Examine individual changes

'{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} shopping cart og selma stinker, Hege blir 49 årgammel! JOHO! {{Short description|Large indoor shopping center, usually anchored by department stores}} {{About|large, usually enclosed, shopping centers anchored by traditional department stores|an overview of all types of shopping centers|Shopping center|pedestrian malls|Pedestrian zone}} [[File:2018 Mall of America 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]], the largest mall in the United States]] [[File:Westfield Garden State Plaza - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The interior of [[Garden State Plaza]] [[Shopping mall#List of types of shopping centers (including_malls)|megamall]] in [[Paramus, New Jersey|Paramus]], [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen County]], [[New Jersey]], the [[borough (New Jersey)|borough]] with the world's highest concentration of shopping malls]] A '''shopping mall''' (or simply '''mall''') is a large indoor [[shopping center]], usually [[Anchor tenant|anchored]] by [[department store]]s. The term "mall" originally meant [[pedestrian zone|a pedestrian promenade]] with shops along it (that is, the term was used to refer to the walkway itself which was merely bordered by such shops), but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming commonplace at the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longstreth |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCimuNbqKfkC|title=City Center to Regional Mall |date=1997 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0262122006 |quote= "the essential framework for the regional mall", and other references in this page range and elsewhere to malls as a type of shopping center|pages=296–304}}</ref><ref name="Rielly">{{cite book |last1=Rielly |first1=Edward J. |title=The 1960s |date=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-313-31261-3 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3hAR5c9QFcC&pg=PA62 |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> In the U.K., such complexes are considered shopping centres ([[Commonwealth English]]: shopping centre), though "shopping center" covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North American "mall". Other countries may follow U.S. usage ([[Philippines]], [[India]],<ref name=sarkar>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=John |title=Most mall owners agree to retailers' rental terms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/most-mall-owners-agree-to-retailers-rental-terms/articleshow/76435886.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=18 June 2020}}</ref> and [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]]<ref name=uae1>{{cite news |title=UAE's malls will need a full-scale repurposing |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/analysis/uaes-malls-will-need-a-full-scale-repurposing-1.72583503 |publisher=Gulf News |date=14 July 2020}}</ref>) while still others (Australia,<ref name=australia>{{cite web |title=Key Facts |url=https://www.scca.org.au/industry-information/key-facts/ |website=Shopping Centre Council of Australia}}</ref> etc.) follow U.K. usage. In [[Canadian English]], and often in Australia and New Zealand, the term 'mall' may be used informally but 'shopping centre' or merely 'centre' will feature in the name of the complex (such as [[Toronto Eaton Centre]]). The term 'mall' is less-commonly a part of the name of the complex. Many malls have declined considerably in [[North America]], particularly in subprime locations, and some have closed and become so-called "[[dead mall]]s".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-10 |title=American Malls That Have Fallen Into Ruin |url=https://www.gobankingrates.com/money/economy/dying-malls/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=GOBankingRates |language=en}}</ref> Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added [[big-box store]]s as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such as [[power center (retail)|power centers]], [[lifestyle centers]], [[factory outlet]] centers, and [[festival marketplace]]s.<ref name="ICSC Characteristics" /> In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use high-rise communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mixed use becomes crucial for big retail projects |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/business/mixed-use-becomes-crucial-for-big-retail-projects-4679604 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Victoria Times Colonist |date=6 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> {{TOC limit|2}} In many [[Europe|European countries]] shopping malls continue to grow and thrive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ecsp.eu/research-shopping-centres-continue-to-dominate-european-retail-space-but-significant-variations-exist-between-countries/|title=Research: Shopping Centres Continue To Dominate European Retail Space, But Significant Variations Exist Between Countries|publisher=European Council of Shopping Places|date=11 April 2023}}</ref> ==Types== The [[International Council of Shopping Centers]], based in [[New York City]], classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls. ===Regional mall=== A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with {{convert|400000|sqft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|800000|sqft|abbr=on}} [[gross leasable area]] with at least two [[anchor store]]s.<ref name="ISCS_definitions-2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |title=US Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics |publisher=International Council of Shopping Centers |date=August 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223219/http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> ===Super-regional mall=== A super-regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with over {{convert|800000|sqft|abbr=on}} of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion [[apparel]], and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region ({{convert|25|miles|disp=or|abbr=out}}) in which it is located.<ref name="ISCS_definitions-2015"/> ===Not malls=== Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as [[strip mall]]s and [[neighborhood shopping center]]s, and specialized formats such as [[power center (retail)|power centers]], [[festival marketplace]]s, and [[outlet center]]s.<ref name="ICSC Characteristics">{{cite web |url=http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |title=U.S. Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics |year=1999 |publisher=International Council of Shopping Centers |url-status=live |access-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308074500/http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Conversely in some countries, many shopping centers less than half or a quarter of the size of the U.S. minimum to be considered a mall, {{convert|400000|sqft|abbr=on}}, have "mall" in their names – for example in [[List of shopping centres in Namibia|Namibia]] or [[List of shopping centres in Zambia|Zambia]]. The [[List of largest shopping malls|world's largest malls]] with over {{convert|500000|sqm|sqft}} of gross leasable area are in the Philippines, Thailand, and China – more than half again as large as previous contenders such as the [[Dubai Mall]]. ===Power Center=== Power centers house big-box stores like Costco, Target, and Home Depot, offering lower prices and convenience in a no-frills environment. Think of your typical strip mall on steroids. Power Center with over (250,000 to 750,000 square ft) ===Outlet Mall=== Outlet malls are havens for discounted designer goods, with brands like [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Coach New York|Coach]], and [[Ralph Lauren Corporation|Polo Ralph Lauren]] offering past-season or overstock items at significantly lower prices. Think of [[Woodbury Common Premium Outlets|Woodbury Common]] in [[New York City|New York]] or [[Sawgrass Mills]] in [[Florida]]. ===List of types of shopping centers (including malls)=== The [[International Council of Shopping Centers]] classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:<ref name="ICSC definitions">{{cite web| title=ICSC Shopping Center Definitions: Basic Configurations and Types| access-date=July 15, 2020| publisher=International Council of Shopping Centers| url=https://www.icsc.com/uploads/t07-subpage/US-Shopping-Center-Definition-Standard.pdf}}</ref><ref>[https://www.icsc.com/uploads/research/general/Canadian-Shopping-Centre-Definitions.pdf "Canada Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed January 8, 2023]</ref><ref name=icsc_asia>[https://www.icsc.com/uploads/t07-subpage/Asia-Shopping-Center-Definition-Standard.pdf "Asia Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed July 15, 2020]</ref><ref>[https://www.icsc.com/uploads/t07-subpage/Europe-Shopping-Center-Definition-Standard.pdf "Europe Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC]</ref> <small>''Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area'', AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America<br /> ^*does not apply to Europe</small> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Type ! {{flagicon|USA}} US GLA [[Square foot|ft²]] ! {{flagicon|USA}} US GLA [[Square metre|m²]] ! {{flagicon|European Union}} EU GLA m² ! {{flagicon|European Union}} EU GLA ft² ! {{flagicon|Canada}} Can GLA ft² ! {{flagicon|Canada}} Can GLA m² ! {{flagicon|ASEAN}} AP NLA ft² ! {{flagicon|ASEAN}} AP NLA m² ! # anchors^* ! Typical anchors |- | colspan=11 | '''Large general-purpose centers '''<small>(US/AP)</small>''' / traditional shopping centres''' <small>(EU/Can)</small> |- | '''Mega-mall''' <small>(AP)</small> | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1,500,000+ | 140,000+ |3+ | |[[Department store]]s, [[supermarkets]], [[hypermarkets]], [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplexes]], major entertainment/<wbr/>leisure |- | '''Super-regional mall/center'''<br /><small>EU: Very large SC</small> | 800,000+ | 74,000+ | 80,000+ | 860,000+ | 800,000+ | 74,000+ | 800,000–<wbr/>1,499,999 | 74,000–<wbr/>139,999 |3+ |rowspan=2 |Regular/discount department stores, in Europe and Asia also supermarkets, hypermarkets, cinemas, major entertainment/<wbr/>leisure |- | '''Regional mall/center'''<br /><small>EU: Large SC</small> | 400,000–<wbr/>800,000 | 37,000–<wbr/>74,000 | 40,000–<wbr/>79,999 | 430,000–<wbr/>859,999 | 300,000–<wbr/>799,999 | 28,000–<wbr/>73,999 | 500,000–<wbr/>800,000 | 46,000–<wbr/>74,000 |2+ |- | colspan=8 | '''Small & medium general-purpose centers '''<small>(US/AP)</small>''' / traditional shopping centres''' <small>(EU/Can)</small> |- | Sub-regional SC <small>(AP)</small><br /><small>Europe: Medium SC</small> | n/a | n/a | 20,000–<wbr/>39,999 | 220,000–<wbr/>429,999 | n/a | n/a | 200,000–<wbr/>500,000 | 19,000–<wbr/>46,000 | 0–<wbr/>3 | Supermarket, hypermarket, small/discount department stores |- | <small>Small comparison-based SC (EU)</small> | n/a | n/a | 5,000–<wbr/>19,999 | 54,000–<wbr/>219,999 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Apparel, home furnishing, electronics, gifts, etc. |- | <small>Small convenience-based SC (EU)</small> | n/a | n/a | 5,000–<wbr/>19,999 | 54,000–<wbr/>219,999 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Supermarket, hypermarket, pharmacy, convenience store, household goods, etc. |- | '''[[Neighborhood shopping center|Community shopping center]]''' | 125,000–<wbr/>400,000 | 11,600–<wbr/>37,000 | n/a | n/a | 100,000–<wbr/>400,000 | 9,300–<wbr/>37,000 | n/a | n/a |2+ | [[Discount store]], supermarket, [[drugstore]], [[category killer]].<br /> a.k.a. large [[neighborhood shopping center]] in US, Can |- | '''[[Neighborhood shopping center]]''' | 30,000–<wbr/>125,000 | 2,800–<wbr/>11,600 | n/a | n/a | 40,000–<wbr/>99,000 | 3,700–<wbr/>9,200 | 20,000–<wbr/>200,000 | 1,900–<wbr/>19,000 |<small>1+ (US/Can)<br />0–<wbr/>2 (AP)</small> |[[Supermarket]], in Asia also hypermarket |- | '''[[Strip mall|Convenience center]]'''<br /><small>US/Can also "[[Strip mall]]"</small> | <30,000 | <2,800 | n/a | n/a | 10,000–<wbr/>39,000 | 930–<wbr/>3,600 | n/a | n/a |0–<wbr/>1 |[[Convenience store]] anchor or anchorless |- ! Type ! {{flagicon|USA}} US GLA [[Square foot|ft²]] ! {{flagicon|USA}} US GLA [[Square metre|m²]] ! {{flagicon|European Union}} EU GLA m² ! {{flagicon|European Union}} EU GLA ft² ! {{flagicon|Canada}} Can GLA ft² ! {{flagicon|Canada}} Can GLA m² ! {{flagicon|ASEAN}} AP NLA ft² ! {{flagicon|ASEAN}} AP NLA m² ! # anchors^* ! Typical anchors |- | colspan=11 | '''Specialized shopping centers''' |- | '''[[Power center (retail)|Power center]]'''<br /><small>EU: a.k.a. "[[Retail park]]"</small> | 250,000–<wbr/>600,000 | 23,000–<wbr/>56,000 | S:5,000–<wbr/>9,999<br />M:10,000–<wbr/>19,999<br />L:20,000+ | S:54,000–<wbr/>109,999<br />M:110,000–<wbr/>219,999<br />L:220,000+ | 100,000–<wbr/>1,000,000 | 9,300–<wbr/>93,000 | >50,000 | >4,600 | <small>3+ (US/Can)<br />n/a (AP)</small> | Category killers, [[warehouse club]]s, large discount stores. In Asia 90% of NLA must be these. |- | '''[[Lifestyle center]]''' <small>(US)</small> | 150,000–<wbr/>500,000 | 14,000–<wbr/>46,000 | n/a | n/a | 150,000–<wbr/>500,000 | 14,000–<wbr/>46,000 | n/a | n/a | 0–<wbr/>2 | Large-format upscale specialty stores |- | '''[[Factory outlet|Outlet mall/center]]''' | 50,000–<wbr/>400,000 | 4,600–<wbr/>37,000 | 5,000+ | 54,000+ | 50,000–<wbr/>400,000 | 4,600–<wbr/>37,000 | "no max. size" | "no max. size" | n/a |Manufacturers' and retail [[outlet store]]s |- | [[Festival marketplace|Theme/Festival]] <small>(US)</small><br /><small>([[Festival marketplace]])</small> | 80,000–<wbr/>250,000 | 7,400–<wbr/>23,000 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Restaurants, specialty stores catering to visitors, entertainment |- | Leisure/<wbr/>entertainment centre <small>(AP)</small><br /><small>Leisure-based SC (EU)</small> | n/a | n/a | 5,000+ | 54,000+ | n/a | n/a | <500,000 | <46,000 |N/A | Entertainment and/or F&B (food and beverage) (in Asia, 50%+ of tenants are these), plus specialty stores catering to visitors, [[fast fashion]], electronics, sports. Europe: usually anchored by a multiplex cinema and also may include bowling, fitness. Excludes centers at transport hubs. |- | Specialty SC <small>(AP)</small> | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | <500,000 | <46,000 | 0 | Specialty shops with general product mix (apparel, F&B, electronics, etc.) |- | Single&nbsp;category&nbsp;SC&nbsp;<small>(AP)</small><br /><small>Non-leisure-based themed SC (EU)</small> | n/a | n/a | 5,000+ | 54,000+ | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Dedicated to single product type other than F&B, groceries or fashion, e.g. information technology, homewares/furniture. In Asia, 80% of NLA should be dedicated to the theme. |- | Major transportation hub SC <small>(AP)</small> | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | >50,000 | >4,600 | n/a |Retail at public transportation hubs including airside airport retail |- | colspan=11 | '''Limited-purpose property''' |- | Airport retail | 75,000–<wbr/>300,000 | 7,000–<wbr/>28,000 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0 | Speciality retail and restaurants |- |colspan=11 | '''Shopping centre hybrids''' <small>(Canada only)</small> |- | Hybrid SC <small>(Can)</small> | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 250,000+ | 23,000+ | n/a | n/a | varies | Has characteristics of two or more shopping center types e.g. power center + regional mall |} ==History== ===Forerunners to the shopping mall=== [[File:Burlington Arcade 2444.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Burlington Arcade]] in London, with shop fronts inside (pictured), opened in 1819]] [[File:Louis Vuitton in Galeria V. Emanuele, Milan, Italy (9471446737).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]] interior in Milan which opened in 1877]] Shopping centers in general may have their origins in public markets and, in the Middle East, covered [[bazaar]]s. In 1798, the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the [[Passage du Caire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insecula.com/salle/MS01171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041026075554/http://insecula.com/salle/MS01171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2004|title=Passage du Caire|publisher=Insecula.com|access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> The [[Burlington Arcade]] in London was opened in 1819.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the Beadles: The centuries-old private police force at Burlington Arcade, the world's swishest shopping mall |url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/luxury/meet-beadles-centuries-old-private-police-force-burlington-arcade-worlds-swishest-shopping-mall-193993 |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]}}</ref> [[Westminster Arcade|The Arcade]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]], built in 1828, claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brightridge.com/pages/arcade.html|title=The Arcade, Providence RI|publisher=Brightridge.com|access-date=17 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827093715/http://www.brightridge.com/pages/arcade.html|archive-date=27 August 2009}}</ref> Western European cities in particular built many arcade-style shopping centers. The [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]] in Milan, which opened in 1877, was larger than its predecessors, and inspired the use of the term "galleria" for many other shopping arcades and malls.<ref>{{cite news |title=Galleria |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/galleria |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=Collins English Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Massey |first1=Anne |last2=Arnold |first2=Dana |title=A Companion to Contemporary Design Since 1945 |date=2019 |publisher=Wiley |page=125}}</ref> In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the [[suburb]] and [[automobile]] culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from [[downtown]]s.<ref>[http://www.clevelandmagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=E73ABD6180B44874871A91F6BA5C249C&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=1578600D80804596A222593669321019&tier=4&id=1ECD6468951B46F096FFA6234B100B3D Icons of Cleveland: The Arcade]. ''[[Cleveland Magazine]]'', August 2009.</ref> Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include [[Market Square (Lake Forest, Illinois)|Market Square]], [[Lake Forest, Illinois]] (1916), and [[Country Club Plaza]], [[Kansas City, Missouri]] (1924).<ref name="Moore">{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Robbie|title=The Death of the American Mall and the Rebirth of Public Space|url=http://www.theinternational.org/articles/354-the-death-of-the-american-mall-and-the-re|work=The International|access-date=26 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313101352/http://www.theinternational.org/articles/354-the-death-of-the-american-mall-and-the-re|archive-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after [[World War II]] (see table above) with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the {{convert|550000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} [[Broadway-Crenshaw Center]] in [[Los Angeles]], built in 1947 and anchored by a five-story [[The Broadway|Broadway]] and a [[May Company California]].<ref name=times>{{cite news |title=Broadway's New Crenshaw Store to Open Today |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52748466/broadways-new-crenshaw-store-to-open/ |work=Los Angeles Times |date=21 November 1947}}</ref> ===Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term ''mall''=== In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", meaning a pedestrian promenade in the U.S., or in U.K. usage, a "shopping precinct". Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the [[Kalamazoo Mall]] (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], [[Lincoln Road Mall]] in [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]], [[Third Street Promenade|Santa Monica Mall]] (1965).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raktis |first1=Ted |title=Shopping Mall Is Beautifier of Cities |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54307813/shopping-mall-is-beautifier-of-cities/ |publisher=Deseret News |date=9 September 1961}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ottawa Trying Out Shopping Mall Idea |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54307646/ottawa-trying-out-shopping-mall-idea/ |publisher=Nanaimo Daily News |date=26 May 1960}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shopping Mall Scheme Gaining Favor in U.S. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54306934/shopping-mall-scheme-gaining-favor-in/ |publisher=Calgary Herald |date=26 August 1959 |page=1}}</ref> Although [[Bergen Town Center|Bergen Mall]] opened in 1957 using the name "mall" and inspired other suburban shopping centers to rebrand themselves as malls, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s.<ref name=howard>{{cite book |last1=Howard |first1=Vicki |title=The Routledge Companion to the History of Retailing |date=2008 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-138-67508-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ax7DwAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}} ===Enclosed malls=== [[File:Luleå Shopping 1955.jpg|thumb|The original interior of [[Shopping (Luleå)|Shopping]], built in 1955 and one of the first enclosed malls in the world, in [[Luleå]], Sweden]] The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear in mainstream until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the [[Valley Fair Shopping Center]] in [[Appleton, Wisconsin]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.emiratesevisaonline.com| title=Apply Urgent Emirates E Visa Online| publisher=Mall Hall of Fame| date=1 November 2006| access-date=21 October 2015| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233645/http://mall-hall-of-fame.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html| archive-date=3 March 2016| df=mdy-all}}</ref> which opened on March 10, 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in [[Luleå]], in northern Sweden (architect: [[Ralph Erskine (architect)|Ralph Erskine]]) and was named [[Shopping (Luleå)|''Shopping'']]; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ncscnordic.org/basic-facts/|title=Basic facts – NCSC|work=NCSC|access-date=29 May 2017|language=en-US|publisher=Nordic Council of Shopping Centers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053900/http://ncscnordic.org/basic-facts/|archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant [[Victor Gruen]].<ref>{{cite book| last1=Bathroom Reader's Institute| title=Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader| publisher=Bathroom Reader's Press| isbn=978-1-60710-183-3| pages=[https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/99 99–101]| chapter=The Mall: A History| date=1 November 2010| chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/99}}</ref><ref name="Hardwick">{{cite book |last1=Hardwick |first1=M. Jeffrey |title=Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream |date=2015 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=9780812292992 |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3ljCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite book |last1=Newton |first1=Matthew |title=Shopping Mall |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=New York |isbn=9781501314827 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrMuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref> This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed [[Southdale Center]], which opened in the [[Minneapolis-St. Paul|Twin Cities]] suburb of [[Edina, Minnesota]], United States in October 1956.<ref name="Hardwick" /><ref name="Newton" /> For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by [[Malcolm Gladwell]].<ref>{{cite magazine| last=Gladwell| first=Malcolm| date=15 March 2004| url=https://newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/15/040315fa_fact1| title=The Terrazzo Jungle| magazine=The New Yorker| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709234809/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/15/040315fa_fact1| archive-date=9 July 2014| df=mdy-all}}</ref> The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was [[Paramus, New Jersey]]'s [[The Outlets at Bergen Town Center|Bergen Mall]]. The center, which opened with an open-air format on November 14, 1957<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/13/archives/bergen-mall-to-open-shopping-center-on-route-4-starts-business.html |title=Bergen Mall to Open; Shopping Center on Route 4 Starts Business Tomorrow |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 13, 1957 |page=1 |url-access=limited |access-date=August 28, 2022 }}</ref> and was enclosed in 1973. Aside from [[Southdale Center]], significant early enclosed shopping malls were [[Harundale Mall]] (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2007-09-13-0709130019-story.html |title=Malls no more, centers looking to sell lifestyle |date=13 September 2007 |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |first=Andrea K. |last=Walker |access-date=29 August 2020 }}</ref> [[Big Town Mall]] (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, [[Chris-Town Mall]] (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and [[Randhurst Center]] (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois. Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.<ref name="DEADMALL">{{cite web|url=http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/feature/dawn-of-the-dead-mall/11747|title=Essay&nbsp;– Dawn of the Dead Mall|date=11 November 2009|work=The Design Observer Group|access-date=14 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724201220/http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/feature/dawn-of-the-dead-mall/11747|archive-date=24 July 2011|first=Mark|last=Dery}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bathroom Reader's Institute|title=Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader|publisher=Bathroom Reader's Press|isbn=978-1-60710-183-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/401 401]|chapter=A History of the Shopping Mall, Part III|date=1 November 2010|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/401}}</ref> Even though malls mostly appeared in suburban areas in the U.S., some U.S. cities facilitated the construction of enclosed malls downtown as an effort to revive city centers and allow them to compete effectively with suburban malls. Examples included [[Main Place Tower|Main Place Mall]] in Buffalo (1969) and The Gallery (1977, now [[Fashion District Philadelphia]]) in Philadelphia. Other cities created open-air [[pedestrian malls]]. In the United States, developers such as [[A. Alfred Taubman]] of [[Taubman Centers]] extended the concept further in 1980, with [[terrazzo]] tiles at the [[Mall at Short Hills]] in [[New Jersey]], indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.<ref name=tws29decbbgf>{{cite news| first=Caitlin A.| last=Johnson| title=For Billionaire There's Life After Jail| quote=Alfred Taubman is a legend in retailing. For 40 years, he's been one of America's most successful developers of shopping centers. Taubman picked upscale areas and opened lavish shopping centers. He was among the first to offer fountains and feature prestigious anchor stores like Neiman Marcus. The Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey is one of the most profitable shopping centers in the country. Taubman is famous for his attention to detail. He's very proud of the terrazzo tiles at Short Hills. "The only point that the customer actually touches the shopping center is the floor," he said. "They've got traction as they're walking. Very important. Some of our competitors put in carpet. Carpet's the worst thing you can have because it creates friction."| work=[[CBS News]]| date=15 April 2007| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/15/sunday/main2684957.shtml| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204175724/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/15/sunday/main2684957.shtml| archive-date=4 December 2010| access-date=29 December 2009}}</ref><ref name=tws29decbsfe>{{cite news| first=Thane| last=Peterson| title=From Slammer Back To Glamour| quote=Shopping mall magnate and onetime Sotheby's (BID) owner Alfred Taubman, 83, may be a convicted felon, but he's continuing to insist on his innocence in his just-out autobiography, Threshold Resistance: The Extraordinary Career of a Luxury Retailing Pioneer (Collins, $24.95). Writing on his business triumphs, Taubman is heavy on the boilerplate. But he gives a juicy personal account of the Sotheby's-Christie's price-fixing scandal that sent him to the slammer.| work=[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek|Business Week]]| date=30 April 2007| url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/c4032006.htm| access-date=29 December 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425073008/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/c4032006.htm| archive-date=25 April 2010| df=mdy-all}}</ref> ===Decline of shopping malls in the United States=== {{See also|Retail apocalypse|Dead mall}} [[File:Belz Factory Outlet Mall in Allen, Texas (Winston's) crop.jpg|thumb|right|Belz Factory Outlet Mall, an abandoned shopping mall in [[Allen, Texas]], United States]] In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year.<ref name="Millar">{{cite news|last=Millar|first=Lisa|date=20 January 2015|title=Dead malls: Half of America's shopping centres predicted to close by 2030|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] News|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-28/the-decline-of-american-shopping-malls/6050956|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024113253/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-28/the-decline-of-american-shopping-malls/6050956|archive-date=24 October 2015}}</ref> But in 2001, a [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a year before the [[Great Recession]], no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 November 2014|title=The death of the US shopping mall|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140411-is-the-shopping-mall-dead|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428135632/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140411-is-the-shopping-mall-dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> [[City Creek Center|City Creek Center Mall]] in [[Salt Lake City]], which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession.<ref name="Moore"/> Malls began to lose consumers to open-air power centers and lifestyle centers during the 1990s, as consumers preferred to park right in front of and walk directly into big-box stores with lower prices and without the [[Overhead (business)|overhead]] of traditional malls (i.e., long enclosed corridors).<ref name="Rybczynski">{{cite journal |last1=Rybczynski |first1=Witold |author1-link=Witold Rybczynski |title=The New Downtowns |journal=The Atlantic Monthly |volume=271 |issue=5 |pages=98–106 |date=May 1993|url=https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/archives/1993/05/271-5/132641481.pdf}} Available via [[ProQuest]].</ref><ref name="Neuborne">{{cite news |last1=Neuborne |first1=Ellen |title=Power centers muscle in: Stores siphon shoppers from regional malls |work=USA Today |date=June 13, 1995 |page=1B}} Available via [[ProQuest]].</ref><ref name="Laird_Page_69">{{cite book |last1=Laird |first1=Gordon |title=The Price of a Bargain: The Quest for Cheap and the Death of Globalization |date=2009 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |location=Toronto |isbn=9781551993287 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnuwJkSQgpsC&pg=PA69 |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="Donnellan_Page_63">{{cite book |last1=Donnellan |first1=John |title=Merchandise Buying and Management |date=2014 |publisher=Fairchild Books |location=New York |isbn=9781609014902 |page=63 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTQfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |access-date=February 27, 2023}}</ref> Another issue was that the growth-crazed American commercial real estate industry had simply built too many nice places to shop—far more than could be reasonably justified by the actual growth of the American population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010.<ref name="Donnellan_Page_64">{{cite book |last1=Donnellan |first1=John |title=Merchandise Buying and Management |date=2014 |publisher=Fairchild Books |location=New York |isbn=9781609014902 |page=64 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTQfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |access-date=February 27, 2023}}</ref> Thus, the number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century. The economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as revealed by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|last=Schwartz|first=Nelson D.|date=3 January 2015|title=The Economics (and Nostalgia) of Dead Malls|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/business/the-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html?_r=0|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023043923/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/business/the-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html?_r=0|archive-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed".<ref name="nytimes.com" /> By the time shopping mall operator [[Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield]] decided to exit the American market in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe).<ref name="Pimentel">{{cite news |last1=Pimentel |first1=Joseph |title=Owner of Westfield malls plans to sell all of their U.S. shopping centers |url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/orange-county/business/2022/04/11/owners-of-westfield-shopping-malls-plan-to-sell-their-nationwide-portfolio |access-date=March 3, 2023 |work=Spectrum News 1 |date=April 11, 2022}}</ref> In 2019, [[The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards]] opened as an upscale mall in New York City with "a '[[Fifth Avenue]]' mix of shops", such as [[H&M]], [[Zara (retailer)|Zara]], and [[Sephora]] below them. This is one the first two malls built recently, along with [[American Dream Meadowlands|American Dream]] in which both opened in 2019 since [[City Creek Center]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-04 |title=Tracking the biggest buildings taking shape at Hudson Yards |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/4/4/17115600/hudson-yards-nyc-guide-buildings-apartments-map |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Curbed NY |first1=Ameena |last1=Walker |first2=Amy |last2=Plitt}}</ref> Online shopping has also emerged as a major competitor to shopping malls. In the [[United States]], online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|last=Pleven|first=Liam|date=24 November 2015|title=Shrinking U.S. Shopping Malls Get Makeovers|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shrinking-u-s-shopping-malls-get-makeovers-1448361001|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=30 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130004452/http://www.wsj.com/articles/shrinking-u-s-shopping-malls-get-makeovers-1448361001|archive-date=30 November 2015|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 February 2013|title=Online Sales Threat to American Malls|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1659b142-6cba-11e2-b73a-00144feab49a.html#axzz2M6bS68KE|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706065720/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1659b142-6cba-11e2-b73a-00144feab49a.html#axzz2M6bS68KE|archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes.<ref name="EvansWSJ">{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Peter|date=20 February 2013|title=Malls' New Spin on Leisure|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323764804578314080552761430|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815123029/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323764804578314080552761430|archive-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> In the United States, the 600,000 square foot [[Highland Mall]] will be a campus for [[Austin Community College District|Austin Community College]].<ref name=":0" /> In [[France]], the So Ouest mall outside of [[Paris]] was designed to resemble elegant, [[Louis XV]]-style apartments and includes {{convert|17,000|m2}} of green space.<ref>{{cite journal|date=18 October 2012|title=So Ouest lance l'offensive anti-e-shopping|newspaper=[[Challenges (magazine)|Challenges]]}}</ref> The Australian mall company [[Westfield Group|Westfield]] launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1&nbsp;million products.<ref name="Review">{{cite news|date=19 November 2013|title=Westfield launches new 'online mall' with 100,000 products|work=[[The Australian Financial Review]]|url=http://www.afr.com/real-estate/commercial/westfield-launches-new-online-mall-with-100000-products-20131118-iyu9w|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914021903/http://www.afr.com/real-estate/commercial/westfield-launches-new-online-mall-with-100000-products-20131118-iyu9w|archive-date=14 September 2015}}</ref> The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] also significantly impacted the retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 May 2020|title=Playbook to Safely Reopen Shopping Malls|url=https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/05/26/playbook-safely-reopen-shopping-malls/|access-date=2 June 2020|publisher=Aislelabs}}</ref> ==Design== [[File:Mall of America-2005-05-29.jpg|thumb|Indoor amusement park at the center of the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]], the largest shopping mall in the United States]] [[File:ISQUARE 201006.jpg|thumb|upright|The 31 story [[ISQUARE]] vertical mall]] ===Vertical malls=== High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by [[elevator]]s and/or [[escalator]]s (usually both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards.<ref name="reach">{{cite news|last=Chung|first=Danny|date=9 December 2005|title=Reach for the sky|work=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=48&art_id=27468&sid=5779401&con_type=1&d_str=20051209&sear_year=2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084654/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=48&art_id=27468&sid=5779401&con_type=1&d_str=20051209&sear_year=2005|archive-date=2 January 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of [[Marshall Field & Co.]] The [[Water Tower Place]] skyscraper in [[Chicago]], Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the [[Magnificent Mile]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such as [[Times Square, Hong Kong|Times Square]], [[Dragon Centre]], [[Apm (Hong Kong)|Apm]], [[Langham Place (Hong Kong)|Langham Place]],<ref name="reach" /> [[ISQUARE]], [[Hysan Place]] and [[The One (shopping centre)|The One]]. A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historic buildings or significant [[archeology]]. The [[Darwin Shopping Centre]] and associated malls in [[Shrewsbury]], UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls;<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.discovershropshire.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/CCS:MSA807| title=Discovering Shropshire's History: Shrewsbury Town Walls| publisher=Discovershropshire.org.uk| date=26 October 1987| access-date=1 August 2011| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720001058/http://www.discovershropshire.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/CCS:MSA807| archive-date=20 July 2011| df=mdy-all}}</ref> consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically&nbsp;– two locations horizontally&nbsp;– connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former [[McDonald's]], split into four stories with multiple [[mezzanine (architecture)|mezzanines]] which featured medieval castle vaults&nbsp;– complete with [[arrowslit]]s&nbsp;– in the basement dining rooms. ==Components== ===Food court=== {{Main|Food court}} A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of [[fast food]] vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area. ===Department stores=== {{Main|Department store|Anchor store}} When the shopping mall format was developed by [[Victor Gruen]] in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor store or draw tenant. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} ==Regional differences== [[File:Express avenue chennai.jpg|thumb|Express Avenue Chennai, [[India]]]] [[File:Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg|thumb|Shopping arcade in [[Tokyo|Tokyo, Japan]]]] ===''Mall'' versus ''shopping center/centre''=== ''Shopping mall'' is a term used predominantly in [[North America]] and some other countries that follow U.S. usage ([[India]],<ref name=sarkar/> [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]],<ref name=uae1/> etc.) and others ([[Australia]],<ref name=australia/> etc.) follow U.K. usage. In the United States, [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]], and India, the term ''shopping mall'' is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply ''mall''), while ''shopping center/centre'' usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face major traffic arterials, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighbourhoods.<ref name="Urban Geography: A Global Perspective">''Urban Geography: A Global Perspective'' Michael Pacione, (Routledge, Informa UK Ltd. 2001) {{ISBN|978-0-415-19195-1}}.</ref> Outside of North America, "shopping precinct" and "shopping [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]]" are also used. In [[Canada]], "shopping centre" is often used officially (as in [[Square One Shopping Centre]]), but conversationally, "mall" is mostly used. ===Europe=== There are a reported 222 malls in [[Europe]]. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$12.47&nbsp;billion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title = Investors Find Bargains at Europe's Outlet Malls|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/investors-find-bargains-at-europes-outlet-malls-1448997002|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|access-date = 3 December 2015|issn = 0099-9660|first = Theresa|last = Agovino|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151203041540/http://www.wsj.com/articles/investors-find-bargains-at-europes-outlet-malls-1448997002|archive-date = 3 December 2015|df = mdy-all}}</ref> This represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year.<ref name=":1" /> ====U.K. and Ireland==== In the [[United Kingdom]] and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as ''[[Shopping center|shopping centres]]''. ''Mall'' primarily refers to either a shopping mall&nbsp;– a place where a collection of [[Retailing#Shops and Stores|shops]] all adjoin a pedestrian area&nbsp;– or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic. The majority of British enclosed shopping centres, the equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include [[West Quay]] in [[Southampton]]; [[Manchester Arndale]]; [[Birmingham Bull Ring|Bullring Birmingham]]; [[Liverpool One]]; [[Trinity Leeds]]; Buchanan Galleries in [[Glasgow]]; [[St James Quarter]] in [[Edinburgh]]; and [[Eldon Square Shopping Centre|Eldon Square]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. In addition to the inner city shopping centres, large UK [[conurbation]]s will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as the [[MetroCentre (shopping centre)|Metrocentre]] in [[Gateshead]]; [[Meadowhall Centre]], [[Sheffield]] serving [[South Yorkshire]]; the [[Trafford Centre]] in [[Greater Manchester]]; [[White Rose Centre]] in [[Leeds]]; the [[Merry Hill Shopping Centre|Merry Hill Centre]] near [[Dudley]]; and [[Bluewater (shopping centre)|Bluewater]] in [[Kent]]. These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on [[retail park]]s, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/post/news/tm_method=full&objectid=14600178&siteid=50002-name_page.html|title=ICnetwork.co.uk|publisher=Icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk|date=4 September 2003|access-date=1 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211172210/http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/post/news/tm_method%3Dfull%26objectid%3D14600178%26siteid%3D50002-name_page.html|archive-date=11 February 2009}}</ref> [[Westfield London]] ([[White City, London|White City]]) is the largest shopping centre in Europe.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} ====Russia==== In [[Economy of Russia|Russia]], on the other hand, {{as of|2013|lc=y}} a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the [[MEGA Family Shopping Centre|MEGA malls]] such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near [[Moscow]]. In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class.<ref name=NYT010113>{{cite news| title=Malls Blossom in Russia, With a Middle Class| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/business/global/with-a-mall-boom-in-russia-property-investors-go-shopping.html| access-date=2 January 2013| newspaper=The New York Times| date=1 January 2013| first=Andrew E.| last=Kramer| quote=I feel like I'm in Disneyland| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102034642/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/business/global/with-a-mall-boom-in-russia-property-investors-go-shopping.html| archive-date=2 January 2013| df=mdy-all}}</ref> ==Management and legal issues== ===Shopping property management firms=== A shopping [[property management]] firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, [[Mills Corporation]] puts "Mills" in most of its mall names and [[SM Prime Holdings]] of the [[Philippines]] puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, [[The Mall Fund]] changes the name of any center it buys to ''"The Mall (location)"'', using its pink-M logo; when it sells a mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as [[the Ashley Centre]] in [[Epsom]].<ref>{{cite news| author=This is Surrey| url=http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Moka-Ashley-Centre-Epsom/story-12667682-detail/story.html| title=Moka, Ashley Centre, Epsom| work=Surrey Mirror| date=22 May 2009| access-date=21 October 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719212115/http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Moka-Ashley-Centre-Epsom/story-12667682-detail/story.html| archive-date=19 July 2013| df=mdy-all}}</ref> Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, [[intu Properties]] renamed many of its centres to ''"intu (name/location)"'' (such as [[intu Lakeside]]); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance [[The Glades (Bromley)|The Glades in Bromley]]). ===Legal issues=== One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional [[main street]]s or [[high street]]s. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private [[security guard]]s, over [[central business district]]s (CBD) or [[downtown]]s, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited [[police]] coverage.<ref name=ODonahue>{{cite book| first=Tony| last=O'Donahue| title=The Tale of a City: Re-Engineering the Urban Environment| location=Toronto| publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.| date=1 May 2005| page=[https://archive.org/details/taleofcityreengi0000odon/page/43 43]| url=https://archive.org/details/taleofcityreengi0000odon/page/43| url-access=registration| isbn=978-1550025569| df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=Frieden>{{cite book| first1=Bernard J.| last1=Frieden| first2=Lynne B.| last2=Sagalyn| title=Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities| location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]| publisher=[[MIT Press]]| year=1989| page=233| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRntFdOk8ewC&pg=PA233| isbn= 978-0262560597| access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> In response, a few jurisdictions, notably [[California]], have expanded the right of [[freedom of speech]] to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls.<ref name="Rybczynski" /><ref name="Judd">{{cite web |last=Judd |first=Dennis R. |year=1991 |title=The Rise of the New Walled Cities |publisher=Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, [[Cleveland State University]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUrYAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Rise+of+the+New+Walled+Cities}}</ref> The Supreme Court decision ''[[Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins]]'' was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of a free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students. ==World's largest malls== This is a list of the world's largest [[shopping malls]] based on their [[gross leasable area]] (GLA), with a GLA of at least {{convert|250,000|m2|abbr=on|}}. <!-- Shopping malls with a gross leasable area of below 250,000 m² are not included in this list. --> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Rank ! style="width:15%;"| Mall ! style="width:12.5%;"| Country ! style="width:12.5%;"| City (metropolitan area) ! style="width:5%;"| Year opened ! style="width:15%;" data-sort-type="number"| Gross leasable<br>area (GLA) ! style="width:5%;" data-sort-type="number"| Shops ! style="width:35%;" class="unsortable"| Remarks |- style="height: 3.5em;" |1 |[[Iran Mall]] |Iran |[[Tehran]] |2018 |{{convert|1950000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-01|title=15 Biggest Malls In The World {{!}} 2022 Edition|url=https://www.rankred.com/biggest-malls-in-the-world-2/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=RankRed|language=en-US}}</ref> |2,500+ |Largest mall in Iran |- |2 |[[IOI City Mall]] |Malaysia |[[Putrajaya]] |2014 |{{convert|821000|m2|abbr=on}} |650+ |Largest mall in Malaysia |- |3 |[[Isfahan City Center]] |Iran |[[Isfahan]] |2012 |{{convert|776000|m2||abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Shopaholics Rejoice: The 12 Biggest Malls in the World|url=http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/shopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988/?singlepage=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829155356/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/shopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988/?singlepage=1|archive-date=29 August 2015|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-biggest-shopping-malls-in-the-world.html#h_1543454405491676010778754|title=15 Biggest Shopping Mall In The World|website=The World Atlas|date=2 October 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/|title=The Biggest Shopping Malls|website=Insiders Monkey|date=2 October 2023}}</ref> |700+ |Contains the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East at {{convert|776000|m2|abbr=on}}. Built in two phases in 2012 and 2019. |- style="height: 3.5em;" |4 |[[South China Mall]] |China |[[Dongguan]] |2005 |{{convert|659612|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fich">{{cite news|title=Emporis: February 7, 2012 – List of the Top 10 World's Largest Shopping Mall. |url=http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf |first=Naima |last=Fich |date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192553/http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name="insidermonkey">{{cite web | url = http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/ | title = 15 Biggest Malls in the World – Insider Monkey | author = Jevtic, Aleksandar | author-link = Aleksandar Jevtic | access-date = 4 December 2015 | date = 26 August 2015 | work = InsiderMonkey.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081916/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/ | archive-date = 2 December 2015 | url-status = live}}</ref> | 2,350 | Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty, with occupancy rates of only 10%.<ref name="insidermonkey" /> |- style="height: 3.5em;" |5 |[[SM Mall of Asia]] |Philippines |[[Pasay]] ([[Metro Manila]]) |2006 |{{convert|589891|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="SM Prime 2018" /> |3,500+ |The largest mall in the Philippines with IT parks, [[SM Mall of Asia Arena|MoA Arena]], hotels, an IKEA building,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://qz.com/2094169/ikea-opens-its-largest-store-and-first-in-the-philippines/ |title=Ikea is opening in a very different Philippines than it planned for |date=25 November 2021 |work=Quartz |first=Aurora |last=Almendral |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref> bay-area resorts, and amusement parks; a total [[land reclamation|reclamation]] of {{convert|1,047|hectare}} is anticipated upon completion |- | 6 |[[SM Supermall|SM Tianjin]] | China |[[Tianjin]] |2016 |{{convert|565000|m2|abbr=on|}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.sminvestments.com/sm-city-tianjin-sm-prime%E2%80%99s-7th-mall-china|title=SM City Tianjin: SM Prime's 7th mall in China {{!}} SM Investments|website=sminvestments.com|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208173254/http://www.sminvestments.com/sm-city-tianjin-sm-prime%E2%80%99s-7th-mall-china|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2016|title=SM Prime opens 7th mall in China|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/12/19/16/sm-prime-opens-7th-mall-in-china|access-date=27 November 2020|work=ABS-CBN News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=SM City Tianjin Opened In China|url=https://www.malls.com/news/news/sm-city-tianjin-opened-in-china.shtml|access-date=27 November 2020|website=Malls.Com|language=en-us}}</ref> |1,000+ | The largest SM mall outside of the Philippines |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 7 |[[Golden Resources Mall]] |China | [[Beijing]] | 2004 |{{convert|557419|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fich"/><ref name="insidermonkey"/> |750+ | |- style="height: 3.5em;" |8 | [[Central WestGate]] | Thailand |[[Nonthaburi Province|Nonthaburi]] ([[Bangkok metropolitan area|Bangkok Metropolitan Region]]) | 2015 |{{convert|550,278|m2|abbr=on}} |500+ |The gross floor area of the mall includes the floor area of the mall building with various shops which is 500,000 square meters and the floor area of the IKEA store which is 50,278 square meters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/AC/WestGate-mall-opens-to-major-crowds |title=WestGate mall opens to major crowds |publisher=Nikkei Inc. |date=30 August 2015 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133447/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/AC/WestGate-mall-opens-to-major-crowds |archive-date=15 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/1429042/ikea-building-se-asia-presence|title=Ikea building SE Asia presence |newspaper=Bangkok Post |date=16 March 2018|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref> |- style="height: 3.5em;" |9 |[[CentralWorld]] |Thailand |[[Bangkok]] |1989 |{{convert|550,000|m2|abbr=on|}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.hotels.com/go/thailand/centralworld|title=Central World}}</ref> |600 |Area of the full complex is {{convert|1024000|m2|abbr=on}} including two skyscrapers. |- style="height: 3.5em;" |10 |[[Iconsiam|ICONSIAM]] |Thailand |[[Bangkok]] | 2018 |{{convert|525000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pitsinee |first1=Jitpleecheep |title=Iconsiam adds retail area for keen investors |url=https://property.bangkokpost.com/news/907120/iconsiam-adds-retail-area-for-keen-investors |access-date=11 November 2018 |work=Bangkok Post |date=23 March 2016 }}</ref> |550+ | |- style="height: 3.5em;" |11 | [[Mall of America]] | United States | [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington, MN]] ([[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]]) | 1992 | {{convert|520257|m2|abbr=on|ft2}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Mall of American Fact Sheet 2016|url=https://www.mallofamerica.com/upload/FactSheets_2016.pdf|access-date=23 December 2020|website=Mall of America|publisher=mallofamerica.com}}</ref> | 520 | The ranking area does not include [[Nickelodeon Universe]], a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall with an area of {{convert|28000|m2|abbr=on}}; Largest mall in United States. |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 12 |[[1 Utama]] |Malaysia |[[Petaling Jaya]] |1995 |{{convert|519328|m2|abbr=on|}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.1utama.com.my/about-us/|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=1 Utama}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Ng|first=Shawn|date=26 Apr 2019|title=A mall that embraces change for growth|url=https://www.edgeprop.my/content/1517127/mall-embraces-change-growth|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=EdgeProp.my}}</ref> |503<ref name=":2" /> |The 2nd largest shopping mall in Malaysia. Built in three phases in 1995,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chai|first=Yee Hoong|date=4 Nov 2017|title=Keeping up with changing trends|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/keeping-changing-trends|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=The Edge Markets}}</ref> 2003<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ang|first=Elaine|date=22 Dec 2003|title=Shoppers' haven at 1 Utama|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2003/12/22/shoppers-haven-at-1-utama|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=The Star}}</ref> and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 Jan 2018|title=1 Utama opens phase one of 1 Utama E|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/1-utama-opens-phase-one-1-utama-e|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=The Edge Markets}}</ref> |- style="height: 3.5em;" |13 |[[SM City North EDSA]] |Philippines |[[Quezon City]] ([[Metro Manila]]) |1985 |{{convert|497,213|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" /><ref name="SM Prime 2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.smprime.com/sites/default/files/investor_relations/SEC%2017-A-2018.pdf|title=Securities and Exchange Commission SRC Form 17-A |publisher=SM Prime |date=31 December 2018|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/2015/12/15/sm-prime-plans-to-continue-developing-sm-north-edsa/ |title=SM Prime plans to continue developing SM North Edsa |newspaper=BusinessMirror |access-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820035647/http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/2015/12/15/sm-prime-plans-to-continue-developing-sm-north-edsa/ |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}</ref> |1,000+ |Formerly the largest mall in the Philippines (2008–2011, 201?–2014, and 2015–2021), until IKEA opened in SM Mall of Asia on November 25, 2021. |- style="height: 3.5em;" |14 |[[Global Harbor]] |China |[[Shanghai]] |2013 |{{convert|480000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="SM Investments Corporation">{{cite web |url=http://sminvestments.com/sm-prime-opens-mega-fashion-transforms-sm-megamall-philippines%E2%80%99-largest-mall |title=SM Prime opens the Mega Fashion; Transforms SM Megamall into the Philippines' Largest Mall |publisher=SM Investments Corporation |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311042728/http://www.sminvestments.com/sm-prime-opens-mega-fashion-transforms-sm-megamall-philippines%E2%80%99-largest-mall |archive-date=11 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Interaksyon">{{cite web |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |title=Biggest mall in Vis-Min, SM Seaside City Cebu, opens November 27 |publisher=Interaksyon |access-date=13 August 2016 |quote=SM said that the largest mall is SM Megamall at 474,000 square meters, followed by SM North EDSA at 470,000 square meters. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104070444/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |450+ | |- style="height: 3.5em;" |15 |[[SM Megamall]] |Philippines |[[Mandaluyong]] (Metro Manila) |1991 |{{convert|474000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="SM Prime 2018" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.inquirer.net/162009/h-megamall-now-phs-largest-mall |title=SM Megamall now PH's largest mall |work=Inquirer Business |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203032924/http://business.inquirer.net/162009/h-megamall-now-phs-largest-mall |archive-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SM Investments Corporation" /><ref name="Interaksyon" /> |1,000+ |Has the most cinema screens (14) in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/business/sm-megamall-undergoing-p1-5-b-expansion/ |title=SM Megamall undergoing P1.5 B expansion |work=Rappler |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927122334/http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/business/sm-megamall-undergoing-p1-5-b-expansion/ |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=ClickTheCity |url=https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/theaters/sm-megamall |title=SM MegaMall Cinema Movie Schedule – Mandaluyong, Metro Manila @ ClickTheCity Movies |publisher=Clickthecity.com |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903074936/https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/theaters/sm-megamall |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- style="height: 3.5em;" |16 |[[SM Seaside City Cebu]] |Philippines |[[Cebu City]] |2015 |{{convert|470,486|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |title=Biggest mall in Vis-Min, SM Seaside City Cebu, opens November 27 |work=Interaksyon |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104070444/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |700+ |Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila. |- |17 | [[Persian Gulf Complex]] | Iran | [[Shiraz]] | 2011 | {{convert|450000|m2||abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.setareh.co.ir/en-Us.htm |title=Setareh CO Officia Website |access-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172047/http://www.setareh.co.ir/en-Us.htm |archive-date=17 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orangesmile.com/extreme/en/greatest-shoppingmolls/persian-gulf-complex.htm |title=12 LARGEST SHOPPING CENTERS WORLDWIDE |access-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728131050/http://www.orangesmile.com/extreme/en/greatest-shoppingmolls/persian-gulf-complex.htm |archive-date=28 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/ |title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction |date=19 January 2017 |access-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728132552/http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/ |archive-date=28 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202 |title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction From Official Site |access-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827073026/http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202 |archive-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> |355<ref name="Persian Gulf Complex Introduction">{{Cite web|url=http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/ |title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction|date=19 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202 |title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction From Official Site |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2018-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827073026/http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Second largest shopping mall by number of stores after [[Iran Mall]].<ref name="Persian Gulf Complex Introduction" /> |- style="height: 3.5em;" |18 | [[The Avenues (Kuwait)|The Avenues Mall]] | Kuwait | [[Farwaniya Governorate|Al Rai]] | 2007 | {{convert|425000|m2|abbr=on}} | 1100+ <ref>{{cite web| title = About The Avenues Shopping Mall| url = https://www.the-avenues.com/kuwait/en/about| accessdate = 2022-12-16}}</ref> | |- style="height: 3.5em;" |19 (tie) |[[Sunway Pyramid]] |Malaysia |[[Subang Jaya]] |1997 |{{Convert|400000|m2|sqft|abbr=unit}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andy Ling|date=2017-05-28|title=Sunway Pyramid Shopping Mall|url=http://www.sunwayreit.com/sunway-pyramid-shopping-mall/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Sunway REIT|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004011501/https://www.sunwayreit.com/sunway-pyramid-shopping-mall/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |1000+ |Third largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind [[1 Utama]]. Built in three phases in 1997, 2007 and 2016. |- style="height: 3.5em;" |19 (tie) | [[New Century Global Center]] | China | [[Chengdu]] | 2013 | {{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}} | 2,300 | |- style="height: 3.5em;" |19 (tie) | [[Dream Mall]] | [[Taiwan]] | [[Kaohsiung]] | 2007 | {{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}} | 250 | Largest mall in [[Taiwan]]. |- style="height: 3.5em;" |19 (tie) | [[Siam Paragon]] | Thailand |[[Bangkok]] | 2005 | {{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" /> | 200+ | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-mall/siam-paragon.html|title=Siam Paragon|publisher=Bangkok.com|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704031104/http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-mall/siam-paragon.html|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="height: 3.5em;" |19 (tie) |[[Central Phuket]] |Thailand |[[Phuket]] |2004 |{{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>[https://phuket9.com/news/post/central-festival-phuket-new-building-construction "Central Festival Phuket – new building construction", Phuket9]</ref><ref>[https://www.centralpattana.co.th/en/our-properties/shopping-center/central-phuket/373/central-phuket-festival "Central Phuket Festival", Central Pattana site]</ref><ref>[https://www.thephuketnews.com/b20bn-central-phuket-to-open-sept-10-68251.php "B20bn Central Phuket to open Sept 10", ''The Phuket News'', 15 August 2018]</ref> |250+ |Major expansion ("Floresta" building) in 2018. |- style="height: 3.5em;" |19 (tie) |[[Festival Alabang]] |Philippines |[[Muntinlupa]] (Metro Manila) |1998 |{{convert|400,000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.filinvestland.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2017-FLI-Annual-Report-FA.compressed.pdf |title= Filinvest Land, Incorporated 2017 Annual Report |publisher= filinvestland.com |access-date= 31 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181024221159/http://www.filinvestland.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2017-FLI-Annual-Report-FA.compressed.pdf |archive-date= 24 October 2018 |url-status= dead }}</ref> |250+ | |- style="height: 3.5em;" |25 | [[Lotte World Mall]] | South Korea | [[Seoul]] | 2014 | {{convert|383470|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="cwglobalretailguide.com">{{Cite web |url=http://cwglobalretailguide.com/seoul/ |title=Seoul |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901135311/http://cwglobalretailguide.com/seoul/ |archive-date=1 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 200+ | Largest shopping mall in South Korea. |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 26 (tie) | [[Jamuna Future Park]] | Bangladesh | [[Dhaka]] | 2013 | {{convert|380000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name=tds>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-31523 |title=Asia's 'biggest' mall in Dhaka |date=10 April 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |location=[[Dhaka]] |access-date=26 September 2020 }}</ref> | 200<ref name="tds" /> | Largest shopping mall in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920110538/http://jamunafuturepark.com/content.php?q=features |url=http://jamunafuturepark.com/content.php?q=features |website=Jamuna Future Park |title=5th Floor Is Open Now |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2013 }}</ref> |- style="height: 3.5em;" |26 (tie) | [[Albrook Mall]] | Panama | [[Panama City]] | 2002 | {{convert|380000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" /> | 200+ | Second largest shopping mall in the Americas; the largest until 2013. |- style="height: 3.5em;" |28 | [[Mall Taman Anggrek|Mal Taman Anggrek]] | Indonesia | [[Jakarta]] | 1996 | {{convert|360000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="insidermonkey" /> | 150 | Hosts the world's largest LED display.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beritasatu.com/hiburan-features/64657-mal-taman-anggrek-cetak-rekor-the-world-largest-led-illuminated-facade.html|title=Mal Taman Anggrek Cetak Rekor "The World Largest LED Illuminated Facade"|access-date=5 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102223533/http://www.beritasatu.com/hiburan-features/64657-mal-taman-anggrek-cetak-rekor-the-world-largest-led-illuminated-facade.html|archive-date=2 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="height: 3.5em;" |29 (tie) | [[Fashion Island (Thailand)]] | Thailand | [[Bangkok]] | 1995 | {{convert|350000|m2|abbr=on}} | 150 | |- style="height: 3.5em;" |29 (tie) | [[West Edmonton Mall]] | Canada | [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]] | 1981 | {{convert|350000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2012|title=World's Largest Shopping Malls|url=http://nutmeg.easternct.edu/~pocock/MallsWorld.htm|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305041824/http://nutmeg.easternct.edu/~pocock/MallsWorld.htm|archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref> | 800+ | Largest shopping mall in Canada. The gross leasable area does not include [[Galaxyland]], a large indoor amusement park with an area of {{convert|70160|m2|abbr=on}}. |- style="height: 3.5em;" |29 (tie) | [[The Dubai Mall]] | United Arab Emirates | [[Dubai]] | 2008 | {{convert|350000|m2|abbr=on}} | 400+ |The second largest mall in the world by total land area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai Mall |url=http://www.thedubaimall.com |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307171609/http://www.thedubaimall.com/ |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zawya – The Dubai Mall |url=http://www.zawya.com/cm/profile.cfm/cid1003365 |access-date=6 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108114358/http://www.zawya.com/cm/profile.cfm/cid1003365 |archive-date=8 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum formally opens the Dubai Mall |url=http://www.thedubaimall.com/en/news/media-centre/news-section/his-highness-sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-formally-opens-the-dubai-mall.html |access-date=12 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515102312/http://www.thedubaimall.com/en/news/media-centre/news-section/his-highness-sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-formally-opens-the-dubai-mall.html |archive-date=15 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="height: 3.5em;" |32 (tie) | [[Big City (shopping mall)|Big City]] | Taiwan | [[Hsinchu]] | 2012 | {{convert|340000|m2|abbr=on}} | 300 | |- style="height: 3.5em;" |32 (tie) | [[Lucky One Mall]] | [[Pakistan]] | [[Karachi]] | 2017 | {{convert|340000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pakpedia.pk/lucky-one-mall |title=Lucky One Mall |website=Pakpedia |date=1 February 2018 |first=Zaid |last=Ijaz |access-date=28 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pakiholic.com/photos-facts-lucky-one-mall/|title=21 Amazing Photos and Facts About Lucky One Mall Karachi – The Biggest Shopping Mall in Pakistan|last=Khan|first=Haris|date=4 June 2017|website=Paki Holic|language=en-US|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> | 200+ | Largest mall in [[Pakistan]]. |- style="height: 3.5em;" |33 |[[Gandaria City]] |Indonesia |[[Jakarta]] |2010 |{{convert|336,279|m2|abbr=on|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justgola.com/a/gandaria-city-mall-3844488|title=Gandaria City Mall in Jakarta – Shopping in Jakarta, Indonesia – Justgola|website=Justgola|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073142/https://www.justgola.com/a/gandaria-city-mall-3844488|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> |250 | |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 34&nbsp;(tie) |[[Limketkai Center]] |Philippines |[[Cagayan de Oro]] |1992 |{{convert|320000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdopedia.com/cdo-places/trivia-cdo|title=Trivia: CDO Did You Know?|date=7 August 2012|website=CDOpedia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721102824/http://www.cdopedia.com/cdo-places/trivia-cdo|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cdodev.com/2012/11/06/limketkai-mall-biggest-in-mindanao/|title=Limketkai Mall – biggest in Mindanao|date=6 November 2012|work=CDO Dev|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073115/http://www.cdodev.com/2012/11/06/limketkai-mall-biggest-in-mindanao/|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | 250 | |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 34&nbsp;(tie) | [[Berjaya Times Square]] | Malaysia | [[Kuala Lumpur]] | 2003 | {{convert|320000|m2|abbr=on}} | 200+ | The largest shopping mall in [[Kuala Lumpur]] and 4th largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind [[IOI City Mall]], [[1 Utama]] and [[Sunway Pyramid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timessquarekl.com/aboutus.html|title=Berjaya Times Square info page|access-date=14 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207102017/http://www.timessquarekl.com/aboutus.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=7 February 2008}}</ref> |- style="height: 3.5em;" |36 |[[SM City Fairview]] |Philippines |[[Quezon City]] (Metro Manila) |1997 |{{convert|312749|m2|abbr=on}} |350 | |- style="height: 3.5em;" |37 |The Grand Central Mall |[[Pakistan]] |[[Faisalabad]] |Under-Construction |{{convert|310000|m2|abbr=on}} | |2nd-largest mall in [[Pakistan]] |- |38 |Galerija Belgrade |[[Serbia]] |[[Belgrade]] |2020 |{{convert|300000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerija Belgrade |url=https://www.galerijabelgrade.com/sr/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=www.galerijabelgrade.com}}</ref> | |Largest mall in [[Serbia]] |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 39 (tie) | Zhengjia Plaza (Grandview Mall) | China | [[Guangzhou]] | 2005 | {{convert|280000|m2|abbr=on}} | 180+{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} | |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 39 (tie) | [[Centro Mayor]] | Colombia | [[Bogotá|Bogota]] | 2010 | {{convert|280000|m2|abbr=on}}{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} | 250 | |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 39 (tie) |[[American Dream Meadowlands]] |United States |[[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford, NJ]] ([[New York metropolitan area|New York City area]]) |2019 |{{convert|3000000|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Holman|first=Jordyn|date=7 January 2020|title=American Dream Mall Bucks Retail Nightmare, Nears 90% Lease Rate|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-06/american-dream-mall-bucks-retail-nightmare-nears-90-lease-rate|access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> |200 |Includes [[Nickelodeon Universe#American Dream|Nickelodeon Universe]], [[DreamWorks Water Park]], and [[Big Snow American Dream]] |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 39 (tie) |Haikou International Duty Free City |China |[[Haikou, Hainan]] |2022 |{{convert|3000000|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Dao |date=2022-10-03 |title=World's largest duty-free shop to open in Haikou, China |url=https://daoinsights.com/news/worlds-largest-single-duty-free-shop-to-open-in-haikou-china/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Dao Insights |language=en-US}}</ref> | |Largest duty-free shopping mall in the world<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozario |first=Kevin |title=Hainan Has Another Duty-Free Mall—It Is The Biggest In The World |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinrozario/2022/10/29/hainan-has-another-duty-free-mall-it-is-the-biggest-in-the-world/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> |- style="height: 3.5em;" |43 |[[SM City Cebu]] |Philippines |[[Cebu City]] |1993 |{{convert|273,804|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="SM Prime 2018" /> |680 | |- style="height: 3.5em;" |44 |[[The Avenues, Bahrain]] |Bahrain |[[Bahrain Bay]] |2017 |{{convert|273000|m2|abbr=on}} | |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 45 (tie) |Sarath City Mall |India |[[Hyderabad]] |2019 |{{convert|270000|m2|abbr=on}}²<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/|title=Sarath City Capital Mall|website=www.sarathcitycapitalmall.com|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314144010/https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/|archive-date=14 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> |400+ |The biggest shopping mall in [[India]]. |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 45 (tie) |Medan Centre Point |Indonesia |[[Medan]] |2013 |{{convert|270000|m2|abbr=on}}²<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pti-architects.com/content.php?page=newsdetail&newsid=9|title=PTI Architects|website=www.pti-architects.com|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192920/https://www.pti-architects.com/content.php?page=newsdetail&newsid=9|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 45 (tie) | [[Mal Artha Gading]] | Indonesia | [[Jakarta]] | 2004 | {{convert|270000|m2|abbr=on}} |330<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arthagading.com/tenant/|title=Tenant List|website=MAl Artha Gading|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324094700/https://arthagading.com/tenant/|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref> | |- |- style="height: 3.5em;" |48 |[[Mall of Arabia (Jeddah)|Mall of Arabia]] |Saudi Arabia |[[Jeddah]] | 2010 |{{convert|261,000|m2|abbr=on|}} |187<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mallofarabia.com.eg/en/shop/list?cid=8|title=Shop List|website=Mall of Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324094659/http://www.mallofarabia.com.eg/en/shop/list%3Fcid%3D8|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref> | |- style="height: 3.5em;" |49 | [[King of Prussia (shopping mall)|King of Prussia]] | United States |[[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania|King of Prussia]] ([[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia metropolitan area]]) | 1963 | {{convert|259500|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |title=International Council of Shopping Centers |publisher=ICSC |access-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170359/http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> | 200+ |Originally built as two buildings, a 2016 renovation made it one continuous building, larger than Mall of America by {{convert|1300|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Council of Shopping Centers: King of Prussia Mall |url=http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021071037/http://icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=21 October 2007 |access-date=14 February 2008}} The Mall of America once again surpassed it when it built an addition to the mall that included a [[J.W. Marriot Hotel]]</ref> |- style="height: 3.5em;" |50 |Greenwich Mall |[[Russia]] |[[Yekaterinburg|Ekaterinburg]] |2006 |{{convert|258673|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Топ-20 самых больших торговых центров РФ|url=https://marketmedia.ru/media-content/top-10-samykh-bolshikh-torgovykh-tsentrov-rf/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=marketmedia.ru|language=ru}}</ref> |250 |the largest shopping center in Europe |- style="height: 3.5em;" |51 | [[T.S. Mall]] | Taiwan | [[Tainan]] | 2015 | {{convert|254000|m2|abbr=on}} | 200+ | |- style="height: 3.5em;" |52 |[[Tunjungan Plaza]] |Indonesia |[[Surabaya]] |1986 |{{convert|253187|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |author=Pakuwon Indonesia |url=http://www.pakuwon.com/property/property-portofolio/Surabaya/Tunjungan%20City%20/4 |title=Properties |publisher=Pakuwon.com |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722085549/http://pakuwon.com/property/property-portofolio/Surabaya/Tunjungan%20City%20/4 |archive-date=22 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |250 |The biggest mall in [[East Java]] |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 53 (tie) |[[Emporium Mall]] |[[Pakistan]] |[[Lahore]] |2016 |{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pakpedia.pk/emporium-mall-lahore |title=Emporium Mall Lahore |website=Pakpedia |date=24 April 2017 |author=Samrashabir |access-date=28 September 2020 }}</ref> |200+ |3rd largest mall in [[Pakistan]] |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 53 (tie) |[[Centro Sambil]] |Venezuela |[[Caracas]] |1998 |{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}} |300 | |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 53 (tie) | [[Aventura Mall]] | United States | [[Aventura, Florida|Aventura]] ([[Miami metropolitan area|Miami area]]) | 1983 | {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}} | 300+ | Largest shopping mall in Florida. |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 53 (tie) |[[Glorietta]] |Philippines |[[Makati]] (Metro Manila) |1991 |{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}} |300+ |Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt, both of which are owned by the [[Ayala Corporation]]. |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 53 (tie) |[[Greenbelt (Ayala Center)|Greenbelt]] |Philippines |[[Makati]] (Metro Manila) |1991 |{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}} |300+ |Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta, both of which are owned by the [[Ayala Corporation]]. |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 53 (tie) | [[South Coast Plaza]] | United States | [[Costa Mesa, California|Costa Mesa]] ([[Greater Los Angeles]]) | 1967 | {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icsc.org/cgi/dmmdisp?dispid=CA0440 |title=ICSC DMM Display |publisher=Icsc.org |access-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011213448/http://www.icsc.org/cgi/dmmdisp?dispid=CA0440 |archive-date=11 October 2012 }}</ref> | 286 | The largest shopping mall in [[California]] besides [[Del Amo Fashion Center|Del Amo]]. |- style="height: 3.5em;" | 53 (tie) | [[Centro Comercial Santafé]] | Colombia | [[Bogotá|Bogota]] | 2006 | {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}} | 150 | |} ===Combination retail and wholesale shopping malls=== Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! ! style="width:15%;"| Name ! style="width:12.5%;"| Country ! style="width:12.5%;"| City ! style="width:5%;"| Year opened ! style="width:15%;"| Gross leasable area ! style="width:5%;"| Shops ! style="width:35%;" class="unsortable"| Remarks |- style="height: 3.5em;" | |[[Yiwu market|Yiwu International luTrade City]] | China |[[Yiwu]] | 2002 |{{convert|5500000|m2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Guardian2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city|title=Welcome to Yiwu: China's testing ground for a multicultural city|last=Roxburgh|first=Helen|date=23 March 2017|work=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323111704/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> |75,000+ |Much of the retail area is divided into small booths, hence the disproportionately greater number of shops than other malls listed. |} ==See also== {{portal|Business|Companies}} * [[Arcade (architecture)#Shopping arcades|Arcade]] * [[Bazaar]] * [[List of largest shopping malls in the United States]] * [[Lists of shopping malls]] * [[Mall kiosk]] * [[Pedestrian zone]] * [[Retail#Types of retail outlets]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Hardwick, M. Jeffrey (2004). ''Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream''. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0812237625 Excerpt and text search]. * Howard, Vicki (2015). ''From Main Street to Mall: The Rise and Fall of the American Department Store''. * {{Cite news |last=Lange |first=Alexandra |date=15 February 2018 |title=Malls and the future of American retail: In a post-mall era, why are starchitects building more retail? |url=https://www.curbed.com/2018/2/15/17014230/malls-califonia-america-renzo-piano-victor-gruen |work=Curbed |access-date=3 March 2018}} * {{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Alexandra |year=2022 |title=Meet Me by the Fountain: An Inside History of the Mall |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781635576023 |oclc=1325579853}} * Ngo-Viet, Nam-Son (2002). [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160520220238/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_obFEwXFTooZDFjZjVmZDMtMjZlMy00NTBkLWEzMmQtNzI3Y2RhYTY0ZjAz/edit?pli=1 ''The Integration of the Suburban Shopping Center with its Surroundings: Redmond Town Center'']. PhD dissertation. University of Washington. * Scharoun, Lisa (2012). ''America at the Mall: The Cultural Role of a Retail Utopia''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ==External links== {{Commons category|Shopping malls}} * [http://www.icsc.org/ International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)] * [http://www.aia.org/rec_default American Institute of Architects Retail and Entertainment Committee Knowledge Community] {{Developments}} {{SE}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Shopping malls| ]] [[Category:Planned commercial developments]] [[Category:Retail buildings]] [[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]] [[Category:Lists of shopping malls| ]] [[Category:Lists of largest buildings and structures|Shopping malls]] [[Category:Economy-related lists of superlatives]] [[Category:1980s fads and trends]] [[Category:1990s fads and trends]] [[Category:Architecture records]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]'