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'{{Short description|Foundational theoretical text of Karl Marx}} {{Other uses}} {{Redirect|Capital (book)|other books|Capital (disambiguation)#Books{{!}}Capital § Books}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}} {{Infobox book | name = Das Kapital | image = Zentralbibliothek Zürich Das Kapital Marx 1867.jpg | alt = | caption = First edition title page of ''[[Das Kapital, Volume I|Volume I]]'' (1867). ''[[Das Kapital, Volume II|Volume II]]'' and ''[[Das Kapital, Volume III|Volume III]]'' were published in 1885 and 1894, respectively. | author = [[Karl Marx]] | audio_read_by = | title_orig = Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomie | orig_lang_code = de | translator = | country = Germany ([[North German Confederation]]) | language = German | subject = | published = 1867{{endash}}1894 | publisher = Verlag von Otto Meisner | publisher2 = | pub_date = | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = | awards = | native_wikisource = | wikisource = Das Kapital }} '''''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy''''' ({{lang-de|'''Das Kapital'''. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie|link=no}}), also known as '''''Capital''''', is a foundational theoretical text in [[Historical materialism|materialist philosophy]] and [[critique of political economy]] written by [[Karl Marx]], published as three volumes in 1867, 1885, and 1894. The culmination of his life's work, the text contains Marx's analysis of [[capitalism]], to which he sought to apply his theory of historical materialism "to lay bare the economic laws of modern society", following from [[Classical economics|classical political economists]] such as [[Adam Smith]], [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], [[David Ricardo]] and [[John Stuart Mill]]. The text's second and third volumes were completed from Marx's notes after his death and published by his colleague [[Friedrich Engels]]. {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} is the most cited book in the social sciences published before 1950.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Green|first1=Elliott|title=What are the most-cited publications in the social sciences (according to Google Scholar)?|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2016/05/12/what-are-the-most-cited-publications-in-the-social-sciences-according-to-google-scholar/|website=LSE Impact Blog|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|date=12 May 2016|access-date=14 November 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111653/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2016/05/12/what-are-the-most-cited-publications-in-the-social-sciences-according-to-google-scholar/|url-status=live}}</ref> Marx's theory of historical materialism posits that the [[Base and superstructure|economic structure of society]] – in particular, the [[Productive forces|forces]] and [[relations of production]] – are the crucial factors in shaping its nature. Rather than a simple description of capitalism as an [[economic model]], ''Das Kapital'' instead examines capitalism as a historical epoch and a [[mode of production]], and seeks to trace its origins, development, and decline. Marx argues that capitalism is a form of economic organization which has arisen and developed in a specific historical context, and which contains tendencies and contradictions which will inevitably lead to its decline and collapse. According to Marx, ''Das Kapital'' is also a [[Scientific socialism|scientific]] work based on research and reasoning, and containing a critique of both capitalism and [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] political economists who argue that capitalism is a harmonious, efficient and stable system. == Themes == In {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} (1867), Marx proposes that the motivating force of [[capitalism]] is in the [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of [[labour (economics)|labor]], whose unpaid work is the ultimate source of [[surplus value]]. The [[employer|owner of the means of production]] is able to claim the right to this surplus value because they are legally protected by the [[capitalist state|ruling regime]] through [[property rights]] and the legally established distribution of [[Share (finance)|shares]] which are by law distributed only to company owners and their board members. The historical section shows how these rights were acquired in the first place chiefly through plunder and conquest and the activity of the merchant and "middle-man". In producing [[Capital (economics)|capital]], the workers continually reproduce the economic conditions by which they labour. {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} proposes an explanation of the "laws of motion" of the capitalist economic system from its origins to its future by describing the dynamics of the accumulation of capital, the growth of [[wage labour]], the transformation of the workplace, the concentration of capital, commercial competition, the [[banking]] system, the [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|decline of the profit rate]], land-rents, ''et cetera''. The critique of the political economy of capitalism proposes: * Wage-labour is the basic "cell-form" (trade unit) of a capitalist society. Moreover, because commerce as a human activity implied no [[Ethics|morality]] beyond that required to buy and sell goods and services, the growth of the market system made discrete entities of the economic, the moral, and the legal spheres of human activity in society; hence, subjective [[moral value]] is separate from objective economic value. Subsequently, [[political economy]] (the just [[distribution of wealth]]) and "political arithmetic" (about taxes) were reorganized into three discrete fields of human activity, namely [[economics]], [[law]] and [[ethics]]—politics and economics were divorced. * "The economic formation of society [is] a process of natural history". Thus, it is possible for a [[Political economy|political economist]] to objectively study the scientific laws of capitalism, given that its expansion of the market system of commerce had [[Objectification|objectified]] human economic relations. The use of [[money]] (cash nexus) voided religious and political illusions about its [[Theory of value (economics)|economic value]] and replaced them with [[commodity fetishism]], the belief that an object (commodity) has inherent economic value. Because societal economic formation is a historical process, no one person could control or direct it, thereby creating a global complex of social connections among capitalists. The economic formation (individual commerce) of a society thus precedes the human administration of an economy (organised commerce). * The structural contradictions of a capitalist economy (German: ''gegensätzliche Bewegung)'' describe the contradictory movement originating from the two-fold character of labour and so the [[class struggle]] between [[Labour (economics)|labour]] and [[capitalism|capital]], the [[wage labour]]er and the [[Bourgeoisie|owner]] of the [[means of production]]. These capitalist economic contradictions operate "behind the backs" of the capitalists and the workers as a result of their activities and yet remain beyond their immediate [[perception]]s as men and women and as [[social class]]es.<ref>Marx, Karl. ''Capital: The Process of Capitalist Production''. 3d German edition (tr.). p. 53.</ref> * The economic crises ([[recession]], [[Depression (economics)|depression]], ''et cetera'') that are rooted in the contradictory character of the economic value of the commodity (cell-unit) of a capitalist society are the conditions that lead to [[Proletariat|proletarian]] [[revolution]]—which ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' (1848) collectively identified as a weapon forged by the capitalists which the working class "turned against the [[bourgeoisie]] itself". * In a capitalist economy, [[Technology|technological]] improvement and its consequent increased production augment the amount of [[Wealth|material wealth]] ([[use value]]) in society while simultaneously diminishing the [[Value (economics)|economic value]] of the same wealth, thereby [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|diminishing the rate of profit]]—a [[paradox]] characteristic of economic crisis in a capitalist economy. "Poverty in the midst of plenty" consequent to over-production and under-consumption. After two decades of economic study and preparatory work (especially regarding the theory of [[surplus value]]), the first volume appeared in 1867 as ''The Production Process of Capital''. After Marx's death in 1883, Engels introduced Volume II: ''The Circulation Process of Capital'' in 1885; and Volume III: ''The Overall Process of Capitalist Production'' in 1894 from manuscripts and the first volume. These three volumes are collectively known as {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}}. == Synopsis == === ''Capital, Volume I'' === {{Marxian critique of political economy sidebar}} ''[[Das Kapital, Volume I]]'' (1867) is a critical analysis of political economy, meant to reveal the contradictions of the [[Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]], how it was the precursor of the [[socialist mode of production]] and of the [[class struggle]] rooted in the capitalist social relations of production. The first of three volumes of {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} was published on 14 September 1867, dedicated to [[Wilhelm Wolff]] and was the sole volume published in Marx's lifetime.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |title=Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Oekonomie |publisher=Verlag von Otto Meissner |year=1867 |edition=1 |volume=1: Der Produktionsprozess des Kapitals |place=Hamburg |doi=10.3931/e-rara-25773}}</ref> === ''Capital, Volume II'' === ''[[Das Kapital, Volume II]]'', subtitled ''The Process of Circulation of Capital'', was prepared by Engels from notes left by Marx and published in 1885. It is divided into three parts: # The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Circuits # The Turnover of Capital # The [[Reproduction (economics)|Reproduction]] and Circulation of the Aggregate Social Capital. In ''Volume II'', the main ideas behind the marketplace are to be found, namely how value and surplus-value are realized. Its focuses aren't so much the worker and the industrialist (as in Volume I), but rather the money owner and money lender, the wholesale merchant, the trader and the entrepreneur or functioning capitalist. Moreover, workers appear in Volume II essentially as buyers of consumer goods and therefore as sellers of the [[Commodity (Marxism)|commodity]] [[labour power]], rather than producers of value and [[surplus-value]], although this latter quality established in Volume I remains the solid foundation on which the whole of the unfolding analysis is based. Marx wrote in a letter sent to Engels on 30 April 1868: "In Book 1 [...] we content ourselves with the assumption that if in the self-expansion process £100 becomes £110, the latter will find ''already in existence in the market'' the elements into which it will change once more. But now we investigate the conditions under which these elements are found at hand, namely the social intertwining of the different capitals, of the component parts of capital and of revenue (= s)".{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} This intertwining, conceived as a movement of commodities and of money, enabled Marx to work out at least the essential elements, if not the definitive form of a coherent theory of the trade cycle, based upon the inevitability of periodic disequilibrium between supply and demand under the [[Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]] ([[Ernest Mandel]], Intro to Volume II of ''Capital'', 1978). Part 3 is the point of departure for the topic of [[capital accumulation]] which was given its Marxist treatment later in detail by [[Rosa Luxemburg]], among others.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |title=Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Oekonomie; herausgegeben von Friedrich Engels |publisher=Verlag von Otto Meissner |year=1885 |edition=1 |volume=2: Der Zirkulationsprozess des Kapitals |place=Hamburg |doi=10.3931/e-rara-25620}}</ref> === ''Capital, Volume III'' === ''[[Das Kapital, Volume III]]'', subtitled ''The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole'', was prepared by Engels from notes left by Marx and published in 1894. It is divided into seven parts: #The conversion of Surplus Value into [[Profit (economics)|Profit]] and the rate of Surplus Value into the rate of Profit #Conversion of Profit into Average Profit #The Law of the [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall]] #Conversion of Commodity Capital and Money Capital into Commercial Capital and Money-Dealing Capital (Merchant's Capital) #Division of Profit Into Interest and Profit of Enterprise, Interest Bearing Capital. #Transformation of Surplus-Profit into Ground [[Economic rent|Rent]]. #Revenues and Their Sources The work is best known today{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} for Part 3 which in summary says that as the organic fixed capital requirements of production rise as a result of advancements in production generally, the [[rate of profit]] [[Tendency of the rate of profit to fall|tends to fall]]. This result which [[Orthodox Marxism|orthodox Marxists]] believe is a principal contradictory characteristic leading to an inevitable collapse of the capitalist order was held by Marx and Engels to—as a result of various contradictions in the capitalist [[mode of production]]—result in [[Crisis theory|crises]] whose resolution necessitates the emergence of an entirely new mode of production as the culmination of the same historical dialectic that led to the emergence of capitalism from prior forms.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |title=Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Oekonomie; herausgegeben von Friedrich Engels |publisher=Verlag von Otto Meissner |year=1894 |edition=1 |volume=3: Der Gesamtprozess der kapitalistischen Produktion |place=Hamburg |doi=10.3931/e-rara-25739}}</ref> The third volume is highly controversial, peculiarly the tenth chapter, as some economists feel like Marx contradicted himself with the [[Labor theory of value|Marxian fundamental value theory]] while trying to tackle the [[transformation problem]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Böhm-Bawerk |first=Eugen |title=Karl Marx and the Close of his System |year=1896 |isbn=978-1466347687 |pages=19 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |language=en |quote=The value [of labour] was declared to be 'the common factor which appears in the exchange relation of commodities' (i. 13). We were told, in the form and with the emphasis of a stringent syllogistic conclusion, allowing of no exception, that to set down two commodities as equivalents in exchange implied that 'a common factor of the same magnitude' existed in both, to which each of the two 'must be reducible' (i. 11). (...) And now in the third volume (...) that individual commodities do and must exchange with each other in a proportion different from that of the labour incorporated in them, and this not accidentally and temporarily, but of necessity and permanently. I cannot help myself; I see here no explanation and reconciliation of a contradiction, but the bare contradiction itself. Marx's third volume contradicts the first. The theory of the average rate of profit and of the prices of production cannot be reconciled with the theory of value. This is the impression which must, I believe, be received by every logical thinker. And it seems to have been very generally accepted. Loria, in his lively and picturesque style, states that he feels himself forced to the 'harsh but just judgment' that Marx 'instead of a solution has presented a mystification.'}}</ref> == Intellectual influences == The purpose of {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} (1867) was a scientific foundation for the politics of the modern [[labour movement]]. The analyses were meant "to bring a [[Political economy|science]], by criticism, to the point where it can be [[Dialectics|dialectically]] represented" and so "reveal the law of motion of modern society"{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} to describe how the [[Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]] was the precursor of the [[socialist mode of production]]. The argument is an analysis of the [[classical economics]] of [[Adam Smith]], [[David Ricardo]], [[John Stuart Mill]] and [[Benjamin Franklin]], drawing on the [[dialectic]]al method that [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|G. W. F. Hegel]] developed in ''[[Science of Logic]]'' and ''[[The Phenomenology of Spirit]]''. Other intellectual influences on ''Capital'' were the French socialists [[Charles Fourier]], [[Henri de Saint-Simon]], [[Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi]] and [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]. At university, Marx wrote a dissertation comparing the [[philosophy of nature]] in the works of the philosophers [[Democritus]] (circa 460–370 BC) and [[Epicurus]] (341–270 BC). The logical architecture of {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} is derived in part from the ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|Politics]]'' and the ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' by Aristotle, including the fundamental distinction between [[use value]] and [[exchange value]],<ref>Marx, Karl; Fowkes, Ben, trans. (1977). ''Capital''. Vol. 1. New York: Knopf Doubleday. p. 68, 253. f. 6. Marx credits Aristotle for being the "first to analyze [...] the form of value". In addition, he identifies the categories of use and exchange value with the Aristotlean distinction between the ''Oeconomic'' and the ''Chrematisitic''. In the ''Politics'', the former is defined as value in use while the latter is defined as a practice in which exchange value becomes an end unto itself.</ref> the [[syllogisms]] ([[C-M-C']] and [[M-C-M']]) for simple commodity circulation and the circulation of [[Value (economics)|value]] as [[capital (economics)|capital]].<ref>Meikle, Scott (1997). ''Aristotle's Economic Thought''. London: Clarendon Press.</ref><ref>McCarthy, George (1992). ''Marx and Aristotle: Nineteenth Century German Social Theory and Classical Antiquity''. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.</ref> Moreover, the description of [[machinery]] under capitalist relations of production as "self-acting [[automata]]" derives from Aristotle's speculations about inanimate instruments capable of obeying commands as the condition for the abolition of [[slavery]]. In the 19th century, Marx's research of the available politico-economic literature required twelve years, usually in the [[British Library]] in London.<ref>Marx, Karl; Fowkes, Ben, trans. (1977). ''Capital''. Vol. 1. New York: Knopf Doubleday. pp. 446.</ref> == ''Capital, Volume IV''<!--'Capital, Volume IV' redirects here-->== [[File:Marx - Theorien über den Mehrwert, 1956 - 5708926.tif|thumb|[[Karl Marx]], ''Theorien über den Mehrwert'', 1956]] [[File:Karl Kautsky 01.jpg|thumb|175px|[[Karl Kautsky]], editor of ''[[Theories of Surplus Value]]'']] At the time of his death (1883), Marx had prepared the manuscript for ''Das Kapital, Volume IV'', a critical history of theories of [[surplus value]] of his time, the 19th century, based on the earlier manuscript ''[[Theories of Surplus Value]]'' (1862–63). The philosopher [[Karl Kautsky]] (1854–1938) published a partial edition of Marx's surplus-value critique and later published a full, three-volume edition as ''Theorien über den Mehrwert'' (''[[Theories of Surplus Value]]'', 1905–1910). The first volume was published in English as ''A History of Economic Theories'' (1952).<ref>''Columbia Encyclopedia'' (1994). 5th Edition. p. 1707.</ref> == Translations == The first translated publication of {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} was in the [[Russian Empire]] in March 1872. It was the first foreign publication and the English edition appeared in 1887.<ref>Ostler, Nicholas (2005). ''Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World''. HarperCollins: London and New York.</ref> Despite [[Censorship in the Russian Empire|Russian censorship]] proscribing "the harmful doctrines of [[socialism]] and [[communism]]", the Russian censors considered {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} as a "strictly scientific work" of [[political economy]], the content of which did not apply to [[Absolute monarchy|monarchic]] Russia, where "capitalist [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]]" had never occurred and was officially dismissed, given "that very few people in [[Russian history, 1892–1917|Russia]] will read it, and even fewer will understand it". Nonetheless, Marx acknowledged that Russia was the country where {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} "was read and valued more than anywhere". For instance, the Russian edition was the fastest selling as 3,000 copies were sold in one year while the German edition took five years to sell 1,000, therefore the Russian translation sold fifteen times faster than the German original.<ref name="A People's Tragedy 1996 pg. 139">Figes, Orlando. ''A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924'' (1996). London. p. 139.</ref> The foreign editions of ''Capital. Critique of Political Economy'' (1867) by [[Karl Marx]] include a Russian translation by the [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary socialist]] [[Mikhail Bakunin]] (1814–1876). Marx revised, rewrote, and monitored a French translation, published in 44 installments from August 1872 through May 1875, and then as a single work with a printing of ten thousand copies, the largest up until then.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Originality of Marx's French Edition of Capital: An Historical Analysis – IMHO Journal |url=https://imhojournal.org/articles/the-originality-of-marxs-french-edition-of-capital-an-historical-analysis/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=imhojournal.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Eventually, Marx's work was translated into all major languages. The definitive critical edition of Marx's works, known as MEGA II (''[[Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe|Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe]]''), <ref>Bearbeitung des Bandes: [[Waltraud Falk]] (Leiter)''[[Karl Marx]]. Capital a critical analysis of capitalist production. London 1887''.</ref> includes {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} in German (only the first volume is in French) and shows all the versions and alterations made to the text as well as a very extensive apparatus of footnotes and cross-references. The first unabridged translation of Das Kapital to Bengali was done by professor [[Piyush Dasgupta]]. It was published in six volumes by Baniprakash, Kolkata, India between 1974 and 1983.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12517/page/n23/mode/2up 'ডাস ক্যাপিটাল']</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Chakraborty |editor1-first=Achin |editor2-last=Chakrabarty |editor2-first=Anjan |editor3-last=Dasgupta |editor3-first=Byasdeb |editor4-last=Sen |editor4-first=Samita |title='Capital' in the East: Reflections on Marx |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |location=Singapore |isbn=9789813294677 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sO4DwAAQBAJ&dq=capital+in+the+east+piyush+dasgupta&pg=PA33 |language=English}}</ref> In 2012, [[Red Quill Books]] released ''Capital: In Manga!'',<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://redquillbooks.com/portfolio-posts/capital-manga/|title=Capital: In Manga!|last=Yasko|first=Guy|publisher=[[Red Quill Books]]|year=2012|isbn=978-1-926958-19-4|access-date=25 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225150827/http://redquillbooks.com/portfolio-posts/capital-manga/|archive-date=25 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> a comic book version of Volume I which is an expanded English translation of the successful 2008 Japanese pocket version {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} known as ''[[Manga de Dokuha]]''.<ref>[http://www.japantoday.com/category/arts-culture/view/marxs-das-kapital-comic-finds-new-fans-in-japan "Marx's 'Das Kapital' comic finds new fans in Japan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006191051/http://www.japantoday.com/category/arts-culture/view/marxs-das-kapital-comic-finds-new-fans-in-japan |date=6 October 2014 }}. ''Japan Today''. 23 December 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2019.</ref> ===English Translations=== The English translation of volume 1 by [[Samuel Moore (translator of Das Kapital)|Samuel Moore]] and [[Eleanor Marx]]'s partner [[Edward Aveling]], overseen by Engels, was published in 1887 as ''Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production'' by [[William Swan Sonnenschein|Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey, & Co.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/marx-karl-1818-1883-capital-a-critical-analysis-5809013-details.aspx|title=Marx, Karl (1818–1883). ''Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production''. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey, & Co., 1887|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624040046/https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/marx-karl-1818-1883-capital-a-critical-analysis-5809013-details.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> This was reissued in the 1970s by [[Progress Publishers]] in Moscow, while a more recent English translation was made by Ben Fowkes and David Fernbach (the Penguin edition). == Reviews == In 2017, the historian [[Gareth Stedman Jones]] wrote in the Books and Arts section of the scientific journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'':<ref>Jones, Gareth Stedman Jones (27 July 2017). [https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v547/n7664/full/547401a.html "In retrospect: Das Kapital"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802102842/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v547/n7664/full/547401a.html |date=2 August 2017 }}. ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''. Vol. 547. pp. 401–402. Retrieved 30 July 2017.</ref> {{blockquote|What is extraordinary about {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} is that it offers a still-unrivalled picture of the dynamism of capitalism and its transformation of societies on a global scale. It firmly embedded concepts such as commodity and capital in the lexicon. And it highlights some of the vulnerabilities of capitalism, including its unsettling disruption of states and political systems. [...] If {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} has now emerged as one of the great landmarks of nineteenth-century thought, it is [because it connects] critical analysis of the economy of his time with its historical roots. In doing so, he inaugurated a debate about how best to reform or transform politics and social relations, which has gone on ever since.}}Positive reception also cited the soundness of the methodology used in producing the book, which is called immanent critique. This approach, which starts from simple category and gradually unfolds into complex categories, employed "internal" criticism that finds contradiction within and between categories while discovering aspects of reality that the categories cannot explain.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Marx's 'Das Kapital' For Beginners|last=Wayne|first=Michael|publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser|year=2012|isbn=9781934389638|location=Danbury, Connecticut}}</ref> This meant that Marx had to build his arguments on historical narratives and empirical evidence rather than the arbitrary application of his ideas in his evaluation of capitalism.<ref name=":0"/> On the other hand, {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}} has also received criticism. There are theorists who claimed that this text was unable to reconcile capitalist exploitation with prices dependent upon subjective wants in exchange relations.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Rationalist Critique of Deconstruction: Demystifying Poststructuralism and Derrida's Science of the "Non"|last=Brown|first=Morgan|publisher=The Culture & Anarchy Press|year=2017|isbn=9781365481901|pages=119}}</ref> Marxists generally reply that only [[socially necessary labor time]], that is, labor which is spent on commodities for which there is market-demand, can be considered productive labour and therefore exploited on Marx's account. There are also those who argued that Marx's so-called [[immiseration thesis]] is presumed to mean that the [[proletariat]] is absolutely immiserated.<ref>{{cite book|title=Blacks and Social Justice|last=Boxill|first=Bernard|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=1992|isbn=978-0847677573|location=Lanham, MD|pages=277}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sowell|first=Thomas|date=March 1960|title=Marx's "Increasing Misery" Doctrine|journal=The American Economic Review|volume=50|pages=111–120}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2019}} The existing scholarly consensus tends towards the opposite view that Marx believed that only relative immiseration would occur, that is, a fall in labor's share of output.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lapides|first=Kenneth|title=Marx's Wage Theory in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nxd8EyQlJQ0C&pg=PA257|isbn=9781587369742|date=December 2007|publisher=Author |access-date=31 May 2019|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731173422/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nxd8EyQlJQ0C&pg=PA257|url-status=live}}</ref> Marx himself frequently polemicized against the view "that the amount of real wages ... is a fixed amount."<ref>{{cite book|last=Marx|first=Karl|date=1865|title=Value, Price, and Profit|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1865/value-price-profit|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134248/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1865/value-price-profit/|url-status=live}}</ref> == See also == {{div col|colwidth=15}} * [[Accumulation by dispossession]] * [[Analytical Marxism]] * [[Étienne Balibar]] * [[Eduard Bernstein]] * [[G. A. Cohen]] * [[Capital accumulation]] * [[Cost of capital]] * [[Crisis theory]] * [[Culture of capitalism]] * [[History of theory of capitalism]] * [[Immiseration thesis]] * ''[[Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism]]'' * [[Krisis Groupe]] * [[Labor theory of value]] * [[Law of accumulation]] * [[Law of value]] * [[Vladimir Lenin]] * [[Marx's theory of alienation]] * [[Primitive accumulation of capital]] * [[Relations of production]] * [[Return on capital]] * [[Surplus labour]] * [[Valorisation]] * [[Value added]] {{div col end}} == Footnotes == {{reflist}} == Further reading == {{refbegin|33em}} * [[Althusser, Louis]]; [[Balibar, Étienne]] (2009). ''[[Reading Capital]]''. London: Verso. * [[Althusser, Louis]] (October 1969). [http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpalthusser11.htm "How to Read Marx's Capital"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326081810/http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpalthusser11.htm |date=26 March 2009 }}. ''[[Marxism Today]]''. pp.&nbsp;302–305. Originally appeared in French in ''[[L'Humanité]]'' on 21 April 1969. * [[Eugen Böhm von Bawerk]] (1896), ''[[Karl Marx and the Close of His System]]'' * [[Bottomore, Thomas]], ed. (1998). ''A Dictionary of Marxist Thought''. Oxford: Blackwell. * Euchner, Walter; [[Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)|Schmidt, Alfred]], eds. (1968). ''Kritik der politischen Ökonomie heute. 100 Jahre "Kapital"'' {{in lang|de}}. Frankfurt: Europäische Verlagsanstalt; Wien: Europa-Verlag. [http://d-nb.info/457299002 DNB 457299002]. * [[Ben Fine|Fine, Ben]] (2010). ''Marx's Capital.'' 5th ed. London: Pluto. * [[Harvey, David]] (2010). ''A Companion to Marx's Capital''. London: Verso. * [[Harvey, David]] (2006). ''The Limits of Capital''. London: Verso. * Lapides, Kenneth. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nxd8EyQlJQ0C&q=marx+immiseration+myth.&pg=PA257 "Marx's Wage Theory in Historical Perspective"]. * [[Ernest Mandel|Mandel, Ernest]]. ''Marxist Economic Theory''. Vols. 1 and 2. New York: Monthly Review Press. * [[Marx, Karl]]; [[David McLellan (political scientist)|McLellan, David]], ed. (2008). ''Capital: An Abridged Edition''. Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks. Abridged edition. {{ISBN|978-0-19-953570-5}}. * [[Michael Heinrich|Heinrich, Michael]] (2004, translation 2012) "[[An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital]]" translated by Alexander Locasio. Monthly Review Press. {{ISBN|1583672885}} * [[Moishe Postone|Postone, Moishe]] (1993). ''Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * [[Michio Morishima|Morishima, Michio]] (1973). ''Marx's Economics, a dual theory of worth and growth''. Cambridge university Press. * Variety Artworks (2012). [http://www.redquillbooks.com/Capital_Manga.html ''Capital: In Manga!''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027224809/http://www.redquillbooks.com/Capital_Manga.html |date=27 October 2012 }}. Ottawa: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120823013029/http://redquillbooks.com/Home_Page.html Red Quill Books]. {{ISBN|978-1-926958-19-4}}. * [[Harry Cleaver|Cleaver, Harry]] (1979) ''Reading Capital Politically''. University of Texas Press 1st ed., [[AK Press]] 2nd edition. {{ISBN|1902593294}} * [[Francis Wheen|Wheen, Francis]] (2006). ''Marx's Das Kapital—A Biography''. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-4394-5}}. * [[William Clare Roberts|Roberts, William Clare]] (2016). ''Marx's Inferno: The Political theory of Capital''. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|9780691172903}} {{refend}} == External links == {{Wikisource|Das Kapital}} {{Commons|Das Kapital|Das Kapital}} * [[Althusser, Louis]] (21 April 1969). [http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpalthusser11.htm "How to Read Marx's Capital"]. * [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm "Wage Labour and Capital"]. An earlier work by Marx that deals with many of the ideas later expanded in {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}}. * Engels, Friedrich (1867) [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/Engels_Synopsis_of_Capital.pdf "Synopsis of Capital"]. * [[Harvey, David]]. [http://davidharvey.org "Reading Marx's Capital"]. University open courses. * Liberation School. (2021). [https://liberationschool.org/reading-capital-with-comrades-podcast/ "Reading Capital with Comrades"] podcast class series * Ehrbar, Hans G. [http://content.csbs.utah.edu/~ehrbar/akmc.htm "Annotations, Explanations and Clarifications to Capital"]. It helps with understanding the early concepts. * Choonara, Joseph. [http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=11076 "Capital"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020028/http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=11076 |date=30 September 2007 }}. ''[[Socialist Worker]]''. First in a series of accessible columns on {{Lang|de|Das Kapital}}. * [https://www.polyluxmarx.de/home/en/home "PolyluxMarx—A ''Capital'' Workbook in Slides"] (covers Volume I of ''Das Capital'' in [[PowerPoint]] slides) {{in lang|de|en|es|sk|pt|ar}}. * Harvey, David (12 July 2018). [https://www.jacobinmag.com/2018/07/karl-marx-capital-david-harvey "Why Marx's Capital Still Matters"]. ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]''. Retrieved 24 April 2019. * [[Angelo Segrillo|Segrillo, Angelo]]. ''[http://lea.vitis.uspnet.usp.br/arquivos/angelosegrillobookcapitalabridged.pdf Karl Marx's Capital (Vols. 1, 2, 3) Abridged]''. São Paulo: FFLCH/USP, 2020. ; Online editions * ''Capital, Volume I'' (1867); published in Marx's lifetime: * ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/index.htm Capital Volume I: The Process of Production of Capital]'' from the [[Marxists Internet Archive]]. ** {{librivox book|dtitle=Capital, Volume I|stitle=Capital Vol 1|author=Karl Marx}}. ** ''[https://archive.org/details/capitalvol1 <!-- quote=capital marx. --> Capital, Volume I]'' 1974 [[Progress Publishers]] edition, downloadable [[PDF]] from the [[Internet Archive]]. * ''Capital, Volume II'' (1885); manuscript not completed by Marx before his death in 1883; subsequently edited and published, by friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels as the work of Marx: ** ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1885-c2/index.htm Capital Volume II: The Process of Circulation of Capital]'' from the [[Marxists Internet Archive]]. ** ''[https://archive.org/details/capitalvol2 <!-- quote=capital marx. --> Capital, Volume II]'' 1974 [[Progress Publishers]] edition, downloadable [[PDF]] from the [[Internet Archive]]. * ''Capital, Volume III'' (1894); manuscript not completed by Marx before his death in 1883; subsequently edited and published, by friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels as the work of Marx: ** ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/index.htm Capital Volume III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole]'' at the Marxists Internet Archive. ** ''[https://archive.org/details/capitalvol3 <!-- quote=capital marx. --> Capital, Volume III]'' 1974 [[Progress Publishers]] edition, downloadable [[PDF]] from the [[Internet Archive]]. * ''Capital, Volume IV'' (1905–1910); critical history of theories of surplus value; manuscript written by Marx; partial edition edited and published after Marx's death by Karl Kautsky as ''[[Theories of Surplus Value]]''; other editions published later: ** ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/theories-surplus-value/ Capital, Volume IV: Theories of Surplus Value]'' at Marxists Internet Archive. ** [https://archive.org/details/marxtsvpart1 Part I] [https://archive.org/details/marxtsvpart2 Part II] [https://archive.org/details/marxtsvpart3 Part III], 1975 [[Progress Publishers]] editions, downloadable [[PDF]] from the [[Internet Archive]]. ; Synopses *[http://davidharvey.org/reading-capital/ "Reading Marx's Capital"]. Series of video lectures by professor [[David Harvey (geographer)|David Harvey]]. * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/engelsonmarxscapital|title=On Marx's Capital|author=Friedrich Engels|year=1975|publisher=Progress Publishers}} Includes Engels' Synopsis of ''Capital''. * {{cite book|url=https://www.workersliberty.org/archive/karl-marxs-capital-abridged-otto-ruhle|title=Otto Ruhle's Abridgement of Karl Marx's Capital: A Critique of Political Economy|pages=48|publisher=Workers' Liberty}} {{Critique of political economy}}{{Marx/Engels|state=expanded}} {{Wealth|state=collapsed}} {{Portal bar|Books|Business|Communism|Money|Philosophy|Politics|Socialism|Society}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kapital, Das}} [[Category:1867 non-fiction books]] [[Category:1885 non-fiction books]] [[Category:1894 non-fiction books]] [[Category:Books critical of capitalism]] [[Category:Marxism]] [[Category:Political books]] [[Category:Unfinished books]] [[Category:Communist books]] [[Category:Books about capitalism]] [[Category:Books by Karl Marx]] [[Category:Books in political philosophy]] [[Category:1867 in economics]] [[Category:Books published posthumously]] [[Category:Historical materialism]] [[Category:Political textbooks]] [[Category:Critique of political economy]] [[Category:Books about socialism]]'