Peele%2C%20G%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22George%20Peele%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Peele%2C%20George%22%20OR%20description%3A%22George%20Peele%22%29%20OR%20%28%221556-1596%22%20AND%20Peele%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about George Peele</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3564">Works by George Peele</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_Titus_Andronicus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Titus_Andronicus" title="Template:Titus Andronicus"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Titus_Andronicus" title="Template talk:Titus Andronicus"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Titus_Andronicus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Titus Andronicus"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_Titus_Andronicus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_Andronicus#Characters" title="Titus Andronicus">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_Andronicus_(character)" title="Titus Andronicus (character)">Titus Andronicus</a></li>
<li>Tamora</li>
<li>Aaron</li>
<li>Lavinia</li>
<li>Emperor Saturninus</li>
<li>Marcus</li>
<li>Lucius</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kirk-TitusAct4ProtectSon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kirk-TitusAct4ProtectSon.jpg/100px-Kirk-TitusAct4ProtectSon.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kirk-TitusAct4ProtectSon.jpg/150px-Kirk-TitusAct4ProtectSon.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kirk-TitusAct4ProtectSon.jpg/200px-Kirk-TitusAct4ProtectSon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_Andronicus#Sources" title="Titus Andronicus">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri">Ab Urbe Condita</a></i> (<i>c.</i>26 BC)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> (<i>c.</i>AD 8)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thyestes_(Seneca)" title="Thyestes (Seneca)">Thyestes </a></i> (first century AD)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gesta_Romanorum" title="Gesta Romanorum">Gesta Romanorum</a></i> (late third century AD)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_Andronicus#Adaptations" title="Titus Andronicus">Adaptations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC_Television_Shakespeare#Titus_Andronicus" title="BBC Television Shakespeare"> Titus Andronicus</a></i> (1985; TV)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_(film)" title="Titus (film)">Titus</a></i> (1999)</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scott_Tenorman_Must_Die" title="Scott Tenorman Must Die">Scott Tenorman Must Die</a>" (2001; TV)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Hungry" title="The Hungry">The Hungry</a></i> (2017)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peacham_drawing" title="Peacham drawing">Peacham drawing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Authorship_of_Titus_Andronicus" title="Authorship of Titus Andronicus">Authorship question</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Themes_in_Titus_Andronicus" title="Themes in Titus Andronicus">Themes</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_Andronicus_(ballad)" title="Titus Andronicus (ballad)">Titus Andronicus' Complaint</a>"</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Peele</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela">Philomela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thyestes" title="Thyestes">Thyestes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revenge_play" title="Revenge play">Revenge play</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorboduc_(play)" title="Gorboduc (play)">Gorboduc</a></i> (1561)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edmund_Ironside_(play)" title="Edmund Ironside (play)">Edmund Ironside</a></i> (1590)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Vos_(poet)" title="Jan Vos (poet)">Jan Vos</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus_(soundtrack)" title="Titus (soundtrack)">Titus</a></i> (soundtrack)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704626#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704626#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704626#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2497/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121215244">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45145857787223020277">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90268433">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1391913">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121592084">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121592084">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118790137">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007304895305171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14213542">Belgium</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50008785">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00472882">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0021074&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36011487">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068744005">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811471374405606">Poland</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02097127?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/dd1e05dc-b83a-4d52-a6bc-9802c97840f8">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118790137.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1184705">Trove</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zd06bm">SNAC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030110645">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1700482521' |