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{{Distinguish|Homesteading}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
[[File:Hultstrand61.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Norwegian settlers in [[North Dakota]], 1898]]
The '''Homestead Acts''' were several laws in the United States by which an applicant could acquire ownership of [[Federal lands|government land]] or the [[American frontier|public domain]], typically called a [[Homestead (buildings)|homestead]]. In all, more than {{convert|160|e6acre|e3km2 e3sqmi|abbr=unit}} of public land, or nearly 10 percent of the total area of the United States, was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders; most of the homesteads were west of the [[Mississippi River]].
An extension of the [[homestead principle]] in law, the Homestead Acts were an expression of the [[Free Soil]] policy of [[Northern United States|Northerners]] who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to [[Southern United States|Southern]] [[Slavery in the United States|slave owners]] who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor, thereby shutting out free white farmers.
For a number of years individual Congressmen put forward bills providing for homesteading,<ref>[https://archive.org/details/jstor-1834687 Some Political Aspects of Homestead Legislation by John Bell Sanborn]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RLZnSvkwzbIC&dq=Chapters+history+social+legislation+United+States&pg=PR13 Chapters in the History of Social Legislation in the United States to 1860 By Henry Walcott Farnam, 2000, P.138]</ref> but it wasn't until 1862 that the first homestead act was passed. The Homestead Act of 1862 opened up millions of acres. Any adult who had never taken up arms against the [[federal government of the United States]] could apply. Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible.
Several additional laws were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The [[Southern Homestead Act of 1866]] sought to address land ownership inequalities in the south during [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]]. It explicitly included Black Americans and encouraged them to participate, and, though rampant discrimination, systemic barriers, and bureaucratic inertia considerably slowed Black gains,<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Frymer |first=Paul |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vxm7rr |title=Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1vxm7rr |jstor=j.ctt1vxm7rr}}</ref> the 1866 law was part of the reason that within a generation after its passage, by 1900, one quarter of all Southern Black farmers were farm owners.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Melvin L. Oliver |author2=Thomas M. Shapiro |title=Black Wealth/white Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZUtb3FkddoC&pg=PA15 |year=1997 |pages=14–15 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-91847-3}}</ref>
The [[Timber Culture Act]] of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees—the tract could be added to an existing homestead claim and had no residency requirement. The [[Kinkaid Act|Kinkaid Amendment]] of 1904 granted a full section—{{convert|640|acres}}—to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska. An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862, the Enlarged Homestead Act, was passed in 1909 and doubled the allotted acreage from {{convert|160|to|320|acres}} in marginal areas. Another amended act, the national Stock-Raising Homestead Act, was passed in 1916 and granted {{convert|640|acres}} for ranching purposes.
== Background ==
Land-grant laws similar to the Homestead Acts had been proposed by northern [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republicans]] prior to Civil War but they had been repeatedly blocked in Congress by [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democrats]] who wanted western lands open for purchase by slave owners. The [[Homestead Act of 1860]] passed in Congress but was vetoed by President [[James Buchanan]], a Democrat. After the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861 (and their representatives had left Congress), the bill passed and was signed into law by President [[Abraham Lincoln]] (May 20, 1862).<ref name="nps homestead">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/home/faqs.htm |title=Homestead National Monument: Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=May 26, 2009}}</ref> [[Daniel Freeman (homesteader)|Daniel Freeman]] became the first person to file a claim under the new act.
Between 1862 and 1934, the federal government [[Privatization of public land (United States)|granted]] 1.6 million homesteads and distributed {{convert|270000000|acre|mi2}} of federal land for private ownership. This was a total of 10% of all land in the United States.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/ ''The Homestead Act of 1862'']; Archives.gov</ref> Homesteading was discontinued in 1976, except in Alaska, where it continued until 1986. About 40% of the applicants who started the process were able to complete it and obtain title to their homesteaded land after paying a small fee in cash.<ref>US Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/bynumbers.htm "Homesteading by the Numbers"], accessed February 5, 2010.</ref>
Homestead laws depleted [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] resources as much of the land they relied on was taken by the federal government and sold to settlers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-native-americans-battled-a-brutal-land-grab-by-an-expanding-america/2016/11/04/69dd7c00-8402-11e6-92c2-14b64f3d453f_story.html |title=How Native Americans battled a brutal land grab by an expanding America |first=Priyanka |last=Kumar |date=November 4, 2016 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>
== History ==
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2018}}
=== Preemption Act of 1841 ===
{{main|Preemption Act of 1841}}
The Preemption Act of 1841 allowed settlers to claim up to 160 acres of federal land for themselves and prevent its sale to others including large landowners or corporations; they paid only a low fixed price of $1.25 per acre ($3.09 per hectare). To qualify, a person had to be either 21 years old or a "head of household" (such as a parent or surviving sibling supporting a family), a citizen or an immigrant declaring to become a citizen, and a resident on that land for a minimum of 14 months. To get permanent title to the land, the person had to accomplish specific things, such as continue to reside on it or improve it for at least five years; they could not leave or abandon it for more than six months at a time.
=== Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 ===
{{main|Donation Land Claim Act}}
The Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the [[Oregon Territory]], then including the modern states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and parts of Wyoming. The Oregon Donation Land Claim Act was passed in 1850 and allowed white settlers to claim 320 acres or 640 to married couples between 1850 and 1855 when the act was repealed. Before it was repealed in 1855, the land was sold for $1.25 per acre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donation Land Claim Act, spur to American settlement of Oregon Territory, takes effect on September 27, 1850. |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9501 |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=www.historylink.org}}</ref> After the creation of the Oregon territory in 1848, the US government had passed the most generous land distribution bill in US history.
The Oregon Land Donation Act of 1850 had many negative effects on Indigenous people as well as Black people in the [[Pacific Northwest]]. Not only did the act use the land taken away from the Indigenous people in the Pacific Northwest, but the act also barred Black citizens from owning land and real estate. The act guaranteed land for White settlers and "half-breed" Indian men to the Oregon territory.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Coleman |author-first=Kenneth R. |date=2019 |title="We'll All Start Even": White Egalitarianism and the Oregon Donation Land Claim Act |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5403/oregonhistq.120.4.0414 |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=414 |doi=10.5403/oregonhistq.120.4.0414 |s2cid=214402016 |issn=0030-4727}}</ref> This act followed the passing of the 1848 territorial [[organic act]] which allowed any white settler to claim a maximum of six hundred and forty acres.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bergquist |first=James M |date=1957 |title=The Oregon Donation Act and the National Land Policy.}}</ref> The Land Donation Act, however, also acknowledged women's property rights due to Congress allowing the donation of four hundred acres to settlers—land that could be claimed by heads of households—including women.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Chused |author-first=Richard H. |date=1984 |title=The Oregon Donation Act of 1850 and Nineteenth Century Federal Married Women's Property Law |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743910 |journal=Law and History Review |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=44–78 |doi=10.2307/743910 |jstor=743910 |s2cid=146633518 |issn=0738-2480}}</ref> This act differed from the Homestead Act of 1866 due to the ineligibility of Black citizens from applying.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Frymer |author-first=Paul |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vxm7rr |title=Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1vxm7rr |jstor=j.ctt1vxm7rr}}</ref>
=== Homestead Act of 1862 ===
[[File:Freeman homestead-certificate.jpg|thumb|Certificate of homestead in Nebraska given under the Homestead Act, 1862]]
{{Wikisource|Homestead Act|Homestead Act (1862)}}
The "[[Yeoman|yeoman farmer]]" ideal of [[Jeffersonian democracy]] was still a powerful influence in American politics during the 1840–1850s, with many politicians believing a homestead act would help increase the number of "virtuous yeomen". The Free Soil Party of 1848–52, and the new Republican Party after 1854, demanded that the new lands opening up in the west be made available to independent farmers, rather than wealthy planters who would develop it with the use of slaves forcing the yeomen farmers onto [[marginal land]]s.<ref>[[Eric Foner]]; ''Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War''; 1970.</ref> Southern Democrats had continually fought (and defeated) previous homestead law proposals, as they feared free land would attract [[Europe]]an immigrants and poor Southern whites to the west.<ref>Charles C. Bolton; ''Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi''; 1993; p. 67.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Phillips|2000}}.{{page needed|date=January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McPherson|1998|p=193}}.</ref>
The intent of the Homestead Act of 1862<ref name="1862Act">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Homestead_Act |title=Homestead Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/abouthomesteadactlaw.htm |title=About the Homestead Act |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> was to reduce the cost of homesteading under the Preemption Act; after the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861, the Republicans and supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act signed by [[Abraham Lincoln]] on May 20, 1862, which went into effect on Jan. 1st, 1863.<ref name="mcpherson">{{harvnb|McPherson|1998|pp=450–451}}.</ref><ref>Hannah L. Anderson, 'That Settles It: The Debate and Consequences of the Homestead Act of 1862', The History Teacher 45.1 (2011), p. 101</ref> Its leading advocates were [[Andrew Johnson]]<ref>{{harvnb|Trefousse|1989|p=42}}.</ref> [[George Henry Evans]]<ref>{{harvnb|McElroy|2001|p=1}}.</ref> and [[Horace Greeley]].<ref>[http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Greeley.html "Horace Greeley"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217100524/http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Greeley.html |date=December 17, 2007 }}; Tulane University; August 13, 1999; retrieved 11-22-2007</ref> [[George Henry Evans]] famously coined the phrase "Vote Yourself a Farm" in a bid to garner support for the movement.<ref>Felix Rohayton, 'Five: The Homestead Act' in Bold Endeavours: How Our Government Built America, And Why It Must Rebuild Now (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009), p. 87</ref>
In addition to the previous requirement in the Preemption Act of being either 21 years old or the head of a family, the 1862 act also allowed for persons under 21 who had served in the regular or volunteer forces of the U.S. army or navy for at least 14 days during "the existence of an actual war domestic or foreign".
The new act also required that the person "has never borne arms against the United States Government or given aid and comfort to its enemies"; unlike the 1848 and 1850 laws, it did not have any provision mentioning race. The act insured adult U.S. citizens 160 acres of land from the government to "improve their plot by [[Agriculture|cultivating]] the land".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=Homestead Act (1862) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/homestead-act |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref>
The Homestead act expanded, rather than changed, the 1841 Preemption Act. The claimed homestead could include the same land which they had previously filed a preemption claim (on up to 160 acres at $1.25 per acre, or up to 80 acres of subdivided and surveyed land at $2.50 per acre), and they could expand their current ownership to contiguous adjacent land up to 160 acres total.
However, the homestead application must be "made for his or her exclusive use and benefit, and that said entry [onto public land] is made for the purpose of actual settlement and cultivation, and not either directly or indirectly for the use or benefit of any other person or persons whomsoever".<ref name="1862Act" /> The acquired land would not be liable for any debts incurred prior to the issuance of the patent for it.
The time requirement for residence or cultivation was set at 5 years; if it was proven "after due notice" that they moved residence or abandoned the land for more than six months at a time, then the land reverted to the government. A homesteader could also pay the $1.25 (or the current rate) per acre price after proof of the less-stringent requirements set in the Preemption Act.
After filing an affidavit with the government's agent, and paying him a $10 fee, the homesteader could begin occupying their claim. The government agent received the same fee for homestead land as he would have received if that land was sold for cash, 1/2 from the homesteader's filing fee and the other half from the patent (certificate) fee. The homesteader did not get a certificate or patent until they or their heirs filed, after 5 years (but before 7 years), further affidavits from two neighbors or "credible witnesses" and an additional $8 fee. Those affidavits affirmed the 5 years of residence or cultivation and that "no part of said land has been alienated [transferred or mortgaged], and that he [the homesteader] has borne true allegiance to the Government of the United States".
If both parents died and all the children were under 21, an executor under state law could sell (for the benefit of the children, and not the estate) an absolute title to the land within two years of the parent's death. The purchaser would pay office fees for a patent to the land.
=== Southern Homestead Act of 1866 ===
{{main|Southern Homestead Act of 1866}}
Enacted to allow poor [[tenant farmer]]s and [[sharecropper]]s in the [[American Southeast|South]] to become landowners in the [[Southern United States]] during [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]]. It was not very successful, as even the low prices and fees were often too much for the applicants to afford.<ref>Paul Wallace Gates, "Federal Land Policy in the South 1866-1888." ''Journal of Southern History'' (1940) 6#3 pp: 303-330. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192139 in JSTOR]</ref>
=== Timber Culture Act of 1873 ===
{{main|Timber Culture Act}}
The Timber Culture Act granted up to 160 acres of land to a homesteader who would plant at least 40 acres (revised to 10) of trees over a period of several years. This quarter-section could be added to an existing homestead claim, offering a total of 320 acres to a settler.
=== Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 ===
{{main|Kinkaid Act}}
Recognizing that the [[Sandhills (Nebraska)|Sandhills]] of north-central Nebraska required more than 160 acres for a claimant to support a family, Congress passed the Kinkaid Act, which granted larger homestead tracts, up to 640 acres, to homesteaders in Nebraska.
{{anchor|Forest Homestead Act of 1906}}
=== Forest Homestead Act of 1906 ===
This act allowed homesteads within [[Forest Reserves (United States)|Forest Reserves]] (created from 1891 on) and [[National forest (United States)|National Forests]] (from 1905? on), responding to opponents of the nation's Forest Reserves who felt land suited for agriculture was being withheld from private development. Homestead applications were reviewed by the [[U.S. Forest Service]] (created in 1905). While at first five years residency was required (per the 1862 Act), in 1913 this act was amended to allow proving up in just three years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead |title=Homestead |date=November 10, 2015 |publisher=[[Colorado Encyclopedia]] |access-date=June 15, 2021}}</ref>
=== Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 ===
Because by the early 1900s much of the prime low-lying [[Alluvial plain|alluvial land]] along rivers had been homesteaded, the ''Enlarged Homestead Act'' was passed in 1909. To enable [[dryland farming]], it increased the number of acres for a homestead to {{convert|320|acre|ha}} given to farmers who accepted more [[marginal lands]] (especially in the [[Great Plains]]), which could not be easily irrigated.<ref name="blm06">[http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/Minerals Realty and Resource Protection /bmps.Par.41235.File.dat/Split%20Estate%20Presentation%202006.pdf Split EstatePrivate Surface / Public Minerals: What Does it Mean to You?]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, a 2006 [[Bureau of Land Management]] presentation</ref>
A massive influx of these new farmers, combined with inappropriate cultivation techniques and misunderstanding of the ecology, led to immense land erosion and eventually the [[Dust Bowl]] of the 1930s.<ref>{{cite SSRN | last1=Libecap |first1=Gary D. |last2=Hansen |first2=Zeynep K. |title=U.S. Land Policy, Property Rights, and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s |language=en |date=September 1, 2001|ssrn=286699 }}</ref><ref name="dustbowl">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-drought/ |title=The American Experience: Drought |publisher=pbs.org |access-date=February 3, 2016}}</ref>
=== Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916 ===
{{main|Stock-Raising Homestead Act}}
In 1916, the ''Stock-Raising Homestead Act'' was passed for settlers seeking {{convert|640|acre}} of [[public land]] for [[ranch]]ing purposes.<ref name="blm06" />
=== Subsistence Homesteads provisions under the New Deal – 1930s ===
{{main|Subsistence Homesteads Division}}
[[File:Wonder Valley Homestead Cabin.jpeg|right|thumb|Typical STA "Jackrabbit" homestead cabin remains in [[Wonder Valley, California]]]]
Renewed interest in homesteading was brought about by U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s program of [[Subsistence Homesteads Division|Subsistence Homesteading]] implemented in the 1930s under the [[New Deal]].
==== Small Tracts Act ====
In 1938 Congress passed a law, called the Small Tract Act (STA) of 1938, by which it is possible for any citizen to obtain certain lands from the Federal Government for residence, recreation, or business purposes. These tracts may not usually be larger than 5 acres. A 5-acre tract would be one which is 660 feet long and 330 feet wide, or its equivalent. The property was to be improved with a building. Starting July 1955, improvement was required to be minimum of 400 sq. feet of space.<ref name="bellesi">{{cite web |url=https://publicland.org/plf-archives/35_archives/documents/doc_1306_bellesi.html |title=BLM and the Small Tract Act in the Southern California Desert – A Brief History |author=Lou Bellesi |access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref> 4,000 previously classified Small Tracts were offered at public auction at fair market value, circa 1958, by the Los Angeles Office of BLM.<ref name="bellesi" />
<!-- <nowiki><gallery mode=packed-hover>
Frank Sinatra Patent 1959.jpeg|Frank Sinatra's 1959 STA Land Patent
Wonder Valley Homestead Cabin.jpeg|STA “Jackrabbit” homestead cabin, Wonder Valley, California
Small Tracts Act Brochure - 1938.png|1938 BLM Brochure Cover, ''Small Tracts''
</gallery></nowiki> -->
<!-- ==Homesteading requirements==
The Homestead Acts had few qualifying requirements. A ''homesteader''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/homesteader |title=Homesteader |publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> had to be the head of the household or at least twenty-one years old. They had to live on the designated land, build a home, make improvements, and farm it for a minimum of five years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-homestead.html |title=American History; The Homestead Act – Creating Prosperity in America |publisher=Legends of America |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> The filing fee was eighteen dollars (or ten to temporarily hold a claim to the land).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/abouthomesteadactlaw.htm |title=About the Homestead Act |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> -->
== In practice ==
Settlers found land and filed their claims at the regional land office, usually in individual family units, although others formed closer-knit communities. Often, the homestead consisted of several buildings or structures besides the main house.
The Homestead Act of 1862 gave rise later to a new phenomenon, large [[Land run|land rushes]], such as the [[Land run#Oklahoma Land Runs|Oklahoma Land Runs]] of the 1880s and '90s.
== End of homesteading ==
[[File:Dugout home2.jpg|right|thumb|[[Dugout (shelter)|Dugout]] home from a homestead near [[Pie Town, New Mexico]], 1940]]
The [[Federal Land Policy and Management Act]] of 1976 ended homesteading;<ref name="florida">{{cite web |url=http://www.netside.net/~c3i/act.htm |title=The Florida Homestead Act of 1862 |year=2006 |access-date=November 22, 2007 |publisher=Florida Homestead Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109103320/http://www.netside.net/~c3i/act.htm |archive-date=January 9, 2008 |url-status=dead}} (paragraphs.3,6&13) (Includes data on the U.S. Homestead Act)</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3xliUQx6boC&q=end+homesteading&pg=PA21 |title=Arctic Homestead: The True Story of a Family's Survival and Courage.... |first=Norma |last=Cobb |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2000 |access-date=November 22, 2007 |isbn=978-0-312-28379-7 |pages=21}}</ref> by that time, federal government policy had shifted to retaining control of western public lands. The only exception to this new policy was in [[Alaska]], for which the law allowed homesteading until 1986.<ref name="florida" />
The last claim under this Act was made by Ken Deardorff for {{convert|80|acre|ha}} of land on the [[Stony River (Alaska)|Stony River]] in southwestern Alaska. He fulfilled all requirements of the homestead act in 1979 but did not receive his deed until May 1988. He is the last person to receive a title to land claimed under the Homestead Acts.<ref name="kenneth">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/lasthomesteader.htm |title=The Last Homesteader |publisher=National Park Service |year=2006 |access-date=November 22, 2007}}</ref>
== Issues and concerns ==
The Homestead Acts were sometimes abused, but historians continue to debate the extent.<ref>Richard Edwards, "Changing perceptions of homesteading as a policy of public domain disposal." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 29.3 (2009): 179-202 [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2228&context=greatplainsquarterly online].</ref><ref>Richard Edwards, Jacob K. Friefeld, and Rebecca S. Wingo, eds. ''Homesteading the Plains: Toward a New History'' (2017) p 13.</ref> In the 1950s and 1960s, historians [[Fred Shannon]], Roy Robbins, and [[Paul Wallace Gates]] emphasized fraudulent episodes, and historians largely turned away from the issue. In recent decades, however, the argument has mostly been that on the whole fraud was a relatively minor element and that strongly positive impacts regarding women and the family have only recently been appreciated.<ref>Richard Edwards, "Invited Essay: The New Learning about Homesteading." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 38.1 (2018): 1-23.</ref> Robert Higgs argues that the Homestead Act induced no long-term misallocation of resources.<ref>Robert Higgs, ''The Transformation of the American Economy, 1865–1914'' (1971), p. 92.</ref> In 1995, a random survey of 178 members of the [[Economic History Association]] found that 70 percent of economists and 84 percent of economic historians disagreed with the statement "Nineteenth-century U.S. land policy, which attempted to give away free land, probably represented a net drain on the productive capacity of the country."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Whaples |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Whaples |journal=[[The Journal of Economic History]] |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=139–154 |jstor=2123771 |title=Where is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions |date=March 1995 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700040602 |citeseerx=10.1.1.482.4975 |s2cid=145691938 |url=http://www.employees.csbsju.edu/jolson/econ315/whaples2123771.pdf}}</ref>
Some scholars{{who|date=June 2022}} believe the acreage limits were reasonable when the act was written but argue that no one understood the physical conditions of the plains.<ref name="Hansen" /> After a few generations, a family could build up a sizable estate.<ref name="Hansen">Hansen, Zeynep K., and Gary D. Libecap. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=460622 "Small Farms, Externalities, and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s"], ''Journal of Political Economy'', Volume: 112(3). – pp.665–94. – 21 November 2003</ref>
According to [[Hugh Nibley]], much of the rainforest west of [[Portland, Oregon]], was acquired by the [[Oregon Lumber Company]] by illegal claims under the Act.<ref>See Nibley, Hugh. ''Approaching Zion'' (The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol 9), p. 469. Nibley's grandfather, [[Charles W. Nibley]] made his fortune in Oregon lumber, among other resources.</ref>
== Related acts in other countries ==
=== Canada ===
Similar laws were passed in Canada:
The [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]] passed ''The Free Grants and Homestead Act'' in 1868,<ref>{{cite canlaw | short title=The Free Grants and Homestead Act of 1868 |abbr=S.O. |year=1868 |chapter=8 |link=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GiuAAAAMAAJ&lpg=PR1&pg=PA72}}</ref> which introduced a conditional scheme to an existing free grant plan previously authorized by the [[Province of Canada]] in ''The Public Lands Act'' of 1860.<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=The Public Lands Act of 1860 |abbr=S.C. |year=1860 |chapter=2 |link=https://archive.org/stream/statutesprovinc00canagoog#page/n12/mode/2up}}</ref> It was extended to include settlement in the [[Rainy River District]] under ''The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act, 1886'',<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act, 1886 |abbr=S.O. |year=1886 |chapter=7 |link=https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1886onta#page/22/mode/2up}}</ref> These Acts were consolidated in 1913 in ''The Public Lands Act'',<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=The Public Lands Act |abbr=S.O. |year=1913 |chapter=6 |part=II |link=https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1913onta#page/42/mode/2up}}</ref> which was further extended in 1948 to provide for free grants to former members of the [[Canadian Forces]].<ref>{{cite canlaw | short title =The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1948 |abbr=S.O. |year=1948 |chapter=72 |section=2 |link=https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1948onta#page/400/mode/2up}}</ref> The original free grant provisions for settlers were repealed in 1951,<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1951 |abbr=S.O. |year=1951 |chapter=71 |section=1 |link=https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1951onta#page/350/mode/2up}}</ref> and the remaining provisions were repealed in 1961.<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1960–61 |abbr=S.O. |year=1960-61 |chapter=71 |section=3 |link=https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprov196061onta#page/310/mode/2up}}</ref>
The [[Parliament of Canada]] passed the ''[[Dominion Lands Act]]'' in 1872 in order to encourage settlement in the [[Northwest Territories]]. Its application was restricted after the passage of the [[Natural Resources Acts]] in 1930, and it was finally repealed in 1950.
The [[Legislative Assembly of Quebec]] did not expand the scope of the 1860 Province of Canada Act (which modern day Quebec was part of in 1860), but did provide in 1868 that such lands were exempt from seizure, and chattels thereon were also exempt for the first ten years of occupation.<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=An Act to Encourage Settlers |abbr=S.Q. |year=1868 |chapter=20 |link=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4775905;view=1up;seq=105}}</ref> Later known as the ''Settlers Protection Act'',<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=Settlers Protection Act |abbr=L.R.Q. |year= |chapter=P-38 |link=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/documents/lr/P_38/P38_A.htm}}</ref> it was repealed in 1984.<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=Loi sur les terres publiques agricoles |abbr=L.Q. |year=1982 |chapter=13 |link=http://www.bibliotheque.assnat.qc.ca/DepotNumerique_v2/AffichageFichier.aspx?idf=94450}}{{in lang|fr}}</ref>
[[Newfoundland and Labrador]] provided for free grants of land upon proof of possession for twenty years prior to 1977, with continuous use for agricultural, business or residential purposes during that time.<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=Lands Act |abbr=S.N.L. |year=1991 |chapter=36 |section=36 |link=http://www.assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/statutes/l3691.htm#36_}}, discussed at {{cite web |title=Squatter's Rights |url=http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/lands/ownership/squatters.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515201605/http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/lands/ownership/squatters.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-15 |publisher=NL Department of Environment and Conservation}}</ref> Similar programs continued to operate in [[Alberta]] and [[British Columbia]] until 1970. In the early 21st century, some land is still being granted in the [[Yukon Territory]] under its Agricultural Lands Program.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tristin Hopper |title=Canada's Last Homesteaders: How Determined Pioneers Turn the Yukon's Wild Crown Land Into Successful Farms |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadas-last-homesteaders-how-determined-pioneers-turn-the-yukons-wild-crown-land-into-successful-farms |date=February 14, 2014 |newspaper=[[The National Post]] |access-date=March 27, 2022}}</ref>
=== New Zealand ===
Despite the 1840 [[Treaty of Waitangi]] provisions for sale of land, the [[Māori Land Court]] decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was 'waste land' and belonged to [[the Crown]] without purchase.<ref>{{cite web |title=1. – Land ownership – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-1 |website=www.teara.govt.nz |access-date=2016-01-13 |author=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga}}</ref> Most [[Provinces of New Zealand|provinces]] in [[Colony of New Zealand|colonial New Zealand]] had [[List of Statutes of New Zealand (1840–90)|Waste Lands Acts]] enacted between 1854 and 1877. The 1874 Waste Lands Act in [[Auckland Province]] used the term Homestead, with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board.<ref>{{cite web |title=Auckland Waste Lands Act 1874 (38 Victoriae 1874 No 16) |url=http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/awla187438v1874n16308/ |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=www.nzlii.org}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Provincial District of Auckland — The Land Act, 1877 {{!}} NZETC |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t5-body-d14.html |website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz |access-date=2016-01-13}}</ref> There was similar legislation in [[Westland Province|Westland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=3. – Land ownership – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-3 |website=www.teara.govt.nz |access-date=2016-01-13 |author=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga}}</ref> It gave up to {{Convert|75|acre|ha|abbr = on}}, with [[settler]]s just paying the cost of a survey. They had to live there for five years, build a house and cultivate a third of the land, if already open, or a fifth if [[The bush|bush]] had to be cleared.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crown Lands Guide {{!}} NZETC |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout64-t18-body-d51.html |website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz |access-date=2016-01-13}}</ref> The land was forfeited if they didn't clear enough bush.<ref name=":0" /> Further amendments were made in 1877, 1882 and 1885, adding details such as pastoral and perpetual leases and village and special settlements.<ref>{{cite web |last=Taonga |first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=Centralisation after 1870 |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-4 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=teara.govt.nz |language=en}}</ref> This contributed to rapid [[Deforestation in New Zealand|deforestation]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Pond |first=Wendy |date=May 1997 |title=The Land with All Woods and Waters |url=https://waitangitribunal.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/wt-theme-u-land-with-all-woods-and-waters.pdf |url-status=dead |website=WAITANGI TRIBUNAL |access-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813190537/https://waitangitribunal.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/wt-theme-u-land-with-all-woods-and-waters.pdf }}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
{{in popular culture|section|date=October 2018}}
* [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]]'s ''[[Little House on the Prairie]]'' series describes her father and family claiming a homestead in [[Kansas]], and later [[Dakota Territory]]. Wilder's daughter [[Rose Wilder Lane]] published a novel, ''[[Free Land (novel)|Free Land]]'', which describes the trials of homesteaders in what is now [[South Dakota]].
* [[Willa Cather]]'s novels ''[[O Pioneers!]]'' and ''[[My Ántonia]]'' feature families homesteading on the Great Plains.
* [[Oscar Micheaux]]'s novel ''The Homesteader: a Novel'' (1917) is a semi-autobiographical story of an [[African American]] homesteader in South Dakota shortly after the turn of the 20th century.
* The [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]] musical ''[[Oklahoma!]]'' is based in the [[Oklahoma land rush]].
* The 1962 [[Elvis Presley]] musical film ''[[Follow That Dream]]'', adapted from ''[[Pioneer, Go Home!]]'' (1959), features a family that homesteads in [[Florida]].
* The movie ''[[Far and Away]]'', starring [[Tom Cruise]] and [[Nicole Kidman]], centers on the main characters' struggle to "obtain their 160 acres."
* The miniseries [[Centennial (miniseries)|''Centennial'']] depicts the homestead development of an eastern Colorado town.
* The 1953 movie ''[[Shane (film)|Shane]]'' depicts some early homesteaders in Wyoming opposed by a cattle baron who abuses, threatens and terrorizes them, calling them "pig farmers," "sod-busters," "squatters" and other taunts and insults. When the rancher gets violent, the homesteaders are divided over whether to leave or to hold onto their claims. A drifter working on one of the homesteads reluctantly tries to take action.
* The 2016 film ''[[The Magnificent Seven (2016 film)|The Magnificent Seven]]'', loosely adapted from [[The Magnificent Seven|the 1960 film of the same name]], features Sam Chisolm, an African American [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshal]] raised on a homestead in [[Lincoln, Kansas]]. His family had been [[Lynching in the United States#Disenfranchisement|lynched]] in 1867 by former [[Confederate Army]] soldiers, hired by a [[robber baron (industrialist)|robber baron]] to drive off settlers and free up real estate on the [[American frontier]].
== See also ==
* [[Desert Land Act]]
* [[Homestead National Monument of America]]
* [[Land Act of 1804]]
* [[Forty acres and a mule]]
* [[Russian Homestead Act]]
* [[South 40]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.fff.org/freedom/0501e.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021107160515/http://www.fff.org/freedom/0501e.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 7, 2002 |title=The Free-Soil Movement, Part 1 |publisher=The Future of Freedom Foundation |first1=Wendy |last1=McElroy |year=2001 |access-date=November 22, 2007}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uuEA7xIUHUC&q=southern+opposition+homesteading&pg=PA194 |title=Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era |first1=James M. |last1=McPherson |author-link=James M. McPherson |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516895-2 |pages=193–195}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Sarah |title=Antebellum Agricultural Reform, Republican Ideology, and Sectional Tension |journal=Agricultural History |year=2000 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=799–822 |doi=10.1215/00021482-74.4.799 |s2cid=147839658 |issn=0002-1482 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Trefousse |first=Hans L. |title=Andrew Johnson: A Biography |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-393-31742-8 |publisher=Norton |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/andrewjohnson00hans}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Combs, H. Jason, Natasha Winfield, and Paul R. Burger. (2019) "Nebraska's Pioneer and Heritage Farms: A Geographical and Historical Perspective." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 39.1 (2019): 59–75.
* Dick, Everett. ''The Lure of the Land: A Social History of the Public Lands from the Articles of Confederation to the New Deal''. (1970).
* Edwards, Richard. (2009) "Changing perceptions of homesteading as a policy of public domain disposal." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 29.3 (2009): 179–202. [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2228&context=greatplainsquarterly online]
* Edwards, Richard. "Invited Essay: The New Learning about Homesteading." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 38.1 (2018): 1-23. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/687518/summary online]
* Edwards, Richard. "To Commute or Not Commute, the Homesteader's Dilemma." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 38.2 (2018): 129–150. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/694797/summary online]
* Edwards, Richard, Jacob K. Friefeld, and Rebecca S. Wingo. ''Homesteading the Plains: Toward a New History'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Homesteading-Plains-Toward-New-History/dp/1496213947/ excerpt]
* Gates, Paul Wallace. "The homestead law in an incongruous land system." ''American Historical Review'' 41.4 (1936): 652–681. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1842606 online]
* Gates, Paul Wallace. ''Free homesteads for all Americans: the Homestead act of 1862'' (1963) [https://books.google.com/books?id=46yA7VLBGRQC&q=homestead+abuse+fraud+1862 online].
* Hansen, Karen V., Grey Osterud, and Valerie Grim. "'Land Was One of the Greatest Gifts': Women's Landownership in Dakota Indian, Immigrant Scandinavian, and African American Communities." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 38.3 (2018): 251–272. [https://doi.org/10.1353/gpq.2018.0041 online]
* Hyman, Harold M. ''American Singularity: The 1787 Northwest Ordinance, the 1862 Homestead and Morrill Acts, and the 1944 G.I. Bill''. (1986) [https://books.google.com/books?id=7gDc3z17pPoC&dq=homestead+abuse+fraud+1862&pg=PP10 online]
* Lause, Mark A. ''Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community''. (2005)
* Patterson-Black, Sheryll. "Women homesteaders on the Great Plains frontier." ''Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies'' (1976): 67–88. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346070 in JSTOR]
* Richardson, Heather Cox. ''The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War''. (1997).
* Robbins, Roy M. ''Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776–1936''. (1942)[https://archive.org/details/ourlandedheritag0000robb online]
* Shanks, Trina R.W. "The Homestead Act: A major asset-building policy in American history." in {{cite book |last=Michael Sherraden |title=Inclusion in the American Dream:Assets, Poverty, and Public Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SUGVyYHQyYcC |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford UP |isbn=978-0-19-534709-8}} pp: 20–41.
* Smith, Sherry L. "Single women homesteaders: the perplexing case of [[Elinore Pruitt Stewart]]." ''Western Historical Quarterly'' (1991): 163–183. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/969204 in JSTOR], with additional citations
* Smith, Henry Nash. ''Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth''. (1959). [https://archive.org/details/virginlandameric0000smit online]
* Wilm, Julius. "'The Indians must yield': Antebellum Free Land, the Homestead Act, and the Displacement of Native Peoples." ''Bulletin of the German Historical Institute'' (Winter 2020): 17–39. [https://www.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/publications/Bulletin/bu67/17.pdf online]
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{EB9 Poster|Homestead}}
{{EB1911 poster|Homestead and Exemption Laws}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150413205616/http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/Law_Enforcement/nlcs/education__interpretation/homestead_graphics0.Par.57736.File.dat/Expanded%20Homestead%20Timeline%20final.pdf U.S. Bureau of Land Management Homesteading Timeline]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Homestead.html Homestead Act]. – [[Library of Congress]]
* [http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=31&page=transcript Text of 1862 Homestead Act]
* [http://www.nps.gov/home/index.htm Homestead National Monument of America]. – [[National Park Service]]
* [https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/index.html Homestead Act of 1862]. – [[National Archives and Records Administration]]
* [https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/homesteading/ Land Acquisition and Dispossession: Mapping the Homestead Act, 1863–1912] – interactive web map.
* [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/67hornbek/q.htm "Adeline Hornbek and the Homestead Act: A Colorado Success Story"]. – National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan. – [[National Park Service]]
* [http://content.lib.washington.edu/cmpweb/exhibits/homesteading/index.html Homesteaders and Pioneers on the Olympic Peninsula] – an exhibit from the University of Washington Library
{{Wild West}}
{{Andrew Johnson}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1862 in American law]]
[[Category:Economic history of the United States]]
[[Category:American frontier]]
[[Category:United States federal public land legislation]]
[[Category:1862 in American politics]]
[[Category:History of agriculture in the United States]]
[[Category:Settlement schemes in the United States]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'EAT UPPPPPPPPPPP SOME BADUSSYSYYYYS JYUYMYMYMY
The Oregon Land Donation Act of 1850 had many negative effects on Indigenous people as well as Black people in the [[Pacific Northwest]]. Not only did the act use the land taken away from the Indigenous people in the Pacific Northwest, but the act also barred Black citizens from owning land and real estate. The act guaranteed land for White settlers and "half-breed" Indian men to the Oregon territory.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Coleman |author-first=Kenneth R. |date=2019 |title="We'll All Start Even": White Egalitarianism and the Oregon Donation Land Claim Act |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5403/oregonhistq.120.4.0414 |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=414 |doi=10.5403/oregonhistq.120.4.0414 |s2cid=214402016 |issn=0030-4727}}</ref> This act followed the passing of the 1848 territorial [[organic act]] which allowed any white settler to claim a maximum of six hundred and forty acres.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bergquist |first=James M |date=1957 |title=The Oregon Donation Act and the National Land Policy.}}</ref> The Land Donation Act, however, also acknowledged women's property rights due to Congress allowing the donation of four hundred acres to settlers—land that could be claimed by heads of households—including women.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Chused |author-first=Richard H. |date=1984 |title=The Oregon Donation Act of 1850 and Nineteenth Century Federal Married Women's Property Law |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743910 |journal=Law and History Review |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=44–78 |doi=10.2307/743910 |jstor=743910 |s2cid=146633518 |issn=0738-2480}}</ref> This act differed from the Homestead Act of 1866 due to the ineligibility of Black citizens from applying.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Frymer |author-first=Paul |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vxm7rr |title=Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1vxm7rr |jstor=j.ctt1vxm7rr}}</ref>
=== Homestead Act of 1862 ===
[[File:Freeman homestead-certificate.jpg|thumb|Certificate of homestead in Nebraska given under the Homestead Act, 1862]]
{{Wikisource|Homestead Act|Homestead Act (1862)}}
The "[[Yeoman|yeoman farmer]]" ideal of [[Jeffersonian democracy]] was still a powerful influence in American politics during the 1840–1850s, with many politicians believing a homestead act would help increase the number of "virtuous yeomen". The Free Soil Party of 1848–52, and the new Republican Party after 1854, demanded that the new lands opening up in the west be made available to independent farmers, rather than wealthy planters who would develop it with the use of slaves forcing the yeomen farmers onto [[marginal land]]s.<ref>[[Eric Foner]]; ''Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War''; 1970.</ref> Southern Democrats had continually fought (and defeated) previous homestead law proposals, as they feared free land would attract [[Europe]]an immigrants and poor Southern whites to the west.<ref>Charles C. Bolton; ''Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi''; 1993; p. 67.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Phillips|2000}}.{{page needed|date=January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McPherson|1998|p=193}}.</ref>
The intent of the Homestead Act of 1862<ref name="1862Act">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Homestead_Act |title=Homestead Act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/abouthomesteadactlaw.htm |title=About the Homestead Act |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> was to reduce the cost of homesteading under the Preemption Act; after the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861, the Republicans and supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act signed by [[Abraham Lincoln]] on May 20, 1862, which went into effect on Jan. 1st, 1863.<ref name="mcpherson">{{harvnb|McPherson|1998|pp=450–451}}.</ref><ref>Hannah L. Anderson, 'That Settles It: The Debate and Consequences of the Homestead Act of 1862', The History Teacher 45.1 (2011), p. 101</ref> Its leading advocates were [[Andrew Johnson]]<ref>{{harvnb|Trefousse|1989|p=42}}.</ref> [[George Henry Evans]]<ref>{{harvnb|McElroy|2001|p=1}}.</ref> and [[Horace Greeley]].<ref>[http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Greeley.html "Horace Greeley"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217100524/http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Greeley.html |date=December 17, 2007 }}; Tulane University; August 13, 1999; retrieved 11-22-2007</ref> [[George Henry Evans]] famously coined the phrase "Vote Yourself a Farm" in a bid to garner support for the movement.<ref>Felix Rohayton, 'Five: The Homestead Act' in Bold Endeavours: How Our Government Built America, And Why It Must Rebuild Now (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009), p. 87</ref>
In addition to the previous requirement in the Preemption Act of being either 21 years old or the head of a family, the 1862 act also allowed for persons under 21 who had served in the regular or volunteer forces of the U.S. army or navy for at least 14 days during "the existence of an actual war domestic or foreign".
The new act also required that the person "has never borne arms against the United States Government or given aid and comfort to its enemies"; unlike the 1848 and 1850 laws, it did not have any provision mentioning race. The act insured adult U.S. citizens 160 acres of land from the government to "improve their plot by [[Agriculture|cultivating]] the land".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=Homestead Act (1862) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/homestead-act |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref>
The Homestead act expanded, rather than changed, the 1841 Preemption Act. The claimed homestead could include the same land which they had previously filed a preemption claim (on up to 160 acres at $1.25 per acre, or up to 80 acres of subdivided and surveyed land at $2.50 per acre), and they could expand their current ownership to contiguous adjacent land up to 160 acres total.
However, the homestead application must be "made for his or her exclusive use and benefit, and that said entry [onto public land] is made for the purpose of actual settlement and cultivation, and not either directly or indirectly for the use or benefit of any other person or persons whomsoever".<ref name="1862Act" /> The acquired land would not be liable for any debts incurred prior to the issuance of the patent for it.
The time requirement for residence or cultivation was set at 5 years; if it was proven "after due notice" that they moved residence or abandoned the land for more than six months at a time, then the land reverted to the government. A homesteader could also pay the $1.25 (or the current rate) per acre price after proof of the less-stringent requirements set in the Preemption Act.
After filing an affidavit with the government's agent, and paying him a $10 fee, the homesteader could begin occupying their claim. The government agent received the same fee for homestead land as he would have received if that land was sold for cash, 1/2 from the homesteader's filing fee and the other half from the patent (certificate) fee. The homesteader did not get a certificate or patent until they or their heirs filed, after 5 years (but before 7 years), further affidavits from two neighbors or "credible witnesses" and an additional $8 fee. Those affidavits affirmed the 5 years of residence or cultivation and that "no part of said land has been alienated [transferred or mortgaged], and that he [the homesteader] has borne true allegiance to the Government of the United States".
If both parents died and all the children were under 21, an executor under state law could sell (for the benefit of the children, and not the estate) an absolute title to the land within two years of the parent's death. The purchaser would pay office fees for a patent to the land.
=== Southern Homestead Act of 1866 ===
{{main|Southern Homestead Act of 1866}}
Enacted to allow poor [[tenant farmer]]s and [[sharecropper]]s in the [[American Southeast|South]] to become landowners in the [[Southern United States]] during [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]]. It was not very successful, as even the low prices and fees were often too much for the applicants to afford.<ref>Paul Wallace Gates, "Federal Land Policy in the South 1866-1888." ''Journal of Southern History'' (1940) 6#3 pp: 303-330. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192139 in JSTOR]</ref>
=== Timber Culture Act of 1873 ===
{{main|Timber Culture Act}}
The Timber Culture Act granted up to 160 acres of land to a homesteader who would plant at least 40 acres (revised to 10) of trees over a period of several years. This quarter-section could be added to an existing homestead claim, offering a total of 320 acres to a settler.
=== Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 ===
{{main|Kinkaid Act}}
Recognizing that the [[Sandhills (Nebraska)|Sandhills]] of north-central Nebraska required more than 160 acres for a claimant to support a family, Congress passed the Kinkaid Act, which granted larger homestead tracts, up to 640 acres, to homesteaders in Nebraska.
{{anchor|Forest Homestead Act of 1906}}
=== Forest Homestead Act of 1906 ===
This act allowed homesteads within [[Forest Reserves (United States)|Forest Reserves]] (created from 1891 on) and [[National forest (United States)|National Forests]] (from 1905? on), responding to opponents of the nation's Forest Reserves who felt land suited for agriculture was being withheld from private development. Homestead applications were reviewed by the [[U.S. Forest Service]] (created in 1905). While at first five years residency was required (per the 1862 Act), in 1913 this act was amended to allow proving up in just three years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead |title=Homestead |date=November 10, 2015 |publisher=[[Colorado Encyclopedia]] |access-date=June 15, 2021}}</ref>
=== Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 ===
Because by the early 1900s much of the prime low-lying [[Alluvial plain|alluvial land]] along rivers had been homesteaded, the ''Enlarged Homestead Act'' was passed in 1909. To enable [[dryland farming]], it increased the number of acres for a homestead to {{convert|320|acre|ha}} given to farmers who accepted more [[marginal lands]] (especially in the [[Great Plains]]), which could not be easily irrigated.<ref name="blm06">[http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/Minerals Realty and Resource Protection /bmps.Par.41235.File.dat/Split%20Estate%20Presentation%202006.pdf Split EstatePrivate Surface / Public Minerals: What Does it Mean to You?]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, a 2006 [[Bureau of Land Management]] presentation</ref>
A massive influx of these new farmers, combined with inappropriate cultivation techniques and misunderstanding of the ecology, led to immense land erosion and eventually the [[Dust Bowl]] of the 1930s.<ref>{{cite SSRN | last1=Libecap |first1=Gary D. |last2=Hansen |first2=Zeynep K. |title=U.S. Land Policy, Property Rights, and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s |language=en |date=September 1, 2001|ssrn=286699 }}</ref><ref name="dustbowl">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-drought/ |title=The American Experience: Drought |publisher=pbs.org |access-date=February 3, 2016}}</ref>
=== Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916 ===
{{main|Stock-Raising Homestead Act}}
In 1916, the ''Stock-Raising Homestead Act'' was passed for settlers seeking {{convert|640|acre}} of [[public land]] for [[ranch]]ing purposes.<ref name="blm06" />
=== Subsistence Homesteads provisions under the New Deal – 1930s ===
{{main|Subsistence Homesteads Division}}
[[File:Wonder Valley Homestead Cabin.jpeg|right|thumb|Typical STA "Jackrabbit" homestead cabin remains in [[Wonder Valley, California]]]]
Renewed interest in homesteading was brought about by U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s program of [[Subsistence Homesteads Division|Subsistence Homesteading]] implemented in the 1930s under the [[New Deal]].
==== Small Tracts Act ====
In 1938 Congress passed a law, called the Small Tract Act (STA) of 1938, by which it is possible for any citizen to obtain certain lands from the Federal Government for residence, recreation, or business purposes. These tracts may not usually be larger than 5 acres. A 5-acre tract would be one which is 660 feet long and 330 feet wide, or its equivalent. The property was to be improved with a building. Starting July 1955, improvement was required to be minimum of 400 sq. feet of space.<ref name="bellesi">{{cite web |url=https://publicland.org/plf-archives/35_archives/documents/doc_1306_bellesi.html |title=BLM and the Small Tract Act in the Southern California Desert – A Brief History |author=Lou Bellesi |access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref> 4,000 previously classified Small Tracts were offered at public auction at fair market value, circa 1958, by the Los Angeles Office of BLM.<ref name="bellesi" />
<!-- <nowiki><gallery mode=packed-hover>
Frank Sinatra Patent 1959.jpeg|Frank Sinatra's 1959 STA Land Patent
Wonder Valley Homestead Cabin.jpeg|STA “Jackrabbit” homestead cabin, Wonder Valley, California
Small Tracts Act Brochure - 1938.png|1938 BLM Brochure Cover, ''Small Tracts''
</gallery></nowiki> -->
<!-- ==Homesteading requirements==
The Homestead Acts had few qualifying requirements. A ''homesteader''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/homesteader |title=Homesteader |publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> had to be the head of the household or at least twenty-one years old. They had to live on the designated land, build a home, make improvements, and farm it for a minimum of five years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-homestead.html |title=American History; The Homestead Act – Creating Prosperity in America |publisher=Legends of America |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> The filing fee was eighteen dollars (or ten to temporarily hold a claim to the land).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/abouthomesteadactlaw.htm |title=About the Homestead Act |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> -->
== In practice ==
Settlers found land and filed their claims at the regional land office, usually in individual family units, although others formed closer-knit communities. Often, the homestead consisted of several buildings or structures besides the main house.
The Homestead Act of 1862 gave rise later to a new phenomenon, large [[Land run|land rushes]], such as the [[Land run#Oklahoma Land Runs|Oklahoma Land Runs]] of the 1880s and '90s.
== End of homesteading ==
[[File:Dugout home2.jpg|right|thumb|[[Dugout (shelter)|Dugout]] home from a homestead near [[Pie Town, New Mexico]], 1940]]
The [[Federal Land Policy and Management Act]] of 1976 ended homesteading;<ref name="florida">{{cite web |url=http://www.netside.net/~c3i/act.htm |title=The Florida Homestead Act of 1862 |year=2006 |access-date=November 22, 2007 |publisher=Florida Homestead Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109103320/http://www.netside.net/~c3i/act.htm |archive-date=January 9, 2008 |url-status=dead}} (paragraphs.3,6&13) (Includes data on the U.S. Homestead Act)</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3xliUQx6boC&q=end+homesteading&pg=PA21 |title=Arctic Homestead: The True Story of a Family's Survival and Courage.... |first=Norma |last=Cobb |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2000 |access-date=November 22, 2007 |isbn=978-0-312-28379-7 |pages=21}}</ref> by that time, federal government policy had shifted to retaining control of western public lands. The only exception to this new policy was in [[Alaska]], for which the law allowed homesteading until 1986.<ref name="florida" />
The last claim under this Act was made by Ken Deardorff for {{convert|80|acre|ha}} of land on the [[Stony River (Alaska)|Stony River]] in southwestern Alaska. He fulfilled all requirements of the homestead act in 1979 but did not receive his deed until May 1988. He is the last person to receive a title to land claimed under the Homestead Acts.<ref name="kenneth">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/lasthomesteader.htm |title=The Last Homesteader |publisher=National Park Service |year=2006 |access-date=November 22, 2007}}</ref>
== Issues and concerns ==
The Homestead Acts were sometimes abused, but historians continue to debate the extent.<ref>Richard Edwards, "Changing perceptions of homesteading as a policy of public domain disposal." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 29.3 (2009): 179-202 [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2228&context=greatplainsquarterly online].</ref><ref>Richard Edwards, Jacob K. Friefeld, and Rebecca S. Wingo, eds. ''Homesteading the Plains: Toward a New History'' (2017) p 13.</ref> In the 1950s and 1960s, historians [[Fred Shannon]], Roy Robbins, and [[Paul Wallace Gates]] emphasized fraudulent episodes, and historians largely turned away from the issue. In recent decades, however, the argument has mostly been that on the whole fraud was a relatively minor element and that strongly positive impacts regarding women and the family have only recently been appreciated.<ref>Richard Edwards, "Invited Essay: The New Learning about Homesteading." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 38.1 (2018): 1-23.</ref> Robert Higgs argues that the Homestead Act induced no long-term misallocation of resources.<ref>Robert Higgs, ''The Transformation of the American Economy, 1865–1914'' (1971), p. 92.</ref> In 1995, a random survey of 178 members of the [[Economic History Association]] found that 70 percent of economists and 84 percent of economic historians disagreed with the statement "Nineteenth-century U.S. land policy, which attempted to give away free land, probably represented a net drain on the productive capacity of the country."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Whaples |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Whaples |journal=[[The Journal of Economic History]] |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=139–154 |jstor=2123771 |title=Where is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions |date=March 1995 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700040602 |citeseerx=10.1.1.482.4975 |s2cid=145691938 |url=http://www.employees.csbsju.edu/jolson/econ315/whaples2123771.pdf}}</ref>
Some scholars{{who|date=June 2022}} believe the acreage limits were reasonable when the act was written but argue that no one understood the physical conditions of the plains.<ref name="Hansen" /> After a few generations, a family could build up a sizable estate.<ref name="Hansen">Hansen, Zeynep K., and Gary D. Libecap. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=460622 "Small Farms, Externalities, and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s"], ''Journal of Political Economy'', Volume: 112(3). – pp.665–94. – 21 November 2003</ref>
According to [[Hugh Nibley]], much of the rainforest west of [[Portland, Oregon]], was acquired by the [[Oregon Lumber Company]] by illegal claims under the Act.<ref>See Nibley, Hugh. ''Approaching Zion'' (The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol 9), p. 469. Nibley's grandfather, [[Charles W. Nibley]] made his fortune in Oregon lumber, among other resources.</ref>
== Related acts in other countries ==
=== Canada ===
Similar laws were passed in Canada:
The [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]] passed ''The Free Grants and Homestead Act'' in 1868,<ref>{{cite canlaw | short title=The Free Grants and Homestead Act of 1868 |abbr=S.O. |year=1868 |chapter=8 |link=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GiuAAAAMAAJ&lpg=PR1&pg=PA72}}</ref> which introduced a conditional scheme to an existing free grant plan previously authorized by the [[Province of Canada]] in ''The Public Lands Act'' of 1860.<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=The Public Lands Act of 1860 |abbr=S.C. |year=1860 |chapter=2 |link=https://archive.org/stream/statutesprovinc00canagoog#page/n12/mode/2up}}</ref> It was extended to include settlement in the [[Rainy River District]] under ''The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act, 1886'',<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act, 1886 |abbr=S.O. |year=1886 |chapter=7 |link=https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1886onta#page/22/mode/2up}}</ref> These Acts were consolidated in 1913 in ''The Public Lands Act'',<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=The Public Lands Act |abbr=S.O. |year=1913 |chapter=6 |part=II |link=https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1913onta#page/42/mode/2up}}</ref> which was further extended in 1948 to provide for free grants to former members of the [[Canadian Forces]].<ref>{{cite canlaw | short title =The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1948 |abbr=S.O. |year=1948 |chapter=72 |section=2 |link=https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1948onta#page/400/mode/2up}}</ref> The original free grant provisions for settlers were repealed in 1951,<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1951 |abbr=S.O. |year=1951 |chapter=71 |section=1 |link=https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1951onta#page/350/mode/2up}}</ref> and the remaining provisions were repealed in 1961.<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1960–61 |abbr=S.O. |year=1960-61 |chapter=71 |section=3 |link=https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprov196061onta#page/310/mode/2up}}</ref>
The [[Parliament of Canada]] passed the ''[[Dominion Lands Act]]'' in 1872 in order to encourage settlement in the [[Northwest Territories]]. Its application was restricted after the passage of the [[Natural Resources Acts]] in 1930, and it was finally repealed in 1950.
The [[Legislative Assembly of Quebec]] did not expand the scope of the 1860 Province of Canada Act (which modern day Quebec was part of in 1860), but did provide in 1868 that such lands were exempt from seizure, and chattels thereon were also exempt for the first ten years of occupation.<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=An Act to Encourage Settlers |abbr=S.Q. |year=1868 |chapter=20 |link=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4775905;view=1up;seq=105}}</ref> Later known as the ''Settlers Protection Act'',<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=Settlers Protection Act |abbr=L.R.Q. |year= |chapter=P-38 |link=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/documents/lr/P_38/P38_A.htm}}</ref> it was repealed in 1984.<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=Loi sur les terres publiques agricoles |abbr=L.Q. |year=1982 |chapter=13 |link=http://www.bibliotheque.assnat.qc.ca/DepotNumerique_v2/AffichageFichier.aspx?idf=94450}}{{in lang|fr}}</ref>
[[Newfoundland and Labrador]] provided for free grants of land upon proof of possession for twenty years prior to 1977, with continuous use for agricultural, business or residential purposes during that time.<ref>{{cite canlaw |short title=Lands Act |abbr=S.N.L. |year=1991 |chapter=36 |section=36 |link=http://www.assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/statutes/l3691.htm#36_}}, discussed at {{cite web |title=Squatter's Rights |url=http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/lands/ownership/squatters.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515201605/http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/lands/ownership/squatters.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-15 |publisher=NL Department of Environment and Conservation}}</ref> Similar programs continued to operate in [[Alberta]] and [[British Columbia]] until 1970. In the early 21st century, some land is still being granted in the [[Yukon Territory]] under its Agricultural Lands Program.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tristin Hopper |title=Canada's Last Homesteaders: How Determined Pioneers Turn the Yukon's Wild Crown Land Into Successful Farms |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadas-last-homesteaders-how-determined-pioneers-turn-the-yukons-wild-crown-land-into-successful-farms |date=February 14, 2014 |newspaper=[[The National Post]] |access-date=March 27, 2022}}</ref>
=== New Zealand ===
Despite the 1840 [[Treaty of Waitangi]] provisions for sale of land, the [[Māori Land Court]] decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was 'waste land' and belonged to [[the Crown]] without purchase.<ref>{{cite web |title=1. – Land ownership – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-1 |website=www.teara.govt.nz |access-date=2016-01-13 |author=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga}}</ref> Most [[Provinces of New Zealand|provinces]] in [[Colony of New Zealand|colonial New Zealand]] had [[List of Statutes of New Zealand (1840–90)|Waste Lands Acts]] enacted between 1854 and 1877. The 1874 Waste Lands Act in [[Auckland Province]] used the term Homestead, with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board.<ref>{{cite web |title=Auckland Waste Lands Act 1874 (38 Victoriae 1874 No 16) |url=http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/awla187438v1874n16308/ |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=www.nzlii.org}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Provincial District of Auckland — The Land Act, 1877 {{!}} NZETC |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t5-body-d14.html |website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz |access-date=2016-01-13}}</ref> There was similar legislation in [[Westland Province|Westland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=3. – Land ownership – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-3 |website=www.teara.govt.nz |access-date=2016-01-13 |author=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga}}</ref> It gave up to {{Convert|75|acre|ha|abbr = on}}, with [[settler]]s just paying the cost of a survey. They had to live there for five years, build a house and cultivate a third of the land, if already open, or a fifth if [[The bush|bush]] had to be cleared.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crown Lands Guide {{!}} NZETC |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout64-t18-body-d51.html |website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz |access-date=2016-01-13}}</ref> The land was forfeited if they didn't clear enough bush.<ref name=":0" /> Further amendments were made in 1877, 1882 and 1885, adding details such as pastoral and perpetual leases and village and special settlements.<ref>{{cite web |last=Taonga |first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=Centralisation after 1870 |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-4 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=teara.govt.nz |language=en}}</ref> This contributed to rapid [[Deforestation in New Zealand|deforestation]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Pond |first=Wendy |date=May 1997 |title=The Land with All Woods and Waters |url=https://waitangitribunal.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/wt-theme-u-land-with-all-woods-and-waters.pdf |url-status=dead |website=WAITANGI TRIBUNAL |access-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813190537/https://waitangitribunal.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/wt-theme-u-land-with-all-woods-and-waters.pdf }}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
{{in popular culture|section|date=October 2018}}
* [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]]'s ''[[Little House on the Prairie]]'' series describes her father and family claiming a homestead in [[Kansas]], and later [[Dakota Territory]]. Wilder's daughter [[Rose Wilder Lane]] published a novel, ''[[Free Land (novel)|Free Land]]'', which describes the trials of homesteaders in what is now [[South Dakota]].
* [[Willa Cather]]'s novels ''[[O Pioneers!]]'' and ''[[My Ántonia]]'' feature families homesteading on the Great Plains.
* [[Oscar Micheaux]]'s novel ''The Homesteader: a Novel'' (1917) is a semi-autobiographical story of an [[African American]] homesteader in South Dakota shortly after the turn of the 20th century.
* The [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]] musical ''[[Oklahoma!]]'' is based in the [[Oklahoma land rush]].
* The 1962 [[Elvis Presley]] musical film ''[[Follow That Dream]]'', adapted from ''[[Pioneer, Go Home!]]'' (1959), features a family that homesteads in [[Florida]].
* The movie ''[[Far and Away]]'', starring [[Tom Cruise]] and [[Nicole Kidman]], centers on the main characters' struggle to "obtain their 160 acres."
* The miniseries [[Centennial (miniseries)|''Centennial'']] depicts the homestead development of an eastern Colorado town.
* The 1953 movie ''[[Shane (film)|Shane]]'' depicts some early homesteaders in Wyoming opposed by a cattle baron who abuses, threatens and terrorizes them, calling them "pig farmers," "sod-busters," "squatters" and other taunts and insults. When the rancher gets violent, the homesteaders are divided over whether to leave or to hold onto their claims. A drifter working on one of the homesteads reluctantly tries to take action.
* The 2016 film ''[[The Magnificent Seven (2016 film)|The Magnificent Seven]]'', loosely adapted from [[The Magnificent Seven|the 1960 film of the same name]], features Sam Chisolm, an African American [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshal]] raised on a homestead in [[Lincoln, Kansas]]. His family had been [[Lynching in the United States#Disenfranchisement|lynched]] in 1867 by former [[Confederate Army]] soldiers, hired by a [[robber baron (industrialist)|robber baron]] to drive off settlers and free up real estate on the [[American frontier]].
== See also ==
* [[Desert Land Act]]
* [[Homestead National Monument of America]]
* [[Land Act of 1804]]
* [[Forty acres and a mule]]
* [[Russian Homestead Act]]
* [[South 40]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.fff.org/freedom/0501e.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021107160515/http://www.fff.org/freedom/0501e.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 7, 2002 |title=The Free-Soil Movement, Part 1 |publisher=The Future of Freedom Foundation |first1=Wendy |last1=McElroy |year=2001 |access-date=November 22, 2007}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uuEA7xIUHUC&q=southern+opposition+homesteading&pg=PA194 |title=Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era |first1=James M. |last1=McPherson |author-link=James M. McPherson |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516895-2 |pages=193–195}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Sarah |title=Antebellum Agricultural Reform, Republican Ideology, and Sectional Tension |journal=Agricultural History |year=2000 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=799–822 |doi=10.1215/00021482-74.4.799 |s2cid=147839658 |issn=0002-1482 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Trefousse |first=Hans L. |title=Andrew Johnson: A Biography |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-393-31742-8 |publisher=Norton |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/andrewjohnson00hans}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Combs, H. Jason, Natasha Winfield, and Paul R. Burger. (2019) "Nebraska's Pioneer and Heritage Farms: A Geographical and Historical Perspective." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 39.1 (2019): 59–75.
* Dick, Everett. ''The Lure of the Land: A Social History of the Public Lands from the Articles of Confederation to the New Deal''. (1970).
* Edwards, Richard. (2009) "Changing perceptions of homesteading as a policy of public domain disposal." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 29.3 (2009): 179–202. [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2228&context=greatplainsquarterly online]
* Edwards, Richard. "Invited Essay: The New Learning about Homesteading." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 38.1 (2018): 1-23. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/687518/summary online]
* Edwards, Richard. "To Commute or Not Commute, the Homesteader's Dilemma." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 38.2 (2018): 129–150. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/694797/summary online]
* Edwards, Richard, Jacob K. Friefeld, and Rebecca S. Wingo. ''Homesteading the Plains: Toward a New History'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Homesteading-Plains-Toward-New-History/dp/1496213947/ excerpt]
* Gates, Paul Wallace. "The homestead law in an incongruous land system." ''American Historical Review'' 41.4 (1936): 652–681. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1842606 online]
* Gates, Paul Wallace. ''Free homesteads for all Americans: the Homestead act of 1862'' (1963) [https://books.google.com/books?id=46yA7VLBGRQC&q=homestead+abuse+fraud+1862 online].
* Hansen, Karen V., Grey Osterud, and Valerie Grim. "'Land Was One of the Greatest Gifts': Women's Landownership in Dakota Indian, Immigrant Scandinavian, and African American Communities." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 38.3 (2018): 251–272. [https://doi.org/10.1353/gpq.2018.0041 online]
* Hyman, Harold M. ''American Singularity: The 1787 Northwest Ordinance, the 1862 Homestead and Morrill Acts, and the 1944 G.I. Bill''. (1986) [https://books.google.com/books?id=7gDc3z17pPoC&dq=homestead+abuse+fraud+1862&pg=PP10 online]
* Lause, Mark A. ''Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community''. (2005)
* Patterson-Black, Sheryll. "Women homesteaders on the Great Plains frontier." ''Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies'' (1976): 67–88. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346070 in JSTOR]
* Richardson, Heather Cox. ''The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War''. (1997).
* Robbins, Roy M. ''Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776–1936''. (1942)[https://archive.org/details/ourlandedheritag0000robb online]
* Shanks, Trina R.W. "The Homestead Act: A major asset-building policy in American history." in {{cite book |last=Michael Sherraden |title=Inclusion in the American Dream:Assets, Poverty, and Public Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SUGVyYHQyYcC |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford UP |isbn=978-0-19-534709-8}} pp: 20–41.
* Smith, Sherry L. "Single women homesteaders: the perplexing case of [[Elinore Pruitt Stewart]]." ''Western Historical Quarterly'' (1991): 163–183. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/969204 in JSTOR], with additional citations
* Smith, Henry Nash. ''Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth''. (1959). [https://archive.org/details/virginlandameric0000smit online]
* Wilm, Julius. "'The Indians must yield': Antebellum Free Land, the Homestead Act, and the Displacement of Native Peoples." ''Bulletin of the German Historical Institute'' (Winter 2020): 17–39. [https://www.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/publications/Bulletin/bu67/17.pdf online]
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{EB9 Poster|Homestead}}
{{EB1911 poster|Homestead and Exemption Laws}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150413205616/http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/Law_Enforcement/nlcs/education__interpretation/homestead_graphics0.Par.57736.File.dat/Expanded%20Homestead%20Timeline%20final.pdf U.S. Bureau of Land Management Homesteading Timeline]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Homestead.html Homestead Act]. – [[Library of Congress]]
* [http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=31&page=transcript Text of 1862 Homestead Act]
* [http://www.nps.gov/home/index.htm Homestead National Monument of America]. – [[National Park Service]]
* [https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/index.html Homestead Act of 1862]. – [[National Archives and Records Administration]]
* [https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/homesteading/ Land Acquisition and Dispossession: Mapping the Homestead Act, 1863–1912] – interactive web map.
* [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/67hornbek/q.htm "Adeline Hornbek and the Homestead Act: A Colorado Success Story"]. – National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan. – [[National Park Service]]
* [http://content.lib.washington.edu/cmpweb/exhibits/homesteading/index.html Homesteaders and Pioneers on the Olympic Peninsula] – an exhibit from the University of Washington Library
{{Wild West}}
{{Andrew Johnson}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1862 in American law]]
[[Category:Economic history of the United States]]
[[Category:American frontier]]
[[Category:United States federal public land legislation]]
[[Category:1862 in American politics]]
[[Category:History of agriculture in the United States]]
[[Category:Settlement schemes in the United States]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,36 +1,3 @@
-{{Short description|US laws allowing ownership of unclaimed land}}
-{{Distinguish|Homesteading}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}
-{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
-
-[[File:Hultstrand61.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Norwegian settlers in [[North Dakota]], 1898]]
-
-The '''Homestead Acts''' were several laws in the United States by which an applicant could acquire ownership of [[Federal lands|government land]] or the [[American frontier|public domain]], typically called a [[Homestead (buildings)|homestead]]. In all, more than {{convert|160|e6acre|e3km2 e3sqmi|abbr=unit}} of public land, or nearly 10 percent of the total area of the United States, was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders; most of the homesteads were west of the [[Mississippi River]].
-
-An extension of the [[homestead principle]] in law, the Homestead Acts were an expression of the [[Free Soil]] policy of [[Northern United States|Northerners]] who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to [[Southern United States|Southern]] [[Slavery in the United States|slave owners]] who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor, thereby shutting out free white farmers.
-
-For a number of years individual Congressmen put forward bills providing for homesteading,<ref>[https://archive.org/details/jstor-1834687 Some Political Aspects of Homestead Legislation by John Bell Sanborn]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RLZnSvkwzbIC&dq=Chapters+history+social+legislation+United+States&pg=PR13 Chapters in the History of Social Legislation in the United States to 1860 By Henry Walcott Farnam, 2000, P.138]</ref> but it wasn't until 1862 that the first homestead act was passed. The Homestead Act of 1862 opened up millions of acres. Any adult who had never taken up arms against the [[federal government of the United States]] could apply. Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible.
-
-Several additional laws were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The [[Southern Homestead Act of 1866]] sought to address land ownership inequalities in the south during [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]]. It explicitly included Black Americans and encouraged them to participate, and, though rampant discrimination, systemic barriers, and bureaucratic inertia considerably slowed Black gains,<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Frymer |first=Paul |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vxm7rr |title=Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1vxm7rr |jstor=j.ctt1vxm7rr}}</ref> the 1866 law was part of the reason that within a generation after its passage, by 1900, one quarter of all Southern Black farmers were farm owners.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Melvin L. Oliver |author2=Thomas M. Shapiro |title=Black Wealth/white Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZUtb3FkddoC&pg=PA15 |year=1997 |pages=14–15 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-91847-3}}</ref>
-
-The [[Timber Culture Act]] of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees—the tract could be added to an existing homestead claim and had no residency requirement. The [[Kinkaid Act|Kinkaid Amendment]] of 1904 granted a full section—{{convert|640|acres}}—to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska. An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862, the Enlarged Homestead Act, was passed in 1909 and doubled the allotted acreage from {{convert|160|to|320|acres}} in marginal areas. Another amended act, the national Stock-Raising Homestead Act, was passed in 1916 and granted {{convert|640|acres}} for ranching purposes.
-
-== Background ==
-Land-grant laws similar to the Homestead Acts had been proposed by northern [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republicans]] prior to Civil War but they had been repeatedly blocked in Congress by [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democrats]] who wanted western lands open for purchase by slave owners. The [[Homestead Act of 1860]] passed in Congress but was vetoed by President [[James Buchanan]], a Democrat. After the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861 (and their representatives had left Congress), the bill passed and was signed into law by President [[Abraham Lincoln]] (May 20, 1862).<ref name="nps homestead">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/home/faqs.htm |title=Homestead National Monument: Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=May 26, 2009}}</ref> [[Daniel Freeman (homesteader)|Daniel Freeman]] became the first person to file a claim under the new act.
-
-Between 1862 and 1934, the federal government [[Privatization of public land (United States)|granted]] 1.6 million homesteads and distributed {{convert|270000000|acre|mi2}} of federal land for private ownership. This was a total of 10% of all land in the United States.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/ ''The Homestead Act of 1862'']; Archives.gov</ref> Homesteading was discontinued in 1976, except in Alaska, where it continued until 1986. About 40% of the applicants who started the process were able to complete it and obtain title to their homesteaded land after paying a small fee in cash.<ref>US Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/bynumbers.htm "Homesteading by the Numbers"], accessed February 5, 2010.</ref>
-
-Homestead laws depleted [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] resources as much of the land they relied on was taken by the federal government and sold to settlers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-native-americans-battled-a-brutal-land-grab-by-an-expanding-america/2016/11/04/69dd7c00-8402-11e6-92c2-14b64f3d453f_story.html |title=How Native Americans battled a brutal land grab by an expanding America |first=Priyanka |last=Kumar |date=November 4, 2016 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>
-
-== History ==
-{{more citations needed section|date=May 2018}}
-
-=== Preemption Act of 1841 ===
-{{main|Preemption Act of 1841}}
-The Preemption Act of 1841 allowed settlers to claim up to 160 acres of federal land for themselves and prevent its sale to others including large landowners or corporations; they paid only a low fixed price of $1.25 per acre ($3.09 per hectare). To qualify, a person had to be either 21 years old or a "head of household" (such as a parent or surviving sibling supporting a family), a citizen or an immigrant declaring to become a citizen, and a resident on that land for a minimum of 14 months. To get permanent title to the land, the person had to accomplish specific things, such as continue to reside on it or improve it for at least five years; they could not leave or abandon it for more than six months at a time.
-
-=== Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 ===
-{{main|Donation Land Claim Act}}
-The Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the [[Oregon Territory]], then including the modern states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and parts of Wyoming. The Oregon Donation Land Claim Act was passed in 1850 and allowed white settlers to claim 320 acres or 640 to married couples between 1850 and 1855 when the act was repealed. Before it was repealed in 1855, the land was sold for $1.25 per acre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donation Land Claim Act, spur to American settlement of Oregon Territory, takes effect on September 27, 1850. |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9501 |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=www.historylink.org}}</ref> After the creation of the Oregon territory in 1848, the US government had passed the most generous land distribution bill in US history.
+EAT UPPPPPPPPPPP SOME BADUSSYSYYYYS JYUYMYMYMY
The Oregon Land Donation Act of 1850 had many negative effects on Indigenous people as well as Black people in the [[Pacific Northwest]]. Not only did the act use the land taken away from the Indigenous people in the Pacific Northwest, but the act also barred Black citizens from owning land and real estate. The act guaranteed land for White settlers and "half-breed" Indian men to the Oregon territory.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Coleman |author-first=Kenneth R. |date=2019 |title="We'll All Start Even": White Egalitarianism and the Oregon Donation Land Claim Act |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5403/oregonhistq.120.4.0414 |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=414 |doi=10.5403/oregonhistq.120.4.0414 |s2cid=214402016 |issn=0030-4727}}</ref> This act followed the passing of the 1848 territorial [[organic act]] which allowed any white settler to claim a maximum of six hundred and forty acres.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bergquist |first=James M |date=1957 |title=The Oregon Donation Act and the National Land Policy.}}</ref> The Land Donation Act, however, also acknowledged women's property rights due to Congress allowing the donation of four hundred acres to settlers—land that could be claimed by heads of households—including women.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Chused |author-first=Richard H. |date=1984 |title=The Oregon Donation Act of 1850 and Nineteenth Century Federal Married Women's Property Law |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743910 |journal=Law and History Review |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=44–78 |doi=10.2307/743910 |jstor=743910 |s2cid=146633518 |issn=0738-2480}}</ref> This act differed from the Homestead Act of 1866 due to the ineligibility of Black citizens from applying.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Frymer |author-first=Paul |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vxm7rr |title=Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1vxm7rr |jstor=j.ctt1vxm7rr}}</ref>
' |
New page size (new_size) | 36322 |
Old page size (old_size) | 44021 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -7699 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => 'EAT UPPPPPPPPPPP SOME BADUSSYSYYYYS JYUYMYMYMY'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{Short description|US laws allowing ownership of unclaimed land}}',
1 => '{{Distinguish|Homesteading}}',
2 => '{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}',
3 => '{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}',
4 => '',
5 => '[[File:Hultstrand61.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Norwegian settlers in [[North Dakota]], 1898]]',
6 => '',
7 => 'The '''Homestead Acts''' were several laws in the United States by which an applicant could acquire ownership of [[Federal lands|government land]] or the [[American frontier|public domain]], typically called a [[Homestead (buildings)|homestead]]. In all, more than {{convert|160|e6acre|e3km2 e3sqmi|abbr=unit}} of public land, or nearly 10 percent of the total area of the United States, was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders; most of the homesteads were west of the [[Mississippi River]].',
8 => '',
9 => 'An extension of the [[homestead principle]] in law, the Homestead Acts were an expression of the [[Free Soil]] policy of [[Northern United States|Northerners]] who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to [[Southern United States|Southern]] [[Slavery in the United States|slave owners]] who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor, thereby shutting out free white farmers.',
10 => '',
11 => 'For a number of years individual Congressmen put forward bills providing for homesteading,<ref>[https://archive.org/details/jstor-1834687 Some Political Aspects of Homestead Legislation by John Bell Sanborn]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RLZnSvkwzbIC&dq=Chapters+history+social+legislation+United+States&pg=PR13 Chapters in the History of Social Legislation in the United States to 1860 By Henry Walcott Farnam, 2000, P.138]</ref> but it wasn't until 1862 that the first homestead act was passed. The Homestead Act of 1862 opened up millions of acres. Any adult who had never taken up arms against the [[federal government of the United States]] could apply. Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible.',
12 => '',
13 => 'Several additional laws were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The [[Southern Homestead Act of 1866]] sought to address land ownership inequalities in the south during [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]]. It explicitly included Black Americans and encouraged them to participate, and, though rampant discrimination, systemic barriers, and bureaucratic inertia considerably slowed Black gains,<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Frymer |first=Paul |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vxm7rr |title=Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion |date=2017 |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1vxm7rr |jstor=j.ctt1vxm7rr}}</ref> the 1866 law was part of the reason that within a generation after its passage, by 1900, one quarter of all Southern Black farmers were farm owners.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Melvin L. Oliver |author2=Thomas M. Shapiro |title=Black Wealth/white Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZUtb3FkddoC&pg=PA15 |year=1997 |pages=14–15 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-91847-3}}</ref>',
14 => '',
15 => 'The [[Timber Culture Act]] of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees—the tract could be added to an existing homestead claim and had no residency requirement. The [[Kinkaid Act|Kinkaid Amendment]] of 1904 granted a full section—{{convert|640|acres}}—to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska. An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862, the Enlarged Homestead Act, was passed in 1909 and doubled the allotted acreage from {{convert|160|to|320|acres}} in marginal areas. Another amended act, the national Stock-Raising Homestead Act, was passed in 1916 and granted {{convert|640|acres}} for ranching purposes.',
16 => '',
17 => '== Background ==',
18 => 'Land-grant laws similar to the Homestead Acts had been proposed by northern [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republicans]] prior to Civil War but they had been repeatedly blocked in Congress by [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democrats]] who wanted western lands open for purchase by slave owners. The [[Homestead Act of 1860]] passed in Congress but was vetoed by President [[James Buchanan]], a Democrat. After the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861 (and their representatives had left Congress), the bill passed and was signed into law by President [[Abraham Lincoln]] (May 20, 1862).<ref name="nps homestead">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/home/faqs.htm |title=Homestead National Monument: Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=May 26, 2009}}</ref> [[Daniel Freeman (homesteader)|Daniel Freeman]] became the first person to file a claim under the new act.',
19 => '',
20 => 'Between 1862 and 1934, the federal government [[Privatization of public land (United States)|granted]] 1.6 million homesteads and distributed {{convert|270000000|acre|mi2}} of federal land for private ownership. This was a total of 10% of all land in the United States.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/ ''The Homestead Act of 1862'']; Archives.gov</ref> Homesteading was discontinued in 1976, except in Alaska, where it continued until 1986. About 40% of the applicants who started the process were able to complete it and obtain title to their homesteaded land after paying a small fee in cash.<ref>US Department of the Interior, National Park Service. [http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/bynumbers.htm "Homesteading by the Numbers"], accessed February 5, 2010.</ref>',
21 => '',
22 => 'Homestead laws depleted [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] resources as much of the land they relied on was taken by the federal government and sold to settlers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-native-americans-battled-a-brutal-land-grab-by-an-expanding-america/2016/11/04/69dd7c00-8402-11e6-92c2-14b64f3d453f_story.html |title=How Native Americans battled a brutal land grab by an expanding America |first=Priyanka |last=Kumar |date=November 4, 2016 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>',
23 => '',
24 => '== History ==',
25 => '{{more citations needed section|date=May 2018}}',
26 => '',
27 => '=== Preemption Act of 1841 ===',
28 => '{{main|Preemption Act of 1841}}',
29 => 'The Preemption Act of 1841 allowed settlers to claim up to 160 acres of federal land for themselves and prevent its sale to others including large landowners or corporations; they paid only a low fixed price of $1.25 per acre ($3.09 per hectare). To qualify, a person had to be either 21 years old or a "head of household" (such as a parent or surviving sibling supporting a family), a citizen or an immigrant declaring to become a citizen, and a resident on that land for a minimum of 14 months. To get permanent title to the land, the person had to accomplish specific things, such as continue to reside on it or improve it for at least five years; they could not leave or abandon it for more than six months at a time.',
30 => '',
31 => '=== Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 ===',
32 => '{{main|Donation Land Claim Act}}',
33 => 'The Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the [[Oregon Territory]], then including the modern states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and parts of Wyoming. The Oregon Donation Land Claim Act was passed in 1850 and allowed white settlers to claim 320 acres or 640 to married couples between 1850 and 1855 when the act was repealed. Before it was repealed in 1855, the land was sold for $1.25 per acre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donation Land Claim Act, spur to American settlement of Oregon Territory, takes effect on September 27, 1850. |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/9501 |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=www.historylink.org}}</ref> After the creation of the Oregon territory in 1848, the US government had passed the most generous land distribution bill in US history.'
] |
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14 => 'http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4775905;view=1up;seq=105',
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18 => 'http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/lands/ownership/squatters.html',
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20 => 'http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t5-body-d14.html',
21 => 'http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-3',
22 => 'http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout64-t18-body-d51.html',
23 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20021107160515/http://www.fff.org/freedom/0501e.asp',
24 => 'http://www.fff.org/freedom/0501e.asp',
25 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346070',
26 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=SUGVyYHQyYcC',
27 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/969204',
28 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150413205616/http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/Law_Enforcement/nlcs/education__interpretation/homestead_graphics0.Par.57736.File.dat/Expanded%20Homestead%20Timeline%20final.pdf',
29 => 'https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Homestead.html',
30 => 'http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=31&page=transcript',
31 => 'http://www.nps.gov/home/index.htm',
32 => 'https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/index.html',
33 => 'http://content.lib.washington.edu/cmpweb/exhibits/homesteading/index.html',
34 => 'http://www.nps.gov/home/faqs.htm',
35 => 'https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/',
36 => 'http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/bynumbers.htm',
37 => 'https://publicland.org/plf-archives/35_archives/documents/doc_1306_bellesi.html',
38 => 'https://archive.org/details/andrewjohnson00hans',
39 => 'http://www.employees.csbsju.edu/jolson/econ315/whaples2123771.pdf',
40 => 'http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/67hornbek/q.htm',
41 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110515201605/http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/lands/ownership/squatters.html',
42 => 'http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Greeley.html',
43 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071217100524/http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Greeley.html',
44 => 'http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vxm7rr',
45 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080109103320/http://www.netside.net/~c3i/act.htm',
46 => 'https://ssrn.com/abstract=460622',
47 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=-3xliUQx6boC&q=end+homesteading&pg=PA21',
48 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=-uuEA7xIUHUC&q=southern+opposition+homesteading&pg=PA194',
49 => 'https://teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-4',
50 => 'http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/awla187438v1874n16308/',
51 => 'https://www.historylink.org/File/9501',
52 => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.5403/oregonhistq.120.4.0414',
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54 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vxm7rr',
55 => 'https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead',
56 => 'https://waitangitribunal.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/wt-theme-u-land-with-all-woods-and-waters.pdf',
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58 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/1842606',
59 => 'https://muse.jhu.edu/article/687518/summary',
60 => 'https://www.amazon.com/Homesteading-Plains-Toward-New-History/dp/1496213947/',
61 => 'https://muse.jhu.edu/article/694797/summary',
62 => 'https://doi.org/10.1353/gpq.2018.0041',
63 => 'https://archive.org/details/ourlandedheritag0000robb',
64 => 'https://archive.org/details/virginlandameric0000smit',
65 => 'https://www.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/publications/Bulletin/bu67/17.pdf',
66 => 'https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/homesteading/',
67 => 'https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadas-last-homesteaders-how-determined-pioneers-turn-the-yukons-wild-crown-land-into-successful-farms',
68 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Homestead_Act',
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70 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214402016',
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72 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145691938',
73 => 'https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/homestead-act',
74 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147839658',
75 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1vxm7rr',
76 => 'https://doi.org/10.5403%2Foregonhistq.120.4.0414',
77 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-4727',
78 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F743910',
79 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-2480',
80 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/743910',
81 => 'https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=286699',
82 => 'https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.482.4975',
83 => 'https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700040602',
84 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/2123771',
85 => 'https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00021482-74.4.799',
86 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-1482',
87 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=7gDc3z17pPoC&dq=homestead+abuse+fraud+1862&pg=PP10',
88 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=46yA7VLBGRQC&q=homestead+abuse+fraud+1862',
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90 => 'https://archive.org/details/jstor-1834687',
91 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974556#identifiers',
92 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4278057-3',
93 => 'https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640591',
94 => 'https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10645940',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>EAT UPPPPPPPPPPP SOME BADUSSYSYYYYS JYUYMYMYMY
</p><p>The Oregon Land Donation Act of 1850 had many negative effects on Indigenous people as well as Black people in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>. Not only did the act use the land taken away from the Indigenous people in the Pacific Northwest, but the act also barred Black citizens from owning land and real estate. The act guaranteed land for White settlers and "half-breed" Indian men to the Oregon territory.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> This act followed the passing of the 1848 territorial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organic_act" title="Organic act">organic act</a> which allowed any white settler to claim a maximum of six hundred and forty acres.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The Land Donation Act, however, also acknowledged women's property rights due to Congress allowing the donation of four hundred acres to settlers—land that could be claimed by heads of households—including women.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> This act differed from the Homestead Act of 1866 due to the ineligibility of Black citizens from applying.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Homestead_Act_of_1862"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Homestead Act of 1862</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Timber_Culture_Act_of_1873"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Timber Culture Act of 1873</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Kinkaid_Amendment_of_1904"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Kinkaid Amendment of 1904</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Forest_Homestead_Act_of_1906"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Forest Homestead Act of 1906</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Enlarged_Homestead_Act_of_1909"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Stock-Raising_Homestead_Act_of_1916"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Subsistence_Homesteads_provisions_under_the_New_Deal_–_1930s"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Subsistence Homesteads provisions under the New Deal – 1930s</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Small_Tracts_Act"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Small Tracts Act</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_practice"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">In practice</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#End_of_homesteading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">End of homesteading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Issues_and_concerns"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Issues and concerns</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Related_acts_in_other_countries"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Related acts in other countries</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">New Zealand</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Homestead_Act_of_1862">Homestead Act of 1862</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Homestead Act of 1862"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg/220px-Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg/330px-Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg/440px-Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Certificate of homestead in Nebraska given under the Homestead Act, 1862</figcaption></figure>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:
<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Homestead_Act" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Homestead Act">Homestead Act (1862)</a></b></div></div></div>
</div>
<p>The "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman farmer</a>" ideal of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a> was still a powerful influence in American politics during the 1840–1850s, with many politicians believing a homestead act would help increase the number of "virtuous yeomen". The Free Soil Party of 1848–52, and the new Republican Party after 1854, demanded that the new lands opening up in the west be made available to independent farmers, rather than wealthy planters who would develop it with the use of slaves forcing the yeomen farmers onto <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marginal_land" title="Marginal land">marginal lands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Southern Democrats had continually fought (and defeated) previous homestead law proposals, as they feared free land would attract <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> immigrants and poor Southern whites to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>The intent of the Homestead Act of 1862<sup id="cite_ref-1862Act_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1862Act-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> was to reduce the cost of homesteading under the Preemption Act; after the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861, the Republicans and supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act signed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> on May 20, 1862, which went into effect on Jan. 1st, 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Its leading advocates were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Henry_Evans" title="George Henry Evans">George Henry Evans</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Henry_Evans" title="George Henry Evans">George Henry Evans</a> famously coined the phrase "Vote Yourself a Farm" in a bid to garner support for the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>In addition to the previous requirement in the Preemption Act of being either 21 years old or the head of a family, the 1862 act also allowed for persons under 21 who had served in the regular or volunteer forces of the U.S. army or navy for at least 14 days during "the existence of an actual war domestic or foreign".
</p><p>The new act also required that the person "has never borne arms against the United States Government or given aid and comfort to its enemies"; unlike the 1848 and 1850 laws, it did not have any provision mentioning race. The act insured adult U.S. citizens 160 acres of land from the government to "improve their plot by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">cultivating</a> the land".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Homestead act expanded, rather than changed, the 1841 Preemption Act. The claimed homestead could include the same land which they had previously filed a preemption claim (on up to 160 acres at $1.25 per acre, or up to 80 acres of subdivided and surveyed land at $2.50 per acre), and they could expand their current ownership to contiguous adjacent land up to 160 acres total.
</p><p>However, the homestead application must be "made for his or her exclusive use and benefit, and that said entry [onto public land] is made for the purpose of actual settlement and cultivation, and not either directly or indirectly for the use or benefit of any other person or persons whomsoever".<sup id="cite_ref-1862Act_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1862Act-9">[9]</a></sup> The acquired land would not be liable for any debts incurred prior to the issuance of the patent for it.
</p><p>The time requirement for residence or cultivation was set at 5 years; if it was proven "after due notice" that they moved residence or abandoned the land for more than six months at a time, then the land reverted to the government. A homesteader could also pay the $1.25 (or the current rate) per acre price after proof of the less-stringent requirements set in the Preemption Act.
</p><p>After filing an affidavit with the government's agent, and paying him a $10 fee, the homesteader could begin occupying their claim. The government agent received the same fee for homestead land as he would have received if that land was sold for cash, 1/2 from the homesteader's filing fee and the other half from the patent (certificate) fee. The homesteader did not get a certificate or patent until they or their heirs filed, after 5 years (but before 7 years), further affidavits from two neighbors or "credible witnesses" and an additional $8 fee. Those affidavits affirmed the 5 years of residence or cultivation and that "no part of said land has been alienated [transferred or mortgaged], and that he [the homesteader] has borne true allegiance to the Government of the United States".
</p><p>If both parents died and all the children were under 21, an executor under state law could sell (for the benefit of the children, and not the estate) an absolute title to the land within two years of the parent's death. The purchaser would pay office fees for a patent to the land.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Southern Homestead Act of 1866"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></div>
<p>Enacted to allow poor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmers</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharecropper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecropper">sharecroppers</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Southeast" class="mw-redirect" title="American Southeast">South</a> to become landowners in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a>. It was not very successful, as even the low prices and fees were often too much for the applicants to afford.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Timber_Culture_Act_of_1873">Timber Culture Act of 1873</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timber Culture Act of 1873"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></div>
<p>The Timber Culture Act granted up to 160 acres of land to a homesteader who would plant at least 40 acres (revised to 10) of trees over a period of several years. This quarter-section could be added to an existing homestead claim, offering a total of 320 acres to a settler.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Kinkaid_Amendment_of_1904">Kinkaid Amendment of 1904</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kinkaid Amendment of 1904"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinkaid_Act" title="Kinkaid Act">Kinkaid Act</a></div>
<p>Recognizing that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandhills_(Nebraska)" title="Sandhills (Nebraska)">Sandhills</a> of north-central Nebraska required more than 160 acres for a claimant to support a family, Congress passed the Kinkaid Act, which granted larger homestead tracts, up to 640 acres, to homesteaders in Nebraska.
</p><p><span class="anchor" id="Forest_Homestead_Act_of_1906"></span>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Forest_Homestead_Act_of_1906">Forest Homestead Act of 1906</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forest Homestead Act of 1906"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>This act allowed homesteads within <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forest_Reserves_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Reserves (United States)">Forest Reserves</a> (created from 1891 on) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National Forests</a> (from 1905? on), responding to opponents of the nation's Forest Reserves who felt land suited for agriculture was being withheld from private development. Homestead applications were reviewed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> (created in 1905). While at first five years residency was required (per the 1862 Act), in 1913 this act was amended to allow proving up in just three years.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Enlarged_Homestead_Act_of_1909">Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Because by the early 1900s much of the prime low-lying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial land</a> along rivers had been homesteaded, the <i>Enlarged Homestead Act</i> was passed in 1909. To enable <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">dryland farming</a>, it increased the number of acres for a homestead to 320 acres (130 ha) given to farmers who accepted more <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marginal_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal lands">marginal lands</a> (especially in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>), which could not be easily irrigated.<sup id="cite_ref-blm06_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blm06-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>A massive influx of these new farmers, combined with inappropriate cultivation techniques and misunderstanding of the ecology, led to immense land erosion and eventually the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a> of the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dustbowl_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dustbowl-22">[22]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Stock-Raising_Homestead_Act_of_1916">Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stock-Raising_Homestead_Act" title="Stock-Raising Homestead Act">Stock-Raising Homestead Act</a></div>
<p>In 1916, the <i>Stock-Raising Homestead Act</i> was passed for settlers seeking 640 acres (260 ha) of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">public land</a> for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranching</a> purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-blm06_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blm06-20">[20]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="Subsistence_Homesteads_provisions_under_the_New_Deal_.E2.80.93_1930s"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Subsistence_Homesteads_provisions_under_the_New_Deal_–_1930s">Subsistence Homesteads provisions under the New Deal – 1930s</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subsistence Homesteads provisions under the New Deal – 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subsistence_Homesteads_Division" title="Subsistence Homesteads Division">Subsistence Homesteads Division</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wonder_Valley_Homestead_Cabin.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wonder_Valley_Homestead_Cabin.jpeg/220px-Wonder_Valley_Homestead_Cabin.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wonder_Valley_Homestead_Cabin.jpeg/330px-Wonder_Valley_Homestead_Cabin.jpeg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wonder_Valley_Homestead_Cabin.jpeg/440px-Wonder_Valley_Homestead_Cabin.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Typical STA "Jackrabbit" homestead cabin remains in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wonder_Valley,_California" title="Wonder Valley, California">Wonder Valley, California</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Renewed interest in homesteading was brought about by U.S. President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s program of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subsistence_Homesteads_Division" title="Subsistence Homesteads Division">Subsistence Homesteading</a> implemented in the 1930s under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Small_Tracts_Act">Small Tracts Act</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Small Tracts Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In 1938 Congress passed a law, called the Small Tract Act (STA) of 1938, by which it is possible for any citizen to obtain certain lands from the Federal Government for residence, recreation, or business purposes. These tracts may not usually be larger than 5 acres. A 5-acre tract would be one which is 660 feet long and 330 feet wide, or its equivalent. The property was to be improved with a building. Starting July 1955, improvement was required to be minimum of 400 sq. feet of space.<sup id="cite_ref-bellesi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellesi-23">[23]</a></sup> 4,000 previously classified Small Tracts were offered at public auction at fair market value, circa 1958, by the Los Angeles Office of BLM.<sup id="cite_ref-bellesi_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellesi-23">[23]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_practice">In practice</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Settlers found land and filed their claims at the regional land office, usually in individual family units, although others formed closer-knit communities. Often, the homestead consisted of several buildings or structures besides the main house.
</p><p>The Homestead Act of 1862 gave rise later to a new phenomenon, large <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">land rushes</a>, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_run#Oklahoma_Land_Runs" title="Land run">Oklahoma Land Runs</a> of the 1880s and '90s.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="End_of_homesteading">End of homesteading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: End of homesteading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dugout_home2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dugout_home2.jpg/220px-Dugout_home2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dugout_home2.jpg/330px-Dugout_home2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dugout_home2.jpg/440px-Dugout_home2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7009" data-file-height="5178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a> home from a homestead near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pie_Town,_New_Mexico" title="Pie Town, New Mexico">Pie Town, New Mexico</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Land_Policy_and_Management_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Land Policy and Management Act">Federal Land Policy and Management Act</a> of 1976 ended homesteading;<sup id="cite_ref-florida_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-florida-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> by that time, federal government policy had shifted to retaining control of western public lands. The only exception to this new policy was in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, for which the law allowed homesteading until 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-florida_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-florida-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>The last claim under this Act was made by Ken Deardorff for 80 acres (32 ha) of land on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stony_River_(Alaska)" title="Stony River (Alaska)">Stony River</a> in southwestern Alaska. He fulfilled all requirements of the homestead act in 1979 but did not receive his deed until May 1988. He is the last person to receive a title to land claimed under the Homestead Acts.<sup id="cite_ref-kenneth_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenneth-26">[26]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Issues_and_concerns">Issues and concerns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Issues and concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Homestead Acts were sometimes abused, but historians continue to debate the extent.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> In the 1950s and 1960s, historians <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fred_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Shannon">Fred Shannon</a>, Roy Robbins, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Wallace_Gates" title="Paul Wallace Gates">Paul Wallace Gates</a> emphasized fraudulent episodes, and historians largely turned away from the issue. In recent decades, however, the argument has mostly been that on the whole fraud was a relatively minor element and that strongly positive impacts regarding women and the family have only recently been appreciated.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Robert Higgs argues that the Homestead Act induced no long-term misallocation of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> In 1995, a random survey of 178 members of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_History_Association" title="Economic History Association">Economic History Association</a> found that 70 percent of economists and 84 percent of economic historians disagreed with the statement "Nineteenth-century U.S. land policy, which attempted to give away free land, probably represented a net drain on the productive capacity of the country."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe the acreage limits were reasonable when the act was written but argue that no one understood the physical conditions of the plains.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-32">[32]</a></sup> After a few generations, a family could build up a sizable estate.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_Nibley" title="Hugh Nibley">Hugh Nibley</a>, much of the rainforest west of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, was acquired by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oregon_Lumber_Company" title="Oregon Lumber Company">Oregon Lumber Company</a> by illegal claims under the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_acts_in_other_countries">Related acts in other countries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Related acts in other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Canada">Canada</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Similar laws were passed in Canada:
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Legislative Assembly of Ontario</a> passed <i>The Free Grants and Homestead Act</i> in 1868,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> which introduced a conditional scheme to an existing free grant plan previously authorized by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> in <i>The Public Lands Act</i> of 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> It was extended to include settlement in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rainy_River_District" title="Rainy River District">Rainy River District</a> under <i>The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act, 1886</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> These Acts were consolidated in 1913 in <i>The Public Lands Act</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> which was further extended in 1948 to provide for free grants to former members of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> The original free grant provisions for settlers were repealed in 1951,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> and the remaining provisions were repealed in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> passed the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominion_Lands_Act" title="Dominion Lands Act">Dominion Lands Act</a></i> in 1872 in order to encourage settlement in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>. Its application was restricted after the passage of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_Resources_Acts" title="Natural Resources Acts">Natural Resources Acts</a> in 1930, and it was finally repealed in 1950.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly of Quebec">Legislative Assembly of Quebec</a> did not expand the scope of the 1860 Province of Canada Act (which modern day Quebec was part of in 1860), but did provide in 1868 that such lands were exempt from seizure, and chattels thereon were also exempt for the first ten years of occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> Later known as the <i>Settlers Protection Act</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> it was repealed in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> provided for free grants of land upon proof of possession for twenty years prior to 1977, with continuous use for agricultural, business or residential purposes during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Similar programs continued to operate in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> until 1970. In the early 21st century, some land is still being granted in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yukon_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukon Territory">Yukon Territory</a> under its Agricultural Lands Program.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Despite the 1840 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> provisions for sale of land, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Land_Court" title="Māori Land Court">Māori Land Court</a> decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was 'waste land' and belonged to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> without purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> Most <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand" title="Provinces of New Zealand">provinces</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">colonial New Zealand</a> had <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Statutes_of_New_Zealand_(1840%E2%80%9390)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Statutes of New Zealand (1840–90)">Waste Lands Acts</a> enacted between 1854 and 1877. The 1874 Waste Lands Act in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auckland_Province" title="Auckland Province">Auckland Province</a> used the term Homestead, with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48">[48]</a></sup> There was similar legislation in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westland_Province" title="Westland Province">Westland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> It gave up to 75 acres (30 ha), with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> just paying the cost of a survey. They had to live there for five years, build a house and cultivate a third of the land, if already open, or a fifth if <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_bush" title="The bush">bush</a> had to be cleared.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> The land was forfeited if they didn't clear enough bush.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48">[48]</a></sup> Further amendments were made in 1877, 1882 and 1885, adding details such as pastoral and perpetual leases and village and special settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> This contributed to rapid <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deforestation_in_New_Zealand" title="Deforestation in New Zealand">deforestation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please remove the content or add <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Laura Ingalls Wilder</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie" title="Little House on the Prairie">Little House on the Prairie</a></i> series describes her father and family claiming a homestead in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, and later <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a>. Wilder's daughter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Rose Wilder Lane</a> published a novel, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_Land_(novel)" title="Free Land (novel)">Free Land</a></i>, which describes the trials of homesteaders in what is now <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a>'s novels <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/O_Pioneers!" title="O Pioneers!">O Pioneers!</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/My_%C3%81ntonia" title="My Ántonia">My Ántonia</a></i> feature families homesteading on the Great Plains.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oscar_Micheaux" title="Oscar Micheaux">Oscar Micheaux</a>'s novel <i>The Homesteader: a Novel</i> (1917) is a semi-autobiographical story of an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> homesteader in South Dakota shortly after the turn of the 20th century.</li>
<li>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein" title="Rodgers and Hammerstein">Rodgers and Hammerstein</a> musical <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a></i> is based in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oklahoma_land_rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma land rush">Oklahoma land rush</a>.</li>
<li>The 1962 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> musical film <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Follow_That_Dream" title="Follow That Dream">Follow That Dream</a></i>, adapted from <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pioneer,_Go_Home!" title="Pioneer, Go Home!">Pioneer, Go Home!</a></i> (1959), features a family that homesteads in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.</li>
<li>The movie <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far_and_Away" title="Far and Away">Far and Away</a></i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a>, centers on the main characters' struggle to "obtain their 160 acres."</li>
<li>The miniseries <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centennial_(miniseries)" title="Centennial (miniseries)"><i>Centennial</i></a> depicts the homestead development of an eastern Colorado town.</li>
<li>The 1953 movie <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shane_(film)" title="Shane (film)">Shane</a></i> depicts some early homesteaders in Wyoming opposed by a cattle baron who abuses, threatens and terrorizes them, calling them "pig farmers," "sod-busters," "squatters" and other taunts and insults. When the rancher gets violent, the homesteaders are divided over whether to leave or to hold onto their claims. A drifter working on one of the homesteads reluctantly tries to take action.</li>
<li>The 2016 film <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven_(2016_film)" title="The Magnificent Seven (2016 film)">The Magnificent Seven</a></i>, loosely adapted from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven" title="The Magnificent Seven">the 1960 film of the same name</a>, features Sam Chisolm, an African American <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">U.S. Marshal</a> raised on a homestead in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lincoln,_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln, Kansas">Lincoln, Kansas</a>. His family had been <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States#Disenfranchisement" title="Lynching in the United States">lynched</a> in 1867 by former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</a> soldiers, hired by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">robber baron</a> to drive off settlers and free up real estate on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desert_Land_Act" title="Desert Land Act">Desert Land Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homestead_National_Monument_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead National Monument of America">Homestead National Monument of America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Act_of_1804" title="Land Act of 1804">Land Act of 1804</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">Forty acres and a mule</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Homestead Act">Russian Homestead Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_40" title="South 40">South 40</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFColeman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, Kenneth R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5403/oregonhistq.120.4.0414">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"We'll All Start Even": White Egalitarianism and the Oregon Donation Land Claim Act"</a>. <i>Oregon Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>120</b> (4): 414. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5403%2Foregonhistq.120.4.0414">10.5403/oregonhistq.120.4.0414</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-4727">0030-4727</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214402016">214402016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22We%27ll+All+Start+Even%22%3A+White+Egalitarianism+and+the+Oregon+Donation+Land+Claim+Act&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=414&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214402016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0030-4727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5403%2Foregonhistq.120.4.0414&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5403%2Foregonhistq.120.4.0414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBergquist1957" class="citation journal cs1">Bergquist, James M (1957). "The Oregon Donation Act and the National Land Policy".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Oregon+Donation+Act+and+the+National+Land+Policy.&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Bergquist&rft.aufirst=James+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChused1984" class="citation journal cs1">Chused, Richard H. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743910">"The Oregon Donation Act of 1850 and Nineteenth Century Federal Married Women's Property Law"</a>. <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 44–78. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F743910">10.2307/743910</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-2480">0738-2480</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/743910">743910</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146633518">146633518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Oregon+Donation+Act+of+1850+and+Nineteenth+Century+Federal+Married+Women%27s+Property+Law&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-78&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0738-2480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146633518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F743910%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F743910&rft.aulast=Chused&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F743910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFrymer2017" class="citation book cs1">Frymer, Paul (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vxm7rr"><i>Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1vxm7rr">10.2307/j.ctt1vxm7rr</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vxm7rr">j.ctt1vxm7rr</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+an+American+Empire%3A+The+Era+of+Territorial+and+Political+Expansion&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1vxm7rr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1vxm7rr%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Frymer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1vxm7rr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a>; <i>Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War</i>; 1970.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles C. Bolton; <i>Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi</i>; 1993; p. 67.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips2000">Phillips 2000</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1998">McPherson 1998</a>, p. 193.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-1862Act-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1862Act_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1862Act_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Homestead_Act">"Homestead Act"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homestead+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FHomestead_Act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/abouthomesteadactlaw.htm">"About the Homestead Act"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Homestead+Act&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhome%2Fhistoryculture%2Fabouthomesteadactlaw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-mcpherson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1998">McPherson 1998</a>, pp. 450–451.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannah L. Anderson, 'That Settles It: The Debate and Consequences of the Homestead Act of 1862', The History Teacher 45.1 (2011), p. 101</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse1989">Trefousse 1989</a>, p. 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcElroy2001">McElroy 2001</a>, p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Greeley.html">"Horace Greeley"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217100524/http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Greeley.html">Archived</a> December 17, 2007, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Tulane University; August 13, 1999; retrieved 11-22-2007</span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felix Rohayton, 'Five: The Homestead Act' in Bold Endeavours: How Our Government Built America, And Why It Must Rebuild Now (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009), p. 87</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/homestead-act">"Homestead Act (1862)"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. 2021-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Homestead+Act+%281862%29&rft.date=2021-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fmilestone-documents%2Fhomestead-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Wallace Gates, "Federal Land Policy in the South 1866-1888." <i>Journal of Southern History</i> (1940) 6#3 pp: 303-330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192139">in JSTOR</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/homestead">"Homestead"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colorado_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Encyclopedia">Colorado Encyclopedia</a>. November 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homestead&rft.pub=Colorado+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle%2Fhomestead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-blm06-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blm06_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blm06_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/Minerals">Realty and Resource Protection /bmps.Par.41235.File.dat/Split%20Estate%20Presentation%202006.pdf Split EstatePrivate Surface / Public Minerals: What Does it Mean to You?</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, a 2006 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> presentation</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLibecapHansen2001" class="citation ssrn cs1">Libecap, Gary D.; Hansen, Zeynep K. (September 1, 2001). "U.S. Land Policy, Property Rights, and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s". <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=286699">286699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=U.S.+Land+Policy%2C+Property+Rights%2C+and+the+Dust+Bowl+of+the+1930s&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D286699%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Libecap&rft.aufirst=Gary+D.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Zeynep+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-dustbowl-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dustbowl_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-drought/">"The American Experience: Drought"</a>. pbs.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Experience%3A+Drought&rft.pub=pbs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fgeneral-article%2Fdustbowl-drought%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bellesi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bellesi_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bellesi_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLou_Bellesi" class="citation web cs1">Lou Bellesi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicland.org/plf-archives/35_archives/documents/doc_1306_bellesi.html">"BLM and the Small Tract Act in the Southern California Desert – A Brief History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BLM+and+the+Small+Tract+Act+in+the+Southern+California+Desert+%E2%80%93+A+Brief+History&rft.au=Lou+Bellesi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicland.org%2Fplf-archives%2F35_archives%2Fdocuments%2Fdoc_1306_bellesi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-florida-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-florida_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-florida_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109103320/http://www.netside.net/~c3i/act.htm">"The Florida Homestead Act of 1862"</a>. Florida Homestead Services. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netside.net/~c3i/act.htm">the original</a> on January 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Florida+Homestead+Act+of+1862&rft.pub=Florida+Homestead+Services&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netside.net%2F~c3i%2Fact.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span> (paragraphs.3,6&13) (Includes data on the U.S. Homestead Act)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2000" class="citation book cs1">Cobb, Norma (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3xliUQx6boC&q=end+homesteading&pg=PA21"><i>Arctic Homestead: The True Story of a Family's Survival and Courage...</i></a> St. Martin's Press. p. 21. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28379-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28379-7"><bdi>978-0-312-28379-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arctic+Homestead%3A+The+True+Story+of+a+Family%27s+Survival+and+Courage....&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-28379-7&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Norma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3xliUQx6boC%26q%3Dend%2Bhomesteading%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kenneth-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kenneth_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/lasthomesteader.htm">"The Last Homesteader"</a>. National Park Service. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Last+Homesteader&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhome%2Fhistoryculture%2Flasthomesteader.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Edwards, "Changing perceptions of homesteading as a policy of public domain disposal." <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> 29.3 (2009): 179-202 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2228&context=greatplainsquarterly">online</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Edwards, Jacob K. Friefeld, and Rebecca S. Wingo, eds. <i>Homesteading the Plains: Toward a New History</i> (2017) p 13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Edwards, "Invited Essay: The New Learning about Homesteading." <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> 38.1 (2018): 1-23.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Higgs, <i>The Transformation of the American Economy, 1865–1914</i> (1971), p. 92.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWhaples1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Whaples" title="Robert Whaples">Whaples, Robert</a> (March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.employees.csbsju.edu/jolson/econ315/whaples2123771.pdf">"Where is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a></i>. <b>55</b> (1): 139–154. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.482.4975">10.1.1.482.4975</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700040602">10.1017/S0022050700040602</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2123771">2123771</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145691938">145691938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Where+is+There+Consensus+Among+American+Economic+Historians%3F+The+Results+of+a+Survey+on+Forty+Propositions&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=139-154&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.482.4975%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145691938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2123771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700040602&rft.aulast=Whaples&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.employees.csbsju.edu%2Fjolson%2Fecon315%2Fwhaples2123771.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hansen-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, Zeynep K., and Gary D. Libecap. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=460622">"Small Farms, Externalities, and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s"</a>, <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, Volume: 112(3). – pp.665–94. – 21 November 2003</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Nibley, Hugh. <i>Approaching Zion</i> (The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol 9), p. 469. Nibley's grandfather, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_W._Nibley" title="Charles W. Nibley">Charles W. Nibley</a> made his fortune in Oregon lumber, among other resources.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GiuAAAAMAAJ&lpg=PR1&pg=PA72">The Free Grants and Homestead Act of 1868</a></i>, S.O. 1868, c. 8
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statutesprovinc00canagoog#page/n12/mode/2up">The Public Lands Act of 1860</a></i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Statutes_of_Canada" title="Statutes of Canada">S.C.</a> 1860, c. 2
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1886onta#page/22/mode/2up">The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act, 1886</a></i>, S.O. 1886, c. 7
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1913onta#page/42/mode/2up">The Public Lands Act</a></i>, S.O. 1913, c. 6, Part II
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1948onta#page/400/mode/2up">The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1948</a></i>, S.O. 1948, c. 72, s. 2
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1951onta#page/350/mode/2up">The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1951</a></i>, S.O. 1951, c. 71, s. 1
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprov196061onta#page/310/mode/2up">The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1960–61</a></i>, S.O. 1960-61, c. 71, s. 3
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4775905;view=1up;seq=105">An Act to Encourage Settlers</a></i>, S.Q. 1868, c. 20
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/documents/lr/P_38/P38_A.htm">Settlers Protection Act</a></i>, L.R.Q. , c. P-38
</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotheque.assnat.qc.ca/DepotNumerique_v2/AffichageFichier.aspx?idf=94450">Loi sur les terres publiques agricoles</a></i>, L.Q. 1982, c. 13
<span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/statutes/l3691.htm#36_">Lands Act</a></i>, S.N.L. 1991, c. 36, s. 36
, discussed at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515201605/http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/lands/ownership/squatters.html">"Squatter's Rights"</a>. NL Department of Environment and Conservation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/lands/ownership/squatters.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Squatter%27s+Rights&rft.pub=NL+Department+of+Environment+and+Conservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.env.gov.nl.ca%2Fenv%2Flands%2Fownership%2Fsquatters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTristin_Hopper2014" class="citation news cs1">Tristin Hopper (February 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadas-last-homesteaders-how-determined-pioneers-turn-the-yukons-wild-crown-land-into-successful-farms">"Canada's Last Homesteaders: How Determined Pioneers Turn the Yukon's Wild Crown Land Into Successful Farms"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_National_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Post">The National Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Post&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Last+Homesteaders%3A+How+Determined+Pioneers+Turn+the+Yukon%27s+Wild+Crown+Land+Into+Successful+Farms&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.au=Tristin+Hopper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcanadas-last-homesteaders-how-determined-pioneers-turn-the-yukons-wild-crown-land-into-successful-farms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Zealand_Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage_Te_Manatu_Taonga" class="citation web cs1">New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-1">"1. – Land ownership – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"</a>. <i>www.teara.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.teara.govt.nz&rft.atitle=1.+%E2%80%93+Land+ownership+%E2%80%93+Te+Ara+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.au=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage+Te+Manatu+Taonga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fland-ownership%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/awla187438v1874n16308/">"Auckland Waste Lands Act 1874 (38 Victoriae 1874 No 16)"</a>. <i>www.nzlii.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nzlii.org&rft.atitle=Auckland+Waste+Lands+Act+1874+%2838+Victoriae+1874+No+16%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzlii.org%2Fnz%2Flegis%2Fhist_act%2Fawla187438v1874n16308%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t5-body-d14.html">"Provincial District of Auckland — The Land Act, 1877 | NZETC"</a>. <i>nzetc.victoria.ac.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz&rft.atitle=Provincial+District+of+Auckland+%E2%80%94+The+Land+Act%2C+1877+%7C+NZETC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Stout44-t5-body-d14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Zealand_Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage_Te_Manatu_Taonga" class="citation web cs1">New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-3">"3. – Land ownership – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"</a>. <i>www.teara.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.teara.govt.nz&rft.atitle=3.+%E2%80%93+Land+ownership+%E2%80%93+Te+Ara+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.au=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage+Te+Manatu+Taonga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fland-ownership%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout64-t18-body-d51.html">"Crown Lands Guide | NZETC"</a>. <i>nzetc.victoria.ac.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz&rft.atitle=Crown+Lands+Guide+%7C+NZETC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Stout64-t18-body-d51.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTaonga" class="citation web cs1">Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-4">"Centralisation after 1870"</a>. <i>teara.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teara.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Centralisation+after+1870&rft.aulast=Taonga&rft.aufirst=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage+Te+Manatu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fland-ownership%2Fpage-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPond1997" class="citation web cs1">Pond, Wendy (May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813190537/https://waitangitribunal.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/wt-theme-u-land-with-all-woods-and-waters.pdf">"The Land with All Woods and Waters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>WAITANGI TRIBUNAL</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waitangitribunal.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/wt-theme-u-land-with-all-woods-and-waters.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WAITANGI+TRIBUNAL&rft.atitle=The+Land+with+All+Woods+and+Waters&rft.date=1997-05&rft.aulast=Pond&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaitangitribunal.govt.nz%2Fassets%2FDocuments%2FPublications%2Fwt-theme-u-land-with-all-woods-and-waters.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy2001" class="citation web cs1">McElroy, Wendy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021107160515/http://www.fff.org/freedom/0501e.asp">"The Free-Soil Movement, Part 1"</a>. The Future of Freedom Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fff.org/freedom/0501e.asp">the original</a> on November 7, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Free-Soil+Movement%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=The+Future+of+Freedom+Foundation&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fff.org%2Ffreedom%2F0501e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-uuEA7xIUHUC&q=southern+opposition+homesteading&pg=PA194"><i>Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 193–195. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516895-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516895-2"><bdi>978-0-19-516895-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.pages=193-195&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516895-2&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-uuEA7xIUHUC%26q%3Dsouthern%2Bopposition%2Bhomesteading%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2000" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Sarah (2000). "Antebellum Agricultural Reform, Republican Ideology, and Sectional Tension". <i>Agricultural History</i>. <b>74</b> (4): 799–822. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00021482-74.4.799">10.1215/00021482-74.4.799</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-1482">0002-1482</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147839658">147839658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=Antebellum+Agricultural+Reform%2C+Republican+Ideology%2C+and+Sectional+Tension&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=799-822&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147839658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-1482&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00021482-74.4.799&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTrefousse1989" class="citation book cs1">Trefousse, Hans L. (1989). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjohnson00hans"><i>Andrew Johnson: A Biography</i></a></span>. Norton. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31742-8"><bdi>978-0-393-31742-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Johnson%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31742-8&rft.aulast=Trefousse&rft.aufirst=Hans+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjohnson00hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li>Combs, H. Jason, Natasha Winfield, and Paul R. Burger. (2019) "Nebraska's Pioneer and Heritage Farms: A Geographical and Historical Perspective." <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> 39.1 (2019): 59–75.</li>
<li>Dick, Everett. <i>The Lure of the Land: A Social History of the Public Lands from the Articles of Confederation to the New Deal</i>. (1970).</li>
<li>Edwards, Richard. (2009) "Changing perceptions of homesteading as a policy of public domain disposal." <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> 29.3 (2009): 179–202. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2228&context=greatplainsquarterly">online</a></li>
<li>Edwards, Richard. "Invited Essay: The New Learning about Homesteading." <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> 38.1 (2018): 1-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/687518/summary">online</a></li>
<li>Edwards, Richard. "To Commute or Not Commute, the Homesteader's Dilemma." <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> 38.2 (2018): 129–150. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/694797/summary">online</a></li>
<li>Edwards, Richard, Jacob K. Friefeld, and Rebecca S. Wingo. <i>Homesteading the Plains: Toward a New History</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Homesteading-Plains-Toward-New-History/dp/1496213947/">excerpt</a></li>
<li>Gates, Paul Wallace. "The homestead law in an incongruous land system." <i>American Historical Review</i> 41.4 (1936): 652–681. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1842606">online</a></li>
<li>Gates, Paul Wallace. <i>Free homesteads for all Americans: the Homestead act of 1862</i> (1963) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46yA7VLBGRQC&q=homestead+abuse+fraud+1862">online</a>.</li>
<li>Hansen, Karen V., Grey Osterud, and Valerie Grim. "'Land Was One of the Greatest Gifts': Women's Landownership in Dakota Indian, Immigrant Scandinavian, and African American Communities." <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> 38.3 (2018): 251–272. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353/gpq.2018.0041">online</a></li>
<li>Hyman, Harold M. <i>American Singularity: The 1787 Northwest Ordinance, the 1862 Homestead and Morrill Acts, and the 1944 G.I. Bill</i>. (1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gDc3z17pPoC&dq=homestead+abuse+fraud+1862&pg=PP10">online</a></li>
<li>Lause, Mark A. <i>Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community</i>. (2005)</li>
<li>Patterson-Black, Sheryll. "Women homesteaders on the Great Plains frontier." <i>Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies</i> (1976): 67–88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346070">in JSTOR</a></li>
<li>Richardson, Heather Cox. <i>The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War</i>. (1997).</li>
<li>Robbins, Roy M. <i>Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776–1936</i>. (1942)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourlandedheritag0000robb">online</a></li>
<li>Shanks, Trina R.W. "The Homestead Act: A major asset-building policy in American history." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Sherraden2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael Sherraden (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUGVyYHQyYcC"><i>Inclusion in the American Dream:Assets, Poverty, and Public Policy</i></a>. Oxford UP. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534709-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534709-8"><bdi>978-0-19-534709-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inclusion+in+the+American+Dream%3AAssets%2C+Poverty%2C+and+Public+Policy&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534709-8&rft.au=Michael+Sherraden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSUGVyYHQyYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"></span> pp: 20–41.</li>
<li>Smith, Sherry L. "Single women homesteaders: the perplexing case of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elinore_Pruitt_Stewart" title="Elinore Pruitt Stewart">Elinore Pruitt Stewart</a>." <i>Western Historical Quarterly</i> (1991): 163–183. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/969204">in JSTOR</a>, with additional citations</li>
<li>Smith, Henry Nash. <i>Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth</i>. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/virginlandameric0000smit">online</a></li>
<li>Wilm, Julius. "'The Indians must yield': Antebellum Free Land, the Homestead Act, and the Displacement of Native Peoples." <i>Bulletin of the German Historical Institute</i> (Winter 2020): 17–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/publications/Bulletin/bu67/17.pdf">online</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Homestead_and_Exemption_Laws" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Homestead and Exemption Laws">Homestead and Exemption Laws</a></span>".</div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413205616/http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/Law_Enforcement/nlcs/education__interpretation/homestead_graphics0.Par.57736.File.dat/Expanded%20Homestead%20Timeline%20final.pdf">U.S. Bureau of Land Management Homesteading Timeline</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Homestead.html">Homestead Act</a>. – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=31&page=transcript">Text of 1862 Homestead Act</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/home/index.htm">Homestead National Monument of America</a>. – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/index.html">Homestead Act of 1862</a>. – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/homesteading/">Land Acquisition and Dispossession: Mapping the Homestead Act, 1863–1912</a> – interactive web map.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/67hornbek/q.htm">"Adeline Hornbek and the Homestead Act: A Colorado Success Story"</a>. – National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan. – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/cmpweb/exhibits/homesteading/index.html">Homesteaders and Pioneers on the Olympic Peninsula</a> – an exhibit from the University of Washington Library</li></ul>
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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:American_frontier" title="Template talk:American frontier"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_frontier" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American frontier"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_frontier" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1776 to 1912</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine (Nakota)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Chippewa (Ojibwe)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kutenai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape (Delaware)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Paiute_people" title="Northern Paiute people">Northern Paiute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles" title="Pend d'Oreilles">Pend d'Oreilles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pequots" title="Pequots">Pequots</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Paiute_people" title="Southern Paiute people">Southern Paiute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umpqua_people" title="Umpqua people">Umpqua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Yuma (Quechan)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonga_Black_Hawk" title="Antonga Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bloody_Knife" title="Bloody Knife">Bloody Knife</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cochise" title="Cochise">Cochise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pleasant_Porter" title="Pleasant Porter">Crazy Bear</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chitto_Harjo" title="Chitto Harjo">Crazy Snake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangas_Coloradas" title="Mangas Coloradas">Dasoda-hae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irataba" title="Irataba">Irataba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allen_Wright" title="Allen Wright">Kiliahote</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manuelito" title="Manuelito">Manuelito</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massai" title="Massai">Massai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plenty_Coups" title="Plenty Coups">Plenty Coups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quanah_Parker" title="Quanah Parker">Quanah Parker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_Seattle" title="Chief Seattle">Seattle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Smallwood" title="Benjamin Franklin Smallwood">Smallwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Pitchlynn" title="Peter Pitchlynn">Snapping Turtle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten_Bears" title="Ten Bears">Ten Bears</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Touch_the_Clouds" title="Touch the Clouds">Touch the Clouds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuba_(chief)" title="Tuba (chief)">Tuvi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victorio" title="Victorio">Victorio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washakie" title="Washakie">Washakie</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers<br />and pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Bozeman" title="John Bozeman">John Bozeman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_V%C3%A9lez_Cachup%C3%ADn" title="Tomás Vélez Cachupín">Tomás Vélez Cachupín</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liver-Eating_Johnson" title="Liver-Eating Johnson">Liver-Eating Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Mayer" title="Joe Mayer">Joe Mayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_John_Murphy" title="William John Murphy">William John Murphy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juan_Rivera_(explorer)" title="Juan Rivera (explorer)">Juan Rivera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levi_Ruggles" title="Levi Ruggles">Levi Ruggles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Swilling" title="Jack Swilling">Jack Swilling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinidad_Swilling" title="Trinidad Swilling">Trinidad Swilling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ora_Rush_Weed" title="Ora Rush Weed">Ora Rush Weed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richens_Lacey_Wootton" title="Richens Lacey Wootton">Richens Lacey Wootton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Wickenburg" title="Henry Wickenburg">Henry Wickenburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Bill_Williams" title="Old Bill Williams">"Old Bill" Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elfego_Baca" title="Elfego Baca">Elfego Baca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlie_Bassett" title="Charlie Bassett">Charlie Bassett</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roy_Bean" title="Roy Bean">Roy Bean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morgan_Earp" title="Morgan Earp">Morgan Earp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virgil_Earp" title="Virgil Earp">Virgil Earp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Garfias" title="Henry Garfias">Henry Garfias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pat_Garrett" title="Pat Garrett">Pat Garrett</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Helm" title="Jack Helm">Jack Helm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">"Wild Bill" Hickok</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bat_Masterson" title="Bat Masterson">Bat Masterson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mysterious_Dave_Mather" title="Mysterious Dave Mather">"Mysterious Dave" Mather</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bass_Reeves" title="Bass Reeves">Bass Reeves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Scarborough_(cowboy)" title="George Scarborough (cowboy)">George Scarborough</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Selman" title="John Selman">John Selman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Horton_Slaughter" title="John Horton Slaughter">John Horton Slaughter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Tilghman" title="Bill Tilghman">William "Bill" Tilghman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Timberlake" title="James Timberlake">James Timberlake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_C._Wheeler" title="Harry C. Wheeler">Harry C. Wheeler</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlaws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Bart_(outlaw)" title="Black Bart (outlaw)">Black Bart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Brocius" title="William Brocius">"Curly Bill" Brocius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Butch_Cassidy" title="Butch Cassidy">Butch Cassidy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billy_Clanton" title="Billy Clanton">Billy Clanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ike_Clanton" title="Ike Clanton">Ike Clanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dalton_Gang" title="Dalton Gang">Dalton Brothers</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grat_Dalton" title="Grat Dalton">Grat</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_M._Dalton" title="William M. Dalton">Bill</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bob_Dalton" title="Bob Dalton">Bob</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmett_Dalton" title="Emmett Dalton">Emmett</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Doolin" title="Bill Doolin">Bill Doolin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Downing" title="Bill Downing">Bill Downing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnny_Ringo" title="Johnny Ringo">Johnny Ringo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_James" title="Frank James">Frank James</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Ketchum" title="Tom Ketchum">Tom Ketchum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_McLaury" title="Frank McLaury">Frank McLaury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_McLaury" title="Tom McLaury">Tom McLaury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joaquin_Murrieta" title="Joaquin Murrieta">Joaquin Murrieta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belle_Starr" title="Belle Starr">Belle Starr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sundance_Kid" title="Sundance Kid">Sundance Kid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James-Younger_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Younger Gang">Younger Brothers</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cole_Younger" title="Cole Younger">Cole</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bob_Younger" title="Bob Younger">Bob</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Younger" title="Jim Younger">Jim</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Younger" title="John Younger">John</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soldiers<br />and scouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">"Buffalo Bill" Cody</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Jack_Omohundro" title="Texas Jack Omohundro">Texas Jack Omohundro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_C._Cooney" title="James C. Cooney">James C. Cooney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexis_Godey" title="Alexis Godey">Alexis Godey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_P._Heintzelman" title="Samuel P. Heintzelman">Samuel P. Heintzelman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Horn" title="Tom Horn">Tom Horn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luther_Kelly" title="Luther Kelly">Luther Kelly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranald_S._Mackenzie" title="Ranald S. Mackenzie">Ranald S. Mackenzie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charley_Reynolds" title="Charley Reynolds">Charley Reynolds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Sieber" title="Al Sieber">Al Sieber</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_H._Boring" title="William H. Boring">William H. Boring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonathan_R._Davis" title="Jonathan R. Davis">Jonathan R. Davis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Flavel" title="George Flavel">George Flavel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C._S._Fly" title="C. S. Fly">C. S. Fly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Joel_Glanton" title="John Joel Glanton">John Joel Glanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_E._Goodfellow" title="George E. Goodfellow">George E. Goodfellow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doc_Holliday" title="Doc Holliday">Doc Holliday</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seth_Kinman" title="Seth Kinman">Seth Kinman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Octaviano_Ambrosio_Larrazolo" title="Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo">Octaviano Larrazolo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nat_Love" title="Nat Love">Nat Love</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylvester_Mowry" title="Sylvester Mowry">Sylvester Mowry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emperor_Norton" title="Emperor Norton">Emperor Norton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedona_Schnebly" title="Sedona Schnebly">Sedona Schnebly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_William_Sweeny" title="Thomas William Sweeny">Thomas William Sweeny</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Lebeck" title="Peter Lebeck">Peter Lebeck</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_lifestyle" title="Western lifestyle">Frontier culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boot_Hill" title="Boot Hill">Boot Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowboy_poetry" title="Cowboy poetry">Cowboy poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle rustling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cattle_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle towns">Cow town</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fast_draw" title="Fast draw">Fast draw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunfighter#Famous_gunfights" title="Gunfighter">Gunfights</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homesteading</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">Land rush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room schoolhouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Rendezvous" title="Rocky Mountain Rendezvous">Rocky Mountain Rendezvous</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Train_robbery" title="Train robbery">Train robbery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">Vigilante justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">Western saloon</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">Tack piano</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Westward expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport<br />and trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barlow_Road" title="Barlow Road">Barlow Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail" title="Butterfield Overland Mail">Butterfield Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chisholm_Trail" title="Chisholm Trail">Chisholm Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Platte_River_Road" title="Great Platte River Road">Great Platte River Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Western_Cattle_Trail" title="Great Western Cattle Trail">Great Western Cattle Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lolo_Pass_(Oregon)" title="Lolo Pass (Oregon)">Lolo Pass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meek_Cutoff" title="Meek Cutoff">Meek Cutoff</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanner_Trail" title="Tanner Trail">Tanner Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">Dime novel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnny_Kaw" title="Johnny Kaw">Johnny Kaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_Tom%27s_treasure" title="Long Tom's treasure">Long Tom's treasure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert" title="Lost Ship of the Desert">Lost Ship of the Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montezuma%27s_treasure" title="Montezuma's treasure">Montezuma's treasure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pecos_Bill" title="Pecos Bill">Pecos Bill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rushes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_Gulch_and_Diamond_City" title="Confederate Gulch and Diamond City">Confederate Gulch and Diamond City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dalton_Gang#Coffeyville_bank_robbery" title="Dalton Gang">Battle of Coffeyville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1878)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1878)">Battle of Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frisco_shootout" title="Frisco shootout">Frisco shootout</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">Gunfight at the O.K. Corral</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_Branch_Saloon_gunfight" title="Long Branch Saloon gunfight">Long Branch Saloon gunfight</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">Variety Hall shootout</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass" title="Battle of Glorieta Pass">Battle of Glorieta Pass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Revolt">Bear Flag Revolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolt_of_1837_(New_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)">Chimayó Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls" title="First Battle of Adobe Walls">First Battle of Adobe Walls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range wars</a><br />and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_feuds_in_the_United_States" title="Family feuds in the United States">feuds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cochise_County_in_the_Old_West" title="Cochise County in the Old West">Earp-Clanton feud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mason_County_War" title="Mason County War">Mason County War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pleasant_Valley_War" title="Pleasant Valley War">Pleasant Valley War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheep_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep Wars">Sheep Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sutton%E2%80%93Taylor_feud" title="Sutton–Taylor feud">Sutton–Taylor feud</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Rangers" title="List of Arizona Rangers">Arizona Rangers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_frontier" title="Bibliography of the American frontier">Bibliography of the American frontier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cowboys_and_cowgirls" title="List of cowboys and cowgirls">Cowboys and cowgirls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gangs" title="List of Old West gangs">Gangs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ghost towns in the United States">Ghost towns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Old_West_lawmen" title="List of Old West lawmen">Lawmen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mountain_men" title="List of mountain men">Mountain men</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfighters" title="List of Old West gunfighters">Outlaws</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Old_West" title="Timeline of the American Old West">Timeline of the American Old West</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Western United States">Cuisine of the Western United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">Californian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Native American</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oysters" title="Rocky Mountain oysters">Rocky Mountain oysters</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western genre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_lifestyle" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dirt (music)">Red Dirt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">Cowboy boots</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">Cowboy hat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">Jeans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap fastener</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Places" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Alaska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iditarod,_Alaska" title="Iditarod, Alaska">Iditarod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canyon_Diablo,_Arizona" title="Canyon Diablo, Arizona">Canyon Diablo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Grant,_Arizona" title="Fort Grant, Arizona">Fort Grant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona" title="Window Rock, Arizona">Window Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamestown,_California" title="Jamestown, California">Jamestown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creede,_Colorado" title="Creede, Colorado">Creede</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Yates,_North_Dakota" title="Fort Yates, North Dakota">Fort Yates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yankton,_South_Dakota" title="Yankton, South Dakota">Yankton</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angola,_Florida" title="Angola, Florida">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Pensacola,_Florida" title="History of Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_St._Augustine,_Florida" title="History of St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">St. Marks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Boise" title="Fort Boise">Fort Boise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ellsworth,_Kansas" title="Ellsworth, Kansas">Ellsworth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li></ul>
<ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deer_Lodge,_Montana" title="Deer Lodge, Montana">Deer Lodge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Benton,_Montana" title="Fort Benton, Montana">Fort Benton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Peck,_Montana" title="Fort Peck, Montana">Fort Peck</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_City,_Montana" title="Virginia City, Montana">Virginia City</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chadron,_Nebraska" title="Chadron, Nebraska">Chadron</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska" title="Nebraska City, Nebraska">Nebraska City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ogallala,_Nebraska" title="Ogallala, Nebraska">Ogallala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valentine,_Nebraska" title="Valentine, Nebraska">Valentine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whiteclay,_Nebraska" title="Whiteclay, Nebraska">Whiteclay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada" title="Virginia City, Nevada">Virginia City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cimarron,_New_Mexico" title="Cimarron, New Mexico">Cimarron</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Sumner,_New_Mexico" title="Fort Sumner, New Mexico">Fort Sumner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico" title="Gallup, New Mexico">Gallup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico" title="Las Vegas, New Mexico">Las Vegas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Mexico" title="Lincoln, New Mexico">Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mogollon,_New_Mexico" title="Mogollon, New Mexico">Mogollon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico" title="Roswell, New Mexico">Roswell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tucumcari,_New_Mexico" title="Tucumcari, New Mexico">Tucumcari</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a><br />and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broken_Arrow,_Oklahoma" title="Broken Arrow, Oklahoma">Broken Arrow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Gibson" title="Fort Gibson">Fort Gibson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Okmulgee,_Oklahoma" title="Okmulgee, Oklahoma">Okmulgee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tishomingo,_Oklahoma" title="Tishomingo, Oklahoma">Tishomingo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wewoka,_Oklahoma" title="Wewoka, Oklahoma">Wewoka</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Grande,_Oregon" title="La Grande, Oregon">La Grande</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/McMinnville,_Oregon" title="McMinnville, Oregon">McMinnville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon" title="Oregon City, Oregon">Oregon City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vale,_Oregon" title="Vale, Oregon">Vale</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Everett,_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Townsend,_Washington" title="Port Townsend, Washington">Port Townsend</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Laramie National Historic Site">Fort Laramie</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:American_frontier" title="Category:American frontier">Category</a></b></li>
<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States Portal</a></b></li>
<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wild_West" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wild West">Commons</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Andrew_Johnson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Andrew_Johnson" title="Template:Andrew Johnson"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Andrew_Johnson" title="Template talk:Andrew Johnson"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew_Johnson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew Johnson"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Andrew_Johnson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">17th</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1865–1869)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">16th</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1865)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">Senator from Tennessee</a> (1857–1862, 1875)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of governors of Tennessee">15th</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a> (1853–1857, 1862–1865)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homestead Acts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Southern Unionist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 United States presidential election</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 National Union National Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkwood_House_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Kirkwood House (Washington, D.C.)">Kirkwood House</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders,_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/100px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/150px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/200px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2634" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inauguration_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Inauguration of Andrew Johnson">Inauguration of Andrew Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1865_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1865 State of the Union Address">1865 State of the Union Address</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1866_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1866 State of the Union Address">1866 State of the Union Address</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1861%E2%80%931897" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897">Foreign policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1866_National_Union_Convention" title="1866 National Union Convention">1866 National Union Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1866_and_1867_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections">1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Acts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act (1867)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson">First impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson">Second impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">1868 impeachment managers investigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act" title="Command of Army Act">Command of Army Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Johnson">List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judicial_Circuits_Act" title="Judicial Circuits Act">Judicial Circuits Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 Democratic National Convention</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Cemetery" title="Andrew Johnson National Cemetery">Andrew Johnson National Cemetery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Historic_Site" title="Andrew Johnson National Historic Site">Andrew Johnson National Historic Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_Andrew_Johnson_Museum_and_Library" title="President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library">President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennessee_Johnson" title="Tennessee Johnson">Tennessee Johnson</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amphitheatrum_Johnsonianum" title="Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum">Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eliza_McCardle_Johnson" title="Eliza McCardle Johnson">Eliza McCardle Johnson</a> (wife)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martha_Johnson_Patterson" title="Martha Johnson Patterson">Martha Johnson Patterson</a> (daughter)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_T._Patterson" title="David T. Patterson">David T. Patterson</a> (son-in-law)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Charles Johnson (Tennessee)">Charles Johnson</a> (son)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Johnson_Stover" title="Mary Johnson Stover">Mary Johnson Stover</a> (daughter)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Stover" title="Daniel Stover">Daniel Stover</a> (son-in-law)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Robert Johnson (Tennessee)">Robert Johnson</a> (son)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_Jr." title="Andrew Johnson Jr.">Frank Johnson</a> (son)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_and_slavery" title="Andrew Johnson and slavery">Andrew Johnson and slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Brown_(steward)" title="Henry Brown (steward)">Henry Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabeth_Johnson_Forby" title="Elizabeth Johnson Forby">Elizabeth J. Forby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolly_Johnson" title="Dolly Johnson">Dolly Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Henry Johnson (Tennessee)">Henry Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Sam Johnson (Tennessee)">Sam Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Andrew_Johnson" title="William Andrew Johnson">William A. Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florence_Johnson_Smith" title="Florence Johnson Smith">Florence J. Smith</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_alcoholism_debate" title="Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate">Alcoholism debate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emily_Harold" title="Emily Harold">Mrs. Harold</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Johnson_ledger-removal_allegation" title="Lincoln–Johnson ledger-removal allegation">Ledger-removal allegation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buell_Military_Commission" title="Buell Military Commission">Buell Commission records</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">← Abraham Lincoln</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant →</a></b></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">← Hannibal Hamlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax →</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Andrew_Johnson" title="Category:Andrew Johnson">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974556#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974556#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974556#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4278057-3">Germany</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640591">NARA</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10645940">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1701871278' |